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1
Fix, Rebecca L., Melissa A. Cyperski, and Barry R. Burkhart. "Disproportionate Minority Contact." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 3 (2016): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215601436.
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The overrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system relative to their population percentage, a phenomenon termed disproportionate minority contact, has been examined within general adult and adolescent offender populations; yet few studies have tested whether this phenomenon extends to juvenile sexual offenders (JSOs). In addition, few studies have examined whether offender race/ethnicity influences registration and notification requirements, which JSOs are subject to in some U.S. states. The present study assessed for disproportionate minority contact among general delinquent offenders and JSOs, meaning it aimed to test whether the criminal justice system treats those accused of sexual and non-sexual offenses differently by racial/ethnic group. Furthermore, racial/ethnic group differences in risk, legal classification, and sexual offending were examined for JSOs. Results indicated disproportionate minority contact was present among juveniles with non-sexual offenses and JSOs in Alabama. In addition, offense category and risk scores differed between African American and European American JSOs. Finally, registration classifications were predicted by offending characteristics, but not race/ethnicity. Implications and future directions regarding disproportionate minority contact among JSOs and social and legal policy affecting JSOs are discussed.
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Devos, Thierry, Melody Sadler, David Perry, and Kumar Yogeeswaran. "Temporal fluctuations in context ethnic diversity over three decades predict implicit national inclusion of Asian Americans." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, no. 1 (2019): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430219887440.
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The present research examined whether temporal fluctuations in context ethnic diversity account for current levels of implicit ethnic-American associations. Temporal fluctuations in ethnic diversity at the metropolitan level were assessed using data from four decennial U.S. censuses (1980–2010) and distinguishing three dimensions of context ethnic diversity (minority representation, variety, and integration). Project Implicit data (2011–2017) indexed the extent to which American identity was implicitly associated with European Americans over Asian Americans (i.e., American = White associations). Data were analyzed using multilevel modeling ( N = 152,011, nested within 226 metropolitan areas). Steeper increases in the proportion of Asian Americans were related to weaker implicit (but stronger explicit) American = White associations. Increases in ethnic integration accounted for stronger implicit American = White associations when integration fluctuations reflected accelerating rather than decelerating trends. These results suggest that current levels of implicit ethnic-national associations are linked to complex patterns of ethnic diversity fluctuations.
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Peters, Jasmine N., Mariel S. Bello, Leigh J. Spera, Justin Gillenwater, and Haig A. Yenikomshian. "594 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Burn Patient Outcomes: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (2021): S148—S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.244.
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Abstract Introduction Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes for surgical trauma populations has been an expanding field in recent years. Despite this, disparities in prevention, treatment, and recovery outcomes for burn patients of racial and ethnic minority backgrounds have not been well-studied. Our study aims to review the literature regarding risk factors and burn outcomes among racial and ethnic minority populations to develop culturally-tailored burn care for minority burn patients. Methods A systematic review of literature utilizing PubMed was conducted for articles published between 2000–2020. Searches were used to identify articles that crossed the burn term (burn patient OR burn recovery OR burn survivor OR burn care) and a race/ethnicity and insurance status-related term (race/ethnicity OR African-American OR Asian OR Hispanic OR Latino OR Native American OR Mixed race OR 2 or more races OR socioeconomic status OR insurance status). Inclusion criteria were English studies in the U.S. that discussed disparities in burn injury outcomes or burn injury risk factors associated with race/ethnicity. Results 1,031 papers were populated, and 38 articles were reviewed. 26 met inclusion criteria (17 for adult patients, 9 for pediatric patients). All but 4 of the included papers were written in the last 10 years. 17 of the 26 articles describe differences in outcomes or risk factors for Black Americans, 8 discuss Latinx, 5 discuss Native Americans, 3 discuss Asian Americans, and 1 referred to “Non-White” minorities, collectively. Majority of studies showed that racial and ethnic minorities (vs. Whites) exhibited poorer burn injury outcomes such as higher mortality rates, greater scar complications, and longer duration for length of stay. Conclusions Few studies exist on outcomes for minority burn populations. Interestingly, most have been published in the last 10 years, which may indicate a trend in increased awareness. There is also a discrepancy in which minorities are included in each study with the least amount of data collected on Asian, Latinx, and Native American communities. More research with a larger base of minority populations will help further investigate this problem and develop better culturally-appropriate burn treatment.
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Keele, Luke J., and Ismail K. White. "African American Turnout and African American Candidates." Political Science Research and Methods 7, no. 3 (2018): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2017.45.
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Do minority voters respond to co-racial or co-ethnic candidates? That is does the increased chance of substantive representation translate into increased participation? Here, we focus on this question among African American voters. While much of the empirical literature on this question has produced conflicting answers, recent studies suggest that minority candidates can significantly increase minority turnout. We argue that past work on this topic does not adequately account for the fact that minority voters in places with minority candidates may systematically differ in their level of participation than minority voters in places without minority candidates. In this study we address the weaknesses of previous research designs and offer a new design that exploits the redistricting process to gain additional leverage over this question. We find little evidence that African American voter turnout increases when voters are moved to African American candidates. We find some evidence that white voters, however, tend to vote at lower rates when they are represented by African American candidates.
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Washio, Yukiko, and Heather Cassey. "Systematic Review of Interventions for Racial/Ethnic-Minority Pregnant Smokers." Journal of Smoking Cessation 11, no. 1 (2014): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2014.12.
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Introduction: Large disparities exist in smoking rates during pregnancy by racial/ethnic status. Aims: The current review examined controlled studies that predominantly included racial/ethnic-minority pregnant smokers for providing smoking cessation treatment. Methods: Two authors independently conducted the literature searches in the standard databases using a combination of the keywords with minority, pregnancy, smoking and cessation identifiers. Results: The searches identified nine articles that met the inclusion criteria. Only two studies exclusively targeted specific minority groups. Most of them provided some form of brief smoking cessation counselling, with two combining with incentives and one combining with pharmacotherapy. Two studies provided intensive cognitive interventions. Pregnant smokers of American Indian or Alaska Native, Hispanic subgroups, and Asian or Pacific Islander are under-studied. Conclusions: Future studies to treat minority pregnant smokers could target under-studied minority groups and may need to directly and intensely target smoking behaviour, address cultural and psychosocial issues in an individualised and comprehensive manner, and analyse the cost-benefit of an intervention.
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Thompson, Roy, Thomas Konrad, and Hanzhang Xu. "Strengthening Strategies to Recruit Racial/Ethnic Minority Populations for Health Research Studies." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (2021): 628–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2394.
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Abstract With the current spotlight on systemic racism and the need to address health inequities, it is critical to develop culturally appropriate strategies for recruiting research study participants from racial/ethnic minority groups. Empirical studies have highlighted that people from racial/ethnic minority groups have poorer health outcomes compared to non-Hispanic Caucasians. However, racial/ethnic minority groups remain underrepresented in healthcare research. Several factors may contribute to the lower participation of racial/ethnic minority groups. Sequelae of atrocities in healthcare research on African American/Black people in the US during slavery and Jim Crow eras were widespread and persistent. Discrimination against people of Hispanic descent and increased anti-Asian discrimination have also been documented. Fear and mistrust of the health system and researchers have been identified as critical barriers to participation in clinical research for these populations. Further, health research teams rarely reflect the racial/ethnic diversity of the US population, hindering diversity in recruiting study participants. Inadequate ethnic/racial minority groups participation in study populations not only weakens external validity of empirical studies, but research interventions and policies being implemented may not be culturally appropriate to all populations. Therefore, systemic strategies to improve recruitment of racial/ethnic minority groups should: 1) increase preferential funding to incentivize research teams becoming more racially/ethnically diverse; 2) increase recruitment of racial/ethnically diverse healthcare researchers; 3) use community-based participatory research designs to build trust among racial/ethnic minority populations; 4) provide training on culturally appropriate research study recruitment strategies to the academic communities; 5) apply a prism of intersectionality for representation throughout the research cycle.
