Journal articles: 'Missions, middle east'

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Okkenhaug, Inger Marie. "Gender and Missions in the Middle East." Social Sciences and Missions 23, no. 1 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489410x488503.

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JAKUBOSZCZAK, Piotr. "POLISH SAPPERS IN UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 165, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3492.

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Engineering troops have been part of UN peacekeeping forces since the first mission of the Polish Army, which began in the Middle East in 1973. The article presents the performance of engineering tasks playing an important role for the service of other troops participating in peacekeeping missions. Furthermore, the subject raised in the article presents the organization of engineering troops and their activity in the Middle East that was concluded in 2009.

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Okkenhaug, Inger Marie. "CHRISTIAN MISSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE OTTOMAN BALKANS: EDUCATION, REFORM, AND FAILED CONVERSIONS, 1819–1967." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074381500063x.

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The last few decades have seen a rise in the number of studies on Christian missions. These studies are located within a wide range of fields and are written from different perspectives. They tend to abide by national boundaries and to focus on mission organizations and missionaries, not least because of the availability of source material in Western languages. Recent historiography on Christian missions to the Middle East, however, has seen a profound change in approach, methodology, and sources. We can locate three main shifts: a national to a transnational approach, a reevaluation of local agency, and a new emphasis on unintended consequences.

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Cronin, Stephanie. "Importing Modernity: European Military Missions to Qajar Iran." Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 1 (January 2008): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417508000108.

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In the first decades of the nineteenth century, when the Middle East and North Africa first began to attract the sustained attention of European imperialism and colonialism, Arab, Ottoman Turkish, and Iranian polities began a protracted experiment with army modernization. These decades saw a mania in the Middle East for the import of European methods of military organization and techniques of warfare. Everywhere, in the Ottoman Empire, North Africa, Egypt, and Iran, nizam-i jadid (new order) regiments sprang up, sometimes on the ruins of older military formations, sometimes alongside them, unleashing a process of military-led modernization that was to characterize state-building projects throughout the region until well into the twentieth century. The ruling dynasties in these regions embarked on army reform in a desperate effort to strengthen their defensive capacity, and to resist growing European hegemony and direct or indirect control by imitating European methods of military organization and warfare. Almost every indigenous ruler who succeeded in evading or warding off direct European control, from the sultans of pre-Protectorate Morocco in the west to the shahs of the Qajar dynasty in Iran in the east, invited European officers, sometimes as individuals, sometimes as formal missions, to assist with building a modern army. With the help of these officers, Middle Eastern rulers thus sought to appropriate the secrets of European power.

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Hennocq, Quentin, Amin Bennedjaï, François Simon, Sylvie Testelin, Bernard Devauchelle, Jean-François Tulasne, Stéphanie Dakpé, and Roman Hossein Khonsari. "Maxillofacial surgery in wartime Middle-East: Paul Tessier's missions to Iran." Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 47, no. 9 (September 2019): 1449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2019.06.007.

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Burke, Ryan, and Jahara Matisek. "The Illogical Logic of American Entanglement in the Middle East." Journal of Strategic Security 13, no. 1 (April 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.13.1.1771.

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The logic of the American approach to the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and now Syria – both in policy and practice – bears striking resemblance to the U.S. approach to Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite policies of restraint, it has proven difficult to stop the inertia of war, be it against Communism or terrorism. As this inertia grows, so too does illogical entanglement. Such deepening involvement, whether in Vietnam or the Global War on Terror, often results in combat forces undertaking nation- and state-building missions that they are not designed for, yet have been doing for almost two decades.

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Hylton, Judy. "Middle East Peacekeeping Operations after Peace Accords on the Syria and Lebanon Tracks." Journal of International Peacekeeping 17, no. 1-2 (2013): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1702001.

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From a practitioner perspective, the study explores what the three regional peacekeeping missions – UNDOF, UNIFIL and UNTSO - may do ‘the day after’ peace accords were in place, relative to potential security arrangements on the Syria and Lebanon tracks. The inquiry looks at the ‘mechanics’ of the security implementation system after peace accords are in place; the role of the UN in assisting peace implementation and potential improvements; the future validity of prior negotiation positions and the possible effect of seminal transitions in the Middle East, prior to an outcome of the Syria conflict. As an example, the study considers the experience of Egypt after the peace treaty with Israel, and the security arrangements in the Sinai. The study finds that the traditional peacekeeping or military monitoring operations are well-suited to post-accord security arrangement facilitation, and highlights the primary value of traditional peacekeeping missions as confidence-building mechanisms, supporting the development of state relationships.

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Womack, Deanna Ferree. "Lubnani,Libanais, Lebanese: Missionary Education, Language Policy and Identity Formation in Modern Lebanon." Studies in World Christianity 18, no. 1 (April 2012): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2012.0003.

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This article examines language instruction and religious and socio-political identity formation in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American Protestant and French Jesuit missionary institutions in Lebanon. It compares French, English and Arabic language education policies at Saint Joseph University (Université Saint-Joseph), Syrian Protestant College (now the American University in Beirut) and the American Syria Mission schools under the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the USA. The article considers the mutual transformations in the encounter between missionaries and Lebanese students and addresses the relationship between language learning and educational, literary and nationalist development in the Middle East. Emphasising the agency of Arabic-speaking Ottoman subjects and their reciprocal relationship with missionaries, it argues that before the turn of the century, those individuals who acquired a foreign language and excelled in literary Arabic charted the course toward social, cultural and political change in the twentieth century.

