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Liodorova, Jūlija, Jūlija Barkauskas, and Ruta Šneidere. "Detecting Asset Misappropriation: Forensic Accounting." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.287-300.
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The main task of the investigation of asset misappropriation is the correct classification of a crime: identification of the fact of misappropriation and determination of the amount of misappropriated assets. Specificity of asset diversity, asset accounting requirements, and a wide range of misappropriation opportunities require specialised knowledge in accounting and economics that investigators often lack. The aim of the study is to increase the knowledge of investigators in forensic accounting in order to increase effectiveness of investigations in detecting asset misappropriation. In this article, the authors, Latvian and Lithuanian accounting experts, talk about typologies of asset misappropriation and ways to detect misappropriation. The authors have compiled a list of red flags for misappropriation of assets and proposed an algorithm for determining the shortage or surplus of assets using forensic accounting methods. Research methods include: qualitative and quantitative methods of economic science, analysis of international standards and scientific literature, and graphical analysis.
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K. Norziaton, I., M. D.Mohamad Ridhuan, and A. N. Nur Adura. "Assets Misappropriation in the Malaysian Public and Private Sectors." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27543.
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Assets misappropriation is becoming a major concern in organizations. Over the years, the Malaysian Auditor General has reported high occurrences of assets misappropriation at the federal, state and even local governments. It is surprising that not only assets misappropriation is a major concern in the public sector but also has indicated that it is a common sight in all organizations. The current trend is rather disconcerting because employees are accountable to perform their jobs at the interest of the organizations. Various researches in the past found that the incidence of assets misappropriation occurs when employees used the official vehicles, internet connection, computers, stationery and facilities for personal and family benefits. The issue of assets misappropriation has been increasing and is the highest among other types of frauds. Even though the issue seems to be trivial, yet, if it is left untreated, the symptom will become an incurable disease that it will cause major leakages to the organizations. Hence, this paper highlights the common practices and issues of assets misappropriation in public and private organizations. It also discusses why the acts of assets misappropriation occur. The paper concludes that to promote awareness of the public and private sectors employees is vital in the issues of assets misappropriation.
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Mustafa, Sameer T., and Nourhene Ben Youssef. "Audit committee financial expertise and misappropriation of assets." Managerial Auditing Journal 25, no. 3 (March 23, 2010): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686901011026323.
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Yanti, Harti Budi. "PEMAHAMAN AUDITOR TENTANG SKEMA KECURANGAN, RED FLAGS, MEKANISME DETEKSI DAN MEKANISME PREVENTIF KECURANGAN." Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing dan Informasi 13, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v13i3.1748.
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<p>This study aims to determine the auditor’s understanding of the fraud scheme,<br />indication of fraud, mechanism detection of fraud prevention mechanisms. This<br />study uses primary data obtained through questionnaires. Totaled of 275<br />respondents from BPK auditors, internal auditors and external auditors in<br />Jakarta. Fraud schemes are classified into three groups, cheating scheme of<br />corruption, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial statements.<br />Research results revealed that the majority of the auditors have to understand<br />the fraud scheme with a good criteria, in the scheme of corruption,<br />misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial statements.<br />Keywords: scheme of fraud, corruption, misappropriation of assets, fraud<br />financial statements, the detection mechanism, and the preventive<br />mechanism</p>
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Khairunnisa, Hera, Sumardi, Bambang Tutuko, and Christian Wiradendi Wolor. "Pengaruh Aktivitas Pengendalian terhadap Risiko Penyalahgunaan Aset pada Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR)." Jurnal Wahana Akuntansi 15, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/wahana.15.015.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of control activities on the risk of asset misappropriation in Rural Credit Banks (BPR). This study uses a survey method using some questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed to 30 BPR employees in most Jabodetabek areas. The collected questionnaires were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Control activity variables are adopted from the COSO internal control framework. Control activity variables are devided into three sub-variables. Asset misappropriation in this study uses indicators from the previous studies. Measurement of control activity variables and risk of asset misappropriation in this study using a likert scale, 1 means strongly disagree and 5 means strongly agree. The results of the study indicate that the development of internal control activities has an effect on the risk of asset misuse in BPR. While the variable development of technology-based control activities and the variable realization of control activities have no effect on the risk of misuse of assets in BPR.
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Koomson, Theodora Aba Abekah, Godfred Matthew Yaw Owusu, Rita Amoah Bekoe, and Maureen Oquaye. "Determinants of asset misappropriation at the workplace: the moderating role of perceived strength of internal controls." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 4 (June 10, 2020): 1191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-04-2020-0067.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the prevalence of asset misappropriation at the workplace and examines the dominant factors that influence individuals to misappropriate assets at the workplace. Relying on the most recent theory on fraud (the stimulus/pressure, capability, opportunity, rationalization and ego (S.C.O.R.E. model) as the theoretical basis, the study examines the effect of pressure, rationalization, capability, opportunity/strength of internal control system and ego on asset misappropriation at the workplace while controlling for the effect of ethical values. Design/methodology/approach A total of 883 valid responses from individuals working in various organizations in Ghana were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. The hypothesized relationships of the study were tested by means of a structural model analysis using the partial least square based structural equation modelling technique. Findings Results from the structural model analysis demonstrate that individuals misappropriate assets at their workplace due to pressures they face, their ability to rationalize their actions as not wrong, their capabilities and their egos. The results, however, indicate that the extent to which an individual will misappropriate asset depends, to a large extent, on the person’s perception of the strength of internal control mechanisms at the workplace. The findings of the study make significant contributions to the fraud discourse. Originality/value Theoretically, the study is among the first to provide empirical support for the applicability of the S.C.O.R.E. model in the fraud literature. Again, this study extends knowledge on occupational fraud literature by examining an area that has received the least research attention: asset misappropriation. The study also highlights the important role of internal controls in reducing the occurrence of asset misappropriation at the workplace.
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Majid, Rozaiha Ab, Nafsiah Mohamed, Rosmawati Haron, Nor Bahiyah Omar, and Betsy Jomitin. "Misappropriation of Assets in Local Authorities: A Challenge to Good Governance." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 164 (December 2014): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.086.
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Nia, Elham Hady, and Jamaliah Said. "Assessing Fraud Risk Factors of Assets Misappropriation: Evidences from Iranian Banks." Procedia Economics and Finance 31 (2015): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01194-6.
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COZZI, GUIDO, and LUCA SPINESI. "INTELLECTUAL APPROPRIABILITY, PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION, AND GROWTH." Macroeconomic Dynamics 10, no. 1 (December 14, 2005): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100506050115.