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Tran, Tham Thithu, and Elizabeth Bifuh-Ambe. "Ethnic Identity among Second-Generation Vietnamese American Adolescents." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (2021): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/622.
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Prior research shows that minority youths face many challenges as they develop their ethnic identity. These challenges include cultural conflicts (between home and school), language conflicts, and intergenerational conflicts. These conflicts may cause negative impacts on adolescents’ self-identification, mental health, behavioral patterns, and tensions in family relationships. This qualitative study examines the development of ethnic identity in second-generation Vietnamese American adolescents. Data collection took place in the form of focus groups, individual interviews, observations, and free listing of eleven Vietnamese American adolescents and two parents at their homes and at a Buddhist youth program. The results suggest that within a structured youth program that validates their individuality, ethnic minority youths can develop a healthy sense of ethnic identity; and in the process, socio-cultural and intergenerational conflicts can be mitigated.
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Shaw, Richard J., Karl Atkin, Laia Bécares, et al. "Impact of ethnic density on adult mental disorders: narrative review." British Journal of Psychiatry 201, no. 1 (2012): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083675.
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BackgroundThe ‘ethnic density hypothesis' is a proposition that members of ethnic minority groups may have better mental health when they live in areas with higher proportions of people of the same ethnicity. Investigations into this hypothesis have resulted in a complex and sometimes disparate literature.AimsTo systematically identify relevant studies, summarise their findings and discuss potential explanations of the associations found between ethnic density and mental disorders.MethodA narrative review of studies published up to January 2011, identified through a systematic search strategy. Studies included have a defined ethnic minority sample; some measure of ethnic density defined at a geographical scale smaller than a nation or a US state; and a measure ascertaining mental health or disorder.ResultsA total of 34 papers from 29 data-sets were identified. Protective associations between ethnic density and diagnosis of mental disorders were most consistent in older US ecological studies of admission rates. Among more recent multilevel studies, there was some evidence of ethnic density being protective against depression and anxiety for African American people and Hispanic adults in the USA. However, Hispanic, Asian–American and Canadian ‘visible minority’ adolescents have higher levels of depression at higher ethnic densities. Studies in the UK showed mixed results, with evidence for protective associations most consistent for psychoses.ConclusionsThe most consistent associations with ethnic density are found for psychoses. Ethnic density may also protect against other mental disorders, but presently, as most studies of ethnic density have limited statistical power, and given the heterogeneity of their study designs, our conclusions can only be tentative.
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MCBRIDE, MELEN R., and RENE D. LEWIS. "African American and Asian American Elders: An Ethnogeriatric Perspective." Annual Review of Nursing Research 22, no. 1 (2004): 161–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.22.1.161.
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By 2030, ethnic minority elders are expected to increase by 12%. Research about this highly diverse population is gaining momentum. This chapter summarizes selected research articles published after 1996 on access and utilization of services and resources by African American and Asian American elders. Computerized searches were made using PubMed and CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature) with the following terms used individually or combined: health care, aging, older adults, ethnicity, access, disparities, chronic illness, community health care, health beliefs, health practices, and ethnogeriatrics. Citations for 456 articles on two ethnic groups were retrieved; 155 were reviewed, and 84 citations were used for this chapter. The publications focus on African Americans (45%), Asian Americans (41%), and both groups (14%). Descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional studies dominate the research effort, identifying unmet needs, and a limited number are on culturally appropriate and acceptable interventions. Results are discussed in the context of ethnogeriatrics, and recommendations for future studies are proposed.
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Jimenez, Daniel. "AT THE INTERSECTION OF CULTURE AND MENTAL HEALTH." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1892.
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Abstract Although mental health disorders affect people across the lifespan, older adults face unique issues associated with accessing mental health treatment. These structural and psychosocial challenges are further exacerbated among older racial and ethnic minorities. Often compared to their white counterparts, racial and ethnic minority older adults face specific cultural factors and other systemic barriers that create stark disparities in diagnosis, treatment, and access to care. Increasing research on identifying barriers to treatment for older racial and ethnic minority adults has been recognized as an integral component in enhancing treatment access to improve behavioral health outcomes among these marginalized groups. Therefore, this review article aims to investigate the intersection of mental health and culture through the lens of three racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States – Blacks/African-Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos. Authors provide unique insights on the differing needs of these under-researched communities by exploring psychiatric comorbidity, experiences with seeking, accessing, and engaging in treatment, and the unique cultural and psychosocial factors that affect treatment outcomes for these diverse groups. Future directions and recommendations to provide appropriate mental healthcare to Black/African-American, Asian American, and Latino communities are discussed with special attention placed on cultural adaptations, models of care, prevention, and practical strategies that can be implemented to reduce disparities and increase health equity.
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Demede, M., A. Pandey, L. Innasimuthu, G. Jean-Louis, S. I. McFarlane, and G. Ogedegbe. "Management of Hypertension in High-Risk Ethnic Minority with Heart Failure." International Journal of Hypertension 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/417594.
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Hypertension (HTN) is the most common co-morbidity in the world, and its sequelae, heart failure (HF) is one of most common causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Current understanding of pathophysiology and management of HTN in HF is mainly based on studies, which have mainly included whites. Among racial groups, African-American adults have the highest rates (44%) of hypertension in the world and are more resistant to treatment. There is an emerging consensus on the significance of racial disparities in the pathophysiology and treatment options of hypertension and heart failure. However, African Americans had been underrepresented in all the trials until the initiation of the A-HEFT trial. Since the recognition of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as an important medical condition, large clinical trials have shown benefits of OSA treatment among patients with HTN and HF. This paper focuses on the pathophysiology, causes of secondary hypertension, and treatment of hypertension among African-American patients with heart failure. There is increasing need for randomized clinical trials testing innovative treatment options for African-American patients.
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Shammas, Diane. "Underreporting Discrimination Among Arab American and Muslim American Community College Students." Journal of Mixed Methods Research 11, no. 1 (2016): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558689815599467.
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Using a mixed methods approach, the researcher gathered a set of narrative responses from focus groups that supported the claim of underreporting campus discrimination on a survey. Multiple studies have shown that underrepresented minority students are likely to bond with same-ethnic peers in a racially tense campus climate. This mixed method is a follow-up investigation into, why, in a post-9/11 environment, Arab and Muslim American community college students demonstrated less variation in the level of perceived discrimination in relationship to the percentage of same-ethnic and/or same-faith campus friendship groups. Post hoc comparisons revealed that Arab and Muslim students exhibited significantly higher mean scores on a perceived discrimination scale than other ethnic groups.
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Zafarmand, Mohammad H., Parvin Tajik, René Spijker, and Charles Agyemang. "Gene-environment Interaction on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Ethnic Minority Populations Living in Europe and North America: A Systematic Review." Current Diabetes Reviews 16, no. 5 (2020): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666190531102054.