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Marchewka, Marek. "Weterani poszkodowani. Rzeczywistość życia po powrocie z misji." Ekonomia 23, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.23.1.10.

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Injuried veterans. The reality of life after returning from a missionThis publication is devoted to problems of veterans injured returnees to the country after missions beyond the borders of our state. Polish military missions have existed for over 60 years. It was a total of 80 operations and foreign missions in wich participated our soldiers and military personnel. Over those 60 years did not return to the country in 1142 participants, including 22 killed in Iraq and 39 in Afghanistan. The first three Polish soldiers were killed in 1955 in a helicopter crash in Korea. They were using the language of military losses irreversible, but in addition to the dead, we must realize that in the course of carring out their duties in additions to the dead and wounded are also victims who return to the homeland. During the operations in the Middle East were injured 500 Poles. 10 years of polish participation in the Afghan war victims have been injured and more than 600 injured, 300 seriously injured. What the Polish state mode to compensate former participants of the mission their services abroad, when they became veterans injured. Undoubtedly step facing front of the long term expectations of many victims of the Mission is the Act 19 August 2011 by veterans of activities outside the country, wich is decidated to this publication.

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Womack, Deanna Ferree. "Conflict, Conquest, and Conversion: Two Thousand Years of Christian Missions in the Middle East." Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 25, no. 3 (April 7, 2014): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2014.897856.

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Kim, Eun-Bee. "Utility Competition for being a Mediator: Focusing on the Middle East." Institute of Middle Eastern Affairs 23, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52891/jmea.2024.23.1.37.

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Ending the war through negotiations can reduce damage. However, negotiations require a mediator who can solve the problem of distrust. Mediation is effective in countries with smart power that are internationally influential, but it can also expand soft power if the mediation is successful. Although soft power does not provide tangible benefits in the short term, it has the potential in filling in the shortcomings of hard power. Traditionally, the United States has undertaken mediation missions in Middle Eastern conflicts. However, China, Russia, Qatar, and Egypt are now competing to gain the benefits of mediation as a tool for expanding smart power. Saudi Arabia is even acting as a mediator in offshore conflicts. This can be assessed as a part of efforts by mid-sized countries to expand their smart power in the face of weakening of the United State’ hegemonic power in the region.

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Schweitzer, Vladimir. "The Middle East Saga of the Peacemaker (commemorating the 110th anniversary of Bruno Kreisky’s birth)." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran12021126133.

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The article is devoted to an important aspect of the political biography of Bruno Kreisky – one of the most prominent European politicians of the last third of the XXth century. A statesman of Austria (head of the Foreign Ministry in 1959–1966, Federal Chancellor in 1970–1983), long-term chairman of the Socialist Party, and in 1974–1989 – one of the vice-presidents of the Socialist International, he was constantly in touch with Middle East issues. His assessments and judgments had a certain influence on the nature of decisions made in the international community. Kreisky’s missions to the region in 1973–1977, carried out under the auspices of the Social International, contributed to the beginning of the peace process in the Middle East.

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Brandea, Bianca. "Implications of the jihadist terrorism in cyberspace." BULLETIN OF "CAROL I" NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 13, no. 1 (April 8, 2024): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-24-10.

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The terrorist attack on the 11th of September, 2001, marked the change in the West’s perception of the Middle East and vice versa. Followed by the US military presence in the Middle East, this event contributed to the development of the means of terrorist actions around the world and the popularization of jihad. The hostile attitude of the West thus succeeded in maintaining the state of tension between the two spaces. Over time, jihadist and terrorist groups have been joined by members originating from the West who were convinced by the importance of the “missions” they later undertook. In the present paper, we will focus on the transposition and continuation of hostilities in both geographic and cyber spaces, with reference even to the current Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

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Nedegaard, Randall C., Rachel E. Foster, Mercy Yeboah-Ampadu, and Andrew J. Stubbs. "Lessons Learned in Afghanistan: A Multi-national Military Mental Health Perspective." Advances in Social Work 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/1880.

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America has been at war for almost 10 years. Because of this, continuing missions in the Middle East require the support and cooperation of our allied North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces from around the world. In this paper we provide an overview of the mission at Kandahar Air Field (KAF) and the Multi-National Role 3 hospital located at KAF. Next, we explain the mental health capabilities and unique perspectives among our teammates from Canada, Great Britain, and the United States to include a discussion of the relevant cross-cultural differences between us. Within this framework we also provide an overview of the mental health clientele seen at KAF during the period of April 2009 through September 2009. Finally, we discuss the successes, limitations, and lessons learned during our deployment to Kandahar, Afghanistan.

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Andrei, Simona, Emil Carstea, Luminita Marmureanu, Dragos Ene, Ioannis Binietoglou, Doina Nicolae, Dimitra Konsta, Vassilis Amiridis, and Emmanouil Proestakis. "The analysis of a complex fire event using multispaceborne observations." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 08017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817608017.

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This study documents a complex fire event that occurred on October 2016, in Middle East belligerent area. Two fire outbreaks were detected by different spacecraft monitoring instruments on board of TERRA, CALIPSO and AURA Earth Observation missions. Link with local weather conditions was examined using ERA Interim Reanalysis and CAMS datasets. The detection of the event by multiple sensors enabled a detailed characterization of fires and the comparison with different observational data.

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Levant, Marie. "Charity for Christian Unity." Endowment Studies 6, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2022): 130–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685968-06010004.

