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Journal articles on the topic 'Missions, sierra leone'
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1
CUBITT, CHRISTINE. "Responsible reconstruction after war: meeting local needs for building peace." Review of International Studies 39, no. 1 (April 11, 2012): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210512000046.
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AbstractContemporary peacebuilding operations are often mandated to rebuild ‘collapsed’ or weak states and provide unique opportunities for internationals to exert far reaching influence in their reconstruction. The responsibility to help secure peaceful transformations and longer term stability is profound. This article explores the issue of efficacy and propriety in reconstruction programming and draws from field work in Sierra Leone – a rare example of ‘success’ for international partners in peacebuilding missions. The assertion is made that, despite the euphoria over the mission in Sierra Leone, the peacebuilding operations were more about the mechanics of statebuilding than the local politics of building peace, and that there was a distinct disconnect between the policy rhetoric and the policy practice. The argument is put that the pressing local concern of giving citizens a stake in government was not best served in the reconstruction project because the wider and more influential objectives of the peacebuilding mission were about meeting international goals not local aspirations. This reality has come at the cost of exploiting a unique opportunity for creative thinking about the kind of state structures which can better address the main challenges for sustainable peace facing post-war states like Sierra Leone.
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Di Salvatore, Jessica. "Obstacle to Peace? Ethnic Geography and Effectiveness of Peacekeeping." British Journal of Political Science 50, no. 3 (October 8, 2018): 1089–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123418000200.
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AbstractUnder what conditions does peacekeeping reduce one-sided violence in civil wars? This article argues that local sources of violence, particularly ethnic geography, affect peacekeeping effectiveness. Existing studies focus on the features of individual missions, yet curbing one-sided violence also depends on peacekeepers’ capacity to reduce the opportunities and incentives for violence. Moving from the idea that territorial control is a function of ethnic polarization, the article posits that peacekeepers are less effective against one-sided violence where power asymmetries are large (low polarization) because they (1) create incentives for escalation against civilians and (2) are less effective at separating/monitoring combatants. The UN mission in Sierra Leone from 1997 to 2001 is examined to show that UN troops reduce one-sided violence, but their effectiveness decreases as power asymmetries grow.
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Skran, Claudena. "Refugee entrepreneurship and self-reliance: the UNHCR and sustainability in post-conflict Sierra Leone." Journal of Refugee Studies 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 268–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez102.
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Abstract Entrepreneurship has been advocated as a path to self-reliance for refugees, but little scholarship has been produced about refugee entrepreneurs operating in their country of origin during reintegration. In 2003–04, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) implemented a group of ‘entrepreneurial ventures’ in urban and peri-urban locations in Kambia, Sierra Leone. Fifteen years later, 20 per cent of these ventures were still operating—a figure comparable with the success of start-ups in the United States. This paper examines the reasons for the sustainability of some ventures and the limited lifespan of others, using five interrelated metrics: ownership, management, mission and activities, financing and physical capital. It will be argued that, in the start-up phase, the UNHCR had a positive impact on the formation of entrepreneurial ventures by negotiating rules about property rights and credit, and by adopting a bottom-up approach to promote innovation among returnees. In the transition phase, however, the UNHCR’s planned handover to other UN agencies as part of the 4 R’s process largely failed because of inadequate attention to transition funding. In the mature phase, refugee enterprises survived if they could secure property rights to their facilities and adapt their management structures, activities and financing, while still preserving their social missions.
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Iutiaeva, Irina. "ECOWAS as a Provider of Peacekeeping Assistance in Africa." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 58, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-58-1-49-59.
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This article examines the peacekeeping experience of the Economic Community of West African Countries (ECOWAS). It traces the entire evolution of the union in peacekeeping – from the first missions in Liberia and Sierra Leone to the operation in the Gambia. The advantages and disadvantages of the ECOWAS security mechanism, established in 1999, the principles of its peacekeeping activities and the experience of carrying out operations are analyzed. A comprehensive assessment of ECOWAS as a provider of peacekeeping assistance in Africa is given, taking into account the remaining problem areas and objective achievements of the organization in the conflict settlement.
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Schwarz, Suzanne. "'OUR MAD METHODISTS': ABOLITIONISM, METHODISM AND MISSIONS IN SIERRA LEONE IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY." Wesley and Methodist Studies 3 (January 1, 2011): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/42909807.
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Schwarz, Suzanne. "'OUR MAD METHODISTS': ABOLITIONISM, METHODISM AND MISSIONS IN SIERRA LEONE IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY." Wesley and Methodist Studies 3 (January 1, 2011): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/weslmethstud.3.2011.0121.
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Pul, Hippolyt A. S. "Making Me You: The Elusive Missions Of Development And Peace In Liberia And Sierra Leone." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2016.1144991.
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Stanley, Brian. "Andrew Finlay Walls (1928–2021)." International Bulletin of Mission Research 45, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969393211043591.
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Andrew Walls, a pioneering historian of Christian missions, was the architect of the study of World Christianity. Trained as a patristic scholar, he went to Sierra Leone in 1957 to teach at Fourah Bay College. There and at the University of Nsukka in Nigeria (1962–66) he became a student of the growing churches of Africa. At the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh (1966–97), he became a scholar of renown, establishing the Centre for the Study of Christianity in the Non-Western World, and supervising students who became leaders in church and academy. His legacy is preserved in institutions across the globe, a host of articles, and his former students.
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Dwyer, Maggie, and Osman Gbla. "‘The Home Stress’: The Role of Soldiers’ Family Life on Peacekeeping Missions, the Case of Sierra Leone." International Peacekeeping 29, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2021.1996237.
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Gizelis, Theodora-Ismene. "A Country of their Own: Women and Peacebuilding." Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 5 (November 2011): 522–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894211418412.
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Research on women and post-conflict reconstruction tends to focus primarily on women as victims and passive targets for aid rather than conceptualizing peacebuilding as a process where greater participation by women may help increase the prospects for success. Here, I argue that women’s social status is a dimension of social capital that is largely independent of general economic development. Societies and communities where women enjoy a relatively higher status have greater prospects for successful peacebuilding, as cooperation by the local population with peacebuilding policies and activities increases. Thus, in the presence of a UN-led peacebuilding operation, women’s status has a direct and independent impact on post-conflict reconstruction. The theoretical claims are empirically assessed by looking at variation in levels of cooperation and conflict during the UN peacebuilding missions within the countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia.
