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McMillan, R. "The Discovery of Fossil Vertebrates on Missouri's Western Frontier." Earth Sciences History 29, no. 1 (June 8, 2010): 26–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.29.1.j034662534721751.
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Fossil-bearing sites containing predominantly mastodon, Mammut americanum, remains were discovered west of the Mississippi River on the Osage River in Upper Louisiana only a few decades after the discovery by Longueuil of similar remains at Big Bone Lick in Kentucky. The first excavations were conducted in the 1790s by Pierre Chouteau, a fur trader and member of the founding family of St Louis. Chouteau's work was documented by several early travelers, including Georges-Henri-Victor Collot and later by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, among others. It was from Chouteau's excavation that the first mastodon molar from west of the Mississippi River reached Baron Georges Cuvier in Paris, having been sent from Philadelphia by Benjamin Smith Barton. Early nineteenth-century travelers continued to mention the Osage River locality and, by 1816, William Clark displayed fossil specimens in his St Louis Museum. By 1840 the indefatigable fossil collector and museum entrepreneur, Albert C. Koch, began extensive digging in the Osage River basin along with sites in the Bourbeuse River valley and at Kimmswick along the Mississippi River in Missouri. Koch's extensive collection of mastodon bones enabled him to assemble a mounted specimen that he named the Missourium, an exaggerated and poorly reconstructed skeleton that was later identified and properly reassembled by Richard Owen at the British Museum. The specimen was later purchased by the trustees of that museum. The publicity surrounding Koch's work stimulated a veritable ‘bone rush’ to the Osage River in the years preceding the Civil War, with some of the fossils making their way into the collections of the American Philosophical Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Following the Civil War, interest shifted to the Mississippi valley and the Kimmswick site just south of St Louis, where ongoing excavations became an attraction during the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St Louis. C. W. Beehler, a St Louis resident, was responsible for the work, a venture that attracted scientists from the Smithsonian as well as other institutions. While none of the principals in the early exploration of fossil sites in Missouri had scientific training, the fact that their collections were passed on to scientific practitioners in Philadelphia, Washington, Paris, and London contributed to the expanding body of information that aided in the development of the field of vertebrate paleontology.
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Laprairie, Rick. "Toronto’s Cartographic Birth Certificate." Ontario History 110, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 152–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1053510ar.
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This article posits that the earliest map to have ever used the name Toronto as a place is uncovered. Previously unnoticed, the name “Tarontos Lac,” for today’s Lake Simcoe, is on a 1678 map by Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin. His map, “Carte pour servir a l’eclaircissement du Papier Terrier de la Nouvelle France,” is now recognized as Toronto’s cartographic birth certificate. The article describes the map, discusses how the discovery came about and why the name may have gone unnoticed until now. This cartographic study is set in the history of the exploration of the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River. Three other unsigned and undated period maps, often claimed as “Toronto” firsts, are also examined. These claims are dismissed, as revised attributions show them to have been by different cartographers and dated later than originally thought, making Franquelin’s map the oldest. The cartographic genealogy of the name Toronto is traced back through three and a half centuries to its initial appearance on Franquelin’s map.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (November 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1122-0014-jpt.