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Abstract At the end of the First World War, a profoundly transformed Middle East faced massive population displacements and health crises, which presented crucial challenges for humanitarian actors. North American philanthropy and charity played a decisive role in this context. Among the organisations involved, the Catholic Near East Welfare Association (cnewa) is not well known. It was established by American Catholics to help Eastern Christians – especially Greek Catholics – and to thwart the influence of Protestantism in the region, mainly by supporting local Churches and missions in their humanitarian and welfare work. cnewa was quickly placed under the supervision of the US episcopate and the Vatican, partly transforming its operations and purposes. Its activity became closely involved with the Eastern policy of the Holy See, which primarily focused on the “return” of Orthodox Christians to the Roman Church. This article, at the crossroads of the history of mission and humanitarian aid, examines the early developments of cnewa and highlights how the Catholic Church dealt with the emergence of modern humanitarian aid in the mid-twentieth century.

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Matar, Nabil. "The 2018 Josephine Waters Bennett Lecture: The Protestant Reformation through Arab Eyes, 1517–1698." Renaissance Quarterly 72, no. 3 (2019): 771–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2019.257.

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This essay examines what Arabs knew about Luther, Calvin, and the Protestant-Catholic conflict in the early modern period. While there have been studies of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century impact of Protestant missions on the Arab East, there has been no study of the Protestant movement and its confrontation with Catholicism and Orthodoxy in the period between 1517 and 1698. Although Protestantism failed in gaining converts, the rivalry between Protestant England and Catholic France in co-opting converts to their military and ideological camps resulted in religio-social fissures that would have a lasting impact on Christians and Christianity in the Middle East.

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Womack, Deanna Ferree. "Images of Islam: American Missionary and Arab Perspectives." Studies in World Christianity 22, no. 1 (April 2016): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2016.0135.

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This article examines the story of Protestant missions in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Ottoman Syria, a region of the Ottoman Empire that included present day Syria and Lebanon. It moves the study of the American Syria Mission away from Euro-centric modes of historiography, first, by adding to the small body of recent scholarship on Arab Protestantism and mission schools in Syria. Second, it focuses on Islam and Christian–Muslim relations in Syrian missionary history, a topic that has received little scholarly attention. Arguing that Muslims played an active part in this history even when they resisted missionary overtures, the article considers the perspectives of Syrian Muslims alongside images of Islam in American and Syrian Protestant publications. By pointing to the interreligious collaboration between Syrian Christian and Muslim intellectuals and the respect many Syrian Protestant writers exhibited for the Islamic tradition, this article questions assumptions of innate conflict between Muslims and Christians in the Middle East.

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Travis, Hannibal. "Missions, Minorities, and the Motherland: Xenophobic Narratives of an Ottoman Christian “Stab in the Back”." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 3 (August 2022): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000721.

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This roundtable focuses on the marginalization of ethnicities or religious denominations within Middle East studies, and in the larger realm of history writing. Without a nation–state of their own to preserve their language and history, the Assyrian people and the Church of the East denomination of Christianity fell subject to repression in Turkey, only recently finding a voice. Marginalization in history books and educational curricula is one symptom of broken treaty commitments and lack of equal access to state institutions and funds. In our century, marginalization has given way to something perhaps even worse: vilification and expulsion even from countries outside of Turkey where the Assyrians reside, during a neo-Ottoman period in which parts of Iraq and Syria came to more closely resemble Turkey, a resemblance that included the presence of Turkish arms.

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Setyorini, Fitri Adi. "THE ROLE OF THE HUMANITARIAN ACTION INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR THE RED CROSS (ICRC) IN THE 2011 LIBYA REVOLUTION." Journal of Islamic World and Politics 5, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v5i1.6694.

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This study discusses the International Committee for the Red Cross (ICRC) role in protecting and assisting victims of the Libyan revolution in 2011. The purpose of this study is to explore more about the role of the International Committee for the Red Cross (ICRC) in protecting and assisting victims of war as one step on a humanitarian mission. The author used the non-government organizations (NGOs) and humanitarian action concepts. The author's research method to analyze this study was a descriptive method through a literature review. Based on research done, the author found that the revolution in Libya in 2011 was one of the effects of the Arab Spring in the Middle East region. The author also found that the ICRC carried out its humanitarian missions by providing food, water, medical supplies, medical equipment, and clothing.

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Sabra, George F. "Book Review: Conflict, Conquest, and Conversion: Two Thousand Years of Christian Missions in the Middle East." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 38, no. 1 (January 2014): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693931403800114.

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ЗАСТАВНИЙ, Андрій, and Олег ІВАЩУК. "CURRENT TRENDS OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY OF UKRAINE IN THE MIDDLE EAST." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 326, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2024-326-65.

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The role of economic diplomacy in establishing and developing relations between countries has been substantiated, explained by the priority of economic interests. The aim of the article is to analyze the current trends of Ukraine's economic diplomacy in the Middle East. The historical prerequisites for the formation of Ukraine's economic diplomacy and the main vectors of its foreign economic policy have been revealed. The dynamics of the regional structure of goods export from Ukraine have been analyzed, confirming that the countries of the CIS were in the focus of Ukraine's economic diplomacy in the initial stages of independence. Changes in Ukraine's foreign economic policy after 2014 have been established, and the importance of cooperation with Middle Eastern countries has been argued. Emphasis is placed on cooperation with Turkey, the main trade partner for Ukraine among the Middle Eastern countries. An assessment of the dynamics of the foreign trade activity of both countries has been conducted, and the main vectors of cooperation, which include economic and investment spheres, cultural and educational cooperation, have been substantiated. The peculiarities of Ukraine's cooperation with Turkey since the beginning of the war have been highlighted. Using the SWOT analysis methodology, the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in Ukraine's cooperation with the Middle East countries have been identified. The main consequences of expanding Ukraine's partnership with Middle Eastern countries, which will contribute to the diversification of trade between countries, the development of joint infrastructure projects, etc., have been singled out. Strategic directions for expanding Ukraine's presence in the Middle East countries have been proposed. Among the channels of disseminating information about Ukraine, attention is focused on the work of Ukraine's diplomatic missions abroad. It is proposed to revise the format of presenting information about Ukraine in the Middle East countries, involving representatives of foreign media. The effectiveness of using social media platforms and business channels for Ukraine's strategic penetration into the markets of this region has been confirmed. Other channels for forming Ukraine's image diplomacy in the Middle East have been identified. Prospective vectors of Ukraine's economic diplomacy in the region have been outlined.