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Drozd, Daria. "The participation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the peacekeeping operations." Міжнародні відносини, суспільні комунікації та регіональні студії, no. 2 (6) (October 31, 2019): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2524-2679-2019-02-05-16.
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The main historical and contemporary participation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in peacekeeping operations are described. The key notions of peacekeeping are defined showing this definition as the main rational tool for preventing and resolving disputes, threats, conflicts at the national, regional and global levels is the modern peacekeeping system. The main laws of Ukraine concerning peacekeeping operations are characterized with defining objectives for these operations.The attention is focused on the Ukraine’s participation in different international peacekeeping operations including 26 operations which ended and 8 ongoing operations. An important aspect of Ukraine’s participation in peacekeeping on the African continent is its coordinated actions with the United Nations on the diplomatic settlement of conflicts and the adherence to official statements regarding them.Peacekeeping missions are currently operating in Liberia, Congo, Sierra Leone, Sudan (Darfur and Juba) and other African countries. In particular, these are peacekeeping missions such as: the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), the UN Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI), the African Union – United Nations Operation in Darfur (UNAUMID), the UN peacekeeping operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), demilitarization and peacekeeping in the disputed area of Abyei (UNISFA), the UN Mission in the Republic of Southern Sudan (UNMISS), UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSCA).Ukrainian peacekeeping potential is analysed. Participation of the armed forces of Ukraine in peacekeeping operations of the United Nations is one of the priority foreign policy tasks of our state, successful implementation of which positively influences strengthening of the national authority of Ukraine, promotes development of cooperation with Euro-Atlantic and regional security structures and has an exceptional significance for the national interests of our country. Ukraine claims to be a full-fledged subject of international relations, increases its credibility and demonstrates a peaceful policy.
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Eze, Chukwuemeka B. "The Role of csos in Promoting Human Rights Protection, Mass Atrocities Prevention, and Civilian Protection in Armed Conflicts." Global Responsibility to Protect 8, no. 2-3 (May 24, 2016): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00803009.
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The West Africa region is arguably the most turbulent region in Africa; from the civil wars of Liberia and Sierra Leone to the political disputes in Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Guinea Bissau and recently Mali; the region has hosted the highest numbers of the United Nations (un) peacekeeping missions with mixed results. While the responsibility of peace, security and ensuring human protection resides with governments, Civil Society Organizations (csos) have demonstrated their capacity to complement government’s efforts in peace and security; and political leadership across the world has come to realise the strength of csos in anticipating, preventing and resolving conflicts because of their in-depth knowledge of context and expertise in working closely with communities. This paper assesses the contributions of csos towards the promotion of human rights protection, mass atrocities prevention and civilian protection in conflict-affected areas in West Africa; and argues for continued involvement of csos in human protection.
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Gadler, Alice. "The Protection of Peacekeepers and International Criminal Law: Legal Challenges and Broader Protection." German Law Journal 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 585–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018745.
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The concern for the safety and security of personnel involved in peacekeeping missions has grown in the last two decades, mainly because of the increased risks deriving from deployment in volatile environments and mandates comprising multiple tasks. This article provides an overview of the developments of international law regarding the protection of peacekeepers, with a special focus on international criminal law and its role in enhancing the safety of the personnel and objects involved in peacekeeping missions. Indeed, starting in 2008, international and hybrid tribunals have issued their first decisions and judgments against individuals indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with attacks against peacekeepers.After an analysis of the legal regimes established by the 1994 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel and by international humanitarian law, the article examines the relevant international criminal law provisions and their application and interpretation by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the International Criminal Court. It is argued that the application of the specific war crime of attacking peacekeepers, introduced for the first time in the Rome Statute in 1998, presents particular challenges, but it has also led to the punishment of a broader range of offences against peacekeepers. Furthermore, the application of this crime may contribute to the broadening of the range of punishable offences under the more general war crime of attacking civilians, thus leading to the enhancement of the protection of civilians.
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Iutiaeva, Irina R. "Cooperation between the UN and ECOWAS in the field of peacekeeping." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080019652-4.
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Recently, the UN has been increasingly cooperating with regional organizations in solving African security problems. Among the most reliable partners in this area is the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The purpose of this work is to analyze the dynamics of cooperation between these organizations and to identify the factors that determine the effectiveness of their joint work. This study presents an analysis of the joint peacekeeping experience of ECOWAS and the UN in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea-Bissau. In each case, special attention is paid to the format of interaction between the regional mission and the “Blue helmets” one. In particular, the author aims at identifying the most commonly used scheme of cooperation. The author states that over the past three decades, the UN has moved from small-scale operations implemented in parallel with ECOWAS efforts to full-fledged missions deployed after the ECOWAS forces have paved the way for peacekeeping. This scheme allows full use of the comparative advantages of the two organizations. ECOWAS forces are efficient at the initial stage of the conflict, when prompt intervention is needed to minimize humanitarian losses. “Blue helmets”, in turn, are most useful when the parties to the conflict manage to reach an agreement on a ceasefire. Particular attention in the study is paid to the role of the leader among the contributing countries. It seems that further studies of the driving forces of regional operations will be useful in terms of strategic planning of UN peacekeeping activities.
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Sarkin, Jeremy. "The Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention in Africa." Global Responsibility to Protect 2, no. 4 (2010): 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x519543.
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AbstractThis essay investigates the connection between humanitarian intervention and R2P within an historical, legal, and conceptual context. It challenges the widely held view that Africa lacks the capacity to intervene in areas of conflict and human rights violations, arguing instead that the continent possesses the will and instruments to protect human rights. The author notes that, while the UN Security Council retains the primary responsibility for promoting global peace and security, the R2P norm remains contested even within the UN. The ECOWAS interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone in the 1990s were initially undertaken without UN approval, but were later sanctioned by the world body. These interventions undermined the idea of state sovereignty as independence from external interventions, which had previously constrained humanitarian missions in Africa. However, the essay argues that the R2P principle was boosted by the establishment of the International Criminal Court in 2002 to prosecute persons suspected of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and/or genocide. In addition, the intervention clause in the AU's Constitutive Act of 2000 supports the R2P principle while prohibiting unilateral interventions. Notwithstanding these developments, the author notes that the AU and Africa's regional bodies still have a long way to go in translating the R2P doctrine into practice.