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In the modern world, the main assets are immaterial ideas. Such assets are much more easily stolen than traditional factors such as physical capital and land. In this paper, we investigate the long-run growth effects of intellectual misappropriation at the R&D level. We adopt a generalized framework with both vertical and horizontal innovation. Inspired by recent evidence and by the patent law, we assume that only vertical innovations can be spied, because they are less easily patented than horizontal innovations. The main results are: (1) despite growing population, the fraction of labor engaged in spying activities tends to be constant; (2) in economies in which the R&D process is more vulnerable to ideas theft, growth rates are lower but product differentiation will be more intense; (3) intellectual misappropriation neutralizes the positive growth effect of R&D subsidies but not their positive level effects.
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Alssabagh, Samer H. "Fraud Risk Factors that Affect the Audit Program Plan: The Case of Kurdistan Region, Iraq." ISSUE 7 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v4n2y2020.pp9-19.
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This paper aims to identify the most frequent fraud risk factors that affect the nature, timing, and extent of planned audit procedures. The perceptions of both international and local external auditors in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq, were investigated. In general, it was found that the respondents were more interested in assessing fraud risk factors related to misappropriation of assets (84.61%) compared with those related to fraudulent financial reporting (75.43%). Stepwise regression analysis indicates a positive and significant effect of each fraud risk factor related to fraudulent financial reporting that resulted from incentives or pressures and attitudes or rationalization, and the fraud risk factors related to the misappropriation of assets that resulted from attitudes or rationalization on the nature, timing, and extent of the planned audit procedures. However, other fraud risk factors in the study model did not show a significant effect on the audit program plan. The findings of this paper contribute to the existing literature in the area of fraud risk assessment and its effect on planning audit programs in eastern developing countries such as the Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Karim, Zulyanti Abdul, Jamaliah Said, and Haniza Hanim Mustaffa Bakri. "An Exploratory Study on the Possibility of Assets Misappropriation among Royal Malaysian Police Officials." Procedia Economics and Finance 31 (2015): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01150-8.
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Kaplan, Steven E., Kelly R. Pope, and Janet A. Samuels. "An Examination of the Effects of Managerial Procedural Safeguards, Managerial Likeability, and Type of Fraudulent Act on Intentions to Report Fraud to a Manager." Behavioral Research in Accounting 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-51126.
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ABSTRACT Only a fraction of employees who discover fraud report this information. Given the serious consequences of fraud, better understanding factors influencing individuals' intentions to report fraud, particularly to a non-anonymous recipient such as a manager, is important. We predict that reporting intentions to a manager will be influenced by attributes of the firm (e.g., whether managerial procedural safeguards are strong or weak), the report recipient (e.g., whether the manager is likeable or unlikeable), and the type of fraud (e.g., misappropriation of assets or fraudulent financial reporting). Results from this experimental study indicate that managerial likeability and the type of fraud, but not managerial procedural safeguards or the interaction with managerial likeability, significantly influence reporting intentions to a manager. We contend that participants are influenced by managerial likeability because it provides specific information about the manager and acts as a signal about how the manager will likely handle a fraud report. These results, consistent with previous research (Robinson, Robertson, and Curtis 2012), suggest that participants make stronger attributions to a person engaging in misappropriation of assets compared to a person engaging in fraudulent financial reporting. Implications of this study to the practitioner and academic communities are discussed.
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Rinendy, Jhon. "Fraud Prevention Predictor on Losing Merchandise Inventory in Alfa Mart Retail Store Bandung Barat, Indonesia." Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 1373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.2102.
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Introduction: This study aimed to examine the predictors that can be predicted to prevent the risk of fraud on losing merchandise inventory in Alfa Mart retail store within Parongpong district, Bandung-Barat through the COSO internal control dimensions (control environment control, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring) as perceived to prevent and reduce fraudulent acts in relation to misappropriation of assets.
Method: The survey research design was employed in this study with convenience random sampling technique. The descriptive-correlational design and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the existing relationship among the variables and the predictors of losing merchandise inventory risk. The respondents were 32 regular full-time employees of thirteen stores. There were four elements must be present to prevent fraud of losing merchandise inventory in term of administrative shrinkage, operational shrinkage, customer theft detection, and technology utilization.
Result: The findings revealed that “operational shrinkage” ranked first as a high factor, the second approach by: “administrative shrinkage,” and followed by the third is the “customer theft detection” and for the last order: technology utilization. There was a positive and significant relationship between Internal Control (IC) and Fraud Prevention (FP) on losing merchandise inventory of the respondents’ perception. Risk Assessment and Control Environment dimensions could be predicted to increase FP. The results indicate the importance of well-structured organizational culture of actions, policies, and procedures against fraud risk, and assessing risks of designing effective internal controls and operating internal controls in order to minimize errors and fraud by employees and customers regarding misappropriation of assets.
Discussion:
Keywords: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, monitoring, administrative shrinkage, operational shrinkage, customer detection, technology implementation.
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Istifadah, Rikyan Ulil, and Yayu Putri Senjani. "Religiosity as the moderating effect of diamond fraud and personal ethics on fraud tendencies." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Finance Research 2, no. 1 (May 23, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jiafr.2020.2.1.4712.
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<p class="IABSSS"><strong>Purpose</strong> - This study aims to determine the effect of each dimension of diamond fraud (pressure, opportunity, rationalization, capability) and personal ethics on the fraud tendency (assets misappropriation) and understanding of religiosity as moderating variable.</p><p class="IABSSS"><strong>Method </strong>- The study was conducted by survey method. The samples are amil zakat in Yogyakarta. Data analysis in this study applied multiple linear regression analysis with IBM SPSS version 22. The instruments were adopted from previous research.</p><p class="IABSSS"><strong>Result</strong> - The results of data analysis in this study show that there are positive influences between elements of diamond fraud (pressure, opportunity, rationalization, capability) on the fraud tendency (assets misappropriation) but personal ethics do not influence the fraud tendency. While the understanding of religiosity is able to moderate elements of diamond fraud (pressure, opportunity, rationalization, capability) and personal ethics.</p><p class="IABSSS"><strong>Implication</strong> - Future research can expand the object of research in several other provinces. In addition, fraud theory used is Fraud Diamond Theory. Whereas now there has been an increase in the cause of fraud, which is arrogance and evolved into Fraud Pentagon Theory, so that the next arrogance variable can be added as an independent variable.</p><p><strong>Originality</strong> - This reseacrh is still using samples in one province, and Amil Zakat sample was chosen as a sample because based on data submitted by BAZNAS.</p>
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Suarniti, Ni Luh Putu Eka, and Maria M. Ratna Sari. "Pengaruh Moralitas Individu, Komitmen Organisasi dan Kesesuaian Kompensasi pada Kecurangan Akuntansi." E-Jurnal Akuntansi 30, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/eja.2020.v30.i02.p04.
