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Phillips, Sarah T., Dale Potts, Adrienne Petty, Mark Schultz, Sam Stalcup, and Anne Effland. "Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture." Agricultural History 87, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 314–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2013.87.3.314.
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Dart, Norman L., and Gary A. Chastagner. "Estimated Economic Losses Associated with the Destruction of Plants Due to Phytophthora ramorum Quarantine Efforts in Washington State." Plant Health Progress 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2007-0508-02-rs.
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The number and retail value of plants destroyed in Washington State nurseries due to Phytophthora ramorum quarantine efforts was estimated using Emergency Action Notification forms (EANs) issued by the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service between 2004 and 2005. Data collected from EANs indicate that during this period 17,266 containerized nursery plants were destroyed at 32 nurseries, worth an estimated $423,043. The mean loss per nursery was estimated at $11,188 in 2004, $11,798 in 2005, and at $13,220 per nursery over the 2-year period. Accepted for publication 26 January 2007. Published 8 May 2007.
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Osorio-Antonia, José, Lila Margarita Bada-Carbajal, and Luis Arturo Rivas-Tovar. "NAFTA and the United States and Mexico maize belts 1994–2017." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-08-2019-0127.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the agribusinesses of corn production in Mexico is analyzed, taking into special consideration the policy of encouragement to small producers, productive restructuring and identification of positive and negative effects. Second, the evolution of the US–Mexican maize belts (1994–2017) is analyzed, establishing the economic and political impacts with respect to NAFTA.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for a documentary meta-analysis study using data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the System of Agricultural and Fishery Information (SIAP) in Mexico. The data were completed with documentary analysis of research on maize productivity.FindingsProvided is the information about the impacts of maize belts in the United States (US) and Mexico, where it was determined that the leading states maintained productive hegemony to a greater and lesser extent and that Mexico experienced a productive reorientation. The findings show that it is a myth that there are losers in the maize agroindustry of Mexico and the United States as it is suggested that after twenty-four years they have become complementary.Research limitations/implicationsSummarized is the state of knowledge from 1994 to 2017, aligned to the databases of the United States and Mexico.Originality/valueA need to study the relation between the productive evolution of maize production and NAFTA is identified.
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Harrison, R. Wes, and Everald Mclennon. "Analysis of Consumer Preferences for Biotech Labeling Formats." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36, no. 1 (April 2004): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800021921.
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Conjoint analysis is used to measure the preferences of United States consumers for labeling of biotech foods. The study found that consumers in the sample support mandatory labeling of biotech foods. This suggests that U.S. consumers would support revisions to the present voluntary labeling policy of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Results also showed that the preferred labeling format is a text disclosure that describes the benefits of biotechnology in combination with a biotech logo.
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Antony, Jisha, S. Raja, and P. Dhanya. "Scientometric Study of Poultry Industry Research Publications: A Global Perspective." Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology 9, S1 (February 5, 2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajist-2019.9.s1.227.
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This study analysis ‘Publication output of Poultry industry’ in the Scopus database during the period 2008 to 2017. The analysis revealed that the total 4248 documents indexed in the database during the selected period of study. The highest productive year is 2017 with 610 publications (14.36%) and the lowest is 2008 with 268 publications (6.31%). 77.87% of publications are scholarly articles. The most prolific author is S.C. Ricke. With 25(0.59%) papers followed by K. Dhama with 22 (0.52 %/) papers. The most productive country is the United States with 1071 publications. The famous Journal in this field is ‘Poultry science’ with 255 publications (6%) and the journals ‘World S Poultry Science Journal’ with 115 publications (2.71%) and ‘Avian Diseases’ with 113 publications (2.66%) occupies the second and third ranks respectively. From the institutional output, the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC dominates the other institutions with the output of 138 articles (3.25%). The poultry industry is a multidisciplinary subject and it includes articles with different areas and the main subject areas are found to be Agricultural and Biological Sciences having 2168 documents followed by Immunology and Microbiology with 988 documents. This study also analysis Annual Growth Rate, Relative growth rate, doubling time.
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Singh, Kuldeep, Madhvendra Misra, Mohit Kumar, and Vineet Tiwari. "A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF U.S. AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 20, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 633–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.9858.
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A significant number of studies have been made in the area of agricultural economics; however, there is a paucity of work that investigates factors or determinants which influence the financial performance of agro cooperatives. This paper investigates determinants of financial performance for the United States (U.S.) agricultural cooperatives for the period 2009–2017. By using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database, we created a sample of 37 U.S. agro cooperatives. For analysis, we used panel regression analysis as it is suitable to deal with fixed effect or random effect error component presented in the model. Finding states that the U.S. agro cooperatives are found highly sensitive to economic policy uncertainty. The results provide evidence of a negative relationship between size and profitability. Moreover, the impact of growth and capital intensity is also reflected in the return on asset (ROA). In this study, we considered ROA as a proxy for firm performance. Implications and suggestions for further new research are also discussed.
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González, Grizelle, and Ariel E. Lugo. "Concluding Remarks: Moving Forward on Scientific Knowledge and Management Approaches to Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene Epoch." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2019): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070572.
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The United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry (the Institute) celebrates its 75th Anniversary with the publication of this Special Issue of Forests. This Issue is based on presentations delivered in a symposium held in San Juan, Puerto Rico in 2014. It augments a quarter century of scientific knowledge and capitalizes on a unique set of synergies chartered by a strategy based on shared stewardship, innovative transdisciplinary collaborations, and breakthroughs in science and technology. The manuscripts contained here present advancements in our approach to the development of policies for effective governance and stewardship, long-term focus for the understanding of ecosystem processes and functions, novelties given attention to cross-boundary collaborative approaches to science, and proposed alternative institutional visions in the Anthropocene. As the Institute continues to collaboratively explore new frontiers in science, we recognize advances in forestry, atmospheric sciences, modeling, hydrology, plant physiology, and microbial ecology as core to the understanding of tropical forests in the Anthropocene.
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Isengildina-Massa, Olga, Berna Karali, and Scott H. Irwin. "Can Private Forecasters Beat the USDA? Analysis of Relative Accuracy of Crop Acreage and Production Forecasts." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, no. 4 (July 2, 2020): 545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2020.18.
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AbstractThis study examines the accuracy of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) crop Acreage and Production forecasts for corn, soybeans, and winter wheat relative to their private counterparts over 1970–2019. Our main findings suggest that USDA forecasts often had significantly smaller errors than their private counterparts. The accuracy of both USDA and private forecasts has improved over time, but the accuracy of USDA forecasts has improved more than that of private forecasts, maintaining the USDA’s relative accuracy advantage. The accuracy advantage of Prospective Plantings and Acreage reports highlights the importance of survey-based approaches used for these forecasts.
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Gulya, Thomas J., Suzanne Rooney-Latham, Jean S. Miller, Kathleen Kosta, Colleen Murphy-Vierra, Carrie Larson, William Vaccaro, Hans Kandel, and John F. Nowatzki. "Sunflower Diseases Remain Rare in California Seed Production Fields Compared to North Dakota." Plant Health Progress 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-1214-01-rs.
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The majority of United States sunflower production is in seven Midwestern states, but hybrid planting seed is almost exclusively produced in California. Due to the lack of summer rains and furrow irrigation, California-produced seed is relatively disease free and thus it regularly meets phytosanitary restrictions imposed by many countries. For the 15-year period from 1997 to 2011, 7231 seed fields in northern California were inspected and samples processed at the state diagnostic laboratory (California Department of Food and Agriculture). Rust (Puccinia helianthi) was the most prevalent quarantine disease, found in 4.3% of fields. Stalk rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) were the only other quarantine pathogens observed, found in 2.6% and 0.5% of the 7231 fields, respectively. Many sunflower pathogens have never been recorded in California, including Phoma macdonaldii, Phomopsis helianthi, or any virus. North Dakota, the state with the highest US sunflower production, had quarantine pathogens in 88% of 1263 fields surveyed from 1995 to 2011. Phoma macdonaldii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Puccinia helianthi, Phomopsis helianthi, Plasmopara halstedii, and Verticillium dahliae were recorded in 62, 54, 37, 33, 14, and 12%, respectively, of North Dakota fields. Accepted for publication 5 November 2012. Published 14 December 2012.
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Pan, Xiaoyan, Jialong Lv, Miles Dyck, and Hailong He. "Bibliometric Analysis of Soil Nutrient Research between 1992 and 2020." Agriculture 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030223.
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Soil nutrient balance is related to the interaction mechanism between soil fertilizer, soil water, climate change, and plant capability. This paper provides a perspective from bibliometric analysis based on data from the Web of Science core collection with software tools, including Vosviewer, HistCite Pro, and Citespace, in order to reveal the evolution of research trends in soil nutrients. The results show that publication outputs have increased exponentially from 1992 to 2020. The synthetic parameter of the sum of normalized data (SND), calculated from the default indicators of the bibliometric software tools, was used to rank the overall contribution of journal/authors/institutions/countries. The results demonstrate that Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, Soil Biology & Biochemistry and Science of the Total Environment are the leading journals in the soil nutrient field. The Chinese Academy of Sciences had the highest total citations and collaborated most closely with other organizations, followed by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Agr& Agri Food Canada. In addition, USA, China, and UK are the top three research centers for this topic. Moreover, Ken E Giller, Qirong Shen, and Rattan Lal were the top three authors, while Andrew Sharpley ranked the first depending on citations per publication. In terms of co-occurrence of keyword analysis, the results indicate that nitrogen fertilizer, green manure, and soil population have gained close attention from scholars, while soil amendment of biochar have evolved as a hot topic in recent years. Perspectives on future studies are also given.
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Roberts, Kenneth D. "China's “Tidal Wave” of Migrant Labor: What Can we Learn from Mexican Undocumented Migration to the United States?" International Migration Review 31, no. 2 (June 1997): 249–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100201.