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Ojakorotu, Victor, and Adewole Ayodeji Adeleke. "Nigeria and Conflict Resolution in the Sub-regional West Africa: The Quest for a Regional Hegemon?" Insight on Africa 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087817735386.
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The role of Nigeria in conflict resolution and peacekeeping efforts in Africa and other parts of the world cannot be overemphasised. The country has contributed more than 200,000 soldiers to peacekeeping missions around the world since independence. These efforts have earned it much respect in the council of nations and the recognition as being the ‘giant of Africa’. Also, Nigeria has been regarded as a ‘regional hegemon’ by some scholars because of its population size, comparatively large economic and human resources, and a bigger and well-equipped armed forces, equal in numerical strength to the armed forces of all the other countries in West Africa combined. The country played a very important role at spearheading the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in the 1990s. It has contributed the highest fund in defraying the costs of ECOMOG deployment to Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Cote d’Ivoire and Mali. This study analyses the hegemonic tendencies of Nigeria in the sub-region of West Africa. It argues that although the country is the most populous and the biggest economy in the sub-region but it does not possess the military, economic and the international support to function as a hegemonic power in West Africa.
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Crowder, Michael. "World War II and Africa: Introduction." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (October 1985): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028747.
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Until the late 1970s the impact of the two world wars on Africa was a comparatively neglected area of its colonial history. In 1977 the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London drew attention to this neglect by organizing a symposium on the first of these two wars. A selection of the papers presented at that symposium was published in a special issue of this Journal in 1978. This proved to be a landmark in the study of the history of the First World War in Africa, which has since received much scholarly attention. By contrast, a survey written a few years ago of the Second World War in Africa could make relatively little use of original research. In 1983, however, the Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, Brussels, published a large collection of papers on the Belgian Congo in the Second World War, and in 1984 Richard Rathbone and David Killingray organized a further conference at S.O.A.S. on the impact on Africa of the Second World War. This elicited over thirty papers by scholars from Africa, Europe and North America; they not only provided extensive geographical coverage but also represented a wide variety of interests: political, economic, social and cultural. The conference organizers have since edited a selection of these papers in book form: the topics range from the impact of the war on labour in Sierra Leone to relations between the colonial government and Christian missions in southern Cameroons.
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Hair, P. E. H. "Franciscan Missionaries and the 1752 `Donation of Sierra Leone'." Journal of Religion in Africa 30, no. 4 (2000): 408–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006600x00393.
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AbstractThe Franciscan mission to western Guinea between the 1660s and the late eighteenth century operated, from its Bissau centre, a 'Mission to Sierra Leone', whose priests occasionally reached the territory of modern Sierra Leone. Contact was made with the Afro-Portuguese resident in the Sierra Leone estuary, particularly with the Lopes family, and in 1752 a leading member was encouraged to make a 'Donation of Sierra Leone' to the Portuguese crown. This had little meaning and no effect. Hardly anything else is known about the local missionary activities, partly because of the decay of the general mission, but scraps of information about the Catholicism of the Afro-Portuguese appear in Portuguese and English sources.
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Ojo, Olatunji. "Beyond Diversity: Women, Scarification, and Yoruba Identity." History in Africa 35 (January 2008): 347–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0015.
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On 18 March 1898 Okolu, an Ijesa man, accused Otunba of Italemo ward, Ondo of seizing and enslaving his sister Osun and his niece. Both mother and daughter, enslaved by the Ikale in 1894, had fled from their master in 1895, but as they headed toward Ilesa, the accused seized them. Osun claimed the accused forced her to become his wife, “hoe a farm,” and marked her daughter's face with one deep, bold line on each cheek. Otunba denied the slavery charge, claiming he only “rescued [Osun] from Soba who was taking her away [and] took her for wife.” Itoyimaki, a defense witness, supported the claim that Osun was not Otunba's slave. In his decision, Albert Erharhdt, the presiding British Commissioner, freed the captives and ordered the accused to pay a fine of two pounds. In addition to integrating Osun through marriage, the mark conferred on her daughter a standard feature of Ondo identity. Although this case came up late in the nineteenth century, it represents a trend in precolonial Yorubaland whereby marriages and esthetics served the purpose of ethnic incorporation.Studies on the roots of African ethnic identity consciousness have concentrated mostly on the activities of outsiders, usually Euro-American Christian missions, repatriated ex-slaves, and Muslims, whose ideas of nations as geocultural entities were applied to various African groups during the era of the slave trade and, more intensely, under colonialism. For instance, prior to the late nineteenth century, the people now called Yoruba were divided into multiple opposing ethnicities. Ethnic wars displaced millions of people, including about a million Yoruba-speakers deported as slaves to the Americas, Sierra Leone, and the central Sudan, mostly between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries.
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van der Lijn, Jaïr. "Success and Failure of UN Peacekeeping Operations: UNMIS in Sudan." Journal of International Peacekeeping 14, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2010): 27–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541110x12592205205612.
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Some UN peacekeeping operations are generally regarded as a success, e.g. El Salvador, Sierra Leone and Mozambique. Other missions are seen as obvious failures, such as Rwanda and Somalia. Not only do these mixed results justify research into the question “do peacekeeping operations actually contribute to durable peace?”, but both academic scholars and policy makers also try to identify factors explaining these differences. In earlier research, factors for success and failure were distilled from literature to explain the differing contributions of UN peacekeeping operations. After further research on the cases of Rwanda, Mozambique, El Salvador and Cambodia nine factors for success and failure were identified. According to these nine factors the probability that a peacekeeping operation makes a positive contribution to durable peace increases if: 1) the parties are sincere and willing to cooperate with the implementation of the operation; 2) the operation is able to provide a sufficient sense of security to the parties; 3) the operation has sufficient attention to the causes of the conflict both in depth and in breadth; 4) the operation receives co-operation from important outside actors and parties; 5) the operation is deployed timely and at the right time; 6) the operation is implemented by competent personnel under competent leadership, and with clear command structures; 7) the operation is part of a long term approach; 8) the ‘policy tools’ implemented in the operation are coordinated within the operation, as well as externally; and 9) the operation provides ‘ownership’. The questions addressed in this paper are: a) to what extent does UNMIS meet these different factors for success and failure for UN peacekeeping operations?; and b) to what extent does this picture match the image that results from a review of the North-South conflict and peace process, the role of UNMIS, and an analysis of the extent of durable peace? The answers to these two questions allow more insight into the chances for success or failure of UNMIS and provide further knowledge on factors for success and failure of UN peacekeeping operations.