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Guyana Prepares for Offshore Licensing Round The Guyanese government is preparing to launch its first bidding round for offshore exploration and production of hydrocarbon blocks. New fiscal terms and conditions are being finalized which the country hopes will allow it to gain the maximum economic benefits. The 2022 bidding round, which according to the nation’s Department of Public Information, is expected to be officially launched soon and will be opened for several months to give interested companies sufficient time to prepare their competitive packages and bid to win the available acreages offshore. With the upcoming bidding round the government expects Guyana’s offshore areas to emerge as a potential super basin with over 11 billion BOE discovered to date. The process seeks to ensure the country gets a fairer share of revenues from oil and gas resources through improved fiscal arrangements, as well as safeguard the safety of people and the environment by following international best practices in offshore development. The new round also aims to be competitive with other global energy projects and assure investors of stability, predictability, and security of any investment. The government seeks to balance its developmental agenda with its climate change goals. Ault Drills Successful Smackover Well in Mississippi Ault Energy completed drilling the Harry O’Neal 20-9 No. 1 in Holmes County, Mississippi, and logged productive oil results across multiple pay zones in the Smackover formation. Completion work has begun on the well, and it is expected to be on stream soon. Ault was formed by parent BitNile this past summer to make strategic oil and gas acquisitions. The company obtained participation rights with for the O’Neal No. 1 well and future oil wells when it invested $12 million in Ecoark Holdings in June. Ault Energy exercised its participation right and acquired a 40% working interest in the well, which is the first project in an expected long-term partnership between Ecoark and Ault parent companies White River and BitNile, respectively, with the intention to drill approximately 100 oil wells over 5 years. White River’s next drilling project is expected to be a 14,000-ft-deep vertical oil well in the Wilcox, Austin Chalk, and Tuscaloosa Marine Shale formations in the Coochie oil field in Concordia Parish, Louisiana. White River also plans to drill three consecutive deep vertical drilling projects at approximately 13,000 ft in the Rodessa and Hosston sand formations on the Pisgah Field Lease in Rankin County, Mississippi. Hess Brings Another Llano Well On Stream Hess brought its Llano-6 well in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) on stream. The new well, like the other Llano wells, is tied back to Shell’s Auger facility. Hess is planning increased activity in the Llano area based on the success of Llano-6, quality of the reservoir, and adjacent high-value prospects. Hess holds a 50% interest in the long-producing Llano field, located about 150 miles off the Louisiana coast in the Garden Banks area in an estimated 2,600 ft of water. Shell, the operator, holds a 27.5% interest, and ExxonMobil has the remaining 22.5%. The field was discovered in 1997 and achieved first oil in 2004. Recent seismic reprocessing and analysis confirmed additional development opportunities in the field. Hess expects more high-value opportunities at Llano with wells planned for 2023 and 2024 and is finalizing plans for a year-long drilling campaign starting in early 2023 that will focus on tieback and hub-class opportunities in the GOM. Mubadala Discovers Gas Field Off Malaysia Mubadala Energy and its partners have announced a new gas discovery offshore Malaysia via the Cengkih-1 exploration well in Block SK 320. The exploration well was drilled to a total depth of 1680 m and encountered a 110-m gas column in the Miocene Cycle IV/V pinnacle carbonate reservoirs. The Cengkih-1 well is located nearly 220 km off the Bintulu coast in Sarawak. The discovery is near the Pegaga gas field, also located within Block SK 320. Mubadala Energy and its partners began production from the Pegaga field in March 2022. The Pegaga field has been developed with an integrated central processing platform built to handle throughput of 550 MMcf/D of gas plus condensate. A new pipeline transports gas from the platform into an existing offshore gas network and subsequently to the onshore Petronas LNG Complex. Mubadala Energy is the operator of Block SK 320 with a 55% stake. Partners Petronas and Sarawak Shell hold 25% and 20%, respectively. Petrobras Progresses Sale of Potiguar Basin Assets Petrobras entered the binding phase of the sale of 40% of its stake in the BM-POT-17 exploratory concessions, in which the Pitu well discovery assessment plan is being developed (Blocks POT-M-853 and POT-M-855), and the POT-M-762_R15 concession (Block POT-M-762), located in deep waters in the Potiguar Basin—Equatorial Margin–off the coast of Rio Grande do Norte. Petrobras currently holds a 100% stake in these concessions and will continue as operator of the partnership after the sale. Petrobras said the search for partnership in these assets is aligned with its portfolio management strategy and the improvement of the company’s