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Background: The body of evidence on gene-environment interaction (GEI) related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) has grown in the recent years. However, most studies on GEI have sought to explain variation within individuals of European ancestry and results among ethnic minority groups are inconclusive. Objective: To investigate any interaction between a gene and an environmental factor in relation to T2D among ethnic minority groups living in Europe and North America. Methods: We systematically searched Medline and EMBASE databases for the published literature in English up to 25th March 2019. The screening, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by reviewers independently. Results: 1068 studies identified through our search, of which nine cohorts of six studies evaluating several different GEIs were included. The mean follow-up time in the included studies ranged from 5 to 25.7 years. Most studies were relatively small scale and few provided replication data. All studies included in the review included ethnic minorities from North America (Native-Americans, African- Americans, and Aboriginal Canadian), none of the studies in Europe assessed GEI in relation to T2D incident in ethnic minorities. The only significant GEI among ethnic minorities was HNF1A rs137853240 and smoking on T2D incident among Native-Canadians (Pinteraction = 0.006). Conclusion: There is a need for more studies on GEI among ethnicities, broadening the spectrum of ethnic minority groups being investigated, performing more discovery using genome-wide approaches, larger sample sizes for these studies by collaborating efforts such as the InterConnect approach, and developing a more standardized method of reporting GEI studies are discussed.
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Ifatunji, Mosi Adesina. "A TEST OF THE AFRO CARIBBEAN MODEL MINORITY HYPOTHESIS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13, no. 1 (2016): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x16000035.
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AbstractThroughout the twentieth century, Black immigrants from the Caribbean attained greater socioeconomic status than African Americans. Although Black immigrants remain an understudied population, recent studies show that Afro Caribbeans continue to outperform African Americans in the labor market. Given that these groups share a set of racialized physical features, some contend that this gap highlights the role of cultural attributes in the manufacture of Black ethnic and Black-White racial disparities. In this study, I investigate the degree to which cultural attributes associated with a specific form of themodel minority hypothesisare responsible for disparities between African Americans and Afro Caribbeans. I use data from theNational Survey of American Lifein order to test for the relative roles of work ethic, economic autonomy, oppositionality, family structure and function, and racial attitudes in the manufacture of disparate labor market outcomes between African Americans and Afro Caribbeans. I find mixed support for the idea that Afro Caribbeans constitute a model minority vis-à-vis African Americans and that differences in model minority attributes are only partially responsible for these labor market disparities. My findings suggest that racial inequality will not be undone if the racially stigmatized and marginalized simply work harder and complain less about race and racism in the United States.
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Jeremiah, Rohan, Adrian Raygoza, Xavier Hernandez, and Charles Brandon. "How American Attitudes about Race, Ethnicity, and Gender affect the Health and Wellbeing of Black-African Refugee Men in the United States." International Journal of Mens Social and Community Health 4, no. 1 (2021): e83-e91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/ijmsch.v4i1.39.
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More than half of all refugees currently resettled in the United States are racial-ethnic-minority men. Yetrefugee health scholarship has not fully explored racial ethnic minority refugee men's encounters with resettlement environment norms about race, ethnicity and gender. This paper describes an intersectional-informed qualitative study of the daily stressors experienced by Black-African refugee men in the United States to explain how such experiences impact their health and wellbeing. These men’s life narratives illumi-nate how stigma and discrimination associated with race, ethnicity, gender affect their health and wellbeing during resettlement. These findings offer evidence that the realities of ethnic minority refugee men in the United States, while unique, can contribute to broader discourses about minority men’s health inequities.
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Agyemang, Charles, Anke Richters, Shahab Jolani, et al. "Ethnic minority status as social determinant for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severity, ICU admission and deaths in the early phase of the pandemic: a meta-analysis." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 11 (2021): e007433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007433.
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IntroductionEarly literature on the COVID-19 pandemic indicated striking ethnic inequalities in SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to describe the presence and magnitude of associations between ethnic groups and COVID-19-related outcomes.MethodsPubMed and Embase were searched from December 2019 through September 2020. Studies reporting extractable data (ie, crude numbers, and unadjusted or adjusted risk/ORs) by ethnic group on any of the five studied outcomes: confirmed COVID-19 infection in the general population, hospitalisation among infected patients, and disease severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality among hospitalised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, were included using standardised electronic data extraction forms. We pooled data from published studies using random-effects meta-analysis.Results58 studies were included from seven countries in four continents, mostly retrospective cohort studies, covering a total of almost 10 million individuals from the first wave until the summer of 2020. The risk of diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection was higher in most ethnic minority groups than their White counterparts in North American and Europe with the differences remaining in the US ethnic minorities after adjustment for confounders and explanatory factors. Among people with confirmed infection, African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans were also more likely than White-Americans to be hospitalised with SARS-CoV-2 infection. No increased risk of COVID-19 outcomes (ie, severe disease, ICU admission and death) was found among ethnic minority patients once hospitalised, except for a higher risk of death among ethnic minorities in Brazil.ConclusionThe risk of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was higher in most ethnic minorities, but once hospitalised, no clear inequalities exist in COVID-19 outcomes except for the high risk of death in ethnic minorities in Brazil. The findings highlight the necessity to tackle disparities in social determinants of health, preventative opportunities and delay in healthcare use. Ethnic minorities should specifically be considered in policies mitigating negative impacts of the pandemic.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020180085.
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Marshall, Catherine A. "The Power of Inquiry as Regards American Indian Women with Disabilities: Divisive Manipulation or Clinical Necessity?" Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 23, no. 4 (1992): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.23.4.46.
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Rehabilitation counselors and researchers have called for more research and understanding as regards the needs of ethnic minority women with disabilities. However, researchers are confronted with the ethical issue of whether or not it is morally responsible to “divide” an ethnic minority population. This articles raises the issue of the appropriateness of conducting sex-specific studies with minority populations, and reports selected results from a recent study of American Indians with disabilities in terms of male and female responses. It is suggested that failing to analyze research according to sex category may result in rehabilitation counselors failing to meet the needs of Indian women with disabilities.
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Lee, Emily S. "The Ambiguous Practices of the Inauthentic Asian American Woman." Hypatia 29, no. 1 (2014): 146–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12070.
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The Asian American identity is intimately associated with upward class mobility as the model minority, yet women's earnings remain less than men's, and Asian American women are perceived to have strong family ties binding them to domestic responsibilities. As such, the exact class status of Asian American women is unclear. The immediate association of this ethnic identity with a specific class as demonstrated by the recently released Pew study that Asian Americans are “the highest‐income, best‐educated” ethnicity contrasts with another study that finds Asian American women have the highest suicide rates in the United States. To understand these contrasting statistics, this article explores Asian American women's sense of authenticity. If the individual's sense of authenticity is intimately related with one's group identity, the association of the Asian American identity with a particular class ambivalently ensnares her as dichotomously inauthentic—as both the poor Asian American woman who fails to achieve economic upward mobility and the model minority Asian American woman who engages in assimilation practices. Feminist philosophers understand that identities change, but exactly how these transformations occur remains a mystery. The article ends with three speculations on the difficulties for practicing and recognizing individual acts that transform one's group identity.
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West, Carolyn M. "Partner Abuse in Ethnic Minority and Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations." Partner Abuse 3, no. 3 (2012): 336–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.3.336.