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Subba, Kamala. "Short Review of Health Care Activities in Sierra Leone during UN Peace Keeping Mission." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 5 (December 1, 2002): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v5i0.21395.
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Mouser, Bruce. "Origins of Church Missionary Society Accommodation to Imperial Policy: The Sierra Leone Quagmire and the Closing of the Susu Mission, 1804-17." Journal of Religion in Africa 39, no. 4 (2009): 375–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002242009x12537559494278.
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AbstractA series of events in 1807 changed the mission of the early Church Missionary Society in Sierra Leone from one that was designed initially and solely to spread the Christian message in the interior of West Africa to one that included service to the Colony of Sierra Leone. Before 1807, the Society had identified the Susu language as the appointed language to be used in its conversion effort, and it intended to establish an exclusively Susu Mission—in Susu Country and independent of government attachment—that would prepare a vanguard of African catechists and missionaries to carry that message in the Susu language. In 1807, however, the Society's London-based board and the missionaries then present at Sierra Leone made a strategic shift of emphasis to accept government protection and support in return for a bargain of government service, while at the same time continuing with earlier and independent goals of carrying the message of Christianity to native Africans. That choice prepared the Society and its missionaries within a decade to significantly increase the Society's role in Britain's attempt to bring civilization, commerce and Christianity to the continent, and to do it within the confines of imperial policy.
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Sloan, James. "Peacekeepers under Fire: Prosecuting the RUF for Attacks against the UN Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 9, no. 2 (2010): 243–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180310x518352.
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AbstractIn the “RUF case”, the Special Court for Sierra Leone considered charges brought against senior officials of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in relation, inter alia, to a series of notorious attacks against the UN Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) in May 2000. In finding the accused guilty of certain of the crimes charged, the Trial Chamber relied heavily on single-source evidence, hearsay evidence and circumstantial evidence. The Trial Chamber addressed a number of difficult factual and legal issues relating to the definition of peacekeeping and the status of robust peacekeepers for the first time; however, not all such findings appear to have been accurately grounded in fact and law.
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Nkansah, Lydia Apori. "Restorative Justice in Transitional Sierra Leone." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 1, no. 1 (June 21, 2011): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v1i1.695.
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Intense debate surrounds truth commissions as to their mission, perceived roles and outcomes. This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of truth commissions in post-conflict settings. It examines the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) for Sierra Leone, the first truth commission to be engaged concurrently with a retributive mechanism, the Special Court for Sierra Leone for transitional justice. The study finds that the TRC provided an opening for conversation in Sierra Leonean communities to search for the meanings of truth about the conflict. In this way the communities simultaneously created an understanding of the situation and set reconciliation directions and commitment from the process of creative conversation. This notwithstanding, the TRC did not have the needed public cooperation because the people were not sure the war was over and feared that their assailants could harm them if they disclosed the truth to the TRC. The presence of the Special Court also created tensions and fears rendering the transitional environment unfriendly to the reconciliation and truth telling endeavors of the TRC. The study has implications for future truth commissions in that the timing for post-conflict reconciliation endeavors should take into consideration the state of the peace equilibrium of the societies involved. It should also be packaged for harmonious existence in a given transitional contexts, particularly where it will coexist with a retributive mechanism.
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Fitz, Don. "Cuba's Medical Mission." Monthly Review 67, no. 9 (February 6, 2016): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-067-09-2016-02_6.
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<div class="bookreview">John M. Kirk, <em>Health Care without Borders: Understanding Cuban Medical Internationalism</em> (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2015), 376 pages, $79.95, hardback.</div>When the Ebola virus began to spread through western Africa in fall 2014, much of the world panicked. Soon, over 20,000 people were infected, more than 8,000 had died, and worries mounted that the death toll could reach into hundreds of thousands. The United States provided military support; other countries promised money. Cuba was the first nation to respond with what was most needed: it sent 103 nurses and 62 doctors as volunteers to Sierra Leone. With 4,000 medical staff (including 2,400 doctors) already in Africa, Cuba was prepared for the crisis before it began: there had already been nearly two dozen Cuban medical personnel in Sierra Leone.… Since many governments did not know how to respond to Ebola, Cuba trained volunteers from other nations at Havana's Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine. In total, Cuba taught 13,000 Africans, 66,000 Latin Americans, and 620 Caribbeans how to treat Ebola without being infected. It was the first time that many had heard of Cuba's emergency response teams.… The Ebola experience is one of many covered in John Kirk's new book <em>Health Care without Borders: Understanding Cuban Medical Internationalism</em>.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-9" title="Vol. 67, No. 9: February 2016" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>
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Fang, Li-Qun, Yang Yang, Jia-Fu Jiang, Hong-Wu Yao, David Kargbo, Xin-Lou Li, Bao-Gui Jiang, et al. "Transmission dynamics of Ebola virus disease and intervention effectiveness in Sierra Leone." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (March 28, 2016): 4488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518587113.
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Sierra Leone is the most severely affected country by an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa. Although successfully contained, the transmission dynamics of EVD and the impact of interventions in the country remain unclear. We established a database of confirmed and suspected EVD cases from May 2014 to September 2015 in Sierra Leone and mapped the spatiotemporal distribution of cases at the chiefdom level. A Poisson transmission model revealed that the transmissibility at the chiefdom level, estimated as the average number of secondary infections caused by a patient per week, was reduced by 43% [95% confidence interval (CI): 30%, 52%] after October 2014, when the strategic plan of the United Nations Mission for Emergency Ebola Response was initiated, and by 65% (95% CI: 57%, 71%) after the end of December 2014, when 100% case isolation and safe burials were essentially achieved, both compared with before October 2014. Population density, proximity to Ebola treatment centers, cropland coverage, and atmospheric temperature were associated with EVD transmission. The household secondary attack rate (SAR) was estimated to be 0.059 (95% CI: 0.050, 0.070) for the overall outbreak. The household SAR was reduced by 82%, from 0.093 to 0.017, after the nationwide campaign to achieve 100% case isolation and safe burials had been conducted. This study provides a complete overview of the transmission dynamics of the 2014−2015 EVD outbreak in Sierra Leone at both chiefdom and household levels. The interventions implemented in Sierra Leone seem effective in containing the epidemic, particularly in interrupting household transmission.
