Journal articles: 'Mission MMS'

1

Sedlak, Joseph E., Emil A. Superfin, and Juan C. Raymond. "Magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) mission attitude ground system design." Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Sciences and Applications 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7446/jaesa.0401.03.

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Song, Haryong, and Yongtae Choi. "Multiple Model-Based Synchronization Approaches for Time Delayed Slaving Data in a Space Launch Vehicle Tracking System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9319282.

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Due to the inherent characteristics of the flight mission of a space launch vehicle (SLV), which is required to fly over very large distances and have very high fault tolerances, in general, SLV tracking systems (TSs) comprise multiple heterogeneous sensors such as radars, GPS, INS, and electrooptical targeting systems installed over widespread areas. To track an SLV without interruption and to hand over the measurement coverage between TSs properly, the mission control system (MCS) transfers slaving data to each TS through mission networks. When serious network delays occur, however, the slaving data from the MCS can lead to the failure of the TS. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose multiple model-based synchronization (MMS) approaches, which take advantage of the multiple motion models of an SLV. Cubic spline extrapolation, prediction through anα-β-γfilter, and a single model Kalman filter are presented as benchmark approaches. We demonstrate the synchronization accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed MMS approaches using the Monte Carlo simulation with the nominal trajectory data of Korea Space Launch Vehicle-I.

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Kerstinga, A. P., and P. Friess. "POST-MISSION QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURE FOR SURVEY-GRADE MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEMS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-647-2016.

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Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS) consist of terrestrial-based moving platforms that integrate a set of imaging sensors (typically digital cameras and laser scanners) and a Position and Orientation System (POS), designed to collect data of the surrounding environment. MMS can be classified as “mapping-grade” or “survey-grade” depending on the system’s attainable accuracy. Mapping-grade MMS produce geospatial data suitable for GIS applications (e.g., asset management) while survey-grade systems should satisfy high-accuracy applications such as engineering/design projects. The delivered accuracy of an MMS is dependent on several factors such as the accuracy of the system measurements and calibration parameters. It is critical, especially for survey-grade systems, to implement a robust Quality Assurance (QA) procedure to ensure the achievement of the expected accuracy. In this paper, a new post-mission QA procedure is presented. The presented method consists of a fully-automated self-calibration process that allows for the estimation of corrections to the system calibration parameters (e.g., boresight angles and lever-arm offsets relating the lidar sensor(s) to the IMU body frame) as well as corrections to the system measurements (e.g., post-processed trajectory position and orientation, scan angles and ranges). As for the system measurements, the major challenge for MMS is related to the trajectory determination in the presence of multipath signals and GNSS outages caused by buildings, underpasses and high vegetation. In the proposed self-calibration method, trajectory position errors are properly modelled while utilizing an efficient/meaningful trajectory segmentation technique. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using a dataset collected under unfavorable GNSS conditions.

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Kerstinga, A. P., and P. Friess. "POST-MISSION QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURE FOR SURVEY-GRADE MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEMS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-647-2016.

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Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS) consist of terrestrial-based moving platforms that integrate a set of imaging sensors (typically digital cameras and laser scanners) and a Position and Orientation System (POS), designed to collect data of the surrounding environment. MMS can be classified as “mapping-grade” or “survey-grade” depending on the system’s attainable accuracy. Mapping-grade MMS produce geospatial data suitable for GIS applications (e.g., asset management) while survey-grade systems should satisfy high-accuracy applications such as engineering/design projects. The delivered accuracy of an MMS is dependent on several factors such as the accuracy of the system measurements and calibration parameters. It is critical, especially for survey-grade systems, to implement a robust Quality Assurance (QA) procedure to ensure the achievement of the expected accuracy. In this paper, a new post-mission QA procedure is presented. The presented method consists of a fully-automated self-calibration process that allows for the estimation of corrections to the system calibration parameters (e.g., boresight angles and lever-arm offsets relating the lidar sensor(s) to the IMU body frame) as well as corrections to the system measurements (e.g., post-processed trajectory position and orientation, scan angles and ranges). As for the system measurements, the major challenge for MMS is related to the trajectory determination in the presence of multipath signals and GNSS outages caused by buildings, underpasses and high vegetation. In the proposed self-calibration method, trajectory position errors are properly modelled while utilizing an efficient/meaningful trajectory segmentation technique. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using a dataset collected under unfavorable GNSS conditions.

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5

Ergun, R. E., S. Tucker, J. Westfall, K. A. Goodrich, D. M. Malaspina, D. Summers, J. Wallace, et al. "The Axial Double Probe and Fields Signal Processing for the MMS Mission." Space Science Reviews 199, no. 1-4 (December 2, 2014): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0115-x.

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Torkar, Klaus, and Martin Tajmar. "Qualification of the Liquid Metal Ion Source Instruments for the NASA MMS Mission." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 41, no. 12 (December 2013): 3512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2013.2282177.

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7

Rezeau, Laurence, and Gérard Belmont. "Reconnexion magnétique entre le vent solaire et la magnétosphère terrestre : la mission MMS." Reflets de la physique, no. 59 (September 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/201859020.

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Dans le vent solaire, plasma et champ magnétique se déplacent ensemble à grande échelle. L'interface avec la magnétosphère terrestre est une frontière fine, la magnétopause, où il peut exister des échelles suffisamment petites où les deux mouvements se dissocient. Il en résulte un phénomène nommé « reconnexion magnétique », au cours duquel le plasma est fortement accéléré le long de la frontière. La mission MMS a des points forts qui en font le meilleur outil pour étudier ce phénomène : une résolution temporelle des mesures inégalée, et des satellites très proches les uns des autres (environ 10 km, de l'ordre du rayon de Larmor des électrons dans les plasmas rencontrés).

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Mauk, Barry H., Ian J. Cohen, Joseph H. Westlake, and Brian J. Anderson. "Modeling magnetospheric energetic particle escape across Earth's magnetopause as observed by the MMS mission." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 9 (May 5, 2016): 4081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068856.