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Ciechanowski, Grzegorz. "Fighting vehicles in Polish military contingents in Syria and Former Yugoslavia in the years 1992-2016." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 193, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4999.

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The article presents the analysis of the use of military vehicles in Polish military contingents fulfilling their mandated tasks in the Middle East and Former Yugoslavia. It encompasses the nature of operations con-ducted in these places and the resulting role of the vehicles used there. It also describes the history of their making and development, basic technical data and opinions about their use during the said tasks. The analysis comprised the following vehicles: Finnish Sisu XA-180, which is the prototype of KTO Rosomak and RG-31 Nyala vehicles originating from the Republic of South Africa and used by Polish military forces in the UNDOF mission. The group of machines which were part of the equipment used by contingents in missions in Former Yugoslavia is rep-resented by: Honker Tarpan off-road vehicle, AMZ Dzik 2 armoured vehicle, BRDM-2 reconnaissance patrol vehicle and BWP-1 infantry fighting vehicle.

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Shcherbak, Igor Nikolaevich. "Modernisation of crisis response at global and regional levels." Contemporary Europe, no. 2 (April 15, 2023): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0201708323020055.

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The author examines the peacekeeping practice in terms of new instruments of crisis response (special political and stabilization missions and operations) used by the UN, the EU and OAU. The study focuses on the problems connected with the extended use of the UN and EU's stabilization operations aimed at combating terrorism, assuring security in the crisis regions, as well as with the provision of assistance to the host countries. It is revealed that political and stabilization missions could become prospective instruments of crisis response due to their maximum adaptation to modern challenges of global and regional security and stability. High level of coordination among UN, EU and other regional organizations in planning and implementation of these operations is a necessary precondition for effectiveness of these missions and operations. Creation of a global platform for joint operative response to extraordinary and complex crisis situations comprising the UN, EU, OSCE G20 and other regional organizations could be a major step in this respect. The platform could be also used for the development of confidence-building measures providing a high degree of transparency in military activities of different states and regional organizations; for prevention of conflicts and reaching a diplomatic solution. Establishing regional platforms for regulation of local conflicts in the regions with a high probability of crisis situations like the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, Africa, Afghanistan and the Central Asia, the Far East could also contribute to global security and stability.

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Danieluk, Robert. "Maksymilian Ryłło SJ (1802-1848) and the Beginnings of the New Catholic Mission in Africa in Nineteenth Century." Annales Missiologici Posnanienses, no. 23 (January 5, 2019): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/amp.2018.23.1.

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The Polish Jesuit Maksymilian Ryłło (1802-1848) participated in several missionary endeavors undertaken by the Church in nineteenth century and entrusted to the Society of Jesus. Besides his missions in Middle East in 1836-1837 and 1839-1841, he was also one of the protagonists of an exploratory trip to North East Africa started in 1847 from Egypt and directed south. Arrived to Khartum and established there for a few months, Ryłło died in that city, while a few years later other missionaries took over the work of evangelization started by him and his companions. The present article introduces this Jesuit and focuses on the “African chapter” of his life – all as an attempt of filling the historiographical gap consisting in the fact that the English literature about Ryłło is almost inexistent.

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Zurlo, Gina A., and Todd M. Johnson. "Introduction to the Special IBMR Issue on the World Christian Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition." International Bulletin of Mission Research 46, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969393211053444.

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Forty years ago, David B. Barrett, then based in Nairobi, Kenya, put the finishing touches on the first edition of the World Christian Encyclopedia. A second edition was produced in 2001, and now a third edition is in circulation, prepared between 2015 and 2019. This special issue of the IBMR reflects a core part of the methodology of the World Christian Encyclopedia, namely, interaction with World Christianity from different disciplinary perspectives and geographic locations. This introduction to the issue features reflection on articles on global Catholicism, missions, women and gender studies, religious freedom, Christianity in the Middle East, and refugees.

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Khater, Akram. "New Faith in Ancient Lands: Western missions in the Middle East in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Social Sciences and Missions 24, no. 2-3 (2011): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489411x585973.

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Sherrard, Brooke. "New Faith in Ancient Lands: Western Missions in the Middle East in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Mission Studies 26, no. 1 (2009): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338309x450408.

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Indrawan, Raden Mas Jerry. "Pemahaman Kompetensi Lintas Budaya bagi UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) untuk Memecah Kebuntuan dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Palestina-Israel [UNTSO Competence in Cross-Cultural Understanding to Break the Deadlock in the Settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict]." Verity: Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional (International Relations Journal) 9, no. 18 (January 5, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v9i18.771.