capital allocation, aiming to maximize value. POT-M-853 and POT-M-855 are exploratory blocks acquired in the 7th Bidding Round of the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) in 2006. Petrobras is conducting the discovery assessment plan for the Pitu well, with a firm commitment to drill an exploratory well (Pitu Oeste) scheduled for 2023. POT-M-762 is an exploratory block acquired in the 15th ANP Bidding Round in 2018. Petrobras plans to drill the Anhangá well between 2023 and 2024. TotalEnergies Sews Up PSA on Oman’s Block 11 TotalEnergies, along with its partners, has signed an Exploration and Production Sharing Agreement (EPSA) with the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) of the Sultanate of Oman for onshore Block 11. The first stage of the EPSA activities will see seismic acquisition in late 2022, with a first exploration well planned to be drilled in 2023. TotalEnergies will hold a 22.5% interest in the block, OQ 10% and Shell with 67.5% will be the operator. Block 11 contains undeveloped discoveries and exploration potential. “Our recent activities in Oman are a demonstration of TotalEnergies’ strategy of transformation into a multi-energy company,” said Laurent Vivier, senior vice president Middle East and North Africa, exploration and production, at TotalEnergies. “Today’s entry into the Block 11 gives us the opportunity to unlock additional potential to meet domestic and export gas demand. It strengthens our strategic relationship with the Sultanate of Oman, as illustrated last December by our entry into the neighboring Block 10 gas concession and the start of construction last July of 17-MW peak solar photovoltaic systems providing power to a desalination plant.” In 2021, TotalEnergies’ production in Oman was 39,000 BOE/D. The operator produces oil in Block 6 (4%), as well as LNG through its participation in the Oman LNG (5.54%)/Qalhat LNG (2.04% via Oman LNG) liquefaction complex with an overall capacity of 10.5 mtpa. In 2021 TotalEnergies signed a concession agreement to develop natural gas resources on the onshore Block 10 (26,55%), with first gas expected in 2023. TotalEnergies also operates exploration Block 12 (80%). India Lets New Contracts Related to Small Discovered Fields, CBM The Indian government has signed contracts for 31 discovered small fields under the third round of bidding, and for four coalbed methane (CBM) blocks under the fifth round of bidding with 14 domestic companies. These blocks have been awarded. Among these blocks, the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) has signed six contracts for discovered small fields, with three each for fields in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. These include four contract areas as sole bidder and two contract areas in partnership with Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. The ONGC has also signed two contracts for CBM fields situated in Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh. Cairn Oil & Gas has signed pacts for eight fields. The third round for discovered small fields was launched by the government in June 2021 where 75 fields were offered under 31 contract areas. The CBM bidding round was launched in September 2021, which concluded at the end of May 2022 with 15 blocks under offer.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (April 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0422-0019-jpt.
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Eni Starts Area 1 Production off Mexico via MODEC FPSO MODEC said first oil has flowed through FPSO MIAMTE MV34 operating in the Offshore Area 1 block in the Bay of Campeche off Mexico. The contractor was appointed by Eni Mexico for the supply, charter, and operation of the FPSO in the Eni-operated Offshore Area 1 block in 2018. The charter contract will run for an initial 15 years, with options for extension every year thereafter up to 5 additional years. Moored in a water depth of approximately 32 m some 10 km off Mexico’s coast, the FPSO is capable of handling 90,000 B/D of oil, 75 MMcf/D of gas, and 120,000 B/D of water injection with a storage capacity of 700,000 bbl of oil. The FPSO boasts a disconnectable tower yoke mooring system, a first-of-its-kind design in the industry. The system was developed to moor the FPSO in shallow water, while also allowing the unit to disconnect its mooring and depart the area to avoid winter storms and hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico. The mooring system was developed by MODEC subsidiary SOFEC Inc. The mooring jacket was fabricated in Altamira, Mexico. Eni Starts Production from Ndungu EP Development Italy’s Eni has started production from the Ndungu Early Production (EP) development in Block 15/06 of the Angolan deep offshore, via the Ngoma FPSO. With an expected production rate in the range of 20,000 B/D, the project will sustain the plateau of the Ngoma, a 100,000-B/D, zero-discharge, and zero-process-flaring FPSO, upgraded in 2021 to minimize emissions. A further exploration and delineation campaign will be performed in Q2 2022 to assess the full potential of the overall assets of Ndungu. Ndungu EP is the third startup achieved by Eni Angola in Block 15/06 in the past 7 months, after Cuica Early Production and the Cabaca North Development Project. Block 