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Chawla, Shalini. "United Nations mission in Sierra Leone: A search for peace." Strategic Analysis 24, no. 9 (December 2000): 1745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700160008455316.
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Kalesnik, Frank. "Operation Barras: The SAS Rescue Mission, Sierra Leone 2000 (review)." Journal of Military History 69, no. 4 (2005): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2005.0236.
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Bangura, Mohamed. "Socio-Legal Inquiry of Intellectual Property Law and the Neocolonised Legal Profession in Freetown, Sierra Leone." International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 4, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2022.4.2.14.
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The social task facing the Freetown, Sierra Leone legal profession requires that such a professional field should be made to metamorphose and expand in line with its growing demands and expectation. This makes Intellectual Property Law an essential relation of the Neocolonised Legal Profession in Freetown, Sierra Leone. An exploration of the socio-legal approach to the relationship between intellectual property law and the Neocolonised legal professional law in Freetown is, in plain terms, highly complex. This complexity is occasioned by the very absence, very weak theoretical construct, limited attention to creativity and novelty of Intellectual Property law as a discipline and Intellectual Property Lawyers as legal practitioners. This paper is based on the main objective of examining the sociological nature of Intellectual Property Law and the operation of the Neocolonised legal profession within the framework of society. In the methodology of this paper, respondents (163) were judgementally selected, examined the socio-legal inquiry strategically on the linkage between Intellectual Property Law and the Neocolonised legal professional law and assessed its relevance and contributions to Freetown municipal income and social growth. The data analysis draws into focus the sociological inquiry on the linkage between Intellectual Property Law and the Neocolonised legal professional law in Freetown, Sierra Leone and how both of them reinforce each other in the singular sociological mission of serving society and humanity. The findings distinguish Intellectual Property Law as both a distinct and independent field of socio-legal scholarship, filling the socio-legal lacuna in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and augment national economic growth. The paper concludes that there is a very weak linkage between Intellectual Property Law and the Neocolonised legal professional law in Freetown, Sierra Leone; The lack of a deeper understanding of Intellectual Property Law and the fact that very little attention is accorded to it by the national government and other key socio-legal actors. The researcher, therefore, recommends that there is a need for an effort to employ a comprehensive conception of law that will foster a pluralistic framework; legal pluralism should incorporate all shades of law, including Intellectual Property Law.
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Spaling, Harry, and Annette Tensen. "Word And Deed Among The Krim In Sierra Leone: Integrated Mission Or Mission Impossible?" Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 11, no. 2 (April 1994): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026537889401100210.
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Abubakar, Mohammed. "The cost and benefit of Nigerias peace mission in Sierra Leone." African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpsir2015.0811.
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Ciftci, Dilan. "Sierra Leone: Critical Discussion on Conflict Resolution and the United Nation Mission." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 26 (January 5, 2019): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.26.2.
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Strickrodt, Silke. "African Girls' Samplers from Mission Schools in Sierra Leone (1820s to 1840s)." History in Africa 37 (2010): 189–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0027.
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In an article in this journal almost fifteen years ago, Colleen Kriger discussed the reluctance of historians of Africa to use objects as sources in their research. She pointed to the rich reservoir of objects “made by African hands” in museum collections around the world, which lies virtually untapped by historians. However, she also noted that while objects are “unusually eloquent remnants from the past,” they are problematic sources, presenting “special difficulties in evaluation and interpretation.”The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the existence of a number of embroidery samplers that were stitched by African girls in mission schools in the British colony of Sierra Leone in the period from the 1820s to the 1840s. So far, I have found thirteen of these samplers, which are preserved in a number of archival, private and museum collections in Europe and the USA. To historians, these pieces of needlework are of interest because they were generated by a group of people for whom we do not usually have first-hand documentary material. Moreover, they represent the direct material traces of the activity of the girls who made them, and thus appear to offer the possibility of an emphatic insight into their experience.However, these “textile documents” present serious problems of interpretation. What exactly can they be expected to tell the modern historian? In particular, how far, in fact, do they express the perspectives of the African girls who made them, as distinct from the European missionaries who directed their work? Careful source criticism and an examination of the purpose for which they were produced will help to clarify these issues.
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OKOLIE-OSEMENE, James. "SIERRA LEONE: MAPPING THE DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILISATION-REMOBILISATION AND REINTEGRATION OF EX-COMBATANTS. PROSPECTS FOR SUSTAINABLE PEACE." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 34 (January 5, 2021): 20–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.34.2.
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Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes are necessary in states that experience armed conflict. Several post-conflict societies are usually characterised by the activities of individuals who undermine state-building efforts and prefer to work against joint problem solving aimed at sustaining peace. The study explores the change and continuity in the DDR programme and prospects for sustainable peace in Sierra Leone. With primary and secondary sources, including key informant interview with a former Minister, the paper responds to these questions: To what extent did remobilisation undermine peace agreements? How were the weapons and ex-combatants controlled by the government? What were the lessons and challenges of the DDR programme? How are the stakeholders sustaining post-DDR peace at the community level? The success of the state-building was occasioned by the joint problem-solving approach adopted by the National Committee for Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (NCDDR), ECOMOG troops, the UN Observer Mission in Sierra Leon, and other stakeholders at the community level. This paper stresses that the remobilisation of ex-combatants increased the intensity of the war which necessitated more external intervention to create enabling environment for state-building and security sector reforms. Sustaining peace in Sierra Leone demands continuous empowerment of youths and their active involvement in informal peace education. Post-DDR peacebuilding should be more youth-focused and development-oriented to prevent the resurgence of armed conflicts. Keywords:DDR, Ex-combatants, Peace agreement, Remobilisation, State building.