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<p>UNTSO was the first peacekeeping mission created by the United Nations. They have been in the Middle East since June 1948 with the task of overseeing the implementation of the ceasefire between Israel and Arab countries, including seeking resolution of the conflict between Israel and Palestine. One of the reasons many UN peace missions fail, including UNTSO, was because the peacekeepers do not have the ability to understand the local culture in which they are placed. One of the main difficulties faced by peacekeepers in a conflict involving two groups with two different cultures is uncertainty about cultural values. UNTSO personnel very rarely received training as such and like the usual army, their tendency is to use violence to solve conflicts. There should be a special cultural training focused on developing an understanding of the cultural context, such as background orientation, origin, conflict parties, history, religion, customs, and local community language. This paper tries to provide an analysis through an understanding of cross-cultural competency, which is expected to provide recommendations for resolving the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.</p>

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Miazek-Męczyńska, Monika. "Polish Jesuits and Their Dreams about Missions in China, According to the Litterae indipetae." Journal of Jesuit Studies 5, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 404–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00503004.

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From the very beginning, Polish Jesuits were aware of the fact that the general of the Society of Jesus required them to focus on completely different missionary areas than the Far East. Nevertheless, in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu one can find more than two hundred so-called indipetae (shortened version of Litterae ad Indiam petentes)—letters sent by Polish Jesuits to their general asking for foreign missions, especially in China. They were written by 114 Jesuit fathers and brothers but ultimately only four (Andrzej Rudomina, Michał Boym, Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki, Jan Bąkowski) ever preached the word of God in the Middle Kingdom. By analyzing the content of Polish indipetae letters, this paper underlines the most important sources of missionary vocations among Polish Jesuits, through comparison with similar letters from the fathers and brothers of other Jesuit provinces.

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Dermer, Philip J. "Trip Notes on a Return to Israel and The West Bank: Reflections on U.S. Peacemaking, the Security Mission, and What Should be Done." Journal of Palestine Studies 39, no. 3 (2010): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.3.66.

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The following document, previously unpublished, was written in March 2010 by a recently retired ( June 2009) U.S. Army colonel with thirty years experience in the Middle East, including tours of duty and advisory roles (in both military/security and civilian domains) from North Africa to the Persian Gulf. The subject of the informal report is the author's first two trips as a "civilian" to Israel and the West Bank, where he had served two tours of duty, most recently as U.S. military attachéé in Tel Aviv during Israel's 2005 unilateral disengagement from Gaza and the formation of the U.S. Security Coordinator's (USSC) mission to reform Palestinian Authority (PA) security forces. Written as an internal document for military colleagues and government circles, the report has been circulating widely——as did the author's earlier briefings on travel or missions in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and especially Iraq——among White House senior staff, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Defense Intelligence Agency, CENTCOM (U.S. Central Command), EUCOM (U.S. European Command), and the USSC team. The document's focus is the state of the "peace process" and the current situation in the West Bank, with particular attention to the PA security forces and the changes on the ground since the author's last tour there ended in mid-2007. But the real interest of the paper lies in the message directed at its intended audience of military and government policy officials——that is, its frank assessment of the deficiencies of the U.S. peace effort and the wider U.S. policy-making system in the Israel-Palestine arena, with particular emphasis on the disconnect between the situation on the ground and the process led by Washington. The critique has special resonance in light of the emerging new thinking in the administration fueled by the military high command's unhappiness (expressed by CENTCOM commander General David Petraeus and Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Admiral Michael Mullen) with the State Department's handling of Middle East diplomacy, especially with regard to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, on the grounds that diplomatic failures are having a negative impact on U.S. operations elsewhere in the region. For most JPS readers, the report has additional interest as an insider's view of the U.S. security presence in the Israel-Palestine arena. It also reflects a military approach that is often referenced but largely absent in public discourse and academic writings. The author, in addition to his tours of duty and peacekeeping missions in various Middle Eastern countries, has served as advisor to two U.S. special Middle East envoys, the U.S. negotiating team with Syria, General Petraeus, Lieutenant General Keith Dayton, Vice President Dick Cheney, and, more generally, to CENTCOM, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, among others. In retirement, he has worked with CENTCOM as a key primary subject matter expert in the development of analyses and solutions for its area of responsibility, leads predeployment briefings for army units heading to Iraq, and travels frequently to Iraq and elsewhere in the region as an independent consultant. He is currently in Afghanistan with the CENTCOM commander's Afghanistan-Pakistan Center of Excellence. The report, made available to JPS, is being published with the author's permission.

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Dubrovskaya, Dinara V. "Franciscan Minorite Monks in China from the “Great Religious Incident” to the Cultural Revolution." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080018403-0.

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The article is an attempt to systematize the preaching of the Franciscan order in China, starting with the Papal embassies to the Great Khans who conquered the Middle Empire and founded the Yuan dynasty until the end of the 20th century. The author groups the information into several major periods, suggesting a five-stage periodization of the Franciscan presence in the Far East. A change in the preaching paradigm is noted during the 700 centuries of the fickle Minorites’ presence in China. While the first reconnaissance missions, achieving modest success in preaching to non-Chinese subjects of the Mongol emperors, were mainly diplomatic in nature, in modern times the mission, enjoying the support of the Spanish Padroado system, is purposefully concentrated on preaching work, especially among the poor segments of the population. The culmination of all European Catholic missionary enterprise in China, the famous ‘Rites Controversy’, which split the Christian orders in the Celestial Empire, is examined in connection with the role played by the representatives of the Franciscan Order in this dramatic conflict. The author concludes that the Controversy hit, as a result, all Chinese Catholic missions – the Franciscans no less than their main opponents, the Jesuits, eventually leading to persecution, repression and expulsion of missionaries. Attempts of new penetration of Catholic Christianity into the PRC are resumed only after the end of the Cultural Revolution in the second half of the 20th century. The article is a continuation of the piece by the same author, focusing on theoretical foundations of the Franciscan proselytization, published earlier.