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The purpose of this article is to place Chinese labor migration from agriculture within the context of the literature on labor mobility in developing countries by comparing it to undocumented Mexican migration to the United States. The similarities fall within three general areas: the migration process, the economic and social position of migrants at their destination, and the agrarian structure and process of agricultural development that has perpetuated circular migration. The last section of the article draws upon these similarities, as well as differences between the two countries, to generate predictions concerning the development of labor migration in China. A fifteen-car train arrived in Shanghai from the city of Fuyang in Anhui Province on February 14. On board were 2,850 laborers from outside the municipality, signaling the beginning of the spring labor influx. Of this group, most were between 20 and 30 years of age, and more than half had never left their home villages before. Most will stay in Shanghai, while others will head to Hangzhou, Wenzhou, Ningbo, and Changshou to seek work. The Shanghai Public Security Department already has prepared a number of vehicles to transport laborers to other places outside the city, and the Shanghai police have strengthened their forces to keep public order. (FBIS, 1994d)
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Campagnolo, Enzo Riccardo, Cara Bicking Kinsey, Amanda Beaudoin, and Jonah Long. "Assessment of Awareness and Preparedness of Pennsylvania Veterinarians to Recognize and Respond to Foreign Animal Diseases." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2016-0007.
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Abstract Foreign animal diseases (FADs) are recognized as a threat to agriculture, with potential devastating effects on our nation’s livestock and poultry industries. As weapons of bioterrorism, FADs also represent a threat to our nation’s homeland security. Veterinarians play a vital role in protecting our nation’s agricultural resources through their ability to identify and promptly respond to FADs, some of which are of public health concern. Veterinarians working in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were surveyed to assess their awareness of FADs and their preparedness to recognize and respond to potential cases. Two hundred thirty-seven veterinary practitioners completed an online questionnaire which included demographic and practice characteristics, federal accreditation status, awareness of FAD history in the United States, awareness of current FAD threats, training, and professional experiences with FADs. In the analysis, we identified topics respondents were most familiar, and those which they feel pose the greatest disease threat. We also assessed respondents’ interest in receiving supplemental training on FADs. Results of this survey indicate that most participating Pennsylvania veterinarians are familiar with FADs and have had educational exposure to FADs either during their formal veterinary education or through the United States Department of Agriculture veterinary accreditation program. However, the majority feels unprepared to recognize FADs. Most survey respondents expressed an interest in receiving supplemental training on FADs, and were willing to travel to receive the training.
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Blackburn, Harvey D., Carrie S. Wilson, and Bethany Krehbiel. "Conservation and Utilization of Livestock Genetic Diversity in the United States of America through Gene Banking." Diversity 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120244.
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A germplasm collection curated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Germplasm Program contains of over one million samples from over 55,000 animals, representing 165 livestock and poultry breeds. The collection was developed to provide genetic conservation and security for the U.S. livestock sector. Samples in the collection span 60 years, suggesting a wide range of genetic diversity and genetic change is represented for rare and major breeds. Classifying breeds into four groups based upon registration or census estimates of population size of < 1000, < 5000, < 20,000, and > 20,000 indicated that 50% of the collection is comprised of rare breeds in the < 1000 category. As anticipated, collections for breeds in the < 20,000 and > 20,000 are more complete (86% and 98%, respectively) based upon an index combining the number of germplasm samples and the number of animals. For the rarest breeds (< 1000), collection completeness was 45%. Samples from over 6000 animals in the collection have been used for adding diversity to breeds, genomic evaluation, reconstituting populations, or various research projects. Several aspects of collecting germplasm samples from rare breeds are discussed. In addition, approaches that could be used to enhance the status of rare breeds via the repository use are presented. However, given the array of obstacles confronting rare breeds, the gene bank may be the most secure prospect for the long-term conservation of rare breed genetics.
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McKinley, Erin. "Analysis of Prenatal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Anxiety Surrounding Giving Birth During COVID-19 Among Pregnant Women in the United States." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab029_037.
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Abstract Objectives To assess the relationship between perceived level of anxiety and concern with giving birth during COVID-19 and level of prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy among a sample of pregnant persons in the United States. Methods A sample of 849 pregnant persons, representing all 50 states and 5 US territories, were recruited via social media advertisements to take a 78-item web-based survey between May and December of 2020. The survey items assessed prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy using the valid PREP to BF scale, breastfeeding intention, anxiety with giving birth during COVID-19, concern for the baby being exposed at birth, and confusion with pregnancy recommendations during COVID-19. Results The sample, mean age 28.9 years, had a relatively high mean PREP to BF score (308.52 ± 62.74; range 39–390). Over 95% indicated a plan to incorporate breastmilk into their infant feeding routine either exclusively (68.96%) or in combination (26.5%). Seventy-one % were not confused by safe pregnancy recommendations, while 50.7% were “concerned” or “very concerned” their baby would be exposed to COVID-19 at birth, and 63.3% indicated they were “anxious” or “very anxious” about giving birth during the pandemic. One-way ANOVAs revealed persons with higher perceived anxiety (P = .024), more confusion over recommendations (P < .001), and more concern for their baby's exposure (P = .002) had significantly lower PREP to BF scores than their counterparts. Conclusions A pregnant person's anxiety, confusion over recommendations, and concern for their baby's safety had significant negative effects on prenatal self-efficacy for successful breastfeeding after birth during COVID-19. Prenatal healthcare teams should aim to discuss these aspects and reassure of proven safety protocols with pregnant patients to ease anxiety, confusion, or fear while helping to maintain or improve self-efficacy for the intended infant feeding method. Funding Sources This material is based upon work supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch project LAB94426.
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McVey, D. Scott. "BRD research needs in the next 10–20 years." Animal Health Research Reviews 10, no. 2 (December 2009): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252309990247.
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AbstractDespite numerous advances in bovine infectious disease research, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains a significant disease threat and a cause of tremendous loss. Renewed efforts and innovative strategies are required to build on the successes of the past to achieve the successes of tomorrow. Continued and improved support of BRD research will prove to be a worthwhile investment. To achieve better coordination and more efficient use of resources, the following supportive actions should be considered. There should be coordination of integrative teams through an over-arching agency (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)) to provide peer review and priority review for available public research funds. This would include use of development grants (as seed and matching funding) available to public/private partnerships. Testing and validation of new procedures in production settings (providing more than cost analyses) should be strengthened. Publication of studies should be promoted and old links between clinicians, diagnosticians and basic researchers should be re-established. Sets of ‘best practices’ should be published. Programs to support both basic and applied research through graduate fellowships, residencies, workshops and start-up funding for young research scientists should be strengthened. Sustained funding to train the next generation of research investigators should be addressed as a critical need.
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Marshall, T. J. "Particle-size distribution of soil and the perception of texture." Soil Research 41, no. 2 (2003): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02070.
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It has been suggested in this journal that, for uniformity, the texture diagram of the United States Department of Agriculture could be adopted in Australia. However, it is argued here that the Australian diagram should be retained because of the advantages given by its more systematic set of class limits with smooth transitions between classes, and its use of sloping, rather than horizontal, lines for clay content. This sloping trend accords with the behaviour of soil when tested for texture in the field. The principles underlying these features are discussed.Changes to the USDA diagram have brought it closer to the Australian diagram. The Australian diagram is unchanged but the fraction sizes chosen for it have been criticised. Raising the upper limit of the silt fraction from 20 μm to 50 μm would make its fractions uniform with those of the USDA. It would also double the average silt content and so give a better spread of texture classes. The diagram can be converted without losing its design advantages or changing its texture standards.
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Yu, Jiujiu. "Identification of Exosome-Like Nanoparticles as a New Bioactive Component in Honey." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab037_093.
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Abstract Objectives To investigate whether honey, as a medicinal food, contain exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs). Methods Honey was diluted in phosphate-buffered saline and subjected to sequential centrifugation followed by ultracentrifugation. ELNs were obtained from honey. Such ELNs were characterized in detail by electron microscopy analysis and biomolecule omics analysis. The anti-inflammatory functions of these honey-derived ELNs (H-ELNs) were studied in primary macrophages and experimentally induced acute liver injury in mice. Results H-ELNs were membrane-enclosed nanoparticles composed of lipids, proteins, and RNAs. These nanoparticles specifically hindered assembly and activation of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat related (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is a critical pro-inflammatory enzyme complex in the innate immune system. H-ELNs protected mice from acute inflammation and liver damage in the experimentally induced acute liver injury. microRNA miR-4057 in H-ELNs was found to potently inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusions H-ELNs were identified as a new bioactive component in honey and these nanoparticles demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory function in vitro and in vivo. This finding opens a new avenue for studying honey, a medicinal food since ancient times. Funding Sources This work was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute for General Medical Science (NIGMS).
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Melgar-Quinonez, Hugo, and Michelle Hackett. "Measuring household food security: the global experience." Revista de Nutrição 21, suppl (August 2008): 27s—37s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732008000700004.
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Measuring household food insecurity represents a challenge due to the complexity and wide array of factors associated with this phenomenon. For over one decade, researchers and agencies throughout the world have been using and assessing the validity of variations of the United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Supplemental Module. Thanks to numerous studies of diverse design, size, and purpose, the Household Food Security Supplemental Module has shown its suitability to directly evaluate the perceptions of individuals on their food security status. In addition, challenges and limitations are becoming clearer and new research questions are emerging as the process advances. The purpose of this article is to describe the development, validation procedures, and use of the Household Food Security Supplemental Module in very diverse settings. The most common Household Food Security Supplemental Module related studies have been conducted using criterion validity, Rasch modeling and Cronbach-Alpha Coefficient. It is critical that researchers, policy makers, governmental and non-governmental agencies intensify their efforts to further develop tools that provide valid and reliable measures of food security in diverse population groups. Additional work is needed to synthesize a universally applicable tool able to capture the global human phenomenon of food insecurity.