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Magaziner, Daniel R. "Removing the Blinders and Adjusting the View: A Case Study from Early Colonial Sierra Leone." History in Africa 34 (2007): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2007.0011.
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Mende raiders caught Mr. Goodman, “an educated young Sierra Leonean clerk,” at Mocolong, where he “was first tortured by having his tongue cut out, and then being decapitated.” His was a brutal fate, not unlike those which befell scores of his fellow Sierra Leoneans in the spring of 1898. Others were stripped of their Europeanstyle clothes and systematically dismembered, leaving only mutilated bodies strewn across forest paths or cast into rivers. Stories of harrowing escapes and near-death encounters circulated widely. Missionary stations burned and trading factories lost their stocks to plunder. Desperate cries were heard in Freetown. Send help. Send gun-boats. Send the West India Regiment. Almost two years after the British had legally extended their control beyond the colony of Sierra Leone, Mende locals demonstrated that colonial law had yet to win popular assent.In 1898 Great Britain fought a war of conquest in the West African interior. To the northeast of the Colony, armed divisions pursued the Temne chief Bai Bureh's guerrilla fighters through the hot summer months, while in the south the forest ran with Mende “war-boys,” small bands of fighters who emerged onto mission stations and trading factories, attacked, and then vanished. Mr. Goodman had had the misfortune to pursue his living among the latter. In the north, Bai Bureh fought a more easily definable ‘war,’ a struggle which pitted his supporters against imperial troops and other easily identified representatives of the colonial government. No reports of brutalities done to civilians ensued. In the south, however, Sierra Leoneans and missionaries, both men and women, joined British troops and officials on the casualty rolls.
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Richards, Paul. "Public authority and its demons: the Sherbro leopard murders in Sierra Leone." Africa 91, no. 2 (February 2021): 226–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972021000048.
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AbstractDemonization is a widespread aspect of political discourse. We are familiar with the demonization of Brussels bureaucrats as a tool for pursuing the British exit from the European Union, and we take stories about the compulsory straightening of bananas with a pinch of salt, however frustrating it might be that some disaffected voters choose to accept these canards as true. But somehow, stories about the demonic in Africa have been accorded much greater ontological respect, not only by colonial powers keen to boost their own legitimacy through claims to a civilizing mission, but also by anthropologists anxious to understand their informants’ imaginative concerns, perhaps without fully appreciating the political craft or guile with which these discourses are invested. In seeking to void the charge of delusion, an empathetic reading of demonization risks missing the strategic significance of mythic interventions intended to extract political advantage. This article examines an instance of mythic creativity in the politics of late nineteenth-century interior Sierra Leone as an example of the stagecraft sometimes implicit in African public authority. The case is that of the human leopard, an avatar of commercially compromised chieftaincy. The article asks whether the alleged activities of these leopards were the straight bananas of a certain form of anti-colonial political resistance. In a concluding discussion, some consequences for understanding current forms and practices of local public authority are inferred.
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Mouser, Nancy Fox. "Peter Hartwig, 1804-1808: Sociological Perspectives in Marginality and Alienation." History in Africa 31 (2004): 263–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003491.
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All social groups make rules and attempt, at some times and under some circumstances, to enforce them. Social rules define situations and the kinds of behavior appropriate to them, specifying some actions as “right” and forbidding others as “wrong.” When a rule is enforced, the person who is supposed to have broken it may be seen as a special kind of person, one who cannot be trusted to live by the rules agreed on by the group. He is regarded as an outsider.But the person who is thus labeled an outsider may have a different view of the matter. He may not accept the rule by which he is being judged and may not regard those who judge him as either competent or legitimately entitled to do so. Hence, a second meaning of the term emerges: the rule-breaker may feel his judges are outsiders.Peter Hartwig was a German seminarian recruited by the Church Missionary Society in 1803 to serve as one of its first two missionaries in Africa. He was sent to Freetown, a settlement established for Africans and people of African descent who had returned to Africa from Britain and the Americas. Hartwig was to reside at Freetown temporarily and to be supervised while there by a locally-based Corresponding Committee composed of Sierra Leone Company officials. The Society directed that, after a year's residence in Sierra Leone, Hartwig and his fellow recruit Melchior Renner would establish a mission among Susu peoples north of Freetown, where they were to convert indigenous Africans to Christianity. Hartwig, however, failed to meet the Society's expectations, violated the norms of the Corresponding Committee that the Society had established at Freetown to guide mission progress, and left the Society's service within three years of reaching the coast. He seemingly had become unable to adjust to changing realities, a wrongdoer and a moral example to other missionaries of what to avoid becoming.3 How are we to interpret his failure from a sociological perspective?
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Kolapo, Femi J. "The 1858–1859 Gbebe Journal of CMS Missionary James Thomas." History in Africa 27 (January 2000): 159–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172112.
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James Thomas, whose journal is transcribed and appended to this introduction, was a ‘native agent’ of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) at Gbebe and Lokoja at the confluence of the Niger-Benue rivers between 1858 and 1879. A liberated slave who had been converted to Christianity in Sierra Leone, he enlisted in the service of the CMS Niger Mission headed by Rev. Samuel A. Crowther. Thomas was kidnapped around 1832 from Ikudon in northeast Yoruba, near the Niger-Benue confluence. He lived in Sierra Leone for twenty-five years before returning as a missionary to his homeland.Gbebe was an important mid-nineteenth-century river port on the Lower Niger. It was located on the east bank of the Niger, a mile below its confluence with the Benue, and about 300 miles from the Atlantic. Aboh, Onitsha, Ossomari, Asaba, Idah, and Lokoja were other famous mid-nineteenth century Lower Niger towns. From an 1841 estimated base of about 1,500, its population rose to about 10,000 by 1859. Contemporary exploration and trading reports by W. B. Baikie, S. Crowther, T. Hutchinson, and J. Whitford indicate that the town occupied an important place in the commercial life of the region.However, little is known about the town's sociopolitical structures and processes, and still less is known about its relationship with its neighbors. Hence the internal sociopolitical and economic basis for the settlement's economic role in the region is largely unresearched. The reports of James Thomas, Simon Benson Priddy, and Charles Paul, CMS missionaries resident in the town for several years, contain evidence that would be useful for such an endeavor.