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9

Blake, J. B., B. H. Mauk, D. N. Baker, P. Carranza, J. H. Clemmons, J. Craft, W. R. Crain, et al. "The Fly’s Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) Sensors for the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission." Space Science Reviews 199, no. 1-4 (June 13, 2015): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0163-x.

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10

Yu, Yue, Zuzheng Chen, and Fang Chen. "Cold and Dense Plasma Sheet Caused by Solar Wind Entry: Direct Evidence." Atmosphere 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080831.

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We present a coordinated observation with the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, located in the Earth’s magnetotail plasma sheet, and the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission, located in the solar wind, in order to understand the formation mechanism of the cold and dense plasma sheet (CDPS). MMS detected two CDPSs composed of two ion populations with different energies, where the energy of the cold ion population is the same as that of the solar wind measured by ARTEMIS. This feature directly indicates that the CDPSs are caused by the solar wind entry. In addition, He+ was observed in the CDPSs. The plasma density in these two CDPSs are ~1.8 cm−3 and ~10 cm−3, respectively, roughly 4–30 times the average value of a plasma sheet. We performed a cross-correlation analysis on the ion density of the CDPS and the solar wind, and we found that it takes 3.7–5.9 h for the solar wind to enter the plasma sheet. Such a coordinated observation confirms the previous speculation based on single-spacecraft measurements.

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11

Fischer, David, Werner Magnes, Christian Hagen, Ivan Dors, Mark W. Chutter, Jerry Needell, Roy B. Torbert, et al. "Optimized merging of search coil and fluxgate data for MMS." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 5, no. 2 (November 17, 2016): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-521-2016.

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Abstract. The Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) targets the characterization of fine-scale current structures in the Earth's tail and magnetopause. The high speed of these structures, when traversing one of the MMS spacecraft, creates magnetic field signatures that cross the sensitive frequency bands of both search coil and fluxgate magnetometers. Higher data quality for analysis of these events can be achieved by combining data from both instrument types and using the frequency bands with best sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio from both sensors. This can be achieved by a model-based frequency compensation approach which requires the precise knowledge of instrument gain and phase properties. We discuss relevant aspects of the instrument design and the ground calibration activities, describe the model development and explain the application on in-flight data. Finally, we show the precision of this method by comparison of in-flight data. It confirms unity gain and a time difference of less than 100 µs between the different magnetometer instruments.

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12

Wang, X. Y., S. Y. Huang, R. C. Allen, H. S. Fu, X. H. Deng, M. Zhou, J. L. Burch, and R. B. Torbert. "The occurrence and wave properties of EMIC waves observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122, no. 8 (August 2017): 8228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017ja024237.

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13

Reiff, Patricia H., James M. Webster, Antoun G. Daou, Andrew Marshall, Stanislav Y. Sazykin, Lutz Rastaetter, Daniel T. Welling, et al. "CCMC Modeling of Magnetic Reconnection in Electron Diffusion Region Events." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S335 (July 2017): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317010845.

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AbstractWe use numerical simulations from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center to provide, for the first time, a coherent temporal description of the magnetic reconnection process of two dayside Electron Diffusion Regions (EDRs) identified in Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission data. The model places the MMS spacecraft near the separator line in these most intense and long-lived events. A listing of 31 dayside EDRs identified by the authors is provided to encourage collaboration in analysis of these unique encounters.

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14

Karlsson, Tomas, Ferdinand Plaschke, Heli Hietala, Martin Archer, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Primož Kajdič, Per-Arne Lindqvist, Göran Marklund, and Daniel J. Gershman. "Investigating the anatomy of magnetosheath jets – MMS observations." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 2 (April 23, 2018): 655–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-655-2018.

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Abstract. We use Magnetosphere Multiscale (MMS) mission data to investigate a small number of magnetosheath jets, which are localized and transient increases in dynamic pressure, typically due to a combined increase in plasma velocity and density. For two approximately hour-long intervals in November, 2015 we found six jets, which are of two distinct types. (a) Two of the jets are associated with the magnetic field discontinuities at the boundary between the quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath. Straddling the boundary, the leading part of these jets contains an ion population similar to the quasi-parallel magnetosheath, while the trailing part contains ion populations similar to the quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath. Both populations are, however, cooler than the surrounding ion populations. These two jets also have clear increases in plasma density and magnetic field strength, correlated with a velocity increase. (b) Three of the jets are found embedded within the quasi-parallel magnetosheath. They contain ion populations similar to the surrounding quasi-parallel magnetosheath, but with a lower temperature. Out of these three jets, two have a simple structure. For these two jets, the increases in density and magnetic field strength are correlated with the dynamic pressure increases. The other jet has a more complicated structure, and no clear correlations between density, magnetic field strength and dynamic pressure. This jet has likely interacted with the magnetosphere, and contains ions similar to the jets inside the quasi-parallel magnetosheath, but shows signs of adiabatic heating. All jets are associated with emissions of whistler, lower hybrid, and broadband electrostatic waves, as well as approximately 10 s period electromagnetic waves with a compressional component. The latter have a Poynting flux of up to 40 µW m−2 and may be energetically important for the evolution of the jets, depending on the wave excitation mechanism. Only one of the jets is likely to have modified the surrounding magnetic field into a stretched configuration, as has recently been reported in other studies. None of the jets are associated with clear signatures of either magnetic or thermal pressure gradient forces acting on them. The different properties of the two types also point to different generation mechanisms, which are discussed here. Their different properties and origins suggest that the two types of jets need to be separated in future statistical and simulation studies. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (magnetosheath; plasma waves and instabilities; solar wind–magnetosphere interactions)

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15

Gomez, R. G., S. A. Fuselier, J. Mukherjee, C. A. Gonzalez, J. L. Burch, R. J. Strangeway, and M. J. Starkey. "The Extra‐Magnetospheric Ion Environment as Observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer (MMS‐HPCA)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124, no. 3 (March 2019): 1509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ja025392.

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16

Cohen, Ian J., Barry H. Mauk, Drew L. Turner, Joseph F. Fennell, J. Bernard Blake, Geoffrey D. Reeves, Trevor W. Leonard, et al. "Drift‐Dispersed Flux Dropouts of Energetic Electrons Observed in Earth's Middle Magnetosphere by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 6 (March 28, 2019): 3069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082008.