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He, Hailong, Miles Dyck, and Jialong Lv. "The Heat Pulse Method for Soil Physical Measurements: A Bibliometric Analysis." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186171.
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Heat pulse method is a transient method that estimates soil thermal properties by characterizing the radial transport of short-duration line-source heat applied to soils. It has been widely used to measure a wide range of soil physical properties including soil thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, water content, ice content, bulk density, water flux and evaporation in laboratory and field environments. Previous studies generally focus on the scientific aspects of heat pulse method based on selected publications, and there is a lack of study investigating the heat pulse publication as a whole. The objective of this study was to give an overall view of the use of heat pulse method for soil physical measurements from the bibliometric perspectives. The analyses were based on the Web of Science Core Collection data between 1992 and 2019 using HistCite Pro and VOSviewer. The results showed an increasing trend in the volume of publications on this field and Dr. Robert Horton was the most productive researcher coauthoring papers on the heat pulse method. The co-authorship analysis revealed that researchers from soil science are closely collaborated, but this is not true for researchers in other fields. There is a lack of new young scientists committing to this field while the older generation of researchers are retiring. The United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Servics (USDA-ARS), the China Agriculture University and the Chinese Academy of Science were the top three organizations applying the heat pulse method, while the USA, China and Canada were the top three countries. The Soil Science Society of America Journal, Water Resources Research and Agricultural and Forestry Meteorology were the most widely used journals. The con-occurrence and citation analysis could be used to map the development of the field and identify the most influential publications. The study showed that the bibliometric analysis is a useful tool to visualize research status as well as to provide the general information of novices and experts alike on the heat pulse method for soil physical measurements.
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Onel, Gulcan, Jaclyn Kropp, and Charles B. Moss. "Asset concentration in the US agricultural balance sheet: a relative information approach." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-08-2017-0068.
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Purpose Over the past four decades, real values of farm real estate and the share of assets on farmers’ balance sheets attributed to farm real estate have increased. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that explain the concentration of the US agricultural balance sheet around a particular asset, farm real estate, and the extent to which the degree of asset concentration varies across United States Department of Agriculture production regions. Design/methodology/approach State-level data from 48 states and entropy-based inequality measures are used to examine changes in asset distributions (real estate vs non-real estate assets) both within and between regions over time. Findings The agricultural balance sheet is found to concentrate into real estate in the USA over the period 1960-2003 with the rate of concentration varying across production regions. In some regions, the concentration is mainly due to changes in real estate prices, while in other regions concentration is also driven by changes in real estate holdings or changes in total factor productivity. Originality/value This study formally estimates the degree to which the concentration of balance sheet items can be explained by the observed changes in farm real estate prices relative to observed changes in agricultural factor productivity or changes in farm real estate holdings. The computed regional differences in asset concentration and its main drivers have implications for changes in equity and solvency positions of farmers as well as agricultural lenders’ risk exposure.
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Johnson, Matilda O., Thometta Cozart, and Raphael D. Isokpehi. "Harnessing Knowledge for Improving Access to Fruits and Vegetables at Farmers Markets: Interactive Data Visualization to Inform Food Security Programs and Policy." Health Promotion Practice 21, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839919877172.
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High consumption of fruits and vegetables leads to decreased risk of various chronic diseases, including obesity and cardiovascular disease. Community-level barriers to access fruits and vegetables include the high cost, limited availability, and transportation. Farmers markets are a priority strategy for improving community access to fresh fruits and vegetables. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Farmers Market Directory is a voluntary self-reported data source on farmers markets. The objective of this investigation of the USDA farmers markets data directory was to determine how farmers markets in the United States are grouped according to (1) availability of fruits and vegetables and (2) the payment accepted. We designed and implemented interactive data visualizations in visual analytics software to understand access to fruits and vegetables at farmers markets from 8,497 entries in the USDA Farmers Market Directory. Among the 665 new or updated entries in year 2018, a subset of 641 (96%) farmers markets with availability of fresh fruits and vegetables had 16 subgroups. Additionally, a subgroup of 102 (16%) farmer markets accepted all four federal nutrition assistance benefits (SFMNP, SNAP, WIC CVVs, and WIC FMNP). The interactive data visualizations including geographic maps connected to social media resources can be useful in advocacy efforts and can inform policy improvements designed to improve physical, social, and economic access to fruits and vegetables at farmers markets.
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Banna, Jinan. "Considerations for Evaluation of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Low-Literate Spanish-Speaking Participants in USDA Food and Nutrition Education Programs." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 13, no. 3 (December 26, 2018): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827618819414.
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Rates of obesity and associated chronic disease are high in Hispanics in the United States. Nutrition education interventions promoting dietary change in underserved populations have been shown to have positive effects on behaviors such as fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, thereby reducing the chronic disease burden. Evaluation tools in the Spanish language to assess the dietary behavior changes made in response to the intervention are important in determining the success of such efforts. Currently, there are no Spanish-language tools focused exclusively on FV intake and behaviors that include features to enhance readability for use in low-literacy participants of US Department of Agriculture (USDA) food assistance and education programs. There is a need for such tools to determine the degree to which programs are able to promote behavior change. In designing these tools, researchers should take into account potential issues that may arise when administered. For example, respondents may have difficulty estimating consumption for mixed dishes and vegetables added to food. To address such issues, researchers should employ strategies to assist respondents to understand what constitutes FV and appropriately identify amount consumed. Addition of images to tools or development of accompanying instruction guides may be helpful. Once developed and tested, such scales may be used with Spanish-speaking participants of USDA food assistance and education programs aimed at improving FV behaviors and ultimately, intake.
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Brady, Louise M., Christine H. Lindquist, Sara L. Herd, and Michael I. Goran. "Comparison of children's dietary intake patterns with US dietary guidelines." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 3 (September 2000): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001641.
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Monitoring dietary intake patterns among children is important in order to explore and prevent the onset of adult health problems. The aim of the present study was to compare children's dietary intakes with national recommendations and to determine whether sex or ethnic differences were evident. This was done using a methodology that allows assessment of intake from the major components of the Food Guide Pyramid developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA: ). The sample studied included 110 African-American and Caucasian males and females (mean age 9·9 years, BMI 20·1 kg/m2) from Birmingham, AL, USA, who were participating in a study investigating the development of obesity. Dietary data were based on three 24 h recalls and food group intake was determined using the USDA Pyramid Servicing Database. The results indicated that a high percentage of subjects failed to meet the recommended number of servings from each of the food groups. For example, only 5 % and 9 % met fruit and dietary group recommendations respectively. Consumption of foods from the Pyramid ‘tip’ (including discretionary fat and added sugar) contributed almost 50 % of the diet. African-Americans were more likely to meet requirements for the meat group, with a higher proportion of Caucasians meeting dietary recommendations. Males were more likely to meet the vegetable group guidelines although females consumed more energy per day from discretionary fat. In conclusion, these results suggest that implementation of nutrition education programmes may be important for promoting healthy nutrition among American children.
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Zhou, Jingqi, Chang Liu, Michael Francis, Yitang Sun, Moon-Suhn Ryu, Arthur Grider, and Kaixiong Ye. "Shared and Unique Clinical Effects of Five Circulating Minerals: A Comparative Phenome-Wide Mendelian-Randomization Study." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab053_105.
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Abstract Objectives To disentangle the shared and unique causal clinical effects of five circulating minerals – iron, zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium. Methods Genetic instruments for circulating minerals were curated from existing genome-wide association studies. Candidate clinical outcomes were identified with a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) between these genetic instruments and 853 phenotypes in 310,999 individuals from the UK Biobank. Two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses were performed to evaluate the causal associations between genetically predicted circulating mineral levels and candidate clinical outcomes. Multiple sensitivity tests were applied to detect and correct for the presence of horizontal pleiotropy. Results Iron and copper were found to share the most clinical outcomes. Genetically predicted higher blood levels of iron and copper are associated with lower risks of iron deficiency anemia and lipid metabolism disorders, including hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. Consistently, they are also associated with lower blood levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. On the other hand, osteoarthrosis (OA) and its subcategories are associated with the most minerals, including zinc, copper, and calcium. Genetically predicted higher blood levels of zinc and copper are associated with increased risk of OA, while calcium exhibits protective effects. Another five shared clinical effects were identified. For instance, zinc and magnesium are associated with a higher risk of bacterial infection; calcium and magnesium increase the risk of renal colic; iron increases while calcium decreases the risk of varicose veins. Unique clinical effects of each blood mineral were also pinpointed, such as iron enhancing the risk of glossitis and acquired foot deformities. Conclusions Our comparative PheWAS-MR study of five circulating minerals comprehensively characterized their shared and unique clinical effects, highlighting the causal roles of specific minerals in hyperlipidemia and OA. Our findings emphasize managing blood minerals, probably through dietary adjustments, for disease prevention. Funding Sources United States Department of Agriculture; National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Funds; Allen Foundation Inc.; University of Georgia Research Foundation.
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Aguayo, Liliana, Rifat B. Alam, Andiara Schwingel, Solveig Cunningham, and Maria Piñeros-Leaño. "The Association of Family Eating Behaviors With Children's Cognitive Functioning: A Cross-Sectional Study Among 3–6-Year-Old Mexican Children." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab049_001.