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This review seeks to synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding gender differences in rates of physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence among the four largest racial/ethnic groups in the United States, compares rates of physical and psychological IPV between sexual minorities and heterosexuals and among subgroups of sexual minorities (gay men, lesbians, bisexuals), and summarizes correlates and risk factors that are associated with rates of IPV in both ethnic and sexual minorities.A systematic search of the published literature in the past 40 years using various search engines (e.g., PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) was conducted. The review identified 55 studies that met criteria. Few gender differences in rates of physical and psychological aggression were found among African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, and Native American men and women. Psychological aggression was most frequently reported. Bidirectional violence, which primarily took the form of minor aggression, was the most frequently reported form of physical violence. When unidirectional aggression was assessed, it was more likely to be female perpetrated, particularly among African Americans. These gender patterns were consistent across general population, student, and community studies. Respondents who reported a history of same-sex cohabitation and those who identified as sexual minorities reported higher rates of IPV than those who reported only a history of opposite-sex cohabitation and those who identified as heterosexual.Regarding sexual minority subgroup differences, bisexuals appeared to be at a greater risk of IPV, and victimization among transgendered individuals has largely been neglected in the literature. Substance abuse and use, marginalized socioeconomic status in the form of family and neighborhood poverty, and exposure to violence during childhood as a witness or victim of violence in the family of origin were consistently linked to elevated rates of IPV. Associations also were found between level of acculturation and minority stress in the form of internalized homophobia and frequency of discrimination based on sexual orientation. However, the complex association among these variables was less clear across racial groups and sexual orientation. Research limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Owens, Ann, and Jennifer Candipan. "Racial/Ethnic Transition and Hierarchy Among Ascending Neighborhoods." Urban Affairs Review 55, no. 6 (2018): 1550–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087418770810.
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This article examines the racial/ethnic population dynamics of ascending neighborhoods—those experiencing socioeconomic growth. Drawing on Census and American Community Survey data from 1990 to 2010, we first explore whether changes in racial/ethnic composition occur alongside ascent. We find that, while most neighborhoods’ racial/ethnic composition does not dramatically change during this period, neighborhoods that experienced ascent are much more likely to transition from majority-minority to mixed race or predominantly White than nonascending neighborhoods. Then, we use microdata to analyze whether two potential drivers of ascent, the in-migration of higher-socioeconomic status (SES) households and changes in the fortunes of long-term residents, are racially/ethnically stratified. We argue that the process of neighborhood socioeconomic ascent perpetuates neighborhood racial/ethnic hierarchy. While most Black and Hispanic neighborhoods remain majority-minority, those that ascend are more likely to experience a succession of high-SES White residents replacing minority residents.
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Yi, Eun-Hye, Michin Hong, and Cherish Bolton. "RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS OF OLDER ADULTS: SUBJECTIVE REASONS AND CONTRIBUTORS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1835.
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Abstract Racism is prevalent in the United States; however, literature exploring racial discrimination experienced by older adults is still limited. The current study examined subjective reasons for discrimination and compared race/ethnic groups. Then, we examined the contributors to racial discrimination in healthcare settings. An older adult sample aged 55 or higher was drawn from California Health and Interview Survey 2017 for analysis (N=12,261). African Americans were the highest (13.06%) among five racial-ethnic groups who reported racial discrimination experienced in a lifetime in getting medical care, while Whites were the lowest (1.57%). Perceived reasons for discrimination were significantly different by racial/ethnic group. Only 3.5% of Whites perceived they were discriminated against due to their race, whereas racial/ethnic minorities perceived the main reason for discrimination was their race/skin color (African American: 55.43%, Others: 24.06%, Asian Americans: 20.26%, Hispanics: 18.22%). The weighted logistic regression analyses revealed that being a racial/ethnic minority, economic status, mental health status, citizenship, the length of living in the United States, and age were significantly associated with the experience of racial discrimination of older people. Analyses by race/ethnic groups found different contributors. For example, poverty was the most prominent factor in racial discrimination for Whites, while education was for African Americans. This study identified an apparent gap in lifetime discrimination toward racial/ethnic minority older people. Also, we found racial discrimination experience combined with systematic barriers. The findings of this study support the need for interventions for race/ethnicity-based trauma of older people and anti-racism framework education for healthcare professionals and researchers.
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Junn, Jane. "FROM COOLIE TO MODEL MINORITY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 2 (2007): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070208.
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I examine how and why the social construction of Asian Americans has changed from coolie to model minority over the last century. I examine the role of the U.S. government in creating policies that systematically select particular types of entrants to the United States. Federal immigration policy privileges high-skilled workers, and a disproportionately large number of Asian immigrants are granted the status of lawful permanent resident by the federal government on the basis of employment preferences. U.S. immigration policy thus creates a selection bias, favoring Asian immigrants with high levels of formal education and social standing. I also consider the consequences of this selection bias for the construction of racial tropes and Asian American identity, and argue that the normative content of the dominant tropes of racial identity is critical in establishing the incentives and costs of identifying with racial and ethnic groups. Immigration policy, and the selection biases it may engender, is an important factor in how those tropes are constructed and experienced. Racial identity should, and does, vary as a function of the unique histories of migration, labor market demands, and shared experiences for people classified by race.
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Azuma, Eiichiro. "Toward a Transnational History of Wartime Japanese Americans: Nisei and Imperial Japan's Race Propaganda." Journal of American Ethnic History 42, no. 2 (2023): 5–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.2.01.
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Abstract This essay examines a wartime experience of Japanese Americans (Nisei) in Japan, proposing to view them as US–originated immigrants abroad. Several thousand Nisei resided in their ancestral land at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and many struggled with negative public perceptions associated with their enemy birthland as well as pressures to be assimilated into their racial home. Based on the belief in blood ties, the official demands for these Nisei included not only the prioritizing of racial belonging over birthright citizenship but also their total commitment to Japan's anti-American war. Through an analysis of rarely consulted primary sources, this essay first explains these Nisei's efforts at double ethnicization: safeguarding an identity as a US–reared subgroup of Japan's imperial subjects while distinguishing them from their compatriots stateside. Their wartime history also entailed incorporation into Japan's psychological warfare, but resident Nisei managed to exploit their cultural attributes rooted in American upbringing—“special talents” that were deemed invaluable for anti–US propaganda. While working as radio announcers and scriptwriters, many Nisei authored numerous materials about racist America based on their pre-migration experience as a persecuted US minority. Only by serving as messengers and producers of race propaganda knowledge could they legitimately remain “Nisei,” or Japanese of US background, in the land that abhorred things American. This transnational story of wartime Nisei formed a grossly understudied aspect of American (im)migration and ethnic history—one that seldom views native-born US citizens as immigrants or an ethnic group in a foreign land.
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Wen, Chi, Shelley H. Liu, Yan Li, Perry Sheffield, and Bian Liu. "Pediatric Asthma Among Small Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups: An Analysis of the 2006-2015 National Health Interview Survey." Public Health Reports 134, no. 4 (2019): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919849943.
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Few studies have examined the asthma burden among small racial/ethnic minority groups such as Asian children. We examined asthma disparities among children aged 4-17 in 6 small non-Hispanic racial/ethnic minority groups (American Indian/Alaska Native [AI/AN], Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, other Asian, and multiple race) by using the 2006-2015 National Health Interview Survey. These small minority groups represented a weighted 6.1% of the study population (6770 of 88 049). The prevalence of current asthma ranged from 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5%-7.5%) among Chinese children to 13.8% (95% CI, 10.4%-17.2%) among multiple-race children and 14.6% (95% CI, 10.8%-18.4%) among AI/AN children. Compared with non-Hispanic white children, AI/AN (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.2) and multiple-race (aOR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0) children had higher odds for current asthma. Several small racial/ethnic minority groups are at heightened risk of asthma-associated outcomes, highlighting the need for further research on these populations.
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Kuo, Entung Enya, Michael W. Kraus, and Jennifer A. Richeson. "High-Status Exemplars and the Misperception of the Asian-White Wealth Gap." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 3 (2019): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619867940.
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In this research, we test the central hypothesis that perceptions of Asian Americans as a high-status “model minority” lead to overestimates of the extent of wealth equality between Asian and White Americans. We test this hypothesis across three studies that manipulate the salience of high- or low-status Asian American exemplars before soliciting estimates of Asian-White wealth equality. A meta-analysis of the results revealed that participants significantly overestimated Asian-White wealth equality and that making low- versus high-status Asian American exemplars salient decreased this tendency. These data suggest that activation of high-status Asian American exemplars elicits greater overestimates of Asian-White wealth equality, obscuring existing wealth disparities relative to White Americans and significantly downplaying the economic inequality that burdens a subset of Asian Americans from less prototypical ethnic backgrounds. The findings echo recent calls by sociologists and political scientists for a more nuanced understanding of the diversity and economic inequality among Asian American communities.