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Accounting fraud is an action due to the desire or encouragement to use the opportunity so as to manipulate accounting of financial statements, corruption or misappropriation of assets. Research aims to determine the influence of individual morality, organizational commitment and conformity of compensation on accounting fraud in the LPD of Mengwi sub-district. The sampling method is using the purposive sampling technique. The data collection method is permormed using questionnaires and questionnaires returned are 194 questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the tests, individual morality, organizational commitment and compensation conformity have negative affect on accounting fraud.
Keywords: Individual Morality; Organizational Commitment; Compensation Conformity; Accounting Fraud.
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Strand, Carolyn A., Sandra T. Welch, Sarah A. Holmes, and Steven L. Judd. "Developing Student Abilities to Recognize Risk Factors: A Series of Scenarios." Issues in Accounting Education 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2002.17.1.57.
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Misappropriation of assets is an expensive and growing problem. However, detecting this type of fraud is very difficult. Green and Calderon (1996) claim that externally observable risk factors can help signal the likelihood of fraud. Awareness and timely recognition of these “red flags” might improve an individual's ability to assess the potential vulnerability of an organization to fraud. Contained herein is a case consisting of five scenarios that deal with the risk factors identified in Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 82, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit (AICPA 1997). Throughout the case, you will be confronted with a number of clues that may suggest employee wrongdoing. This case is designed to help you develop your knowledge and professional skill regarding the recognition of fraud risk factors. Although textbooks, and other sources, frequently list various risk factors, these same clues may not be as obvious to you when they actually occur in an organization.
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Septarini, Dina Fitri. "BAGAIMANA BUKTI AUDIT DAPAT MENGUNGKAP FRAUD?" JURNAL ILMU EKONOMI & SOSIAL 5, no. 2 (October 20, 2014): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/jies.v5i2.69.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of audit evidence in fraud detection. This is because the detection of fraud is not an easy task to be undertaken by auditors, and even most of the auditors were unable to detect fraud as well. To be used to detect fraud, audit evidence must be sufficient, competent, and relevant. Furthermore, to assess their validity, the evidence collected should be tested first. An auditor also needs to have professional skepticism when gathering and evaluating audit evidence. Without applying professional skepticism, auditors will only find misstatements caused by error only and hard to find fraud.For the detection of fraud within the organization, fraud categorized into three groups, namely fraudulent financial reporting, misappropriation of assets, and corruption. Each type of fraud has its own characteristics, so as to be able to detect the fraud it is necessary to understand well the types of fraud that may arise within the company.
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Suleiman, Ibrahim. "Corruption as Cankerworms towards Economic Development in Nigeria." American International Journal of Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (September 21, 2017): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v1i1.161.
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Corruption has been corrosively eating the fabrics of the Nigerian nation. Its persistence in the form of fraud, mismanagement, misappropriation, diversion of public funds, tax evasion, money laundering etc. has led Nigeria into unfortunate national and even international circle of criminal minded persons. This therefore has made the development of the country and its attendant benefits only a paper work or rather an illusion. This paper conceptualizes corruption beyond the point of public officers taking bribes and gratification, committing fraud, stealing public funds and assets to equally include, deliberate violation of standards for gainful ends which may be in cash or kind. It therefore, encompasses any decision, act or conduct that is considered pervasive to democratic norms and values. The method utilized by this work is incidence analysis and documentary research. The paper which is divided into five sections concluded that, only anti-corruption policies and programs anchored on ethical, balanced, independent, and self-sustained, people oriented can succeed in Nigeria and thereby ensure national economic development. The paper recommended among other things for a successful anti-corruption crusade in third world countries that, international agencies such as Paris Club, IMF, World Bank, UNO should review their policies and conditions to reflect war against corruption especially among third World leaders even while in office. That a mandatory involvement of all community based organizations be considered in annual budget formulation, monitoring and evaluation to avoids misappropriation and looting in the country.
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Elsberg, Constance. "Bootstraps and Turbans." Nova Religio 23, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2019.23.1.89.
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Food—enjoying it, preparing it, serving it, distributing it, and using it for healing purposes—is central to life in the Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO). In 3HO’s early years, food beliefs and practices were instrumental in creating community, shaping members’ identities, and establishing group boundaries. Over time, members created a variety of organizations linked to 3HO, and many members became Sikhs. They created businesses, several involving food production and sales, and some quite successful. In 2010 representatives of one of their organizations, Sikh Dharma International, sued the managers of one of the businesses, Golden Temple Bakery, accusing the managers of “misappropriation of valuable assets.” This paper examines the growth of 3HO businesses within the context of national food production and distribution, and it considers the internal stresses of 3HO institutions revealed via the trial.
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Todorović, Zdravko, Darko Tomaš, and Boris Todorović. "Anti-Fraud Strategy." ECONOMICS 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2020-0010.
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Abstract Fraud is not an individual problem, but rather, we deal with a systematic fraud, particularly in the public sector through the creation of a private monopoly over public sector. Therefore, the first step, which needs to be set in organization in order to develop an efficient system for fraud control is development of anti-fraud strategy. Anti-fraud strategy is based on a policy of integrity and zero tolerance for fraud. Under the fraud we imply: corruption, assets misappropriation and fraudulent statement. Fraudsters are in the organization and beyond. Factors influencing performing of fraud are: pressure, opportunity and rationalization. Costs incurred due to the fraud may be difficult to realistically consider. Battle against fraud is determined by political will, effective legislation and anti-fraudulent culture and strategy.
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Hutapea, Miranda Dewina, and Aprina Nugrahesthy Sulistya Hapsari. "Uncover Potential Fraud and its Mitigation Efforts in the Assistant Corps." Asia Pacific Fraud Journal 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v6i1.194.
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This study aims to describe the potential for fraud in the operational activities of the Assistant Corps and explore the motives underlying the potential for fraud. The Assistant Corps is an organization that coordinates assistant lecturers and serves to coordinate assistant activities. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data in this study are primary data obtained through in-depth interviews with Assistant Coordinators, Active Assistants, Alumni of Assistant Coordinators, and Assistance Class Students. The results show that the Assistant Corps has three potential frauds that can occur both in operational activities and in financial management, namely misappropriation of assets, fraudulent statements, and corruption. The anti-fraud strategy implemented in this organization is inadequate and has a high risk of threatening the organization if it is not managed properly.