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17

Mauk, B. H., J. B. Blake, D. N. Baker, J. H. Clemmons, G. D. Reeves, H. E. Spence, S. E. Jaskulek, et al. "The Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) Investigation and the Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS) for the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission." Space Science Reviews 199, no. 1-4 (June 28, 2014): 471–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0055-5.

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18

VASIU, Teodor, Adina BUDIUL BERGHIAN, and Corneliu BIRTOK BANEASA. "Determining the Maintainability of Burning Ovens from Cement Factory." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.2.03.

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For any industrial entity put into operation, it is of interest to its ability to fulfil its mission under certain conditions, at a given time or during a given period of time, assuming that the means of maintenance are provided. This represents availability and is a complex form of system / product quality, as it includes both reliability and maintainability. Availability can be increased by: maximum reliability, maintenance, respectively by maximum maintainability, correct use of equipment / machines, renewal, optimization of reliability and maintainability characteristics, but provided that such balancing does not lead to contradictory solutions. The availability of a product will be higher the more reliable it is and requires less maintenance. It should be borne in mind that in order to ensure a certain level of reliability, maintenance costs must not exceed 10...20% of the purchase price of the product each year [1]. Restoration of reliability to a normal level is achieved through corrective or preventive maintenance. In practice, a compromise is sought between the purchase price, the service imposed and the accepted risk, as in order to achieve availability through reliability, very reliable parts must be used, which cost 5-10 times more than usual [2]. Maintenance-based availability results from the consideration that reliability is a probability of trouble-free operation over a period of time. Reliability is technically and financially limited. Defects in the initial period of operation of the product, as well as those in the final period derive from inevitable physical phenomena, and defects in the maturity period have a normal accidental character. In addition, the reliability can deteriorate over time even during storage, thus causing additional damage. Reliability is restored to its normal level through corrective or preventive maintenance, as failures are foreseeable or unpredictable. Product availability is the result of a combination of reliability and maintainability and they support each other. Increasing the maintainability of products leads to increased availability. In this case, the real maintainability of a burning oven of a cement factory was studied, with the aim of finding practical solutions to increase the service life. Achieving the proposed objective required monitoring the operation / failure of such equipment for nine months and statistical processing of the information obtained.

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Malykhin, A. Yu, and E. E. Grigorenko. "Observation of Small-Scale Magnetic and Current Structures During Prolonged Dipolarizations in the Near Geomagnetic Tail by MMS Mission." Plasma Physics Reports 47, no. 5 (May 2021): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x21050068.

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20

Turner, D. L., J. F. Fennell, J. B. Blake, J. H. Clemmons, B. H. Mauk, I. J. Cohen, A. N. Jaynes, et al. "Energy limits of electron acceleration in the plasma sheet during substorms: A case study with the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 15 (August 1, 2016): 7785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069691.

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21

Goldstein, Melvyn L., Maha Ashour-Abdalla, Adolfo F. Viñas, John Dorelli, Deirdre Wendel, Alex Klimas, Kyoung-Joo Hwang, et al. "Mission Oriented Support and Theory (MOST) for MMS—the Goddard Space Flight Center/University of California Los Angeles Interdisciplinary Science Program." Space Science Reviews 199, no. 1-4 (January 13, 2015): 689–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0127-6.

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22

Jain, N., A. S. Sharma, L. M. Zelenyi, and H. V. Malova. "Electron scale structures of thin current sheets in magnetic reconnection." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 4 (April 3, 2012): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-661-2012.

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Abstract. An electron-magnetohydrodynamic model is used to simulate the structure of an electron scale current sheet during early phase of collisionless magnetic reconnection. The current sheet develops structures, viz. bifurcated, filamented and triple-peak structures at different locations in the current sheet. The reversal of the net out-of-plane electric field seen by electrons bifurcates the current sheet in the outflow regions, the individual peaks having scale sizes of a few electron skin depths. Secondary instabilities of the bifurcated CS lead to its filamentation in the outflow and separatrix regions while triple-peak structures form at reconnection sites. These structures have implications for the forthcoming NASA/MMS mission designed to resolve electron space and time scales in the magnetosphere.

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23

Sim, Donghyun, Yoonchul Baek, Minjeong Cho, Sunghoon Park, A. S. M. Sharifuzzaman Sagar, and Hyung Seok Kim. "Low-Latency Haptic Open Glove for Immersive Virtual Reality Interaction." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 3682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113682.

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Recent advancements in telecommunications and the tactile Internet have paved the way for studying human senses through haptic technology. Haptic technology enables tactile sensations and control using virtual reality (VR) over a network. Researchers are developing various haptic devices to allow for real-time tactile sensation, which can be used in various industries, telesurgery, and other mission-critical operations. One of the main criteria of such devices is extremely low latency, as low as 1 ms. Although researchers are attempting to develop haptic devices with low latency, there remains a need to improve latency and robustness to hand sizes. In this paper, a low-latency haptic open glove (LLHOG) based on a rotary position sensor and min-max scaling (MMS) filter is proposed to realize immersive VR interaction. The proposed device detects finger flexion/extension and adduction/abduction motions using two position sensors located in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. The sensor data are processed using an MMS filter to enable low latency and ensure high accuracy. Moreover, the MMS filter is used to process object handling control data to enable hand motion-tracking. Its performance is evaluated in terms of accuracy, latency, and robustness to finger length variations. We achieved a very low processing delay of 145.37 μs per finger and overall hand motion-tracking latency of 4 ms. Moreover, we tested the proposed glove with 10 subjects and achieved an average mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.091∘ for flexion/extension, and 2.068∘ for adduction/abduction. The proposed method is therefore superior to the existing methods in terms of the above factors for immersive VR interaction.

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Zhou, M., M. Ashour‐Abdalla, J. Berchem, R. J. Walker, H. Liang, M. El‐Alaoui, M. L. Goldstein, et al. "Observation of high‐frequency electrostatic waves in the vicinity of the reconnection ion diffusion region by the spacecraft of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 10 (May 27, 2016): 4808–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069010.