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Ross, Emma. "Command and control of Sierra Leone's Ebola outbreak response: evolution of the response architecture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1721 (April 10, 2017): 20160306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0306.
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Management, coordination and logistics were critical for responding effectively to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone, and the duration of the epidemic provided a rare opportunity to study the management of an outbreak that endured long enough for the response to mature. This qualitative study examines the structures and systems used to manage the response, and how and why they changed and evolved. It also discusses the quality of relationships between key responders and their impact. Early coordination mechanisms failed and the President took operational control away from the Ministry of Health and Sanitation and established a National Ebola Response Centre, headed by the Minister of Defence, and District Ebola Response Centres. British civilian and military personnel were deeply embedded in this command and control architecture and, together with the United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response lead, were the dominant coordination partners at the national level. Coordination, politics and tensions in relationships hampered the response, but as the response mechanisms matured, coordination improved and rifts healed. Simultaneously setting up new organizations, processes and plans as well as attempting to reconcile different cultures, working practices and personalities in such an emergency was bound to be challenging. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.
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Johnston, Peter F., Samba Jalloh, Vennila Padmanaban, Rolando G. Valenzuela, Ashley Tran, Adam D. Fox, and Ziad C. Sifri. "Teaching Basic Bleeding Control in Sierra Leone during a Short-Term Surgical Mission: A Unique Opportunity to “Stop the Bleed”." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 227, no. 4 (October 2018): e154-e155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.08.421.
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Okulate, G. T., and O. B. E. Jones. "Post-traumatic stress disoder, survivor guilt and substance use - a study of hospitalised Nigerian army veterans." South African Journal of Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v12i1.53.
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<p><strong>Objectives.</strong> To investigate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and survivor guilt in a sample of hospitalised soldiers evacuated from the Liberian and Sierra-Leonean wars in which Nigerians were involved as peace keepers. The relationships between PTSD, survivor guilt and substance use were also investigated.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Design.</strong> A socio-demographic data questionnaire, the PTSD checklist and a validated World Health Organization substance use survey instrument were used to obtain data from the subjects. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Setting.</strong> The study took place at the 68 Nigerian Army Reference Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, which was the base hospital for all casualties from the Liberian and Sierra- Leonean operations. Subjects. All hospitalised patients from the military operations during a 4-year period (1990 - 1994) who were physically capable of being assessed were included in the study. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results.</strong> The prevalence rate for PTSD was found to be 22% and survivor guilt was found in 38% of the responders. PTSD was significantly associated with long duration of stay in the mission area, current alcohol use, lifetime use of an alcohol/gunpowder mixture, and lifetime cannabis use. Survivor guilt was significantly associated with avoidance of trauma-related stimuli but not duration of combat exposure. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> Although the sample studied was specific, PTSD might be quite common and probably undetected among Nigerian military personnel engaged in battle in Liberia and Sierra-Leone. Detection of such persons through deliberate screening in military community studies should help to alleviate the symptoms since good intervention methods are now available. Primary prevention efforts with regard to alcohol and cannabis use should help to reduce the incidence of PTSD.</p>
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Liu, Chunzi, Huaming Wang, Lin Zhou, Hui Xie, Huiyin Yang, Yanbo Yu, Huayan Sha, Ying Yang, and Xin Zhang. "Sources and symptoms of stress among nurses in the first Chinese anti-Ebola medical team during the Sierra Leone aid mission: A qualitative study." International Journal of Nursing Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 2019): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.007.
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Cotugno, Angela, Virginia Smith, Tracy Baker, and Raghavan Srinivasan. "A Framework for Calculating Peak Discharge and Flood Inundation in Ungauged Urban Watersheds Using Remotely Sensed Precipitation Data: A Case Study in Freetown, Sierra Leone." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 3806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193806.
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As the human population increases, land cover is converted from vegetation to urban development, causing increased runoff from precipitation events. Additional runoff leads to more frequent and more intense floods. In urban areas, these flood events are often catastrophic due to infrastructure built along the riverbank and within the floodplains. Sufficient data allow for flood modeling used to implement proper warning signals and evacuation plans, however, in least developed countries (LDC), the lack of field data for precipitation and river flows makes hydrologic and hydraulic modeling difficult. Within the most recent data revolution, the availability of remotely sensed data for land use/land cover (LULC), flood mapping, and precipitation estimates has increased, however, flood mapping in urban areas of LDC is still limited due to low resolution of remotely sensed data (LULC, soil properties, and terrain), cloud cover, and the lack of field data for model calibration. This study utilizes remotely sensed precipitation, LULC, soil properties, and digital elevation model data to estimate peak discharge and map simulated flood extents of urban rivers in ungauged watersheds for current and future LULC scenarios. A normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) analysis was proposed to predict a future LULC. Additionally, return period precipitation events were calculated using the theoretical extreme value distribution approach with two remotely sensed precipitation datasets. Three calculation methods for peak discharge (curve number and lag method, curve number and graphical TR-55 method, and the rational equation) were performed and compared to a separate Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) analysis to determine the method that best represents urban rivers. HEC-RAS was then used to map the simulated flood extents from the peak discharges and ArcGIS helped to determine infrastructure and population affected by the floods. Finally, the simulated flood extents from HEC-RAS were compared to historic flood event points, images of flood events, and global surface water maximum water extent data. This analysis indicates that where field data are absent, remotely sensed monthly precipitation data from Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) where GPM is the Global Precipitation Mission can be used with the curve number and lag method to approximate peak discharges and input into HEC-RAS to represent the simulated flood extents experienced. This work contains a case study for seven urban rivers in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
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Ragazzoni, Luca, Marta Caviglia, Paolo Rosi, Riccardo Buson, Sara Pini, Federico Merlo, Francesco Della Corte, Matthew Jusu Vandy, Amara Jambai, and Giovanni Putoto. "Designing, Implementing, and Managing a National Emergency Medical Service in Sierra Leone." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, December 1, 2020, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x20001442.