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Reis, Luana Araújo dos, Nadirlene Pereira Gomes, Luciana Araújo dos Reis, Tânia Maria de Oliva Menezes, and Jordana Brock Carneiro. "Expression of domestic violence against older people." Acta Paulista de Enfermagem 27, no. 5 (October 2014): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/19820194201400072.
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Objective To reveal forms of domestic violence experienced by older people with impaired functional capacity. Methods This descriptive, exploratory study, using a qualitative approach guided by the oral history method, analyzed forms of violence. The oral histories told by older adults were used to identify the relationship between violence and dependence on someone else. The content analysis proposed by Bardin was used as a technique of systematic and objective analysis to describe the contents of the messages to categorize the data. Results Oral histories reveal that older adults are aware of the fact that their dependence on other people exposes them to situations of violence, expressed as negligence, psychological abuse and misappropriation of assets. Conclusion The expression of domestic violence experienced by older adults with impaired functional capacity was revealed, which indicates a relationship between depending on other people and suffering domestic violence.
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McDonnell, Diarmuid, and Alasdair C. Rutherford. "The Determinants of Charity Misconduct." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47, no. 1 (September 3, 2017): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764017728367.
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Charities in the United Kingdom have been the subject of intense media, political, and public scrutiny in recent times; however, our understanding of the nature, extent, and determinants of charity misconduct is weak. Drawing upon a novel administrative dataset of 25,611 charities for the period 2006-2014 in Scotland, we develop models to predict two dimensions of charity misconduct: regulatory investigation and subsequent action. There have been 2,109 regulatory investigations of 1,566 Scottish charities over the study period, of which 31% resulted in regulatory action being taken. Complaints from members of the public are most likely to trigger an investigation, whereas the most common concerns relate to general governance and misappropriation of assets. Our multivariate analysis reveals a disconnect between the types of charities that are suspected of misconduct and those that are subject to subsequent regulatory action.
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Reddic, Willie, Sandra W. Shelton, and Georgi K. Shmagel. "A Repeat Offender of Corruption: South MunaiGas Case Study." Journal of Forensic Accounting Research 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): A91—A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jfar-51930.
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ABSTRACT Fraud is a serious and growing international problem, and can greatly affect a company's performance. The current case highlights the impact that culture can have on corporate corruption through the culture of a specific organization, as well as through the broader culture of a society. In this case, Russian NorthOilService (NOS) acquired 98 percent of the shares of the near-bankrupt Kazakh drilling company, South MunaiGas (SMG) in 2007. NOS management realized that SMG's weak financial standing was caused by corporate fraud and corruption, among other factors. Unfortunately, NOS was unable to prevent the new management team of SMG from committing fraud, despite NOS's anti-fraud efforts after acquisition. This actual case study focuses on the accounting and other frauds perpetrated by the SMG management team and the anticorruption measures implemented by NOS. It addresses fraud, bribery, corruption, and misappropriation of assets through inappropriate procurement procedures, in a cultural environment differing substantially from U.S. corporate contexts. This case is suitable for use in auditing, corporate governance, and fraud examination courses.
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Man, Chi-keung, and Brossa Wong. "Corporate Governance And Earnings Management: A Survey Of Literature." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, no. 2 (February 13, 2013): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i2.7646.
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Corporate governance can reduce or even eliminate the extent of earnings management. Normally, an institutional environment that provides better legal protection can control managers self-interest to a certain extent. Takeover force can exert market pressure on managers to do the best for shareholders. Prior studies have investigated different corporate governance mechanisms that can have negative relationships with earnings management. Board independence can enhance certain monitoring behaviors in managers, including the misappropriation of assets. Female directors can develop trust leadership, which requires managers to share information, and are more likely to be risk-averse to frauds and opportunistic earnings management. An audit committee can oversee the internal control for financial reporting and the quality of financial information. Directors with financial expertise can provide incremental control effects on earnings management, especially in firms with weak corporate governance. This paper contributes to corporate governance by providing detailed reviews of different corporate governance mechanisms, reviewing the latest findings on classification shifting, and summarizing earnings management measures, including a new diagnostic system. In the future, this new diagnostic system may be investigated in different contexts.
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Hussain, Mostaq M., Patricia Kennedy, and Victoria Kierstead. "Can Audit Prevent Fraudulent Financial Reporting Practices? Study of Some Motivational Factors in Two Atlantic Canadian Entities." Issues In Social And Environmental Accounting 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22164/isea.v4i1.47.
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Much as has been written and done to prevent Fraudulent Financial Reporting (FFR) practices but FFR is still exists in the corporate world. It is common to think about FFR practices in large companies for its greater amount of consequences, though such practises have negative consequences in small companies as well. FFR practices raise questions<br />about the legitimacy of contemporary financial reporting process, roles of auditors, regulators, and analysts in financial reporting. This empirical study attempts to investigate the motivational factors of the prevention and detection of FFR through the auditing process. The interviewees were carried out within the entity and proprietary theoretical framework with some accounting related management in two medium-sized organizations in Atlantic Canada in winter 2008. The findings of this research demonstrate that an audit is not enough to prevent and detect FFR. The audit structure needs to be revised and employees need to be educated in order for them to better understand their internal control process, and their own role. Companies need to evaluate their controls and internal audit process instead of relying on the yearly audit. This study found that the most common methods used for FFR are improper revenue recognition, understatement of expenses/liabilities, and overstated and misappropriation of assets.<br /><br />
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Kennedy, Jay P. "Asset misappropriation in small businesses." Journal of Financial Crime 25, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-01-2017-0004.
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Purpose This paper aims to increase the understanding of the types of insider financial frauds that occur within small businesses by focusing on a sample of businesses that have not employed a certified fraud examiner (CFE) in response to employee theft. Design/methodology/approach The survey data analyzed come from 102 small businesses (100 employees or fewer) in a midsized Midwestern city in the USA, and reflect 125 reported employee thefts. Findings The study results indicate that small businesses that do not hire a CFE report certain thefts with greater and lower frequencies as compared to small businesses that do hire a CFE. For particular types of frauds, CFEs may be no more useful than the efforts of business owners or managers, and other employees. Practical implications There may be important organizational differences between businesses that hire CFEs and those that do not, differences related to the ways in which business finances are maintained, the ways in which specific controls are used and the ability of employees to access business resources. These factors may create business-based opportunity structures that make particular types of insider financial frauds more or less likely to occur within a particular business. Originality/value Existing research on insider financial frauds may not appropriately account for small businesses that cannot afford, or are unwilling, to hire a CFE. The findings discussed in this paper contribute to a more complete picture of the types of frauds that small businesses experience, as well as how these businesses deal with insider theft.