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Volwerk, Martin, David Mautner, Cyril Simon Wedlund, Charlotte Goetz, Ferdinand Plaschke, Tomas Karlsson, Daniel Schmid, Diana Rojas-Castillo, Owen W. Roberts, and Ali Varsani. "Statistical study of linear magnetic hole structures near Earth." Annales Geophysicae 39, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-239-2021.

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Abstract. The Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS1) data for 8 months in the winter periods of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, when MMS had its apogee in the upstream solar wind of the Earth's bow shock, are used to study linear magnetic holes (LMHs). These LMHs are characterized by a magnetic depression of more than 50 % and a rotation of the background magnetic field of less then 10∘. A total of 406 LMHs are found and, based on their magnetoplasma characteristics, are split into three categories: cold (increase in density, little change in ion temperature), hot (increase in ion temperature, decrease in density) and sign change (at least one magnetic field component changes sign). The occurrence rate of LMHs is 2.3 per day. All LMHs are basically in pressure balance with the ambient plasma. Most of the linear magnetic holes are found in ambient plasmas that are stable against the mirror-mode generation, but only half of the holes are mirror-mode-stable inside.

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Kimani, Gitonga P., James E. Otiende, and Augustine M. Karugu. "The Ideology of the German Neukirchen Mission and Its Implication on Education in Tana River County, Kenya 1887-1986." International Journal of Learning and Development 10, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v10i3.17715.

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This paper examines the ideology of the German Neukirchen Mission and its implication on education in Tana River County, Kenya 1887 to 1986. Western education and Christianity in Africa were introduced by Christian missionaries from Europe as early as the 16th century but took root in around the mid-nineteenth century. In Tana River, several missionary organizations ventured in the area notably the Methodist Missionary Society (MMS), the German Neukirchen Mission (GNM), the Holy Ghost Fathers (HGF) and the Swedish Mission. They all gave up in the area due to a multiplicity of hardships save for the GNM which hang on and continued with evangelization and education. Consequently, there is need to look at the ideology of the GNM that influenced its resolve to persist in an area shunned by its contemporaries. An understanding of GNM’s ideology would come in handy in helping to improve education standards in the area bearing in mind that the same problems that bedeviled the region have to a large extent remained to date The study had three objectives which were: to identify the educational institutions opened by the GNM in Tana River County 1887-1986; to establish the hardships experienced by the GNM in Tana River County in the period 1887-1986 and to examine the ideology which influenced GNM’s activities in Tana River County in the period 1887-1986. The time frame was 1887 to 1986. This period covers the time the GNM arrived in Tana River to the year the first secondary school was established at Ngao i.e 1986. Ngao served as GNM’s mission base or station since the arrival of the missionaries in the region. The study was historical in nature and utilized a historical research design. Sources of data were both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources were mainly drawn from the Kenya National Archives (KNA) and schools and churches in Tana River. Document analysis was also utilized as a data collection method. The research instruments were interview schedules and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Respondents to these research instruments were retired educationists, civil servants and politicians, church leaders and village elders selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques; all totaling 33. Collected data was analyzed through qualitative and quantitative methods while documents were analyzed through external and internal criticism. The study found out that the GNM established 31 primary schools 28 of which are still operational. The GNM missionaries experienced several challenges among them deportation during the two World Wars, frequent Somali attacks, floods, poor transport network, malaria infections and inadequate finances. The ideology was examined under five perspectives namely The Great Commission, Faith Mission, Reformed Theology, Social Darwinism and Socio-Political and Economic view point. The study recommends improvement of road and school infrastructure, investing more on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, opening of a secondary school wing in every primary school, delocalization of teachers and establishment of an institution of higher learning in the area.

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Treumann, Rudolf A., and Wolfgang Baumjohann. "Electron mirror branch: observational evidence from “historical” AMPTE-IRM and Equator-S measurements." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 6 (November 28, 2018): 1563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1563-2018.

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Abstract. Based on now “historical” magnetic observations, supported by few available plasma data, and wave spectra from the AMPTE-IRM spacecraft, and also on “historical” Equator-S high-cadence magnetic field observations of mirror modes in the magnetosheath near the dayside magnetopause, we present observational evidence for a recent theoretical evaluation by Noreen et al. (2017) of the contribution of a global (bulk) electron temperature anisotropy to the evolution of mirror modes, giving rise to a separate electron mirror branch. We also refer to related low-frequency lion roars (whistlers) excited by the trapped resonant electron component in the high-temperature anisotropic collisionless plasma of the magnetosheath. These old data most probably indicate that signatures of the anisotropic electron effect on mirror modes had indeed already been observed long ago in magnetic and wave data, though they had not been recognised as such. Unfortunately either poor time resolution or complete lack of plasma data would have inhibited the confirmation of the required pressure balance in the electron branch for unambiguous confirmation of a separate electron mirror mode. If confirmed by future high-resolution observations (like those provided by the MMS mission), in both cases the large mirror mode amplitudes suggest that mirror modes escape quasilinear saturation, being in a state of weak kinetic plasma turbulence. As a side product, this casts as erroneous the frequent claim that the excitation of lion roars (whistlers) would eventually saturate the mirror instability by depleting the bulk temperature anisotropy. Whistlers, excited in mirror modes, just flatten the anisotropy of the small population of resonant electrons responsible for them, without having any effect on the global electron-pressure anisotropy, which causes the electron branch and by no means at all on the ion-mirror instability. For the confirmation of both the electron mirror branch and its responsibility for trapping of electrons and resonantly exciting high-frequency whistlers, also known as lion roars, high time- and energy-resolution observations of electrons (as provided for instance by MMS) are required.

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Tsurutani, Bruce T., Gurbax S. Lakhina, and Rajkumar Hajra. "The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 27, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 75–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-75-2020.