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Forbes, David, and Olivia Metcalf. "Veteran and military mental health: the Australian experience." International Psychiatry 11, no. 4 (November 2014): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004641.

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Australia has deployed over 25 000 personnel to recent conflicts in the Middle East and has been involved in peacekeeping missions. Australian veterans report elevated rates of mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, affective disorders and substance use disorders. Veteran healthcare is delivered through publicly funded services, as well as through private services, at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Some of the challenges involve coordination of services for veterans transitioning from Defence to Veterans' Affairs, service delivery across a large continent and stigma inhibiting service-seeking. Initiatives have been introduced in screening and delivery of evidence-based treatments. While challenges remain, Australia has come a long way towards an integrated and comprehensive approach to veteran mental healthcare.

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Sharkey, Heather J. "Book Review: New Faith in Ancient Lands: Western Missions in the Middle East in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 31, no. 3 (July 2007): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693930703100321.

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Haner, Murat, Francis T. Cullen, and Michael L. Benson. "Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism." International Criminal Justice Review 30, no. 3 (February 13, 2019): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567719826632.

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Women have had a long and varied participation in terrorist groups. This project explores the role of gender in one of the most prominent armed organizations in the Middle East, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, commonly known as the Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan (PKK). Rejecting the patriarchal values of traditional Kurdish society, the PKK has been particularly receptive to female membership. Insights on the nature of this participation are drawn from an extensive interview with a long-term, high-ranking PKK official. Inspired by secular egalitarian ideology from its inception, the PKK has created an organizational culture that encourages substantial gender equality in recruitment, training, military missions, leadership, and protections against sexual victimization. It is possible that gender equality in the PKK will have a feedback effect on the broader Kurdish society where patriarchal values remain dominant.

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Dubrovskaya, Dinara V. "From Papal Envoys to Martyrs of the Faith: An Attempt in Generalization of Franciscan preaching in China in the 13th– 18th Centuries." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016686-1.

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The article is an attempt to systematize the preaching of the Franciscan order in China, starting with the papal embassies to the Great Khans who conquered the Middle Empire and founded the Yuan dynasty until the end of the 20th century. The author groups the information into several major periods, suggesting a five-stage periodization of the Franciscan presence in the Far East. A change in the preaching paradigm is noted during the 700 centuries of the fickle Minorites’ presence in China. While the first reconnaissance missions, achieving modest success in preaching to non-Chinese subjects of the Mongol emperors, were mainly diplomatic in nature, in modern times the mission, enjoying the support of the Spanish Padroado system, is purposefully concentrated on preaching work, especially among the poor segments of the population. Since the 16th century begins a change in the entire logistic paradigm of the Far Eastern missionary work. If in the Middle Ages the Pope had enough to send several barefoot Franciscans to the Tatars, then in modern times the church is already forced to reckon with the countries that divided the world, initiating the Age of Exploration, first of all, with Spain and Portugal, the two then superpowers, each of which supported their own preachers, competing for influence in India, China and Japan and giving the task of preaching Christianity an additional political dimension, laden with rivalry and intrigue. The article is a continuation of the piece by the same author, focusing on theoretical foundations of the Franciscan proselytization, published earlier [Dubrovskaya, 2020(1)].

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Asseburg, Muriel, and Ronja Kempin. "ESDP in Practice: Crisis Management without Strategic Planning." Journal of International Peacekeeping 15, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2011): 178–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541110x540535.

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In 2003, the EU declared its civilian and military crisis management instruments ready for deployment. Since then, EU member states have demonstrated their capability to act as a global security player. They have deployed civil missions and military operations to Sub-Saharan Africa, the Balkans, the Eastern neighbourhood, the Near and Middle East, and even to Asia. Th ese engagements have encompassed a variety of approaches and tools to crisis management and stabilisation, ranging from the training of security forces and the support for the rule of law, to the provision of a military or civilian presence, to safeguard elections or to monitor border arrangements and ceasefire agreements, to the fight against piracy or other forms of organised crime. Altogether, by the end of 2009, the EU had conducted 23 missions and operations under the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). The EU has made considerable progress on its way to becoming a global security actor. However, case studies show that many ESDP engagements face substantial shortcomings – chief among them the lack of long-term, strategic planning for future deployments, a binding and institutionalised “lessons learned” process as well as a consistent follow-up by member states and EU institutions involved.

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Stanik, Paulina. "No More Uncertain: The Future of the Gurkhas in the British Army." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 28/1 (September 20, 2019): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.28.1.07.

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Nepalese soldiers, known as the Gurkhas, have been serving in the British Army for over 200 years and have become to be considered an integral part of this military organization. Their long history of service includes participation in the two world wars, as well as the more recent combat missions in the Middle East. However, some call the existence of their military participation a colonial legacy of British imperialism. The aim of this paper is to answer the question on the future of the Nepalese soldiers in the United Kingdom. The study is primarily based on the findings of the 1989 Defence Committee Report regarding the situation and prospects of the Brigade of the Gurkhas, which is juxtaposed with the most recent dispatches and research dealing with the British Army in general and with the Gurkhas themselves.

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Orlic, Dejan. "Operationalisation of the European Union security policy." Medjunarodni problemi 58, no. 4 (2006): 414–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0604414o.