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Fonfeder, Robert, Mark P. Holtzman, and Eugene Maccarrone. "INTERNAL CONTROLS IN THE TALMUD: THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE." Accounting Historians Journal 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.30.1.73.
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We examine the Hebrew Talmud's account of internal controls in the ancient Jerusalem Temple (c.823 B.C.E. to 70 C.E.) This far-reaching enterprise involved an extensive system of sacrificial offerings, management of three annual pilgrimages, a court system and maintenance of a priestly class. We outline the annual process of collecting half-shekel and other donations, withdrawals from the Temple treasury and the sale of libations. The Talmud describes numerous internal controls: donations were segregated according to their specific purposes and donation chests were shaped with small openings to prevent theft. When making withdrawals from the Temple treasury, the priest-treasurer was required to wear specific clothing to prevent misappropriation of assets. The Treasury chamber itself had seven seals, requiring the presence of seven different individuals, including the king, in order to open it. The process of selling libations and meal offerings required purchasing and then redeeming different tickets, which were specifically marked to prevent fraud. In explaining the reasoning for this tight system of internal controls, the Talmud reveals that an individual “shall be guiltless before G-D and before Israel” [Numbers 32: 22], so that a sound system of internal controls prevents both theft and any suspicion of theft, thus establishing the fiscal credibility of the Temple institution in the eyes of its congregants. Such an approach indicates that accounting did not represent a profane, secular vocation at odds with the Temple's mission. To the contrary, a system of accountability formed integral steps in the Temple's ritual processes.
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Kaplan, Steven E., Kelly Richmond Pope, and Janet A. Samuels. "An Examination of the Effect of Inquiry and Auditor Type on Reporting Intentions for Fraud." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 30, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-10174.
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SUMMARY Employee tips are the most common form of initial fraud detection, suggesting that employees frequently are aware of fraud before others professionally charged to detect fraud, such as internal and external auditors. Given the seriousness of fraud to a range of stakeholders, it is important to increase our understanding of the willingness of employees who learn about fraud to report this information to auditors. We conduct an experimental study describing a hypothetical situation involving an employee's discovery of a fraudulent act by his supervisor. Given the hypothetical situation, participants, assuming they were facing the situation, provide their intentions to report fraud to an auditor. The study examines several issues related to participants' intentions to report fraud to auditors. First, we predict and find that participants' reporting intentions to an inquiring auditor are stronger than their reporting intentions to a noninquiring auditor. Second, we predict and find that participants' reporting intentions to an internal auditor are stronger than their reporting intentions to an external auditor. Third, based on contrast coding results, we predict and find that inquiry and auditor type interact to influence reporting intentions. Fourth, we find that reporting intentions for two different types of fraudulent acts, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting, do not significantly differ, nor does the type of fraudulent act interact with whether the auditor engages in inquiry or the report recipient (e.g., internal versus external auditor). Supplemental analysis provides additional information on the extent to which beliefs differ between the two types of fraudulent acts.
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Lioukas, Constantinos S., and Jeffrey J. Reuer. "Choosing Between Safeguards: Scope and Governance Decisions in R&D Alliances." Journal of Management 46, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206318795240.
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Research on transaction cost economics has emphasized the choice of an appropriate governance structure as an important mechanism in alleviating exchange hazards in interfirm transactions, yet firms may also manipulate the characteristics of a transaction to make it less hazardous in the first place by carefully selecting the activities or assets involved in the transaction. In this paper, we explore this theoretical issue in transaction cost economics by examining how firms design R&D alliances to mitigate appropriation hazards in these interfirm transactions. In particular, we investigate when firms will prefer to limit the scope of functional activities involved in an R&D alliance, thus addressing appropriation hazards directly by manipulating the alliance’s characteristics, versus when they will opt for an equity-based governance structure in order to mitigate appropriation hazards ex post. We argue that firms are more likely to limit the scope of alliance activities rather than choose an equity-based governance structure when there are multiple partners in an alliance and when the partners are from different nations, because monitoring and other control mechanisms become more cumbersome and problematic in these circumstances. In contrast, firms that are direct competitors are more likely to choose an equity-based governance structure in order to mitigate exchange hazards, such as knowledge misappropriation, through carefully monitored knowledge sharing. Empirical analysis of data on R&D alliances in a variety of industries provides support for our arguments regarding alliances involving multiple partners and alliances between competitors. We discuss the implications of our study for research on transaction cost economics.
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Mustafa Bakri, Haniza Hanim, Norazida Mohamed, and Jamaliah Said. "Mitigating asset misappropriation through integrity and fraud risk elements." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-04-2016-0024.
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Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the effects of fraud risk elements and integrity on asset misappropriation in the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP). In addition, this research also examines whether integrity moderates the relationship between fraud risk elements and asset misappropriation. Design/methodology/approach Data are gathered from the responses of the questionnaires distributed to the RMP. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed based on simple random selection from five RMP centres in the capital city. Out of 200 questionnaires distributed, only 189 were returned. Findings The findings indicate that the existence of fraud risk elements significantly affects the incident of asset misappropriation. An interesting finding was made that integrity is negatively related to asset misappropriation. This implies that integrity is an important value in minimising the occurrence of asset misappropriation. The results also indicate that minimising fraud risk elements is crucial in reducing the incident of asset misappropriation. Originality/value This present paper contributes to the literature by investigating a commonly proposed but underexplored elements of integrity in mitigating fraud. Incorporating integrity and fraud risk elements simultaneously in a single framework in context of RMP would enhance the understanding and will be able to provide a framework for practitioners on how to mitigate the incident of fraud.
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Khrustaleva, S. P., K. S. Krivyakin, M. S. Lutsenko, and O. O. Shendrikova. "Algorithms for countering economic crimes and assessing the level of threats to economic security in the context of strategic management." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-4-280-290.
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Crimes in the field of economic activity have become so common in society that crime in the economy has become the norm in the behavior of business entities. Economic crime in Russia at the present stage has reached such a scale that it really threatens the national security of the state. All this requires a detailed study of the individual elements of a crime in the sphere of economic activity and determination of methods for preventing economic crimes. Ensuring the economic rule of law is a guarantee of ensuring the economic security of the state in the future. Economic crimes committed at enterprises of various patterns of ownership are considered. The main type of economic crime is the misappropriation of assets (property), bribery and corruption are in second place, and finally, the third type of common economic crime in 2019 is procurement fraud. The amount of damage from economic crimes in large enterprises ranges from 100 thousand to 1 million US dollars. The main tools for detecting economic crimes in Russia are: the activities of the internal audit and economic security services; information technology protection and financial security of the enterprise; reporting suspicious transactions; the activities of the enterprise to manage the risks of losses from fraud. It is proposed to identify four levels of economic security of the enterprise: critical, low, medium and high. The optimality of the processes for managing economic and information security of PJSC VASO was assessed, which made it possible to single out the main functional components of the overall security of industrial enterprises. A comprehensive assessment of the level of economic threats of PJSC “VASO” as of 2019 was carried out.