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Abstract Objectives Little is known about the association of family eating behaviors with young children's cognitive development, particularly among non-White populations. The objective of this study is to determine if healthier family eating behaviors are associated with young Mexican children's cognitive functioning. Methods We used cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of low-income child-mother dyads recruited from a public preschool in San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico. Using the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity (FNPA) questionnaire, mothers were asked to report the frequency of ten family eating behaviors (e.g., frequency of breakfast intake, family mealtimes, etc.). Children completed two cognitive tests: a working memory test of their ability to recall four words after a timed distraction (i.e., delayed recall); and a verbal fluency test, examined with a 60-second trial of word retrieval in response to “things people eat”. The associations of family eating behaviors with children's working memory and verbal fluency were examined using multiple linear regression models adjusting for child sex, age, mother's age, education, and subjective socioeconomic status. Results Study included 85 child-mother dyads; children's ages ranged from 3 to 6 years (4.58 ± 0.58) and mothers from 19 to 55 years (30.92 ± 8.49). Children had a mean working memory score of 2.24 ± 0.99 words recalled and retrieved a mean of 20.06 ± 5.26 words in the verbal fluency tests. Higher frequency of breakfast intake was associated with higher working memory scores (β = 0.56, P = 0.013). No other family eating practices were significantly associated with children's working memory. Children's verbal fluency scores were not significantly associated with family eating practices. Conclusions Frequent breakfast intake was associated with young children's memory maintenance. Future research is needed to examine the mechanisms through which breakfast intake could benefit children's neurodevelopmental health. Funding Sources This study was supported by the training grant “Illinois Transdisciplinary Obesity Prevention Program (I-TOPP)” funded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and support from the NIDDK.
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Wegulo, S. N., S. T. Koike, M. Vilchez, and P. Santos. "First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by Plasmopara obducens on Impatiens in California." Plant Disease 88, no. 8 (August 2004): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.8.909b.
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During February 2004, diseased double impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) plants were received from a commercial grower in southern California. The upper surfaces of symptomatic leaves were pale yellow with no distinct lesions. Diseased leaves later wilted, and severely affected leaves abscised from the stem. At the nursery, only double impatiens plants in the Fiesta series were infected, and some cultivars were more heavily infected than others. Disease incidence in cv. Sparkler Hot pink was nearly 100%. The interior of infected leaves was colonized by coenocytic mycelium. A conspicuous white growth was observed only on the underside of leaves. Sporangiophores were hyaline, thin walled, emergent from stomata, and had slightly swollen bases. Sporangiophore branching was distinctly monopodial. Smaller sporangiophore branches were arranged at right angles to the supporting branches, and tips of branches measured 8 to 14 μm long. Sporangia were ovoid and hyaline with a single pore on the distal ends. Distal ends of sporangia were predominantly flat but occasionally had a slight papilla. Short pedicels were present on the attached ends. Sporangia measured 19.4 to 22.2 (-25.0) μm × 13.9 to 16.7 (-19.4) μm. Oospores were not observed in leaf tissue. On the basis of symptoms and morphology of the organism, the pathogen was identified as Plasmopara obducens J. Schröt. Pathogenicity tests were done on double type cvs. Fiesta, Tioga Red, and Tioga Cherry Red and on single type cvs. Cajun Watermelon and Accent Lilac. Plants were spray inoculated with sporangiospore suspensions (1 × 104 sporangiospores per milliliter), incubated for 24 h in a dew chamber (18 to 20°C), and then maintained in a greenhouse (22 to 24°C). Symptoms and signs of downy mildew developed after 12 days only on inoculated cv. Fiesta plants, and the pathogen morphology matched that of the originally observed pathogen. Nontreated control plants did not develop downy mildew. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew on impatiens in California. P. obducens is one of two causal agents of downy mildew of impatiens (2,4). The other pathogen, Bremiella sphaerosperma, has dichotomous sporangiophore branching and causes lesions with well-defined margins (2,4). In the United States, the disease has been recorded in the eastern and northeastern states and in Indiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, and Wisconsin (3). In Canada, the disease has been recorded in Manitoba and Quebec (1). References: (1) I. L. Conners. An Annotated Index of Plant Diseases in Canada and Fungi Recorded on Plants in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Publication 1251, 1967. (2) O. Constantinescu. Mycologia 83:473, 1991. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, 1989. (4) G. W. Wilson. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34:387, 1907.
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Chen, Zhangliang, Sandy Dall'Erba, and Bruce J. Sherrick. "Premium misrating in federal crop insurance programs: scale, geography, and fiscal impacts." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 693–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2019-0131.
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PurposeFederal crop insurance programs are the primary risk management programs of the US farm programs. Currently, these programs have been criticized for being disproportionally in favor of the riskier areas. Despite previous researchers having widely speculated its existence, a formal study of the scale, spatial pattern and fiscal impacts of such misrating phenomenon is still missing in the literature.Design/methodology/approachThis paper first purposes an empirically testable definition of misrating, and then detects the scale of the misrating phenomenon by using over two million actuarial records collected by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA's) risk management agency since 1989. Furthermore, multiple spatial statistics methods have been adopted to study the spatial patterns of the misrating statuses. Finally, the paper builds a simple theoretical model to study the potential fiscal impacts of any policy attempts to mitigate the misrating issue.FindingsThe result reveals that roughly 40% of the counties display some degree of misrating. Furthermore, the distribution of misrating displays a significant pattern of positive global spatial autocorrelation, which reflects the existence of regional clusters of premium rate mispricing. Last but not least, the paper concludes that whether an attempt toward fair rating decreases the total program outlay or not relies on the demand elasticity of crop insurance in both overrated and underrated regions.Originality/valueThis paper offers the first attempt to quantify the scale, identify the spatial pattern and evaluate the fiscal impact of the premium misrating in federal crop insurance programs.
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Fischer, Amy, Valerie AW Benka, Joyce R. Briggs, Joanne Maki, Kevin N. Morris, Kayla A. Myers, Linda Rhodes, George Robert Weedon, and Julie K. Levy. "Hybrid model intermediate between a laboratory and field study: A humane paradigm shift in feline research." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 9 (July 19, 2018): 803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18791872.
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Objectives: Non-surgical contraceptives are under development to provide accessible, affordable and humane alternatives for the management of free-roaming cat populations. The objective of this project was to develop a research approach for promising non-surgical contraceptives using outbred cats in a simulated free-roaming setting, meeting high standards for both animal welfare and scientific rigor. Methods: A facility, specially constructed with indoor and outdoor living areas, was approved and regulated as both an animal shelter and a United States Department of Agriculture research facility. Thirty female and five male cats, healthy but at high risk of euthanasia, were recruited from animal shelters and private homes. Guided by a detailed protocol, cats were housed in this facility for up to 18 months after acclimatization. Cats were administered the study product or a placebo, and then entered into a breeding trial. Cats were adopted at the end of the study. A range of methods was used to provide enrichment and balance a natural environment with the need for detailed daily monitoring. Results: Primary study results related to contraceptive safety and efficacy are published separately. Achieving a research model that is an intermediate step between a laboratory and an uncontained free-roaming cat colony was complex. Significant learnings shared in this current publication span: the selection of cats; acclimatization to a simulated colony environment; cat behavioral training during the study and in preparation for adoption; disease management; contract staff and volunteer support; and cat behavior throughout a breeding study. Conclusions and relevance: This model inspires continued movement away from the paradigm of breeding cats for research and instead sources existing cats at risk for euthanasia. The housing and management of the cats elevates research animals’ quality of life and provides positive post-study outcomes. While not appropriate for every feline research scenario, this hybrid model (between a laboratory and field study) proved to be a practical, humane and reliable scenario for research requiring a simulated real-world environment.
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Rienks, Johanna, Katharina J. Penczynski, Sarah Schmitting, Anette E. Buyken, and Ute Nöthlings. "Dietary flavonoids among children and adolescents in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study: intake, food sources and trends from 1985 until 2016." British Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 1198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711452000183x.
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AbstractFlavonoids are suggested to reduce disease risk. Since dietary habits are acquired during early life, describing age and time trends of flavonoid intake and major food sources are important for monitoring and disease prevention in later life. We aimed to describe total flavonoid intake and food sources and to investigate age and time trends of flavonoid intake in 3–18-year-olds, from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study from 1985 to 2016. Intake was assessed annually using 3-d weighed food records (WFR). Flavonoid values were assigned using the United States Department of Agriculture database. Foods contributing to intake were determined. Age and time trends in total flavonoid and isoflavone density were analysed by sex with PROC MIXED. In total, 1312 children completed 10 758 WFR. Across all ages, daily mean total flavonoid density was lower in boys compared with girls (134 v. 146 mg/4184 kJ) and no difference in median isoflavone density (0·04 mg/4184 kJ per d) was found. The top five foods contributing to total flavonoid intake were apple with peel (15·0/17·1 %), strawberries (5·9/6·1 %), chocolate spread (3·9/3·5 %), orange juice (3·5/3·4 %) and pasta (3·5/3·4 %) for boys and girls, respectively. Overall, in boys, total flavonoid density decreased over the course of age and time. In girls, there was no association with age or time. In both sexes, isoflavone density followed a U-shaped age trend with no change over time. From a public health perspective, the overall observed downwards trend of flavonoid intake in boys deserves attention. Future initiatives should be tailored at maintaining a high flavonoid density as children age, specifically among boys.
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Zhu, Yong, and James H. Hollis. "Soup consumption is associated with a lower dietary energy density and a better diet quality in US adults." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 8 (January 2, 2014): 1474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513003954.
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Epidemiological studies have revealed that soup consumption is associated with a lower risk of obesity. Moreover, intervention studies have reported that soup consumption aids in body-weight management. However, little is known about mechanisms that can explain these findings. The objective of the present study was to investigate associations between soup consumption and daily energy intake, dietary energy density (ED), nutrient intake and diet quality. Adults aged 19–64 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys during 2003–8 were included in the study. Soup consumers were identified from the first dietary recall using the United States Department of Agriculture food codes and combination food type from the dietary data. Compared with non-consumers (n9307), soup consumers (n1291) had a lower body weight (P= 0·002), a lower waist circumference (P= 0·001) and a trend towards a lower total energy intake (P= 0·087). Soup consumption was associated with a lower dietary ED (P< 0·001); this was independent of whether data on beverage or water consumption were included. Diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2005, was significantly better in soup consumers (P= 0·008). Soup consumption was also associated with a reduced intake of total fat and an increased intake of protein, carbohydrate and dietary fibre, as well as several vitamins and minerals (P< 0·05 for all). However, it was also associated with a higher intake of Na (P< 0·001). The relationship between soup consumption and body weight could be due to a reduced dietary ED and an improved diet quality. Consumers need to pay attention to their Na intake and choose low-Na products for a healthier diet.