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Wong, Roger, Takashi Amano, Shih-Yin Lin, Yuanjin Zhou, and Nancy Morrow-Howell. "Strategies for the Recruitment and Retention of Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Alzheimer Disease and Dementia Clinical Research." Current Alzheimer Research 16, no. 5 (2019): 458–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190321161901.
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Background:Racial/ethnic minorities have among the highest risks for Alzheimer disease and dementia, but remain underrepresented in clinical research studies.Objective:To synthesize the current evidence on strategies to recruit and retain racial/ethnic minorities in Alzheimer disease and dementia clinical research.Methods:We conducted a systematic review by searching CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus. We included studies that met four criteria: (1) included a racial/ethnic minority group (African American, Latino, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander); (2) implemented a recruitment or retention strategy for Alzheimer disease or dementia clinical research; (3) conducted within the U.S.; and (4) published in a peer-reviewed journal.Results:Of the 19 included studies, 14 (73.7%) implemented recruitment strategies and 5 (26.3%) implemented both recruitment and retention strategies. Fifteen studies (78.9%) focused on African Americans, two (10.6%) on both African Americans and Latinos, and two (10.5%) on Asians. All the articles were rated weak in the study quality. Four major themes were identified for the recruitment strategies: community outreach (94.7%), advertisement (57.9%), collaboration with health care providers (42.1%), and referral (21.1%). Three major themes were identified for the retention strategies: follow-up communication (15.8%), maintain community relationship (15.8%), and convenience (10.5%).Conclusion:Our findings highlight several promising recruitment and retention strategies that investigators should prioritize when allocating limited resources, however, additional well-designed studies are needed. By recruiting and retaining more racial/ethnic minorities in Alzheimer disease and dementia research, investigators may better understand the heterogeneity of disease progression among marginalized groups. PROSPERO registration #CRD42018081979.
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Grineski, Sara E., Timothy W. Collins, and Ricardo Rubio. "Distributional Environmental Injustices for a Minority Group without Minority Status: Arab Americans and Residential Exposure to Carcinogenic Air Pollution in the US." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (2019): 4899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244899.
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Distributional environmental injustices in residential exposure to air pollution in Arab American enclaves have not been examined. We conducted our investigation at the census tract-level across the continental United States using a set of socio-demographic variables to predict cancer risk from hazardous air pollutant (HAP) exposure. Arab enclaves had a mean cancer risk score of 44.08, as compared to 40.02 in non-enclave tracts. In terms of the specific origin groups, Moroccan enclaves had the highest cancer risk score (46.93), followed by Egyptian (45.33), Iraqi (43.13), Jordanian (41.67), and Lebanese (40.65). In generalized estimating equations controlling for geographic clustering and other covariates, Arab enclaves had significantly higher cancer risks due to HAPs (p < 0.001) than non-enclaves. When looking at specific ethnic origins, Iraqi, Palestinian, and Lebanese enclaves had significantly higher cancer risks due to HAPs (all p < 0.01) than non-enclaves. Results reveal significant environmental injustices for Arab American enclaves that should be examined in future studies. Results suggest that environmental injustice may be another way in which Arab Americans are disadvantaged as a racialized minority group without minority status.
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Shiroma, Kristina, and Bo Xie. "UCHINANCHU AMERICAN OLDER ADULTS’ INFORMATION PREFERENCES AND BEHAVIORS IN END-OF-LIFE DECISION-MAKING." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2527.
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Abstract End-of-life (EOL) decisions are unique and sensitive, requiring nuanced health information. Careful examination of ethnic minority older adults’ information preferences and behaviors in EOL decision making from a cultural perspective is increasingly necessary as the national and global population grows older and more diverse. Little is known about the information preferences and behaviors of Asian American older adults in EOL decision-making, especially for underrepresented ethnic minorities such as Uchinanchu American older adults. This pilot study examined Uchinanchu American older adult’s information preferences and behaviors in EOL decision making. In November 2019, I interviewed 4 Uchinanchu American older adults (age range: 67-85 years; Mean: 76 years; SD: 8.04) recruited from personal contacts and through Uchinanchu cultural groups in Texas and Hawaii. The interviews took place in-person and via phone. Each interview lasted approximately 90 minutes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. I identified three themes from the data: (1) EOL decision-making information not coming from healthcare professionals; (2) Funeral planning easier to talk about than advance EOL medical decision making; and (3) Cultural traditions may exclude people (women; non-first born children) from EOL decision making. My findings suggest possible misalignments of EOL communication between medical professionals and Asian ethnic minority older adults. These findings may inform the development of culturally competent interventions to enhance EOL decision making.
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Ragavan, Maya I., Kristie A. Thomas, Anjali Fulambarker, Jill Zaricor, Lisa A. Goodman, and Megan H. Bair-Merritt. "Exploring the Needs and Lived Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Minority Domestic Violence Survivors Through Community-Based Participatory Research: A Systematic Review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 5 (2018): 946–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018813204.
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Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a methodological approach where community–academic teams build equitable relationships throughout the research process. In the domestic violence (DV) field, CBPR may be particularly important when conducting research with racial and ethnic minority DV survivors, as this group faces concurrent oppressions that inform their lived experiences. To our knowledge, no systematic review has synthesized articles using a CBPR approach to explore the needs and lived experiences of racial and ethnic minority DV survivors. Using PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of the literature, retrieving articles that used a CBPR approach to understand the needs and/or lived experiences of female racial and ethnic minority DV survivors residing in the United States. Articles were identified from peer-reviewed databases, bibliographies, and experts. Thirteen of the 185 articles assessed for eligibility were included. Articles focused on a variety of racial and ethnic minority groups, the majority identifying as African American or Latina. Collaboration occurred in multiple ways, primarily through equitable decision-making and building team members’ strengths. Several needs and lived experiences emerged including gender identity and patriarchal attitudes, racism and discrimination, the immigrant experience informing DV, poverty, shame and stigma, and the need for social support. This is the first systematic review of articles using a CBPR approach to explore the needs and lived experiences of racial and ethnic minority survivors. Implications include promoting community-based dissemination, conducting quantitative studies with larger sample sizes of DV survivors, and encouraging culturally specific services that address DV survivors’ intersectional needs.
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Morgan, Paul L., George Farkas, Michael Cook, et al. "Are Hispanic, Asian, Native American, or Language-Minority Children Overrepresented in Special Education?" Exceptional Children 84, no. 3 (2018): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014402917748303.
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We conducted a best-evidence synthesis of 22 studies to examine whether systemic bias explained minority disproportionate overrepresentation in special education. Of the total regression model estimates, only 7/168 (4.2%), 14/208 (6.7%), 2/37 (5.4%), and 6/91 (6.6%) indicated statistically significant overrepresentation for Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and English language learner (ELL) or language-minority children, respectively. Among studies with the strongest internal and external validity, none of the 90 estimates (i.e., 0%) indicated overrepresentation attributable to racial or ethnic bias. Of the 18 estimates for language-minority and ELL children combined, only 3 (16.7%) indicated overrepresentation attributable to language use. Two of the 4 ELL-specific estimates (50%) indicated that children receiving English-as-a-second-language services may be overrepresented in special education. Overall, and replicating findings from a prior best-evidence synthesis, this synthesis indicated that children are underidentified as having disabilities based on their race or ethnicity and language use.