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Abstract Sierra Leone is one of the least developed low-income countries (LICs), slowly recovering from the effects of a devastating civil war and an Ebola outbreak. The health care system is characterized by chronic shortage of skilled human resources, equipment, and essential medicines. The referral system is weak and vulnerable, with 75% of the country having insufficient access to essential health care. Consequently, Sierra Leone has the highest maternal and child mortality rates in the world. This manuscript describes the implementation of a National Emergency Medical Service (NEMS), a project aiming to create the first prehospital emergency medical system in the country. In 2017, a joint venture of Doctors with Africa (CUAMM), Veneto Region, and Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Medicine (CRIMEDIM) was developed to support the Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MOHS) in designing and managing the NEMS system, one of the very few structured, fully equipped, and free-of-charge prehospital service in the African continent. The NEMS design was the result of an in-depth research phase that included a preliminary assessment, literature review, and consultations with key stakeholders and managers of similar systems in other African countries. From May 27, 2019, after a timeframe of six months in which all the districts have been progressively trained and made operational, the NEMS became operative at national level. By the end of March 2020, the NEMS operation center (OC) and the 81 ambulances dispatched on the ground handled a total number of 36,814 emergency calls, 35,493 missions, and 31,036 referrals.
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Cabestan, Jean-Pierre. "China’s response to the 2014–2016 Ebola crisis: Enhancing Africa’s soft security under Sino-US competition." China Information, December 18, 2020, 0920203X2097854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x20978545.
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The 2014–16 Ebola crisis in West Africa was China’s very first opportunity to demonstrate its willingness and ability to play a meaningful role in addressing public health emergencies of international concern. China’s decision to participate in the international response to the outbreak was part of an ambition to enhance its contribution to Africa’s security in general and health security in particular and to exert more influence on global norms. The specific role played by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), especially its Academy of Military Medical Sciences, in Sierra Leone and Liberia is part of an ongoing effort to increase China’s involvement in international humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations. It was the first time that it sent medical military teams to set up and operate infectious disease hospitals overseas. This participation also underscores the PLA’s crucial role in fighting epidemics overseas as well as at home, as the current COVID-19 pandemic illustrates. The Ebola crisis enables us to explore aspects of the PLA’s overseas missions, some of which are humanitarian and others which generally enhance China’s influence as a great power in Africa and in the world in the context of a growing Sino-US strategic competition.
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"Statement by commonwealth ministerial mission to Sierra Leone." Round Table 87, no. 348 (October 1998): 559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358539808454449.
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Tran, Yen, Jennie Jarrett, Scott Gardner, James Fernando, Mark Milliron, and Lisa Hong. "Long-Term Impact of Interprofessional Medical Mission Service Trips in Sierra Leone." Frontiers in Medicine 8 (September 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.742406.
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of capacity-building short-term mission service trips to Sierra Leone on local health education and perspectives.Methods: This was a prospective, mixed-methods study. During three mission trips between June 2017 and December 2019, health professional students taught multiple locally selected patient care-related topics. Local staff completed knowledge questionnaires and were surveyed or interviewed on mission service impact along with the cultural competence of missionaries. Mission team members completed the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) and surveys to determine their cultural competence.Results: After initial education, 90% passed the knowledge questionnaire with at least a 50% and the correct response rate was 57.9 vs. 66.7% after 6 months and 2.5 years, respectively (p = 0.40). Local staff ranked education/training as most valuable (84%) and highly desired (53%). Mean IES score and survey responses of both missionaries and local staff rated mission team cultural competence as average.Conclusions: Education-focused mission trips in Sierra Leone seem to have long-lasting benefits and a positive impact on local staff, though improved intercultural competence is needed.
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"Deaths of ICRC Staff on Mission: Sierra Leone: Two ICRC nurses killed in ambush." International Review of the Red Cross 33, no. 296 (October 1993): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400081985.
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On Friday 27 August 1993, at 10.30 a.m. local time, a convoy of the International Committee of the Red Cross was ambushed near the town of Gorahun in Sierra Leone. During the attack two ICRC nurses, Susanne Buser from Switzerland and Sarah Leomy, a local employee, were killed. Another ICRC nurse, Bernadette Peterhans, was injured.
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Prasojo, Munif, Helda Risman, Joni Widjayanto, Agus Winarna, and Resmanto Widodo Putro. "United Nations Role in Conflict Resolution Process: Case Study in Sierra Leone 1991-2002." Journal of Social and Political Sciences 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.04.02.281.
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The phenomenon of international conflict that occurred after the Cold War opens the United Nations' opportunity to play a more significant role in maintaining international peace and security. UN peacekeeping operations are one form of response to the challenges that arise at this time. This operation is a multidimensional operation that includes peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding activities. The complexity of the conflict in Sierra Leone, West Africa, in the early 90s was caused by poor governance and illegal exploitation of diamonds, resulting in large numbers of civilian casualties and various other problems, such as rising poverty and unemployment increasing numbers of refugees. Given the Sierra Leonean government’s powerlessness in resolving the conflict, the UN, about international organizations, intervened in restoring and achieving peace. In this article, the author tries to analyze the role of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone to resolve Sierra Leone’s internal conflicts in 1994-2005, with activities as a mediator for the warring parties and sending peacekeeping forces in the country. This paper is based on the author’s experience as a Military Observer at Unamsil and literature studies. The U.N./Unamsil played a significant role in resolving the conflict there. This needs to be known and informed to the general public and the military to understand the United Nations’ role better.
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Conteh, Prince Sorie. "The Church in Sierra Leone: Response and Mission during and after Covid-19 Pandemic." E-Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, December 22, 2020, 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.38159/ehass.2020122.
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COVID-19 is the acronymic name for Coronavirus disease which broke out in December 2019. The church as progenitor of care and love, is expected to play a crucial and lasting role in dealing with this pandemic. This paper discusses the church’s spiritual and practical response and mission during and after COVID-19. In terms of the church’s spiritual response and mission, its theology and teachings too should be pragmatic. The church should put in action – by the process of contextualising theology – bringing the gospel to the life-situation of the people. God is not absent in this situation. The church’s belief in a loving God helps to make sense of and cope with the coronavirus outbreak. In terms of the church’s practical response and mission, the church can play a major role in saving lives and reducing illness related to COVID-19 by adhering to the preventive measures and recommendations by the government and health experts. Keywords: Corona Virus (COVID-19), Church mission