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Copenhaver, Ken, Yuki Hamada, Steffen Mueller, and Jennifer B. Dunn. "Examining the Characteristics of the Cropland Data Layer in the Context of Estimating Land Cover Change." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050281.
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The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Cropland Data Layer (CDL) provides spatially explicit information about crop production area and has served as a prevalent data source for characterizing cropland change in the U.S. in the last decade. Understanding the accuracy of the CDL is paramount because of the reliance on it for management and policy making. This study examined the characteristics of the CDL from 2007 to 2017 using comparisons to other USDA datasets. The results showed when examining the cropland area for the same year, the CDL produced comparable trends with other datasets (R2 > 0.95), but absolute area differed. The estimated area of cropland changes from 2007 to 2012, 2008 to 2012 and 2012 to 2017 varied from weak to moderate correlation between the CDL and the tabular data (R2 = 0.005~0.63). Differences in area of cropland change varied widely between data sources with the CDL estimating much larger change area. A series of image processing techniques designed to improve the confidence in cropland change estimated using the CDL reduced the area of estimated cropland change. The techniques also, unexpectedly, lowered the correlation in change estimated between the CDL and the tabular datasets. Estimated land cover change area varied widely based on analyses applied and could reverse from increasing to declining area in cropland. Further analyses showed unlikely change scenarios when comparing different year combinations. The authors recommend the CDL only be used for land cover change analysis if the error can be estimated and is within change estimates.
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Errickson, Lauren, and Douglas Zemeckis. "Industry Insights on Consumer Receptivity to Aquaculture Products in the Retail Marketplace: Considerations for Increasing Seafood Intake." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab043_005.
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Abstract Objectives Americans consistently fail to meet dietary guidelines for seafood intake. Efforts are needed to increase consumption, especially of sustainable seafood that can be supplied by domestic aquaculture. However, consumer receptivity to aquaculture products is mixed. The objective of this study was to elicit industry perspectives regarding influences on consumer purchases of aquaculture products. Methods Key informant interviews (n = 12) were conducted in late 2020 with U.S. salmon, shrimp, and oyster producers, marketers, and industry interest groups. Participants were recruited via snowball sampling. Virtual interviews were conducted by a trained moderator and assistant moderator/notetaker using a semi-structured interview guide. Qualitative data analysis included a thematic review of interview recordings and notes, with key concepts coded according to a priori themes derived from the literature. Results Interviews yielded important insights into consumer receptivity to aquaculture products. Participants believe that outdated misperceptions of aquaculture persist, noting that despite advances in domestic aquaculture production practices to comply with U.S. standards, some consumers perceive aquaculture as environmentally detrimental and unsustainable. Further, participants believe negative attitudes toward genetically modified organisms, corn and soy-based feeds, antibiotics, and chemicals are misplaced, yet contribute to hesitancy among some consumers. Industry opinions on what is important to consumers reflect strong valuation of seafood quality, freshness, local harvest, and sustainability. Participants suggest product labeling efforts be developed accordingly, and that innovative marketing strategies be undertaken, such as aquaculture product promotion through “know your farmer” campaigns, chef education initiatives, and home delivery programs. Conclusions For domestic aquaculture products to have a meaningful impact on U.S. seafood intake, positive consumer receptivity is key. Industry perspectives will inform marketing and educational efforts toward addressing consumer hesitancy to purchase aquaculture products by resolving misguided concerns, with important implications for consumer health and sustainability of the domestic seafood supply. Funding Sources United States Department of Agriculture.
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MOTLAGH, AHMAD REZA DOROSTI, LEILA AZADBAKHT, and NAYERE ESMAEIL KABOLI. "Food Insecurity in Obese Adolescent Females in Tehran Schools: An Examination of Anthropometric and Socio-Economic Factors." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 7, no. 1 (April 18, 2019): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.7.1.28.
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Background: Obesity and its complications affect much of the population of the world today. In addition to physical complications, psychological complications also increase with increasing obesity. It has always been important to pay attention to the growing trend of childhood obesity, which is a factor in adulthood obesity and future chronic illnesses. Today, one of the factors that have been identified as effective in weight gain and obesity in urban communities is food insecurity, which is not merely a lack of food but also includes related factors such as upbringing, behaviour, psychosocial adaptation, and physical activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of food insecurity on anthropometric indicators and other relevant factors in obese girls aged 11 to 14 years. Method: In this study, 452 obese female students aged 11 to 14 years, who had BMI more than 2SD above the WHO 2007 reference point, were randomly selected from several schools in three areas of Tehran. After obtaining written consent, demographic information and food security information was collected using a General and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) questionnaire. Anthropometric indices and fat percentage were also measured, based on skinfold and by callipers. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: There were significant differences between the level of father's education (p=0.004), mother's education (p<0.001), family economic status (p<0.001), and home ownership (p<0.001) in the two groups, food secure and insecure. There were also significant differences between height (p=0.02) and weight (p=0.03) in both groups. Also, according to an alternative 4-group food security categorization (secure, insecure without hunger, insecure with mild hunger, and severe hunger), significant differences were observed only in terms of father's job (p=0.004), father's education (p=0.001), mother's education (p<0.001), family economic status (p<0.001) and home ownership (p<0.001). Conclusion: There were significant associations between parents' occupation and education status, home ownership, household economic status, height and weight of children, and household food security status.
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Hansen, E. M., P. W. Reeser, W. Sutton, L. M. Winton, and N. Osterbauer. "First Report of A1 Mating Type of Phytophthora ramorum in North America." Plant Disease 87, no. 10 (October 2003): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.10.1267a.
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Phytophthora ramorum is known in Europe and the western United States (1). In Europe, it is found in nurseries and landscape plantings. In the United States, it has been confined to coastal forests, and in California, it is found in a few horticultural nurseries. All European isolates tested have been A1 mating type, while all North American isolates were A2 mating type (2). Amplified fragment length polymorphism markers also indicated that the populations on the two continents are distinct, and nearly all North American isolates are from one clone (Kelly Ivors, unpublished). In June 2003, P. ramorum was isolated from diseased Viburnum and Pieris spp. cultivars from a Clackamas County nursery in northern Oregon and diseased Camellia sp. cultivar from a Jackson County nursery in southern Oregon. Representative isolates were submitted to the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA. As part of the effort to determine the origin of these new infestations, we tested the nursery isolates for mating type. Seven Oregon nursery isolates, three Oregon forest isolates (from the predominant North American clone), and two European isolates were paired. Agar plugs from 3-day-old colonies were placed in close proximity on carrot agar plates, and then the plates were examined for oogonia after 3 and 10 days as advised by C. M. Brasier (personal communication). Oogonia and antheridia typical of P. ramorum (2) formed when isolates from the Clackamas County nursery were paired with the Oregon forest isolates and also when isolates from the Jackson County nursery were paired with the European isolates. Gametangia also formed in pairings between Oregon forest isolates and European isolates, but not in any other combinations. We developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for four microsatellite loci and determined allele sizes for the same set of isolates (unpublished). Microsatellite alleles of the Clackamas County isolates were identical to the European tester isolates, and alleles of the Jackson County isolates were identical to the Oregon forest isolates. These results indicate that the recent Oregon nursery infestations are of separate origins. The Clackamas County isolates are A1 mating type and have microsatellite alleles like the European testers, but according to shipping records, the nursery has received no host nursery stock directly from Europe. However, host nursery stock has been received from a Canadian nursery. The Jackson County isolates are of A2 mating type and have microsatellite alleles like the forest isolates of Oregon, which is consistent with the reported origin of these plants from a California nursery. These preliminary microsatellite results need to be validated against a larger isolate set but are congruent with the mating type results. The Oregon nursery infestations highlight the dangers of unregulated or underregulated transport of host nursery stock from infested areas to noninfested areas. All host plants from infested nursery blocks at the affected Oregon nurseries have been destroyed by incineration, and a monitoring program has been implemented. Other host nursery stock on site has been taken “off-sale” pending verification that it is disease free, per the United States Department of Agriculture, APHIS requirements. References: (1) J. M. Davidson et al. On-line publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-0707-01-DG. Plant Health Progress, 2003. (2) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.
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Aragon, M. Catalina, Susan Baker, Garry Auld, Karen Barale, Theresa Berger, Karina Silva Garcia, Jane Lanigan, et al. "Food Feeding and Your Family: Participant Perspectives on the Integration of Parent Feeding Behaviors Content in EFNEP Lessons." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_007.
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Abstract Objectives Determine participant's 1. perspectives on parent feeding behavior content; and 2. self-reported behavior changes. Methods Food Feeding and Your Family (FFYF) randomized control trial with 3 arms, each with English and Spanish classes for parents with children 2–8 years old: Control, In-class, Online. Participants of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) received 9 lessons using the Eating Smart • Being Active curriculum. In-class participants watched videos (adapted from previous work) and participated in educator led activities on parent feeding behaviors. Between lessons, Online participants received texts with links to 7 videos and activities but no in-class content. Quantitative evaluations occurred at Pre, Post, 6 and 12 months post. Telephone focus groups (FG) with participants after 12 month evaluation; 2 FG per cell (English/Spanish) x (Online/In class). Results Participants (P) (540 enrolled in FFYF; 38 in FG) found the videos, activities, and handouts to be informative and useful. Many reported doing the activities with their children and retained handouts for review. A few English P liked the information but thought the videos were boring/childish or were less appropriate for older children. Multiple P in each FG reported behavior changes tied to parent feeding behavior topics, particularly, modifying children's portions, using strategies when introducing new foods to child (letting them “play” with the food and/or help with preparation; exposing child to food numerous times), using tips for shopping with child (feeding him first; letting her help choose healthy items), and establishing mealtime routines. Conclusions At 12 months post program, participants recalled multiple themes related to parent feeding behaviors and valued the information. They reported numerous behavior changes made and sustained as a result of program participation. Results suggest the addition of parent –child feeding information to EFNEP lessons would be well-received and effective. Funding Sources This research is supported by funds from the United States Department of Agriculture (Grant USDA 2015–68,001-23,311). The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the USDA, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement from the US government.