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Urizar, Guido G., Joshua Murillo, and Karissa Miller. "Factors Associated with Prenatal Health Behaviors among Low-Income, Ethnic Minority Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (2023): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031695.
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Less than one-third of pregnant women in the U.S. meet prenatal nutrition, exercise, and stress management health behavior guidelines. Low rates of these prenatal health behaviors have been especially observed among low-income, ethnic minority women, placing them and their infants at a disproportionally higher risk for health complications. Yet, few studies have identified factors associated with these prenatal health behaviors in this population. This study examined whether certain demographic (e.g., ethnicity) and psychosocial characteristics (i.e., coping, stress, pregnancy-specific stress, and depression) were associated with prenatal nutrition (i.e., high-fat food and fruit and vegetable intake), exercise, and stress management health behaviors in 100 low-income, pregnant women (39% African American, 30% foreign-born Latinas, 15% U.S.-born Latinas, 10% non-Hispanic white, and 6% Asian American/Pacific Islander) in southern California using an embedded, mixed-methods, cross-sectional design. Results demonstrated that ethnic minority women who experienced more stress and used more maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., avoidance) were particularly at risk of consuming more high-fat foods and engaging in less exercise and stress management during pregnancy. Qualitative responses revealed women’s experiences with these prenatal health behaviors. These findings highlight the need for interventions and collaborative care models that target psychosocial factors in order to optimize prenatal health behaviors and health outcomes among ethnic minority women.
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Halmai, Nicole B., Hongyong Zhang, Paul C. Lott, et al. "Abstract 698: Establishing and characterizing patient derived models from racial/ethnic minority gastric cancer patients to advance cancer precision health equity." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (2022): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-698.
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Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While overall incidence and mortality rates have dropped in recent decades, GC remains a significant cause of health disparities for all major US racial and ethnic minority groups (Black/African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaskan Natives), who are all at least twice as likely to be diagnosed with and die from GC compared to non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Despite such high minority cancer burden, few FDA-approved targeted therapies are available for GC. This can be partially explained by limited availability of cancer genome data and patient-derived models from racial/ethnic minority populations, hampering gene target identification and drug efficacy studies. Our group has spearheaded the development of the University of California Minority Patient-Derived Xenograft Development and Trial Center (UCaMP) with the goal of addressing these critical issues for GC patient care. Thus far, we have characterized over 30 GC samples from racial/ethnic minorities (mGC), establishing patient-derived organoid lines (mPDOs) for more than half. Genomic analyses have revealed a significantly lower prevalence of chromosomal instability and higher prevalence of genomically stable GC tumors compared to TCGA, which consists predominantly of NHW patients. Our analyses have also identified high prevalence of alterations within the cell cycle regulation/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PI3K) pathways, both of which are therapeutically targetable by inhibitors already FDA-approved for other cancer types. At the individual gene level, these mGC patients demonstrate distinct patterns of somatic mutations, with fewer PIK3CA activating mutations, which is the most commonly mutated gene in the PI3K pathway among TCGA, and TP53 deleterious mutations while demonstrating significantly more deleterious mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. Indeed, when we treat our mPDOs with PI3K and CDK inhibitors, we observe significant responses in vitro. We are now generating genome-edited mPDO lines from normal gastric tissue to model specific alterations observed in our mGC cohort for functional characterization within GC pathogenesis and drug response validation. Our findings highlight an important molecular distinction of GC development in racial/ethnic US minorities, providing a rationale for alternative treatments to address GC health disparities. Citation Format: Nicole B. Halmai, Hongyong Zhang, Paul C. Lott, Ana Estrada-Florez, Ted Toal, Alexa Morales Arana, Rasika Venkatesh, Elizabeth Quino, Alma Poceros Coba, Guadalupe Carvajal, Javier Torres, UCaMP consortium, Luis G. Carvajal-Carmona. Establishing and characterizing patient derived models from racial/ethnic minority gastric cancer patients to advance cancer precision health equity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 698.
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Hsu, Ruth Y. "“Will the Model Minority Please Identify Itself?” American Ethnic Identity and Its Discontents." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 5, no. 1 (1996): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.5.1.37.
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Indriyanto, Kristiawan. "ARTICULATING THE MARGINALIZED VOICES: SYMBOLISM IN AFRICAN AMERICAN, HISPANIC, AND ASIAN AMERICAN LITERATURE." British (Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris) 9, no. 2 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31314/british.9.2.20-36.2020.
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The present study contextualizes how symbolism is employed by writers of ethnically minority in the United States as an avenue of their agency and criticism against the dominant white perspective. The history of American minorities is marred with legacy of racial discrimination and segregation which highlights the inequality of race. Literature as a cultural production captures the experiences of the marginalized and the use of symbolism is intended to transform themes into the field of aesthetics. This study is a qualitative research which is conducted through the post-nationalist American Studies framework in order to focus on the minorities’ experience instead of the Anglo-Saxon outlook. The object of the study is three playscripts written from authors from Mexican-American, African-American and Asian-American to emphasize how discrimination is faced by multi-ethnic. The finding suggests how symbolism in these literary works intends to counter the stereotypical representation of Mexican-American, aligns with the passive resistance of the Civil Right Movement and subvert binary opposition of East and West which exoticizing the East. Keywords : minority literature in the U.S , symbolism, post-national
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Anglin, Deidre M., Kamieka O. S. Gabriel, and Nadine J. Kaslow. "Suicide Acceptability and Religious Well-Being: A Comparative Analysis in African American Suicide Attempters and Non-Attempters." Journal of Psychology and Theology 33, no. 2 (2005): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164710503300207.
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This study was designed to examine the relationship between suicide acceptability and religious well-being, and to investigate the differences that may exist between African American suicide attempters and non-attempters on these two concepts. Two hundred low-income, African Americans were administered self-report questionnaires measuring suicide acceptability and religious well-being. Findings indicated that suicide acceptability was negatively related to religious well-being for both suicide attempters and non-attempters. There was also a significant difference between these two groups on suicide acceptability and religious well-being. Results were consistent with previous research that suggests that African Americans who attempt suicide endorse higher levels of suicide acceptability and lower levels of religious well-being than do their nonattempter counterparts. These findings have important implications for culturally-competent community programming and community mental health programs that serve low-income ethnic minority populations.
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Liu, Meirong, Dennis Kao, Xinbin Gu, Whittni Holland, and Gail Cherry-Peppers. "Oral Health Service Access in Racial/Ethnic Minority Neighborhoods: A Geospatial Analysis in Washington, DC, USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (2022): 4988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094988.
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Previous studies on individual-level variables have improved our knowledge base of oral health service use. However, environmental or contextual variables are also important in understanding oral health disparities in racial and ethnic neighborhoods. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological framework, this study examines the geographic availability of oral health providers in Washing-ton DC, U.S.A. Census tract-level data were drawn from the American Community Survey, joined with tract-level shapefiles, and overlaid with the geographic location of dental services throughout the city. Visual maps, descriptive statistics, and spatial lag regression models showed that census tracts with higher concentrations of African Americans were significantly farther from their nearest oral health providers (r = 0.19, p < 0.001), after controlling for neighborhood poverty rate, median age, and gender. Such findings confirm that in urban areas with highly di-verse populations such as Washington DC, racial disparities in oral health care access are signifi-cant. The study highlights that identifying neighborhoods with limited oral health care providers should be a priority in diminishing racial disparities in oral health service access. Improving access to racial/ethnic minority communities, especially African American neighborhoods, will require changes in health policies and programs, workforce development, resource allocation, community outreach, and educational programs.