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Abstract. Major geomagnetic storms are caused by unusually intense solar wind southward magnetic fields that impinge upon the Earth's magnetosphere (Dungey, 1961). How can we predict the occurrence of future interplanetary events? Do we currently know enough of the underlying physics and do we have sufficient observations of solar wind phenomena that will impinge upon the Earth's magnetosphere? We view this as the most important challenge in space weather. We discuss the case for magnetic clouds (MCs), interplanetary sheaths upstream of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), corotating interaction regions (CIRs) and solar wind high-speed streams (HSSs). The sheath- and CIR-related magnetic storms will be difficult to predict and will require better knowledge of the slow solar wind and modeling to solve. For interplanetary space weather, there are challenges for understanding the fluences and spectra of solar energetic particles (SEPs). This will require better knowledge of interplanetary shock properties as they propagate and evolve going from the Sun to 1 AU (and beyond), the upstream slow solar wind and energetic “seed” particles. Dayside aurora, triggering of nightside substorms, and formation of new radiation belts can all be caused by shock and interplanetary ram pressure impingements onto the Earth's magnetosphere. The acceleration and loss of relativistic magnetospheric “killer” electrons and prompt penetrating electric fields in terms of causing positive and negative ionospheric storms are reasonably well understood, but refinements are still needed. The forecasting of extreme events (extreme shocks, extreme solar energetic particle events, and extreme geomagnetic storms (Carrington events or greater)) are also discussed. Energetic particle precipitation into the atmosphere and ozone destruction are briefly discussed. For many of the studies, the Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS), Arase, and SWARM data will be useful.

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Bourdin, Philippe-A. "Catalog of fine-structured electron velocity distribution functions – Part 1: Antiparallel magnetic-field reconnection (Geospace Environmental Modeling case)." Annales Geophysicae 35, no. 5 (September 5, 2017): 1051–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1051-2017.

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Abstract. To understand the essential physics needed to reproduce magnetic reconnection events in 2.5-D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we revisit the Geospace Environmental Modeling (GEM) setup. We set up a 2-D Harris current sheet (that also specifies the initial conditions) to evolve the reconnection of antiparallel magnetic fields. In contrast to the GEM setup, we use a much smaller initial perturbation to trigger the reconnection and evolve it more self-consistently. From PIC simulation data with high-quality particle statistics, we study a symmetric reconnection site, including separatrix layers, as well as the inflow and the outflow regions. The velocity distribution functions (VDFs) of electrons have a fine structure and vary strongly depending on their location within the reconnection setup. The goal is to start cataloging multidimensional fine-structured electron velocity distributions showing different reconnection processes in the Earth's magnetotail under various conditions. This will enable a direct comparison with observations from, e.g., the NASA Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission, to identify reconnection-related events. We find regions with strong non-gyrotropy also near the separatrix layer and provide a refined criterion to identify an electron diffusion region in the magnetotail. The good statistical significance of this work for relatively small analysis areas reveals the gradual changes within the fine structure of electron VDFs depending on their sampling site.

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Morgan, Rachel E., Ewan S. Douglas, Gregory W. Allan, Paul Bierden, Supriya Chakrabarti, Timothy Cook, Mark Egan, et al. "MEMS Deformable Mirrors for Space-Based High-Contrast Imaging." Micromachines 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060366.

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Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Deformable Mirrors (DMs) enable precise wavefront control for optical systems. This technology can be used to meet the extreme wavefront control requirements for high contrast imaging of exoplanets with coronagraph instruments. MEMS DM technology is being demonstrated and developed in preparation for future exoplanet high contrast imaging space telescopes, including the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) mission which supported the development of a 2040 actuator MEMS DM. In this paper, we discuss ground testing results and several projects which demonstrate the operation of MEMS DMs in the space environment. The missions include the Planet Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Recoverable Experiment (PICTURE) sounding rocket (launched 2011), the Planet Imaging Coronagraphic Technology Using a Reconfigurable Experimental Base (PICTURE-B) sounding rocket (launched 2015), the Planetary Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Recoverable Experiment - Coronagraph (PICTURE-C) high altitude balloon (expected launch 2019), the High Contrast Imaging Balloon System (HiCIBaS) high altitude balloon (launched 2018), and the Deformable Mirror Demonstration Mission (DeMi) CubeSat mission (expected launch late 2019). We summarize results from the previously flown missions and objectives for the missions that are next on the pad. PICTURE had technical difficulties with the sounding rocket telemetry system. PICTURE-B demonstrated functionality at >100 km altitude after the payload experienced 12-g RMS (Vehicle Level 2) test and sounding rocket launch loads. The PICTURE-C balloon aims to demonstrate 10 - 7 contrast using a vector vortex coronagraph, image plane wavefront sensor, and a 952 actuator MEMS DM. The HiClBaS flight experienced a DM cabling issue, but the 37-segment hexagonal piston-tip-tilt DM is operational post-flight. The DeMi mission aims to demonstrate wavefront control to a precision of less than 100 nm RMS in space with a 140 actuator MEMS DM.

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Tang, Binbin, Wenya Li, Chi Wang, Lei Dai, Yuri Khotyaintsev, Per-Arne Lindqvist, Robert Ergun, et al. "Magnetic depression and electron transport in an ion-scale flux rope associated with Kelvin–Helmholtz waves." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 879–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-879-2018.

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Abstract. We report an ion-scale magnetic flux rope (the size of the flux rope is ∼ 8.5 ion inertial lengths) at the trailing edge of Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) waves observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission on 27 September 2016, which is likely generated by multiple X-line reconnection. The currents of this flux rope are highly filamentary: in the central flux rope, the current flows are mainly parallel to the magnetic field, supporting a local magnetic field increase at about 7 nT, while at the edges the current filaments are predominantly along the antiparallel direction, which induce an opposing field that causes a significant magnetic depression along the axis direction (> 20 nT), meaning the overall magnetic field of this flux rope is depressed compared to the ambient magnetic field. Thus, this flux rope, accompanied by the plasma thermal pressure enhancement in the center, is referred to as a crater type. Intense lower hybrid drift waves (LHDWs) are found at the magnetospheric edge of the flux rope, and the wave potential is estimated to be ∼ 17 % of the electron temperature. Though LHDWs may be stabilized by the mechanism of electron resonance broadening, these waves could still effectively enable diffusive electron transports in the cross-field direction, corresponding to a local density dip. This indicates LHDWs could play important roles in the evolution of crater flux ropes. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; solar wind–magnetosphere interactions)

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Han, Jian, Changhong Wang, and Guoxing Yi. "UAV Robust Strategy Control Based on MAS." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/796859.