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Karp, Robert J., Gary Wong, and Marguerite Orsi. "Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 84, no. 5-6 (August 2014): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000210.
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Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.
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McKillop, Kyle, James Harnly, Pamela Pehrsson, Naomi Fukagawa, and John Finley. "FoodData Central, USDA's Updated Approach to Food Composition Data Systems." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab044_027.
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Abstract Objectives A dynamic US food supply and need for assessment of diet on health demands transparent, easily accessible information on foods and food components and related data on production and variability for researchers, health and nutrition policymakers and professionals, and food manufacturers. USDA is to develop an integrated food data system to address these needs and provide capacity for higher resolution compositional data analysis and an increase in available food metadata. Methods Create an integrated database system with five unique types of data: 1) Foundation Foods - nutrient values and extensive underlying metadata on commercially available foods that are highly consumed either as a whole food or food ingredient 2) SR Legacy (2018), the final release of Standard Reference 3) The Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies - nutrient values for foods and beverages reported in What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; 4) the USDA Global Branded Food Products Database, industry-provided label data for over 350,000 foods from a public-private partnership; and 5) Experimental Foods that will include information from multiple sources about foods produced under experimental conditions. Results FoodData Central was first launched in April 2019 and receives major updates every 6 months. Increased resolution of metadata, such as agricultural data, allows users to investigate many factors, including geographical and agricultural practices that affect the nutritional profiles of foods and dietary intake estimates. Continually added data, foods, and sample information provide research insights on attributes that influence the variability of classic nutrients and emerging bioactive compounds of public health importance. Conclusions FoodData Central (https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/) is an integrated data system that provides expanded nutrient profile data and links to related agricultural and experimental research. The system's evolution includes exploring and implementing new database technologies and advanced knowledge systems to enhance searching, retrieval, and research capabilities. Funding Sources United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
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Schubert, T. S., R. M. Leahy, D. A. Davison, A. J. Silagyi, and E. M. Killgore. "Gladiolus Rust Caused by Uromyces transversalis Makes First Nearctic Appearance in Florida." Plant Disease 91, no. 9 (September 2007): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-9-1202b.
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The most serious rust pathogen of gladiolus (Gladiolus × hortulanus), Uromyces transversalis, has been listed as an exotic pathogen of concern for the United States for more than 80 years (4). Native to South Africa, the pathogen was reported in the Western Hemisphere for the first time in Brazil (2) and Argentina (1). Reports of gladiolus rust in several central Mexican states from 2004 to 2005 (3; http://www.pestalert.org/espanol/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=138 ) and interceptions at Mexican border stations and in Brazilian imports in 2005 at the port of Miami, FL collectively raised the alert level in the United States to high. In April 2006, the Hawaii Department of Agriculture notified the USDA of rust-infected gladiolus in a cut-flower shipment that was traced back to a 1,400-acre (565 ha) farm in Manatee County, FL. Inspection at the farm yielded samples that were quickly confirmed as U. transversalis by FDACS-DPI and USDA plant pathologists. The disease was identified in eight residential gardens near the commercial find and in another 700-acre (285 ha) farm in remote Hendry County, 100 miles to the southeast. In May 2006, gladiolus rust was detected in residential and commercial gladiolus in San Diego County, CA (see companion publication). On the advice of a USDA-assembled panel of experts, strict rust management guidelines and fallow host-free periods were implemented with the ultimate goal of eradication. Subsequent summer, fall, and now winter surveys in the infested commercial and residential areas have uncovered diminishing amounts of rust, with last traces detected on 9 September 2006. Commercial planting resumed at both farms in late summer, and crops remained rust free under weekly inspection until 15 February 2007 in Manatee County and 29 March 2007 in Hendry County. To insure a rust-free product, cut flowers are carefully inspected and foliage stripped at the packinghouse. Eradication will be attempted once more with a fallow host-free period before the 2007 season. U. transversalis is an autoecious rust that mainly infects Gladiolus spp., but has been known to infect other members of the Iridaceae: Anomatheca, Crocosmia, Melasphaerula, Tritonia, and Watsonia. Amphigenous uredinia form in transverse lines across gladiolus foliage and also on flower spikes under heavy disease pressure. The isolate present in Florida fits the literature description of U. transversalis in every respect (uredinia 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter, subglobose to ellipsoid verruculose yellow-amber urediniospores, 15 to 28 × 14 to 20 μm with wall 1.5 to 2.5 μm thick; telia also amphigenous, 0.5 to 1.3 μm in diameter, dark brown-black, subglobose to pyriform smooth amber teliospores, 20 to 30 × 15 to 20 μm with wall 1.5 to 2.0 μm thick, 4 to 6 μm thick at apex, pale brown to hyaline pedicel 30 to 40 μm long, yellow-brown paraphyses in pustule) ( http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/new_allView.cfm?whichone=all&thisName=Uro myces%20transversalis&organismtype=Fungus ). Urediniospores initiated typical foliar lesions on transplanted gladiolus samples kept in the FDACS-DPI quarantine greenhouse during the diagnostic process. References: (1) J. R. Hernandez and J. F. Hennen. Sida 20:313, 2002. (2) G. P. B. Pitta et al. Biologica 47:323, 1981. (3) G. Rodriguez-Alvarado et al. Plant Dis. 90:687, 2006. (4) J. A. Stevenson. Page 82 in: Foreign Plant Diseases. USDA Fed. Hortic. Board Bureau Plant Ind. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1926.
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Tacad, Debra Kirsty, Sridevi Krishnan, Eduardo Cervantes, William Horn, Leslie Woodhouse, Charles Stephensen, and Nancy Keim. "Appetite-Related Hormones and Subjective Feelings of Hunger and Satiety in Adults Who Regularly Consume Dairy and Those Who Limit Dairy Consumption." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab038_068.
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Abstract Objectives To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers associated with appetite and satiety in men and women who are habitual dairy consumers (DC) vs limited dairy consumers (LD). We hypothesize that the DC group will have different appetite perceptions along with different concentrations of the hunger hormone, ghrelin, and the anabolic hormone, insulin, before and following a mixed meal challenge. Methods Adults from a cross-sectional study who completed the Block food frequency questionnaire were categorized as DC (n = 40, consumed >2 cup-eq/d of milk, yogurt, and/or cheese), or LD (n = 37, consumed < ½ cup-eq/d of dairy). On a test day, overnight fasted and postprandial blood samples were collected after a (non-dairy) mixed meal challenge at 30 min, 3h, and 6h. Feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption were measured by visual analog scales (VAS) in the fasted state, and immediately following the mixed meal at 20 min, 40 min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, and 6 h. Differences in VAS ratings, fasting glucose, insulin, and ghrelin, and 6-h incremental area under the curve (iAUC) between groups were analyzed using t-tests. Results The DC group had lower mean fasting ghrelin (P < 0.001) and higher fasting glucose (P < 0.05) compared to LD. Fasting insulin levels were not different between groups (P = 0.87), nor were there differences for 6-h iAUC for glucose, ghrelin, or insulin. Hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption, summarized as 6-h AUC, were not different between groups. No correlations were found between hormone concentrations and feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, or prospective consumption, at fasting or 30 min, 3h or 6h following meal challenge. Conclusions Regular consumption of ≥2 cup-eq. of dairy was associated with a reduced fasting ghrelin that might signal less hunger compared to low dairy consumers, but no relationship between ghrelin and hunger was found. The postprandial response in ghrelin, glucose, and insulin were not influenced by habitual dairy consumption. Funding Sources Funding was provided by the United States Department of Agriculture and Arla Foods Inc.
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Rhodes, Donna, Suzanne Morton, and Alanna Moshfegh. "Convenience Stores: Source of Food/Beverages Among Children, What We Eat in America, NHANES, 2015–2018." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab053_079.
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Abstract Objectives Food and beverage sales in convenience stores have increased over the past several years. This research presents results on convenience stores as a source of food and beverage consumption among U.S. children. Methods The study included nationally representative data from 5,281 children age 2–19 years participating in the What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2018. Dietary intake data, obtained from an in-person 24-hour recall, were collected using an interviewer-administered 5-step USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method. For each food/beverage reported, participants were asked name of eating occasion, self-selected from a fixed list, and source where the item was obtained. Meal occasions included breakfast, lunch (includes brunch), and dinner (includes supper). Snack occasions included snack, drink, and extended consumption. Food/beverages (excluding plain bottled water) reported with the source of “Store – convenience type” included but were not limited to: convenience-type store, dollar store, drug store, gas station, gift shop, liquor/beer store. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.01. Results Overall, 17% of children consumed a food or beverage obtained from a convenience store on any given day. A greater percentage of children age 12–19 years (22%) and non-Hispanic black children (24%) consumed a food or beverage from a convenience store. A lower percentage of children from households with family income >350% of the poverty level consumed an item from a convenience store (12%) compared to children from lower and middle-income households. Among consumers of food/beverages from convenience stores, 17% of daily energy intake came from convenience store items, with the majority of energy from these items consumed during snack occasions. Conclusions On any given day, one out of six children obtained at least one food/beverage from a convenience store, with convenience store consumers having a different demographic profile than non-consumers. This highlights the importance of convenience stores to U.S. dietary intake and need for further research on socio-demographic differences. Funding Sources United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
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Kropp, Jaclyn, and Janet G. Peckham. "US agricultural support programs and ethanol policies effects on farmland values and rental rates." Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 2 (July 6, 2015): 169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-06-2014-0015.