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Arana, Alexa Morales, Nicole B. Halmai, Hongyong Zhang, et al. "Abstract 3066: Functional modeling and characterization of high frequency mutations associated with gastric cancer in US racial and ethnic minority populations." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (2022): 3066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3066.
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Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) is the 5th most common neoplasm and the 2nd most deadly cancer worldwide, with an estimated 783,000 deaths in 2018. Furthermore, Hispanic/Latino Americans continue to be underrepresented in GC genomic studies despite being twice as likely to be diagnosed with and die from GC compared to non-Hispanic whites (NHW). In order to address this pervasive health disparity, our lab has led efforts to characterize tumor biopsies from racial/ethnic minority cancer patients to inform more effective cancer treatment and advance precision medicine among these high-risk populations. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 31 GC patient tumors with more than 60% of the samples coming from minority patients. We identified higher somatic mutation frequencies in the ARID1A, BRCA2, and APC genes compared with the TCGA GC cohort, which is made up of mostly NHW patients. To better understand the role these genes play in cancer tumorigenesis among racial/ethnic minority GC patients, our lab has established a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing platform in minority patient-derived organoids (mPDOs). In this study, we utilized our platform to generate mPDO models of APC-TP53 double knockouts (dKO), ARID1A-TP53 dKO, and TP53-ARID1A-BRCA2 triple knockouts in organoid lines derived from normal gastric tissue. We developed medium to select for functional mutants following organoid cell electroporation that yielded near-complete selection for the desired gene knockouts, allowing us to generate isogenic mPDO lines modeling each gene KO combination. Our organoid models will provide a critical method to elucidate therapeutic sensitivity and resistance mechanisms in minority groups towards the ultimate goal of addressing GC health disparities in US racial/ethnic minorities. Citation Format: Alexa Morales Arana, Nicole B. Halmai, Hongyong Zhang, Paul Lott, Ana Estrada-Florez, Ted W. Toal, University of California Minority Patient-DerivedXenograft (PDX) Development and Trial (UCaMP) Cent, Luis G. Carvajal-Carmona. Functional modeling and characterization of high frequency mutations associated with gastric cancer in US racial and ethnic minority populations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3066.
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De Maio, Fernando, David Ansell, and Raj C. Shah. "Racial/ethnic minority segregation and low birth weight in five North American cities." Ethnicity & Health 25, no. 7 (2018): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2018.1492706.
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Bague, Irene Falgas, Ravali Mukthineni, Sahnah Lim, et al. "Community Recruitment of Asian, Latino and African American Older Adults With Depression Symptoms During COVID-19." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1826.
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Abstract Recruitment and engagement of racial/ethnic minority older adults in clinical trials is crucial to expand implementation of evidence-based interventions for disability prevention. Public Health measures to counteract COVID-19 pandemic have increased the challenges on reaching this population. This study seeks to comprehensively evaluate a set of recruitment strategies to enroll Latino, Asian and African American older adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety during the first year of a randomized clinical trial. A partnership of three academic sites across the U.S. (NYC, MA and PR) involving several collaborations with community agencies recruited racial/ethnic minority older adults using different strategies involving bilingual interviewers calling from hospital research dataset and community agencies’ list of clients, referrals from primary care providers or psychotherapy waitlist. In this presentation we will report various recruitment and retention data including individual and organizational predictors of successful recruitment as well as challenges across all three sites.
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Pang, Valerie Ooka, Peggy P. Han, and Jennifer M. Pang. "Asian American and Pacific Islander Students." Educational Researcher 40, no. 8 (2011): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x11424222.
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The authors studied more than 1 million Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) and White seventh graders in a statewide California testing program between 2003 and 2008, examining their reading and math achievement. AAPI student performance is often reported as an aggregate in discussions of the success of schoolchildren and issues of racial and ethnic achievement gaps. The authors disaggregated the performance of 13 AAPI subgroups and found significant achievement gaps between White Americans and their AAPI peers in reading and math. The data refuted the premise of the model minority myth. The evidence indicated that AAPI students are diverse in their achievements and demonstrate a continuum of academic performance.
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Makin, Jennifer K., Kate L. Francis, Michael J. Polonsky, and Andre M. N. Renzaho. "Interventions to Increase Blood Donation among Ethnic/Racial Minorities: A Systematic Review." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2019 (April 15, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6810959.
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Ethnic/racial minorities are under-represented in blood donor populations in most developed countries. This is of particular concern where minorities differ from a country’s majority population in terms of blood or tissue typing, especially where type matching is required for effective management of rare disorders such as sickle-cell disease that require multiple transfusions. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of interventions to increase blood donation among ethnic/racial minority populations in developed countries. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and ProQuest on 20 March 2017 with no date restrictions and supplemented this with searches on Google Scholar, blood collection agency websites, reference lists of included studies, and a forward search of citations of included studies. We included intervention studies designed to increase recruitment and/or retention of adult, ethnic/racial minority blood donors in developed countries. The review identified eight studies reported in nine publications. Six were conducted in the USA with African Americans. Four studies reported on multifaceted, community-based interventions; three reported on one-off information and educational video interventions, presented face-to-face, or delivered via post or e-mail. The level of evidence for efficacy was low, and the majority of studies were assessed as having some risk of bias related to one or more methodological issues. All eight studies reported positive outcomes in blood donation and/or intention to donate. Seven trials found that the intervention increased presentation for donation, and three found an increase in the percentage of new donors from the ethnic minority targeted. The review findings demonstrate that it is possible to design and implement effective interventions to motivate individuals from ethnic/racial minority groups to donate blood. One-off interventions may be as effective as multifaceted, community-based interventions. There was insufficient evidence to recommend particular interventions, and future research should empirically assess alternative interventions using robust study designs.
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Velez, Yamil Ricardo, Gabriel Borelli, Taeo Carse, et al. "Nothing to fear? Anxiety, numeracy, and demographic perceptions." Research & Politics 5, no. 3 (2018): 205316801879458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168018794583.
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Studies have found that Americans tend to overestimate the size of minority populations, a pattern that potentially increases antipathy toward racial and ethnic outgroups due to heightened perceptions of intergroup competition. Recent research, however, suggests that providing people with accurate information about racial and ethnic demographics has no discernible impact on intergroup attitudes. In this study, we consider whether anxiety is responsible for overestimates of racial and ethnic groups in the USA. We conduct an experiment where we manipulate anxiety before asking subjects to estimate the size of racial and ethnic groups at the local and national level. Contrary to our expectations, our findings suggest that there is no discernible link between emotions and estimates of minority group percentages, and in some cases, negative emotions reduce misperceptions.
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Varela, R. Enrique, Ric G. Steele, and Eric R. Benson. "The Contribution of Ethnic Minority Status to Adaptive Style: A Comparison of Mexican, Mexican American, and European American Children." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 38, no. 1 (2007): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022106295439.
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Baker, Zachary, Tetyana Shippee, and Joseph Gaugler. "Speaking of Dementia: How to Refer to Dementia in Racial-Ethnic Minority Community-Facing Communications." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (2021): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1782.
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Abstract What do you call “dementia”? In academic writing, researchers often chose the inclusive, “Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD)”. When referring to the people experiencing dementia, the person-centered language: “persons living with dementia (PLWD)” is preferred. This is a welcome departure from the antiquated disease-centered language of “dementia patients” or “the demented”. Still, AD/ADRD and PLWD may be less fitting in community-facing education or participant recruitment. For instance, community-facing materials may benefit from choosing terms like “memory loss”, “issues related to memory or aging”, or “changes in ability, behavior, or judgment”. In this symposium we present a range of viewpoints focused on how to refer to “dementia” in community-facing materials/conversations. These viewpoints include those of several racial and ethnic groups (i.e., African Americans, African Immigrants, American Indians, Asians, Hispanics/Latinos/as/x/e, and Whites). We also include viewpoints from people interfacing with many different diseases that cause dementia (i.e., Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease dementia) because of the different manifestations of dementia that can arise from those diseases. Viewpoints were gathered through 1) a nation-wide community advisory board, 2) community conversations with African Immigrants, 3) a national effort to increase the representation of Hispanics/Latinos/as/x/e PLWD in AD/ADRD research, and 4) eight community projects exploring the African American AD/ADRD experience. These talks will present possible terms to use within groups, considerations to increase inclusiveness, issues with translation into native languages, considerations surrounding symptoms that may be most recognizable to community members, and stigmatized terminology.