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A novel multiagent system (MAS) has been proposed to integrate individual UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) to form a UAV team which can accomplish complex missions with better efficiency and effect. The MAS based UAV team control is more able to conquer dynamic situations and enhance the performance of any single UAV. In this paper, the MAS proposed and established combines the reacting and thinking abilities to be an initiative and autonomous hybrid system which can solve missions involving coordinated flight and cooperative operation. The MAS uses BDI model to support its logical perception and to classify the different missions; then the missions will be allocated by utilizing auction mechanism after analyzing dynamic parameters. Prim potential algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, and reallocation mechanism are proposed to realize the rational decomposing and optimal allocation in order to reach the maximum profit. After simulation, the MAS has been proved to be able to promote the success ratio and raise the robustness, while realizing feasibility of coordinated flight and optimality of cooperative mission.

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Manuzzo, Roberto, Francesco Califano, Gerard Belmont, and Laurence Rezeau. "A multi-fluid model of the magnetopause." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-275-2020.

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Abstract. Observation of the solar wind–magnetosphere boundary provides a unique opportunity to investigate the physics underlying the interaction between two collisionless magnetized plasmas with different temperature, density and magnetic field topology. Their mixing across the interface as well as the boundary dynamics are affected by the development of fluid (and kinetic) instabilities driven by large-scale inhomogeneities in particle and electromagnetic fields. Building up a realistic initial equilibrium state of the magnetopause according to observations is still a challenge nowadays. In this paper, we address the modeling of the particles and electromagnetic field configuration across the Earth's magnetopause by means of a three-fluid analytic model. The model relies on one hot and one cold ion population as well as a neutralizing electron population. The goal is to create an analytic model that is able to reproduce the observations as closely as possible. Some parameters of the model are set using a fitting procedure that aims to minimize their difference with respect to experimental data provided by the Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission. All of the other profiles, concerning the electron pressure and the relative densities of the cold and hot ion populations, are calculated in order to satisfy the fluid equilibrium equations. Finally, using a new tri-fluid code, we check the stability of the large-scale equilibrium model for a given experimental case and provide proof that the system is unstable to reconnection. This model could be of interest for the interpretation of satellite results and for the study of the dynamics at the magnetosphere–solar wind boundary.

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Youn, J., D. Kim, T. Kim, J. H. Yoo, and B. J. Lee. "DEVELOPMENT OF UAV AIR ROADS BY USING 3D GRID SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-731-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> With the drastic development of low-altitude UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology, UAV will be used for long-distance logistics in the near future. Many countries begin to develop UTM (UAV Traffic Management) system, and one of the objectives for the system is preparation of UAV-logistics era. In that era, hundreds of drone will simultaneously fly at one area. To prevent UAV collision in the air, UAV air road should be designed. The Korean government have supported research projects related with UAV air roads. This paper deals with development of UAV air roads by using 3D grid system. First, detail 3D spatial information for UAV air roads is constructed. In many cases, 3D digital map does not include transmission towers, utility poles, power lines, or trees, since the interests of 3D digital map are focussed on digital elevation model and digital surface model with buildings. The transmission towers, utility poles, and power lines could be obstacles when UAV perform its logistics mission. Therefore, detail 3D information should be constructed for UAV air roads. We constructed such detail 3D information by using MMS (Mobile Mapping System) and aerial survey with Lidar and digital photograph. Next, 3D grid system is proposed to present such detail 3D information. Usual object based 3D information is huge size and hard to control. To provide 3D information to a flying UAV, data should be light. Therefore, light-weight 3D grid system is effective to provide air road information to UAV. Proposed 3D grid based air roads can be used for UAV flight plan, traffic management etc.</p>

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Chowdhury, Bijit, Poushali Sanyal, Anshu Gupta, Bidisha Roychoudhury, and MMS Zoha. "A Study to Analyze the Efficacy of Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System in the Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding among Urban Indian Women." Journal of SAFOMS 5, no. 1 (2017): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10032-1099.

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ABSTRACT Objective The study tried to analyze the efficacy of levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNGIUS) for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in the urban and suburban Indian women. Materials and methods The present study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan, Kolkata, over a period of 1 year. A total of 20 patients suffering from abnormal uterine bleeding in the age group of 20 to 45 years were recruited in this study. The LNGIUS was inserted in all the women and they were followed up at the end of 3, 6, and 12 months. All subjects completed 1 year duration of follow-up. We used the Student’s paired t-test to evaluate the reduction in the menstrual blood loss, passage of clots, and increase in hemoglobin concentration at each point from the baseline. Results At the end of 6 months, most (90%) of the women had an acceptable bleeding, with 10% having amenorrhea (pictorial blood-loss assessment chart score 0). Statistically significant improvement in the hemoglobin level was observed at the end of 3, 6, and 12 months postinsertion. The level of satisfaction increased steadily with time. Conclusion Levonorgestrel intrauterine system is an effective reversible treatment for menorrhagia. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system can be used as an effective alternative to hysterectomy in the future in the urban and suburban affluent Indian women. How to cite this article Gupta A, Roychoudhury B, Sanyal P, Chowdhury B, Zoha MMS. A Study to Analyze the Efficacy of Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System in the Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding among Urban Indian Women. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2017;5(1):19-22.

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Varsani, A., C. J. Owen, A. N. Fazakerley, C. Forsyth, A. P. Walsh, M. André, I. Dandouras, and C. M. Carr. "Cluster observations of the substructure of a flux transfer event: analysis of high-time-resolution particle data." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 9 (September 8, 2014): 1093–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1093-2014.