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The author explores the operational capability of the European defense policy in the last 3 years. From the creation and adoption of the European Security Strategy, the European Union has made several specific steps in the development of the European Security and Defense Policy. Despite the disagreements with the United States about Iraq and the internal divisions in the "New and Old Europe" EU has shown the ability to set new military and civilian goals, make a small, but effective battle group concept for crisis management and conflict prevention as well as the European Defense Agency. The author also describes the main operations and missions of EU in the world, ranging from the Balkans and Africa to the Middle East and Eastern Asia. Finally, the paper analyses the Constitution for Europe and the articles concerning ESDP.

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Winegar, Jessica, and Amahl Bishara. "Introduction." Review of Middle East Studies 43, no. 2 (2009): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2151348100000616.

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The culture concept is at the core of some prominent political struggles in the Middle East. In contests over land, human rights, religious expression, material culture, development, and even economic policy, advocates shore up moral authority, co-opt or delegitimize opposition, and constitute new collectivities by drawing on the multivalent possibilities contained within the culture concept in its various historically constituted regional and global formations. As a concept that can mean both the sum of a people’s customs, traditions, ideas, etc.,andthe best that humans have thought and said, it contains powerful means for creating solidarities, differences, and hierarchies. Although notions of culture have long been a feature of politics in the region, most notably in nationalist movements and in the civilizing missions of colonial powers and nation-states, their proliferation and commodification over the past thirty years is notable and deserves analysis.

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Murre-van den Berg, Heleen. "Conflict, Conquest, and Conversion: Two Thousand Years of Christian Missions in the Middle East by Eleanor H. Tejirian and Reeva Spector Simon." Catholic Historical Review 101, no. 4 (2015): 891–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2015.0268.

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Starzmann, Maria Theresia. "Global privatized power." Focaal 2015, no. 73 (December 1, 2015): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2015.730109.

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The practice of archaeologists and other heritage specialists to embed with the US military in Iraq has received critical attention from anthropologists. Scholars have highlighted the dire consequences of such a partnership for cultural heritage protection by invoking the imperialist dimension of archaeological knowledge production. While critical of state power and increasingly of militarized para-state actors like the self-proclaimed Islamic State, these accounts typically eclipse other forms of collaboration with non-state organizations, such as private military and security companies (PMSCs). Focusing on the central role of private contractors in the context of heritage missions in Iraq since 2003, I demonstrate that the war economy's exploitative regime in regions marked by violent conflict is intensified by the growth of the military-industrial complex on a global scale. Drawing on data from interviews conducted with archaeologists working in the Middle East, it becomes clear how archaeology and heritage work prop up the coloniality of power by tying cultural to economic forms of control.

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Schriber, Mary Suzanne. "Women's Place in Travel Texts." Prospects 20 (October 1995): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006049.

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In the 19th Century, white American women of the middle and upper classes began to travel abroad in significant numbers for the first time in history. Prior to the 19th Century, and with the exception of such women as Abigail Adams and Martha Bayard, who accompanied their parents or husbands on diplomatic missions, American women as a rule traveled only about the countryside or to frontier settlements. Beginning in the 1820s, however, and escalating after the Civil War, the prototypes of Henry James's Isabel Archer and Edith Wharton's Undine Spragg set out by the hundreds to see the world, from Europe to the Middle East and from Africa to Japan and China. The greatest number of them visited the British Isles and continental Europe. As early as 1835, according to Paul R. Baker, some fifty American women visited Rome during Holy Week. Many women were among the fifty thousand Americans who, in 1866 alone, traveled to Europe. According to Mrs. John Sherwood in 1890, there were “more than eleven thousand virgins who semi-yearly migrate[d] from America to the shores of England and France.” Women found their way to virtually all parts of the world, as the book-length travel accounts of women (far fewer than the numbers of women who traveled) show. Women published accounts of twenty journeys to China, seventeen to Palestine, eleven to India, twenty-two to Egypt, two to the East Indies, twenty to Greece, three to Arabia, six to Algeria, and four to Africa, as well as travel in Central and South America, Cuba, the Yucatan, and Jamaica.

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Rustamova, L. R. "Evolution of the Syrian Peace Process and the Position of the “Key” States Regarding the Syria’s Return to the Arab Fold." Journal of Law and Administration 19, no. 3 (October 30, 2023): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2023-3-68-15-27.

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Introduction: The Syrian conflict remains one of the most acute unresolved conflicts of our time. Its internationalization, the active intervention of foreign states, especially the United States and Turkey in the dynamics of the conflict and their military presence on Syrian territory, remain obstacles to the settlement. However, the spring of 2023 was marked by a number of political events in the Middle East, which allow us to take a fresh look at the prospects for the Syrian peace process. Against the backdrop of increasing Israeli strikes against Syria, a serious strengthening of Iran's position and cross-border security threats spreading from Syria in the face of deteriorating socio-economic indicators in Syria due to Western sanctions, the leading Arab countries began to reconsider their relations with earlier rejected by them President B. Assad and started negotiations on the "return" of Syria to the Arab family. Materials and methods: Russian and foreign studies on the Syrian peace process, news sources of the world media were used as materials for writing the article. The methodological base was made up of discourse analysis and a comparative analysis of the approaches of the largest regional powers to the issue of resolving the Syrian conflict. Research results: The admission of Syria to the League of Arab States, the opening of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Oman in Syria allow us to conclude that the peace process is now in the hands of the countries of the Middle East region. The peace process also no longer consists of negotiations between the regional countries involved in the conflict and the Syrian government solely over the political structure of Syria, but rather consists of negotiations on the conditions for the legitimization of the Syrian authorities. Discussion and conclusion: At the same time, the role of Russia in the peace process is to organize negotiations between Syria and a number of the most authoritative Middle Eastern states: Turkey and Iran, in order to find acceptable conditions for the normalization and withdrawal of their troops from the territory of Syria in exchange for guarantees of their security and maintaining a certain balance of their interests in Syria and the Middle East region as a whole. The existing joint foreign policy interests in other regions of Russia with Turkey and Iran built interdependence relations and gave Moscow certain levers of influence on them in the Syrian negotiation process, which makes it an influential participant in the settlement of the conflict.