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Atkinson, Donald R., Bruce E. Wampold, Susana M. Lowe, Linda Matthews, and Hyun-Nie Ahn. "Asian American Preferences for Counselor Characteristics:." Counseling Psychologist 26, no. 1 (1998): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000098261006.
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This study used the same paired comparison format used in four earlier studies to survey ethnic minority preferences for counselor characteristics. However, in the current study, a statistical procedure designed specifically for paired comparison data that provides a powerful test of the relationship between preferences for counselor characteristics and selected within-group variables was used to analyze Asian American preferences for counselor characteristics. Similar attitudes and values was found to be the most preferred counselor characteristic for both personal and career problems. Also, preferences for counselor characteristics were found to be related to type of problem (personal or career), participant level of acculturation, and participant sex. Implications for future practice and research are discussed
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Augustine, Danielle A., Kalsea J. Koss, Emilie P. Smith, and Steven M. Kogan. "The influence of family cohesion on self-regulation and anxiety problems among African American emerging adults." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (2022): e0261687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261687.
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Although African Americans have lower rates of anxiety in childhood than other racial and ethnic minority groups, they seem to experience escalating rates during emerging adulthood. Despite this, few studies have examined factors associated with anxiety during emerging adulthood among African American populations. The current study investigated the extent to which late adolescent family relationships affect anxiety problems among African American emerging adults. Informed by family development theory, family cohesion was hypothesized to indirectly effect anxiety problems through self-regulation. This model was tested with three waves of data (ages 17, 19, 21) from African Americans participating in the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study. Study findings were consistent with the hypothesized model: family cohesion forecasted decreased anxiety problems, indirectly, via increased self-regulation. This finding suggests that families may be an important promotive process for anxiety problems during emerging adulthood. Prevention programs that target family processes may be able to reduce anxiety problems in emerging adult African Americans.
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Daniel, Lauren C., Jessica L. Childress, Jamie L. Flannery, et al. "Identifying Modifiable Factors Linking Parenting and Sleep in Racial/Ethnic Minority Children." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 45, no. 8 (2020): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa034.
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Abstract Background Young children from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds are at risk for poor sleep, yet few studies have tested behavioral interventions in diverse samples. This study tests factors that could contribute to associations between parenting skills and child sleep to inform interventions for children at risk of poor sleep outcomes. Specifically, we examined household chaos, caregiver sleep knowledge, and caregiver sleep quality as putative mediators that may be relevant to interventions seeking to improve child sleep. Methods Caregivers (M age 31.83 years; 46.2% African American; 52.1% Hispanic/Latinx, 95% female) of 119 1- to 5-year-old children (M age 3.99 years; 43.7% African American; 42.0% Hispanic/Latinx, 14.3% biracial; 51.3% female) completed measures of parenting practices, child and caregiver sleep, household chaos, and sleep knowledge. Indices of pediatric insomnia symptoms (difficulty falling/remaining asleep) and sleep health (sleep duration/hygiene) were constructed based on previous research. Parallel mediation models were conducted using ordinary least squares path analysis. Results Lower household chaos significantly attenuated the relationship between positive parenting skills and better child sleep health, suggesting chaos may serve as a potential mediator. There were no significant contributing factors in the pediatric insomnia model. Sleep knowledge was related to sleep health and caregiver sleep quality was related to pediatric insomnia, independent of parenting skills. Conclusion Interventions to improve sleep in early childhood may be enhanced by targeting parenting skills and household routines to reduce chaos. Future longitudinal research is needed to test household chaos and other potential mediators of child sleep outcomes over time.
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Holttum, Sue. "Ethnic minority membership and depression in the UK and America." Mental Health and Social Inclusion 21, no. 1 (2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhsi-12-2016-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss two recent studies on depression in members of ethnic minorities, one based in the UK with older people, and one in the USA. The aim was to examine what might lead to depression in these groups, and what might protect people from it. Design/methodology/approach The UK-based study examined depression and physical health in older members of the two largest ethnic minority groups in the UK: African Caribbean and South Asian. The US-based study examined whether a sense of belonging to the population group African Americans protected people from depression, as one social theory might predict, or whether racism prevented this protection, as predicted by another theory. Findings In London-based older South Asians, depression was explained by their poorer physical health compared to white Europeans. In older people of black Caribbean origin, depression was linked to their social disadvantage. The researchers did not measure people’s experience of discrimination, and other research suggests this can explain both physical illness and depression. The US-based study reported better well-being for people who identified with other African Americans, but not if they also felt negative about African Americans. However, these were weak links, so other things may affect well-being more, such as day-to-day relationships and a range of group memberships. Originality/value The London-based study was new in studying depression in older people belonging to the two largest ethnic minority groups in the UK and in white Europeans. The US study tested two competing social theories with different predictions about depression in relation to belonging to an ethnic minority. Both studies highlight the need for more research on discrimination and how to reduce it and its negative effects on both mental and physical health.
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Burjonrappa, Sathyaprasad. "Study of social disparities in pediatric laparoscopic appendectomy outcomes and cost." SAGE Open Medicine 9 (January 2021): 205031212198962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312121989627.
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Purpose: There is an increasing focus on racial and social disparities in health care. There have been several studies that have documented disparities in outcome between racial groups in the adult literature. Not much is known about disparities in outcomes after surgical procedures in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of race on complications (outcomes) and costs after laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods: This study is a single-center retrospective chart review of 248 pediatric patients who underwent appendectomies for uncomplicated acute appendicitis from 2015 to 2017. Patients were divided into minority (Africa American or Hispanic) and non-minority groups, and length of stay, preoperative and postoperative factors, and total costs were compared. Results: Of 185 eligible patients, 45.9% (n = 85) were of Hispanic or African American ethnicity and 54.1% (n = 100) were Caucasian. About 11.8% of minority patients had comorbidities and 12% of majority patients had comorbidities (p = 1). Readmission rate for minority group patients was 3.5% (n = 3) and 2% (n = 2) for majority patients (p = 0.7). The average cost of hospital stay for minority patients was $30,900 and for majority patients was $31,111 (p = 0.59). Conclusions: Standardization of care protocols has reduced social/racial disparities in surgical outcomes. In the most common pediatric surgery emergency procedure, laparoscopic appendectomy, there were no differences in outcomes or costs between minority (Hispanic/Africa American) and Caucasian ethnic groups. Level of evidence: Level III Type of study: Clinical Study
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Bendick, Marc, Charles W. Jackson, and Victor A. Reinoso. "Measuring Employment Discrimination through Controlled Experiments." Review of Black Political Economy 23, no. 1 (1994): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02895739.
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Race/ethnic discrimination in hiring can be measured under controlled conditions using matched pairs of minority and nonminority research assistants posing as applicants for the same job. In 149 in-person job applications in the Washington, D.C., labor market, African American applicants were treated less favorably than equally qualified nonminorities more than one-fifth of the time. Employer behavior during these interactions suggest that, within continued public and private efforts against discrimination, particular attention should be accorded to the cognitive underpinnings of bias.