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Abstract. Flux transfer events (FTEs) are signatures of transient reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, transporting flux from the dayside of the magnetosphere into the magnetotail lobes. They have previously been observed to contain a combination of magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasma. On 12 February 2007, the four Cluster spacecraft were widely separated across the magnetopause and observed a crater-like FTE as they crossed the Earth's dayside magnetopause through its low-latitude boundary layer. The particle instruments on the Cluster spacecraft were in burst mode and returning data providing 3-D velocity distribution functions (VDFs) at 4 s resolution during the observation of this FTE. Moreover, the magnetic field observed during the event remained closely aligned with the spacecraft spin axis and thus we have been able to use these 3-D data to reconstruct nearly full pitch angle distributions of electrons and ions at high time resolution (up to 32 times faster than available from the normal mode data stream). These observations within the boundary layer and inside the core of the FTE show that both the interior and the surrounding structure of the FTE consist of multiple individual layers of plasma, in greater number than previously identified. Our observations show a cold plasma inside the core, a thin layer of antiparallel-moving electrons at the edge of FTE itself, and field-aligned ions with Alfvénic speeds at the trailing edge of the FTE. We discuss the plasma characteristics in these FTE layers, their possible relevance to the magnetopause reconnection processes and attempt to distinguish which of the various different FTE models may be relevant in this case. These data are particularly relevant given the impending launch of NASA's MMS mission, for which similar observations are expected to be more routine.

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Feinstein, Sascha. "Recovery Mission." Missouri Review 30, no. 1 (2007): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.2007.0071.

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Hendler, J. "Revising Our Mission." IEEE Intelligent Systems 21, no. 2 (March 2006): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mis.2006.33.

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Nakamura, Takuma, Rumi Nakamura, and Hiroshi Haseagwa. "Spatial dimensions of the electron diffusion region in anti-parallel magnetic reconnection." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 3 (March 24, 2016): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-357-2016.

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Abstract. Spatial dimensions of the detailed structures of the electron diffusion region in anti-parallel magnetic reconnection were analyzed based on two-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. The electron diffusion region in this study is defined as the region where the positive reconnection electric field is sustained by the electron inertial and non-gyrotropic pressure components. Past kinetic studies demonstrated that the dimensions of the whole electron diffusion region and the inner non-gyrotropic region are scaled by the electron inertial length de and the width of the electron meandering motion, respectively. In this study, we successfully obtained more precise scalings of the dimensions of these two regions than the previous studies by performing simulations with sufficiently small grid spacing (1∕16–1∕8 de) and a sufficient number of particles (800 particles cell−1 on average) under different conditions changing the ion-to-electron mass ratio, the background density and the electron βe (temperature). The obtained scalings are adequately supported by some theories considering spatial variations of field and plasma parameters within the diffusion region. In the reconnection inflow direction, the dimensions of both regions are proportional to de based on the background density. Both dimensions also depend on βe based on the background values, but the dependence in the inner region ( ∼ 0.375th power) is larger than the whole region (0.125th power) reflecting the orbits of meandering and accelerated electrons within the inner region. In the outflow direction, almost only the non-gyrotropic component sustains the positive reconnection electric field. The dimension of this single-scale diffusion region is proportional to the ion-electron hybrid inertial length (dide)1∕2 based on the background density and weakly depends on the background βe with the 0.25th power. These firm scalings allow us to predict observable dimensions in real space which are indeed in reasonable agreement with past in situ spacecraft observations in the Earth's magnetotail and have important implications for future observations with higher resolutions such as the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission.

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Raschietti, Stefano. "A missão ad gentes no Documento de Aparecida." Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira 69, no. 275 (March 13, 2019): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.29386/reb.v69i275.1299.

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Uma reflexão sobre a missão ad gentes a partir do DAp e um pouco além do DAp, ajuda a entender: Deus em seu rosto humano, próximo, cheio de compaixão; a promessa de uma vida plena em Jesus; o mistério e o ministério do dom da vida para todos. Consequentemente, a Igreja como participante dessa missio Dei encontra sua razão de ser e sua contínua conversão na contínua e discipular saída de si; no caminho e na aproximação aos pobres e aos outros; no despojamento de suas estruturas; no reconhecimento de seus destinatários. Enfim, a missão se realiza numa tensão fecunda entre os compromissos contextuais e universais, tais como: a missão aos corações; a constituição da comunidade missionária; a missão continental; a missão ad gentes; a missão universal. Em sua projetualidade contextual, a missão trabalha sempre com interlocutores bem definidos, mas sem perder a visão e o compromisso com o âmbito maior.Abastract: Abstract: A reflection about an ad gentes mission starting with the Aparecida Document but going slightly beyond it helps us to understand God in His human face, close to us, full of piety; the promise of a full life in Jesus; the mystery and the ministry of the gift of life for all. Consequently the Church as a participant in this missio Dei finds its raison d’être and its permanent conversion in the continuous and discipular exit from itself; on the path and approaching the poor and the others; in the divesting of its structures; in the recognition of its addressees. In sum, the mission is carried out in a fecund tension between the contextual and universal commitments such as: the mission to the hearts; the constitution of the missionary community; the continental mission; the ad gentes mission; the universal mission. In its contextual projection, the mission always works with well-defined interlocutors, but without losing its perspective and its commitment to the wider ambit.

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Cesta, Amedeo, Gabriella Cortellessa, Michel Denis, Alessandro Donati, Simone Fratini, Angelo Oddi, Nicola Policella, Erhard Rabenau, and Jonathan Schulster. "Mexar2: AI Solves Mission Planner Problems." IEEE Intelligent Systems 22, no. 4 (July 2007): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mis.2007.75.

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Mascarenhas, Ronald. "Science Education - A New Vision and Mission." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 13, 2005): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.6.3.

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Science education in schools and colleges across the country is facing c crisis. Science is regarded as not only difficult but also alien. irrelevant and boring. This is quite evident the declining enrolment in science at the college level. Added to this with the opening up Of the econorny, there is a greater demand for business administrators and computer-literate individuals. There is also this that career opportunities in engineering and medical field are more lucrative. Consequently, pursuit of science is the last priority Of students. I would like to discuss this problem under two heads.

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Chadikovski, Vladimir, Aco Dimov, Mile Petrovski, Risto Simeonov, and Branka Petrovska. "Cadaver Transplantation in Balkans: Mission Possible?" Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/mjms.1857-5773.2011.0196.