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Purpose – In recent years, prices for prime farmland have increased substantially, begging the question is the dramatic increase the result of a speculative bubble or consistent with market fundamentals with increases driven by increased global demand, low interest rates, and recent changes to US agricultural and energy policies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of recent agricultural support policies and ethanol policies on farmland values and rental rates. Design/methodology/approach – Farm-level Agricultural Resource Management Survey data collected by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) between 1998 and 2008 as well as county-level data collected by the USDA, US Census Bureau, and Bureau of Economic Analysis are used to determine the impacts of recent agricultural support policies and ethanol policies on farmland values and rental rates, while controlling for parcel characteristics and urban pressure. Specifically, weighted ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares are used to investigate the impact of various governmental agricultural support policies, corn ethanol facilities location, and local corn ethanol production capacity on farmland values and rental rates. Findings – The results indicate that government payments, urban pressure, and the proximity of the parcel to an ethanol facility have a positive impact on both farmland values and rental rates. More specifically, parcels located in the same county as at least one corn ethanol facility are more valuable and command higher rental rates. In addition, county-level ethanol production capacity is positively associated with farmland values and rental rates. An inverse relationship between distance of the parcels from an ethanol facility and farmland values is also found; a similar result is found for rental rates. Research limitations/implications – The findings suggest that agricultural support payments and ethanol policies are capitalized into farmland values. These findings have important implications for the formulation of future farm policy. A limitation of the analyses is that farmland values are estimated by landowners; future research could utilize farmland transaction data to overcome potential biases generated by using landowner estimates. In addition, while our study period covers 11 years, future research could expand the time period further to analyze the effect of more recent agricultural and ethanol policies. Originality/value – This paper extends prior research pertaining to factors influencing farmland values and rental rates by also examining the proximity of the parcel to an operating ethanol facility using a unique data set.
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Siddiqui, I., R. Bajwa, and A. Javaid. "First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot on Rumex dentatus in Pakistan." Plant Disease 93, no. 4 (April 2009): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-4-0431c.
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Rumex dentatus L., commonly known as toothed dock, is an annual and biennial weed in the Polygonaceae. It is reported to be native to southern and eastern Asia and is now established in North America (southern Arizona and Sonora and Baja California) and Europe (Russia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania) (1,3). In Pakistan, R. dentatus is one of the most common and problematic weeds in wheat fields (2). In surveys of wheat-growing areas in Punjab Province conducted from 1999 to 2002, leaf spots were found to be very common on R. dentatus. The disease led to 10 to 70% mortality of R. dentatus in various fields in Lahore and Kasur districts. Symptoms initially were small, light brown, circular spots with most becoming irregular, dark brown lesions, while a few remained circular with concentric rings. On severely diseased leaves, several spots coalesced to form large necrotic areas. Leaf spots varied from 2 to 24 mm in diameter. The disease first appeared in mid-February, was widespread from the end of February through March when temperatures ranged from 25 to 30°C, and ended in April. Diseased leaves were cut into small fragments, surface disinfested with 1% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed thrice with sterile water, and cultured on potato dextrose agar in a growth incubator at 25 ± 1°C. The isolated fungal species was transferred to agar slants to maintain pure cultures. The fungal colony surface was grayish white, and then darkened, becoming greenish black or olive-brown with a light border. The fungus produced abundant, branched, septate, brownish hyphae with simple, olive-brown, septate conidiophores that were variable in length. Conidia were terminal, solitary, or in short chains, mostly ovoid with a short conical or cylindrical apical beaks not exceeding one-third of the conidial length, and smooth walled or vemuculose. On the basis of morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Alternaria alternata by the Fungal Culture Bank of Pakistan (FCBP). A specimen of the fungal culture was deposited in FCBP. For the pathogenicity test, R. dentatus plants grown outdoors from seed to three- to four-leaf stages were transplanted into 12-cm-diameter plastic pots, two plants per pot. Plants were sprayed with a suspension of the putative pathogen containing 1 × 107 conidia per ml. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. Each treatment was replicated three times. Plants were covered for 24 h with plastic bags to maintain 100% relative humidity. The bags were removed and plants returned outdoors. All of the inoculated plants showed the same symptoms as observed on diseased plants in the field. The lesions first appeared after 7 days. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from the lesions. The pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. Given the effects of A. alternaria on R. dentatus observed in the field, there is potential for using the fungus as a biological control of the weed. References: (1) C. L. Hitchcock et al. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 2, University of Washington Press, Seattle. 1964. (2) I. Siddiqui and R. Bajwa. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 4:492, 2001. (3). USDA. Rumex dentatus L. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Online publication, 2008.
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Gunawan, Gusta, Dwita Sutjiningsih, Herr Soeryantono, and Soelistiyoweni Widjanarko. "Soil Erosion Prediction Using GIS and Remote Sensing on Manjunto Watershed Bengkulu, Indonesia." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2013): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i2.141-148.
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The study aims to assess the rate of erosion that occurred in Manjunto Watershed and financial loss using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing. Model used to determine the erosion is E30 models. The basis for the development of this model is to integrate with the slope of the slope between NDVI. The value of NDVI obtained from satellite imagery. Slope factor obtained through the DEM processing. To determine the amount of economic losses caused by erosion used the shadow prices. The amount of nutrients lost converted to fertilizer price. The results showed that the eroded catchment area has increased significantly. The rate of average annual erosion in the watershed Manjunto in 2000 amounted to 3 Mg ha-1 yr-1. The average erosion rate in the watershed Manjunto annual increase to 27 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in the year 2009. Economic losses due to erosion in 2009 was Rp200,000,- for one hectare. Total losses due to erosion for the total watershed area is Rp15,918,213,133, -. The main factor causing the high rate of erosion is high rainfall, slope and how to grow crops that do not pay attention to the rules of conservation.Keywords: Soil erosion, digital elevation model, GIS, remote sensing, valuation erosion[How to Cite: Gunawan G, D Sutjiningsih, H Soeryantono and S Widjanarko. 2013.Soil Erosion Prediction Using GIS and Remote Sensing on Manjunto Watershed Bengkulu-Indonesia. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 141-148. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.141][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.141]REFERENCESAksoy E, G Ozsoy and MS Dirim. 2009. Soil mapping approach in GIS using Landsat satellite imagery and DEM data. Afr J Agric Res 4: 1295-1302.Ananda J and G Herath. 2003. Soil erosion in developing countries: a socio-economic appraisal. J Environ Manage 68: 343-353.Ananda J, G Herath and A Chisholm. 2001. Determination of yield and Erosion Damage Functions Using Subjectivly Elicited Data: application to Smallholder Tea in Sri Lanka. Aust J Agric Resour Ec 45: 275-289.Ande OT, Y Alaga and GA Oluwatosin. 2009. Soil erosion prediction using MMF model on highly dissected hilly terrain of Ekiti environs in southwestern Nigeria. Int J Phys Sci 4: 053-057.Arnold JG, BA Engel and R Srinivasan. 1998. A continuous time grid cell watershed model. Proc. of application of Advanced Technology for management of Natural Resources.Arsyad S. 2010. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. IPB Press. Bogor-Indonesia (in Indonesian).Asdak C.1995. Hydrology and Watershed Management. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.Barlin RD and ID Moore. 1994. Role of buffer strips in management of waterway pollution: a review. Environ Manage 18: 543-58.Brough PA.1986. Principle of Geographical Information Systems For Land Resources Assessment. Oxford University Press, 194p.Clark B and J Wallace. 2003. Global connections: Canadian and world issues. Toronto, Canada: Pearson Education Canada, Inc.Cochrane T A and DC Flanagan. 1999. Assessing water erosion in small watershed using WEPP with GIS and digital elevation models. J Soil Water Conserv 54: 678 685.Dames TWg. 1955. The Soils of East Central Java; with a Soil Map 1:250,000. Balai Besar Penjelidikan Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia.Dixon JA, LF Scura, RA Carpenter and PB Sherman. 2004. Economic Analysis of Environmental Impacts 2nd ed. Eartscans Publication Ltd., London.Fistikoglu O and NB Harmancioglu. 2002. Integration of GIS with USLE in Assessment of Soil Erosion. Water Resour Manage 16: 447-467.Green K. 1992. Spatial imagery and GIS: integrated data for natural resource management. J Forest 90: 32-36.Hazarika MK and H Honda. 2001. Estimation of Soil Erosion Using Remote Sensing and GIS, Its Valuation & Economic Implications on Agricultural Productions. The 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Meeting at Purdue University and the USDA-ARS Soil Erosion Research Laboratory.Hazarika S, R Parkinson, R Bol, L Dixon, P Russell, S Donovan and D Allen. 2009. Effect of tillage system and straw management on organic matter dynamics. Agron Sustain Develop 29: 525-533. doi: 10.1051/agro/2009024. Honda KL, A Samarakoon, Y Ishibashi, Mabuchi and S Miyajima.1996. Remote Sensing and GIS technologies for denudation estimation in Siwalik watershed of Nepal,p. B21-B26. Proc. 17th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Colombo, Sri lanka.Kefi M and K Yoshino. 2010. Evaluation of The Economic Effects of Soil Erosion Risk on Agricultural Productivity Using Remote Sensing: Case of Watershed in Tunisia. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan.Kefi M, K Yoshino, K Zayani and H Isoda. 2009. Estimation of soil loss by using combination of Erosion Model and GIS: case of study watersheds in Tunisia. J Arid Land Stud 19: 287-290.Lal R. 1998. Soil erosion impact on agronomic productivity and environment quality: Critical Review. Plant Sci 17: 319-464.Lal. 2001. Soil Degradation by Erosion. Land Degrad Develop12: 519-539.Lanya I. 1996. Evaluasi Kualitas lahan dan Produktivitas Lahan Kering Terdegradasi di Daerah Transmigrasi WPP VII Rengat Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu, Riau. [Disertasi Doktor]. Program Pasca Sarjana IPB, Bogor (in Indonesian).Mermut AR and H Eswaran. 2001. Some major developments in soil science since the mid 1960s. Geoderma 100: 403-426.Mongkolsawat C, P Thurangoon and Sriwongsa.1994. Soil erosion mapping with USLE and GIS. Proc. Asian Conf. Rem. Sens., C-1-1 to C-1-6.Morgan RPC, Morgan DDV and Finney HJ. 1984. A predictive model for the assessment of erosion risk. J Agric Eng Res 30: 245-253.Morgan RPC. 2005. Soil Erosion and Conservation. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co.Panuju DR, F Heidina, BH Trisasongko, B Tjahjono, A Kasno, AHA Syafril. 2009. Variasi nilai indeks vegetasi MODIS pada siklus pertumbuhan padi. J.Ilmiah Geomat. 15, 9-16 (in Indonesian).Pimentel D, C Harvey, P Resosudarmo, K. Sinclair, D Kurz, M Mc Nair, S Christ, L Shpritz, L Fitton, R Saffouri and R Balir. 1995. Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits. Science 267: 1117-1123.Saha SK and LM Pande. 1993. Integrated approach towards soil erosion inventory for environmental conservation using satellite and agrometeorological data. Asia Pac Rem Sens J 5: 21-28.Saha SK, Kudrat M and Bhan SK.1991. Erosional soil loss prediction using digital satellitee data and USLE. In: S Murai (ed). Applications of Remote Sensing in Asia and Oceania – Environmental Change Monitoring. Asian Association of Remote Sensing, pp. 369-372.Salehi MH, Eghbal MK and Khademi H. 2003. Comparison of soil variability in a detailed and a reconnaissance soil map in central Iran. Geoderma 111: 45-56.Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Eighth Edition. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Washington, D.C.