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Yusrianti, Hasni, Imam Ghozali, and Etna N. Yuyetta. "ASSET MISAPPROPRIATION TENDENCY: RATIONALIZATION, FINANCIAL PRESSURE, AND THE ROLE OF OPPORTUNITY (STUDY IN INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT SECTOR)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8148.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between Rationalization and Financial Pressure on Asset Misappropriation Tendency by mediating Opportunity in the Indonesian government sector based on the Fraud Triangle perspective.
Methodology: The Population of this study was Indonesian government employees. The Sample method was Purposive Sampling and the survey method was direct surveys, postal mail, and online surveys. The number of respondents was 363 and analyzed using Structural Equation Model with AMOS-based covariance.
Main Findings: The results show that financial pressure, rationalization, and opportunity had a significant positive effect on Asset Misappropriation Tendency. Furthermore, Opportunity mediates the relationship between rationalizations on Asset Misappropriation Tendency; However, Opportunity does not mediate the relationship between Financial Pressure and Asset Misappropriation Tendency.
Implications: This study contributes to the literature on asset misappropriation in the government sector which is rather very limited and supports the Fraud Triangle Theory. It also has several practical implications for being a source of information to formulate policies in fraud prevention and detection that will improve management control systems in the government sector a developing country.
Novelty: A limited study of asset misappropriation in the government sector in a developing country that examines the influence of element strength of Fraud Triangle in Asset Misappropriation which has been criticized by previous researchers.
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Kaplan, Steven E., Kelly Richmond Pope, and Janet A. Samuels. "The Effect of Social Confrontation on Individuals’ Intentions to Internally Report Fraud." Behavioral Research in Accounting 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria.2010.22.2.51.
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ABSTRACT: Fraudulent activity is often first discovered by employees. Gaining an understanding of how meeting with the transgressor to discuss the apparent fraud (“social confrontation”) influences individuals’ likelihood of reporting fraud to internal recipients is particularly important for various stakeholders interested in the early reporting of fraud. Using an experimental approach, this study provides evidence on the extent to which unsuccessful social confrontation with one’s supervisor regarding apparent fraud influences reporting intentions to two different, but plausible, internal report recipients: the supervisor’s supervisor and an internal auditor. To broaden the generalizability of the findings, the study includes two different fraudulent acts. In the study, participants assume the role of an employee discovering a fraudulent act. The study manipulates two between-participants variables: (1) the presence or absence of unsuccessful social confrontation with the transgressor to discuss the apparent fraud and (2) the type of fraudulent act that apparently occurred (misappropriation of assets or fraudulent financial reporting). The results of the study were consistent with and extend power-related theories of whistleblowing. We find that under unsuccessful social confrontation, one’s reporting intentions to the supervisor’s supervisor are stronger than to an internal auditor. However, reporting intentions to the supervisor’s supervisor are not stronger than to an internal auditor when social confrontation did not occur. The type of fraudulent act did not influence the relation between social confrontation and reporting intentions. Our findings suggest that employees experiencing unsuccessful social confrontation may be more likely to seek out powerful internal report recipients. Thus, audit committees and others with an interest in fostering internal fraud reporting may find it helpful to include social confrontation strategies as part of a broader discussion with employees of responses to the discovery of fraud and make employees fully aware of how to report apparent fraud to senior internal report recipients.
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Neklesa, Oleksandr, Elvira Sydorova, and Yana Paleshko. "Financial control as a tool in overcoming corruption." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2021-1-326-332.
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Corruption offenses nowadays remain a serious threat to the national security of a state. Persons empowered to perform state functions are the basic sources of corruption risks. The main document that outlines the basic principles of preventing and combating corruption in our country is the Law of Ukraine "On Principles of Preventing and Combating Corruption" and "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Liability for Corruption Offenses." Corruption in public finances is a threat that gives a momentum for the development of forgery of accounting and tax reporting documents, misappropriation of assets allocated for financial resources funds, concealment of financial transactions and falsification of business entities’ documents. State financial control should ensure the effective use of budgetary resources, extra-budgetary financial resources and state property. In order to combat corruption, it is necessary to introduce transparency at the stages of budget allocation and openness in the control system in this area. It is this transparency that will help not only to overcome corruption, but also to strengthen public confidence in the state and the fulfillment of its functional responsibilities. And also to ensure compliance with the supremacy of law in this area, i.e. to ensure the equality of all before the law and responsibility for violations. Financial control can be enhanced through effective audit. The essence of the audit is a real assessment of the feasibility of government programs on the criteria of economy, productivity and efficiency. It is an audit that is a separate and real source of data, as it does not belong to any political forces or institutions. Based on the above mentioned, it is advisable to adapt the existing audit system in Ukraine in accordance with the best foreign experience.
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Song, Dan‐Bee, Ho‐Young Lee, and Eun‐Jung Cho. "The association between earnings management and asset misappropriation." Managerial Auditing Journal 28, no. 6 (June 21, 2013): 542–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686901311329919.
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Kassem, Rasha. "Detecting asset misappropriation: a framework for external auditors." International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation 10, no. 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaape.2014.059181.
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MUSTAFA, SAMEER T., and HEIDI HYLTON MEIER. "CAP Forum on Forensic Accounting in the Post-Enron World Audit Committees and Misappropriation of Assets: Publicly Held Companies in the United States/LES COMITÉS DE VÉRIFICATION ET LE DÉTOURNEMENT DE BIENS : LES SOCIÉTÉS OUVERTES AUX ÉTATS-UNIS." Canadian Accounting Perspectives 5, no. 2 (October 1, 2006): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1506/ccww-jrwb-ecue-ymmn.
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Malik, Muhammad Sadiq. "Effective Internal Controls for Asian Countries." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v2i2.414.
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The purpose of this article is to formulate an internal controls framework for instituting effective internal controls for the Asian countries private sector companies and public sector organizations. This research formulates recommendations for company management and governmental organizations of Asian countries regarding effective internal controls. Latest trends formulated from modern industry’s best practices, private sector companies and public sector organizations including U.S. DOD can be utilized by the Asian countries as a useful document to design a suitable internal controls for the company management and governmental organizations. The recommendations of this research may also assist the investors to assess the financial health of a company prior to undertaking investment decisions. Based on findings of this article a company can formulate a course of action for the company management to guarantee effective internal controls to prevent assets misappropriations, fraudulent financial statements reporting and general financial frauds. The internal controls assist the management of an organization through preventive and detective controls. The internal controls contribute in accurate financial statements preparations, conclusive and error free financial records, fraud detection, prevention of unlawful acts and misappropriations, successful and efficient business operations, and assets’ conservations .