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Chien, Steve, Dorothy Silverman, Ashley Gerard Davies, and Daniel Mandl. "Onboard Science Processing Concepts for the HyspIRI Mission." IEEE Intelligent Systems 24, no. 6 (November 2009): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mis.2009.120.

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McFall, Gardner. "Missing." Missouri Review 10, no. 2 (1987): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.1987.0126.

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Fétick, R. JL, L. Jorda, P. Vernazza, M. Marsset, A. Drouard, T. Fusco, B. Carry, et al. "Closing the gap between Earth-based and interplanetary mission observations: Vesta seen by VLT/SPHERE." Astronomy & Astrophysics 623 (February 25, 2019): A6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834749.

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Context. Over the past decades, several interplanetary missions have studied small bodies in situ, leading to major advances in our understanding of their geological and geophysical properties. These missions, however, have had a limited number of targets. Among them, the NASA Dawn mission has characterised in detail the topography and albedo variegation across the surface of asteroid (4) Vesta down to a spatial resolution of ~20 m pixel−1 scale. Aims. Here our aim was to determine how much topographic and albedo information can be retrieved from the ground with VLT/SPHERE in the case of Vesta, having a former space mission (Dawn) providing us with the ground truth that can be used as a benchmark. Methods. We observed Vesta with VLT/SPHERE/ZIMPOL as part of our ESO large programme (ID 199.C-0074) at six different epochs, and deconvolved the collected images with a parametric point spread function (PSF). We then compared our images with synthetic views of Vesta generated from the 3D shape model of the Dawn mission, on which we projected Vesta’s albedo information. Results. We show that the deconvolution of the VLT/SPHERE images with a parametric PSF allows the retrieval of the main topographic and albedo features present across the surface of Vesta down to a spatial resolution of ~20–30 km. Contour extraction shows an accuracy of ~1 pixel (3.6 mas). The present study provides the very first quantitative estimate of the accuracy of ground-based adaptive-optics imaging observations of asteroid surfaces. Conclusions. In the case of Vesta, the upcoming generation of 30–40 m telescopes (ELT, TMT, GMT) should in principle be able to resolve all of the main features present across its surface, including the troughs and the north–south crater dichotomy, provided that they operate at the diffraction limit.

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Sabu, Nidhi, Thomaskutty Francis, Arun Roy, and Sreeja S. Kartha. "Gaia: Surveying Heavens." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.44.2.

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In this paper we attempt to study an ongoing astrometry mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), named Gaia, whose aim is to make the largest and most precise three-dimensional map of our Galaxy. We present the scientific goals of Gaia and give a brief description of the spacecraft. We also present a preliminary analysis of comparing distance estimates of Be stars from the first Gaia data release, Gaia DR1, and Hipparcos mission. From our analysis, we confirm that Gaia stands out as a promising mission in terms of the distance measurements when compared to Hipparcos, particularly for distances greater than 1 kpc.

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Harvey, Janice. "La religion, fer de lance de l’aide aux démunis dans la communauté protestante montréalaise au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle." Articles 73 (December 9, 2011): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006564ar.

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Un mélange de devoir chrétien, d’évangélisme et de pensée libérale formait la base sur laquelle reposait le réseau charitable protestant qui s’est graduellement mis en place à Montréal au XIXe et au début du XXe siècle. La religion était ainsi au coeur de l’activité des organismes de bienfaisance laïques, et son importance a crû tout au long du XIXe siècle grâce aux efforts de plus en plus significatifs des Églises protestantes et des protestants évangéliques pour atteindre les pauvres au moyen de l’assistance et de services éducatifs. Cet article jette d’abord un regard général sur ces développements. Puis, on y réserve une attention plus particulière à l’Église anglicane et à l’auberge qu’elle a ouverte pour les immigrants en 1895; enfin, on s’attache au travail de la Old Brewery Mission et de la Welcome Hall Mission, deux missions évangéliques qui ont fourni de l’assistance et porté le message évangélique aux itinérants, aux alcooliques et aux familles pauvres, car leurs missionnaires étaient convaincus que la foi peut sauver des âmes, reconstruire les vies et mettre fin à la pauvreté.

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Do Quang Thong. "Synthesis of the Missile Homing System Taking into Account the Dynamic Characteristic of the Measurement Elements." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 20, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.20.251-256.

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Several various missile homing systems (MHS) have been developed in recent years. However, to the best of our knowledge, these systems do not take into account the dynamic characteristics of the measurement elements (ME). Such existing systems can only work well when the MEs have a small inertia and large damping. Thus in general case, it is necessary to consider the dynamic characteristics of the MEs with the big inertia. In addition, using the MEs with the big inertia, the MHSs is able to remove the high-frequency noise. However, taking into account the dynamic properties of the MEs causes difficulties in determining the transfer function (PF) of the normal acceleration stability system and the synthesis of MHSs. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an effective mathematical model of the missile homing system, which takes into consideration the dynamic characteristics of the MEs. In addition, this model allows synthesizing the high accuracy MHSs, and utilizing the MEs with the inertia equivalent to the inertia of the rudder actuator. To accomplish that, the proposed system is composed of two stages. In the first stage, the MHSs, which do not incorporate the dynamic characteristics of the MEs, is presented in detail. Then, we analyze and estimate the effect of the dynamic characteristics of the MEs on the performance of the MHSs. In the second stage, we propose a novel MHS, which takes into account the dynamic characteristics of the MEs. The proposed system is implemented based on the basic functions in the Control system toolbox in MATLAB, and designed by the parametric optimization method. The simulation results indicate that, our proposed system outperforms the conventional MHSs in term of reducing the negative effects of the dynamic characteristic of the MEs on the quality of the MHS.

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Jin, Hai Wei, Jie Liu, Lan Zhang, and Xu Qian. "MEMS Micro-Era Missile-Borne." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.178.

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This article describes the basic meaning, features and foreign developments of the MEMS-IMU and the RF-MEMS technology, presents and analyzes the research and the actual application of the MEMS technology in missile guidance, navigation, data link, detection, control, etc. and the changes carried out by MEMS missile technology.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mission MMS'

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