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Goodrich, Renee M., Keith R. Schneider, C. D. Webb, and Douglas L. Archer. "Agroterrorism in the U.S.: An Overview." EDIS 2005, no. 12 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fs126-2005.
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Since the attacks of 9/11, vulnerabilities of the nation's infrastructure have been analyzed and discussed. The United States (U.S.) has identified the protection of national systems and infrastructure, such as the transportation, communication, water supply, and agriculture networks, as priorities to defend against terrorism. This document is FSHN05-21, one of the Food Safety and Biosecurity White Paper Series, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 2005.
FSHN0521/FS126: Agroterrorism in the US: An Overview (ufl.edu)
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Andrade, Mario H. M. L., Rodrick Z. Mwatuwa, Christian T. Christensen, Pam Solano, Kathleen G. Haynes, and Lincoln Zotarelli. "University of Florida Potato Variety Trials Spotlight: 'Peter Wilcox'." EDIS 2021, no. 1 (February 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1295-2021.
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‘Peter Wilcox’ is a fresh market potato variety selected from progeny of a cross between B0810-1 and B0918-5 and tested under the pedigree B1816-5 by the United States Department of Agriculture. In 2007, ‘Peter Wilcox’ was joint relesead with the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, the Agricultural Experiment Stations of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Florida, and New York, and the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station. In Florida, ‘Peter Wilcox’ demonstrates good tuber characteristics and high yields. Tuber production and quality results provided in publication are from Florida Potato Variety Trials conducted at the UF/IFAS Hastings Agricultural Extension Center between 2001 and 2019.
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Futch, Stephen H., J. D. Whitney, Jacqueline K. Burns, and Fritz M. Roka. "Harvesting: From Manual to Mechanical." EDIS 2005, no. 10 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs218-2005.
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Mechanical harvesting and many other improvements in harvesting of Florida citrus have their origins in the mid-1950s. During the 1950s and 1960s, a consistent labor supply for hand harvesting was becoming increasingly difficult to obtain and acreage along with yields of Florida citrus was steadily increasing. These concerns led to the development of a citrus mechanical harvesting program spearheaded by the Florida Department of Citrus, United States Department of Agriculture and the University of Florida. The program sought to develop harvesting systems to remove or aid in the removal of fruit from the trees, thereby reducing the number of hand harvestors needed. Industry interest in mechanical harvesting decreased in the 1980s when the devastating freezes of 1983, 1985 and 1989 decreased acreage and volume of fruit to be harvested. This document is HS-1017, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date May 2005.
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Patyk, Kelly A., Mary J. McCool-Eye, David D. South, Christopher L. Burdett, Susan A. Maroney, Andrew Fox, Grace Kuiper, and Sheryl Magzamen. "Modelling the domestic poultry population in the United States: A novel approach leveraging remote sensing and synthetic data methods." Geospatial Health 15, no. 2 (December 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2020.913.
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Comprehensive and spatially accurate poultry population demographic data do not currently exist in the United States; however, these data are critically needed to adequately prepare for, and efficiently respond to and manage disease outbreaks. In response to absence of these data, this study developed a national-level poultry population dataset by using a novel combination of remote sensing and probabilistic modelling methodologies. The Farm Location and Agricultural Production Simulator (FLAPS) (Burdett et al., 2015) was used to provide baseline national-scale data depicting the simulated locations and populations of individual poultry operations. Remote sensing methods (identification using aerial imagery) were used to identify actual locations of buildings having the characteristic size and shape of commercial poultry barns. This approach was applied to 594 U.S. counties with > 100,000 birds in 34 states based on the 2012 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Census of Agriculture (CoA). The two methods were integrated in a hybrid approach to develop an automated machine learning process to locate commercial poultry operations and predict the number and type of poultry for each operation across the coterminous United States. Validation illustrated that the hybrid model had higher locational accuracy and more realistic distribution and density patterns when compared to purely simulated data. The resulting national poultry population dataset has significant potential for application in animal disease spread modelling, surveillance, emergency planning and response, economics, and other fields, providing a versatile asset for further agricultural research.
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Jablonski, Becca B. R., Joleen Hadrich, and Allie Bauman. "The role of Federal crop insurance for farms and ranches that sell through local food markets." Agricultural Finance Review ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (May 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2020-0178.
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PurposeThe Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 directed the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Risk Management Association to investigate a policy targeted to farms and ranches that sell through local food markets. However, there is no available research that quantitatively documents the extent to which local food producers utilize Federal crop insurance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilize 2013–2016 USDA Agricultural Resource Management Survey data to compare farms and ranches with sales through local food markets to those with and without Federal crop insurance expenditure, as well as the distribution of Federal crop expenditure, across market channels and scales.FindingsThere is a little variation in Federal crop insurance expenditure across market channels, defined as direct-to-consumer only sales, intermediated sales, and a combination of direct-to-consumer and intermediated sales. Rather, the results show that scale is the primary predictor of Federal crop insurance expenditure; larger operations are more likely to have nonzero Federal crop insurance expenses.Originality/valueThis article provides the first national research to document descriptive statistics of the utilization of Federal crop insurance by US farms and ranches that utilize local food market channels.
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Parekh, Niyati, Shahmir H. Ali, Joyce O’Connor, Yesim Tozan, Abbey M. Jones, Ariadna Capasso, Joshua Foreman, and Ralph J. DiClemente. "Food insecurity among households with children during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a study among social media users across the United States." Nutrition Journal 20, no. 1 (August 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00732-2.
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Abstract Background In the United States, approximately 11% of households were food insecure prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to describe the prevalence of food insecurity among adults and households with children living in the United States during the pandemic. Methods This study utilized social media as a recruitment platform to administer an original online survey on demographics and COVID-related food insecurity. The survey was disseminated through an advertisement campaign on Facebook and affiliated platforms. Food insecurity was assessed with a validated six-item United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Household Food Security Survey Module, which was used to create a six-point numerical food security score, where a higher score indicates lower food security. Individual-level participant demographic information was also collected. Logistic regressions (low/very-low compared with high/marginal food security) were performed to generate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95%CIs for food insecurity and select demographic characteristics. Results Advertisements reached 250,701 individuals and resulted in 5,606 complete surveys. Overall, 14.7% of participants self-identified as having low or very low food security in their households, with higher prevalence (17.5%) among households with children. Unemployment (AOR:1.76, 95%CI:1.09–2.80), high school or lower education (AOR:2.25, 95%CI:1.29–3.90), and low income (AOR[$30,000-$50,000]:5.87, 95%CI:3.35–10.37; AOR[< $30,000]:10.61, 95%CI:5.50–20.80) were associated with higher odds of food insecurity in multivariable models among households with children (and the whole sample). Conclusions These data indicate exacerbation of food insecurity during the pandemic. The study will be instrumental in guiding additional research and time-sensitive interventions targeted towards vulnerable food insecure subgroups.
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Hyman, Michael, Luca Sartore, and Linda J. Young. "Capture–Recapture Estimation of Characteristics of U.S. Local Food Farms Using a Web-Scraped List Frame." Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology, August 16, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smab008.
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Abstract The emerging sectors of agriculture, such as organics, urban, and local food, tend to be dominated by farms that are smaller, more transient, more diverse, and more dispersed than the traditional farms in the rural areas of the United States. As a consequence, a list frame of all farms within one of these sectors is difficult to construct and, even with the best of efforts, is incomplete. The United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) maintains a list frame of all known and potential U.S. farms and uses this list frame as the sampling frame for most of its surveys. Traditionally, NASS has used its area frame to assess undercoverage. However, getting a good measure of the incompleteness of the NASS list frame using an area frame is cost prohibitive for farms in these emerging sectors that tend to be located within and near urban areas. In 2016, NASS conducted the Local Food Marketing Practices (LFMP) survey. Independent samples were drawn from (1) the NASS list frame and (2) a web-scraped list of local food farms. Using these two samples and capture–recapture methods, the total number and sales of local food operations at the United States, regional, and state levels were estimated. To our knowledge, the LFMP survey is the first survey in which a web-scraped list frame has been used to assess undercoverage in a capture–recapture setting to produce official statistics. In this article, the methods are presented, and the challenges encountered are reviewed. Best practices and open research questions for conducting surveys using web-scraped list frames and capture–recapture methods are discussed.