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Kazemian, Soheil, Jamaliah Said, Elham Hady Nia, and Hamidreza Vakilifard. "Examining fraud risk factors on asset misappropriation: evidence from the Iranian banking industry." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-01-2018-0008.
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PurposeThe paper aims at examining the influences of the elements of fraud diamond on the asset misappropriation within the banking industry of Iran. Primary data were collected through 191 survey questionnaires administered among employees of the top three banks in Iran, which own above 60 per cent of market shares in the banking industry of the country.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were collected through 191 survey questionnaires administered among employees of the top three banks in Iran, which own above 60 per cent of market shares in the banking industry of the country.FindingsResults strongly supported that all four elements of fraud risk significantly influence bank employee asset misappropriation in Iran. To minimize employee fraud, the banking industry should reduce opportunities and employee negative rationalization through strong internal control.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study are useful for policymakers, bank managers, industry practitioners and academics to understand and subsequently implement strategies to mitigate asset misappropriation.Practical implicationsManagerial implications, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also included in this paper.Originality/valueThe main value of this paper is the determination of the key variables that constitute the fraud diamond theory and its dimensions on the asset misappropriation within the banking industry in Iran.
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Mustafa, Shatha, and Dr Faisal Khan. "The Relationship between Accounting Frauds and Economic Fluctuations: A Case of Project Based Organizations in UAE." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 6, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): p87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v6n1p87.
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Purpose: the purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the rate of accounting frauds (misappropriation of assets, fraudulent financial reporting), and how they occur in different business cycles (economic fluctuations). Further, it aims at exploring the relationship between factors influencing the economic fluctuations and the level of accounting frauds. Design/methodology approach: a qualitative research design used semi-structured interviews with a group of internal controllers and external auditors from the big four auditing companies in addition to other Leading and certified audit offices in UAE in order to identify how the factors influencing the GDP fluctuations could affect the degree of accounting frauds.Findings: GDP components that influence economic fluctuations associate with the accounting frauds rate, especially fraudulent financial reporting. Economic factors including the GDP, unemployment and inflation are very important in the steadiness of an economy. The probable drop of GDP, or raise in unemployment level, high rates of inflation are positively influence the occurrences of accounting frauds.Research limitation/implications: There are many ECONOMIC roots of business cycles and economic fluctuations such as variations in trading strategy, warfare, inflation caused by governmental finance or fears. But these represent non-economic data that is hard to be rationalized by economic theory. Typical macroeconomic theory inclines to illuminate business cycles by a number of mistake and emphasis on modifying this mistake either by dynamic strategy or by supporting a separate strategy (Raudino, 2016). Thus, it is very hard to capture all the factors influencing the economic fluctuations. However, most of the studies in the literature considers the GDP as the most important factors, in addition to inflation and unemployment. Practical implication: This study contributes to both economic and accounting research by proving findings from an investigation of the elements modifying the economical fluctuation and how these fluctuations might impact the rate of accounting Frauds (AF), with implications for economists and financiers, shareholders, stakeholders, stockholders and external inspectors of auditing companies an additional visions about the audit risk in PBOs at altered stages of GDP. Originality/value: This study contributes to both economic and accounting research by exploratory research into the GDP fluctuation, inflation, and unemployment and accounting frauds rate.
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Said, Jamaliah, Md Mahmudul Alam, Zulyanti Abdul Karim, and Razana Juhaida Johari. "Integrating religiosity into fraud triangle theory: findings on Malaysian police officers." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 4, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-09-2017-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct an empirical analysis of the factors that determine the occupational fraud behavior. Design/methodology/approach This study utilizes primary data collected by a questionnaire-based survey on 186 police officials of Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak. Data are analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and cross-sectional regression. Findings The results derived in the study showed a statistically significant positive relationship between three basic variables of the fraud theory – pressure, opportunity, and rationalization with asset misappropriation. Moreover, this study revealed that religiosity is statistically significantly and negatively correlated to asset misappropriation. Therefore, the higher religiosity of an individual correlates with the lower probability involve in asset misappropriation. Practical implications The findings will help Anti-Corruption Commission, Enforcement Agency of Integrity Commission, Police Department, and relevant agencies from Malaysia and other countries to design policies for reducing cases of fraudulent behavior. Originality/value This study is an original work based on the primary data collection.
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BULKOT, Hanna, and Sofiia KOVALENKO. "Features of internal audit of cash flow efficiency at enterprises, institutions, organizations of Ukraine." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.6.1.
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Introduction. Cash has great importance in the organization and operation of any entity. However, as the practice of tax audits shows, a large number of abuses and violations occurs quite often. The main reason for that is an ineffective conduction of internal audit and ineffective implementation of controls in cash flow accounting. Cash flows are more or less free to circulate, so there is a high possibility of funds misuse by management. Therefore, performing an internal audit of cash flow efficiency is the opportunity to increase the efficiency of accounting and cash flow management in enterprises, institutions, organizations, and necessary and extremely relevant. The purpose of the paper is to find ways to improve the audit of cash flows, generalize the theoretical and practical aspects of the internal audit of cash flow efficiency in local enterprises. Results. This article addresses issues related to conducting an internal audit of cash flow efficiency. Aspects of the application of audit procedures in gathering audit evidence in the process of cash flow audit are considered. The methodology and technology of conducting an internal audit of cash flows are studied, as well as the functions of the internal audit service are considered. The main stages of the internal audit of the cash flow efficiency are highlighted. The technology of conducting an audit of cash transactions is reviewed, as well as a new system of internal performance audits at enterprises, institutions, and organizations is offered. Conclusion. We see that internal audit is a very important part of business life. It doesn't matter if the company is a large multinational company with many thousands of currency units in operations every day, or if it is a local company that barely makes ends meet, in any case, checking the effectiveness of cash flows is an integral part of company`s life. An internal audit of cash flow efficiency fights against misappropriation of funds, incompetent employees who use assets unwisely, corruption, etc. So, summarizing all the above, we can conclude that a well-organized system of internal audit of cash flow efficiency provides the company, institution, organization with investment attractiveness among shareholders, competitiveness in the market. Also, this service stimulates the further development of the enterprise and maximizes the wealth of both shareholders and ordinary employees, by increasing the market value of invested capital and increasing the quality of work.