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Chapman, Colin. "Inger Marie Okkenhaug and Karène Sanchez Summerer (eds), Christian Missions and Humanitarianism in the Middle East, 1850–1950, Ideologies, Rhetoric and Practices." Studies in World Christianity 27, no. 3 (November 2021): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2021.0361.

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Amar, Joseph P. "Altruism and Imperialism: Western Cultural and Religious Missions in the Middle East, edited by Eleanor H. Tejirian and Reeva Spector Simon. New York: Occasional Papers Series, Columbia University Middle East Institute, 2002. 312 pages. US$15.00 (Paper) ISBN 0-9721231-3-X." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 39, no. 1 (June 2005): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400047787.

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Movahedi, Siamak. "Weaponization of the body and politicization of death." Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental 12, no. 1 (March 2009): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47142009000100006.

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The paper examines the psychology of martyrdom through the analysis of death speeches, the final letters, wills, and testaments left behind by men in the Middle East who undertook suicidal missions in war. The author maintains that the human body is as much a social object as it is a biological entity, and death is as much a social event as it is a physical happening. The biologically living body may be symbolically dead, and the physically dead person may be more powerful than the living. A communication that a person makes while he or she is anticipating an impending death is an overloaded message, comparable to the first or the last dream in psychoanalysis. It may provide important clues not only to the person's immediate psychic experience, but also to one's characteristic mode of encounter with the object world. Final letters, near-death or suicide notes have a particularly demanding, commanding, and pleading quality. The author finds several modes of communication and metacommunication in the notes: disengaged, abstract, and intimate, each differently conveying their thoughts, fantasies, and relatedness to the world, God, justice, vengeance, death, immortality, loved ones, and enemies.

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Avatkov, V. A., and A. I. Sbitneva. "Transformation of Turkey's Anti-Terrorism Policy under the AKP." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 143–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-3-84-143-174.

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In the era of new challenges and threats, the most dangerous of which has occurred terrorism, the Republic of Turkey becomes one of the key centers of power in the Middle East and pursues the goal to create a regional security architecture around itself as well as to counter various terrorist organizations. The aim of the research is to scrutinize the peculiarities of Ankara's anti-terrorism policy both – inside and outside the country – and its political and legal approaches to understanding the phenomenon of terrorism and methods of its combating.The study of Russia and Turkey's aspects of interaction is of particular importance. This issue seems to be especially relevant in the scope of strengthening of Russian-Turkish cooperation in recent years including the field of combating terrorism, ensuring global and regional security, and maintaining international stability. As a result of quantitative content analysis of President R.T. Erdogan's public speeches and the use of general scientific research methods, the authors conclude that the fight against terrorist threat, especially the so-called "Kurdish terrorism", is a matter of great importance for the country's leadership. At the same time Turkey's anti-terrorist activity has certain specifics and is characterized by Ankara's desire to lead anti-terrorist missions in different parts of the world and using a predominantly militaristic approach to solving the problem. This approach primarily consists in conducting cross-border anti-terrorist military operations on the neighboring states' territories. However, the military campaigns that have become an integral part of Turkey's anti-terrorism policy in many respects do not contribute to the demolishing of terrorist elements. Instead of that such operations on the contrary become an extra destabilizing factor in the Middle East. Besides that, due to the peculiarities of Turkey's interpretation of the concept of "terrorism" and its policy's implementation, Ankara's foreign anti-terrorism actions in most cases are limited to the realization of its own interests but not to achieving the goals set within the framework of the ongoing campaigns.

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Walker, Joel Thomas. "The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: Encounters with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. By John Joseph. Studies in Christian Mission, vol. 26. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2000. Pp. xii + 290. $94." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 63, no. 2 (April 2004): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422275.

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Choi, Do-Yoon, and Tae-Young Kim. "Study on Developments in the Protection of Expatriates from Terrorist Threats in Africa's Sahel Region." Korean Association for Terrorism Studies 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46350/kats.2024.17.1.122.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the factors behind the change in terrorism in the Sahel region of Africa since COVID-19. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the Global Terrorism Index and the number of deaths due to terrorism have decreased globally. However, the Sahel region in Africa has seen a sharp increase in terrorist attacks and deaths. Over the past few years, the focus of international terrorist organizations has shifted from the Middle East, South Asia, and North Africa to the Sahel, which includes border areas that are relatively difficult for governments to control. The Sahel region has complex security challenges, which have been exacerbated by COVID-19 and are thought to have contributed to the rise in terrorism. Political instability, the decline of democracy, the rise of international terrorist organizations, and new means of attack, such as drones, are some of the factors that have contributed to the rise of terrorism in the Sahel since COVID-19. In order to respond to these threats, the report suggests ways to develop an expatriate protection response system, such as supplementing the expatriate protection crisis management manual, utilizing private security guard capabilities, and establishing anti-drone systems for missions and key facilities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Missions, middle east'

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