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Tran, Manh Dung, and Thi Thu Ha Le. "The effect of internal control on asset misappropriation: The case of Vietnam." Business and Economic Horizons 14, no. 4 (September 15, 2018): 941–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/beh.2018.64.
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Wilson, Isabella Tekaumārua. "The Misappropriation of the Haka: Are the Current Legal Protections around Mātauranga Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand Sufficient?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 51, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v51i4.6698.
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This article analyses the protections the New Zealand intellectual property framework provides for the haka and mātauranga Māori. Part II of this article defines the key terms of "misappropriation", "traditional knowledge" and "mātauranga Māori" in order for the reader to fully understand these concepts in an indigenous, and specifically Māori, context. Part III of this article discusses the importance and significance of haka in Māori culture, particularly looking at the history and significance of Ka Mate, the most well-known haka in New Zealand and the world. Examples of different companies, both New Zealand and internationally-owned, using the haka for commercial benefit are analysed to establish whether or not their use of the haka is misappropriation, and if so, the harm this misappropriation has caused Māori. Part IV discusses the current legal protections New Zealand provides for mātauranga Māori and whether they sufficiently protect the haka and mātauranga Māori generally. It will assess the Haka Ka Mate Attribution Act 2014 as a case study. Part V outlines the limitations of the intellectual framework. Part VI of this article looks to what legal protections would be sufficient to protect against the misappropriation of the haka and mātauranga Māori generally.
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Elson, Raymond J., and Rey LeClerc. "Customer Information: Protecting the Organization’s Most Critical Asset from Misappropriation and Identity Theft." Journal of Information Privacy and Security 2, no. 1 (January 2006): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15536548.2006.10855783.
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Weirich, Thomas R., and Natalie Tatiana Churyk. "AIM Corporation: A Business Fraud Case Study." Journal of Forensic Accounting Research 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2018): A37—A51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jfar-52124.
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ABSTRACT The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (2016) indicates that asset misappropriation is the most common form of occupational fraud. Based upon a real company, this case contains six frauds: collusions, commissions, fictitious sales, rebates, refunds, and write-offs. It also includes several asset misappropriation (e.g., theft of cash, misuse of inventory, and fraudulent reimbursement) schemes. Furthermore, four of the six frauds are not found in other published case studies. The case seeks to enhance learning by having students (1) examine multiple fraudulent schemes within a single company, (2) identify frauds after examining firm procedures and documents, (3) suggest applicable fraud protection procedures, (4) identify internal control weaknesses, and (5) apply the fraud triangle. Undergraduate and graduate students from two universities performed well on the case.
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Omar, Mastura, Anuar Nawawi, and Ahmad Saiful Azlin Puteh Salin. "The causes, impact and prevention of employee fraud." Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 1012–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-04-2015-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the causes and impact of employee fraud, focusing on one particular industry, namely, the automotive industry. Design/methodology/approach One company was selected as a case for the study. Qualitative data analysis was used for the study, with two techniques for data collection. First was the content or document analysis on various reports, such as employee fraud reports and records of disciplinary action, and second was a series of interviews with employees from different levels and various departments of the company. Findings This study found that the most popular type of fraud is misappropriation of assets, including theft of cash and inventories. No significant differences were seen in terms of fraudster position, as they can come from both the lower and the executive level. However, majority of the fraudsters come from the operational and sales department. This study also found that majority of the fraudsters in the case study were male, new employees and young adults. Their motivations to commit fraud include lack of understanding about fraud behavior, opportunity to commit fraud and lifestyle and financial pressure. Research limitations/implications The results provide further confirmation of the Fraud Triangle Theory and Fraud Diamond Theory on the causes of the fraud. They are also consistent with much prior research and surveys conducted by global professional firms on fraud and its related causes and implications. This study, however, was conducted on only one company with several series of interviews and three years of document analysis. Future research should collect and analyze data from a higher number of companies with more respondents for interviews and longer period for document analysis to get more accurate results. Practical implications This study provides some recommendations for fraud prevention in the future based on real fraud cases and those that involved managing cases up to and including disciplinary decision. These include closed supervision, fraud awareness training, clearer job descriptions, cultivation of a pleasant working environment and improved security control. Social implications This study found that some of the causes of fraud include social factors like lifestyle and financial pressure due to low income. Policy adjustments, such as an effort to push people beyond the poverty line with higher minimum wages, need to be made to prevent low-income workers from seeing their company as another source of illegal income. Originality/value This study is original, as it focuses on a company that operates in the automotive industry, which is rare in fraud literature, particularly in developing markets. In addition, the company is new, so analysis can be conducted on how the company evolved and learned from the fraud analysis for prevention in the future. Furthermore, this study used two techniques of data collection, so that verification of the findings may be made for better reliability.
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Serly, Serly, and Eddy Eddy. "The Effect of Financial Ratios in Detecting Fraudulent Company Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange." Global Financial Accounting Journal 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/gfa.v4i2.1232.
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Financial statements are means used by entities to communicate financially related circumstances to interested parties both related to the entity's internal and external entities. There are various types of fraud occur in the companies. Types of fraud cases that often occur are asset misappropriation and fraudulent financial statements. Asset Misappropriation is the kind of act of fraud committed by using or taking company property for personal gain. Fraudulent financial statements are defined as fraudulent actions committed by the manager of the company which in the form of material misstatement in the financial report for the purpose to attract the investor. The fraud can be financial or non-financial. This study is meant to examine the effect of financial ratios in detecting fraudulent financial statements. The independent variable used in this study consisted of 5 variables: leverage, profitability, asset composition, liquidity and capital turn over. This study used the financial statements listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) as samples. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. The period range of the financial statements used in this study is 2014-2018 or the range of 5 years. Collected data are then tested via SPSS software.
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Bhalloo, Shafik, and Kathleen Burke. "Falsifying Expense Receipts." Journal of Business Ethics Education 16 (2019): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jbee20191611.
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In its 2018 global study on occupational fraud, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners found asset misappropriation the most common category of fraud with expense reimbursement schemes the most frequent and costly form of misappropriation. In this case, Cassandra, a valued junior attorney on track to become a partner at her law firm, is strongly encouraged by a supportive senior attorney to join him in ordering an after-hours meal in clear violation of the firm's meal expensing policy. While Cassandra recognizes that taking such action would be wrong, she is unclear what to do next. Sometimes the desire to do the right thing is fraught with complexities about the right thing to do. The purpose of the case is for students to examine the competing interests Cassandra faces in relation to the responsibilities she owes to her employer, colleagues, clients, profession, and herself.