15/06 is operated by Eni Angola with a 36.84% share. Sonangol Pesquisa e Produção (36.84%) and SSI Fifteen Ltd. (26.32%) comprise the rest of the joint venture. Aramco Discovers Natural Gas in Four Regions Saudi Aramco has discovered natural gas fields in four regions of the kingdom, the Saudi Press Agency (SPA) reported, citing Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman. The fields were found in the Empty Quarter desert located in the central area of the kingdom, near its northern border and in the eastern region, he said, according to SPA. Saudi Arabia wants to increase gas production and boost the share of natural gas in its energy mix to meet growing electricity consumption and to make more crude available for export. The minister said an unspecified number of fields were discovered and he mentioned five by name: Shadoon, in the central region; Shehab and Shurfa, in the Empty Quarter in the southeastern region; Umm Khansar, near the northern border with Iraq; and Samna in the eastern region. Two of the gas fields, Samna and Umm Khansar, were said to be “nonconventional” and possibly shale finds. Lukoil Completes Area 4 Deal in Mexico Russian producer Lukoil has completed a deal to become a lead stakeholder in an Area 4 shallow-water asset adjacent to Tabasco and Campeche in Mexico. Under the deal, Lukoil has acquired a 50% stake in the asset from US independent Fieldwood Energy, which filed for US bankruptcy protection in August 2020, for $685 million. The original deal was priced at $435 million; the additional $250 million is related to expenditures Fieldwood incurred since 1 January 2021. Fieldwood committed to invest $477 million to increase oil production from the Ichalkil and Pokoch fields from the current level of 25,000 B/D to a plateau level of 115,000 B/D. Situated in water depths between 35 and 45 m, the fields’ recoverable hydrocarbon reserves amount to 564 million BOE, more than 80% of which is crude oil. Production started in Q4 2021; current average oil production has exceeded 25,000 B/D. The approved work program includes drilling three development wells (two on Ichalkil and one on Pokoch), upgrading three production platforms, and performing seismic reprocessing and petrophysical studies. The remaining 50% stake in Area 4 is held by operator PetroBal, a subsidiary of Mexico’s GrupoBal. Petrobras Sells Polo Norte Capixaba Field Cluster In line with its strategy to concentrate resources on deepwater and ultradeepwater assets, Brazil’s Petrobras has sold 100% of its interest in Norte Capixaba cluster to Seacrest Exploração e Produção de Petróleo Ltda for $544 million, including a $66-million contingent payment. The cluster comprises four producing fields—Cancã, Fazenda Alegre, Fazenda São Rafael, and Fazenda Santa Luzia—and produced 6,470 BOE/D in 2021. The deal also includes the Norte Capixaba Terminal (TNC) and all production facilities. NewMed Targets Morocco Market Entry Israel-based NewMed Energy, formerly Delek Drilling, has identified Morocco as “a country with enormous geological and commercial potential,” in particular the Moroccan coastal areas in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. The announcement comes a day after the Moroccan Minister of Industry and Trade, Ryad Mezzour, and his Israeli counterpart, Orna Barbivai, signed an MOU aimed at promoting investments and exchanges between the two countries in the digital design, food, automotive, aviation, textile, water technologies and renewable energies, medical equipment, and the pharmaceutical industries. In September 2021, the Israeli oil and gas exploration company obtained from the Moroccan ministry the exploration and study rights of the Dakhla Atlantic Block, which has an area of about 109000 km2. ExxonMobil Sells Nigerian Assets to Seplat ExxonMobil has agreed to sell its shallow-water assets in Nigeria to Seplat Energy for $1.28 billion plus a contingent consideration of $300 million. Seplat said it is acquiring a 40% operating stake in four oil leases to nearly triple its annual net production to 146,000 BOE/D. The deal also includes the Qua Iboe export terminal and a 51% interest in the Bonny River Terminal and natural gas liquids recovery plants at EAP and Oso. It does not include any of ExxonMobil’s deepwater fields in Nigeria. TotalEnergies Discovers Large Oil Field off Namibia TotalEnergies has made a significant discovery of light oil with associated gas on the Venus prospect, located in block 2913B in the Orange Basin, offshore southern Namibia. The Venus 1-X well encountered approximately 84 m of net oil pay in a good-quality Lower Cretaceous reservoir. The find’s potential reserves are estimated at 2 billion bbl of oil. “This discovery offshore Namibia and the very promising initial results prove the potential of this play in the Orange Basin, on which TotalEnergies owns an important position both in Namibia and South Africa,” said Kevin McLachlan, senior vice president exploration at TotalEnergies. “A comprehensive coring and logging program has been completed. This will enable the preparation of appraisal operations designed to assess the commerciality of this discovery.” Block 2913B covers approximately 8215 km2 in deep offshore Namibia. TotalEnergies is the operator with a 40% working interest, alongside QatarEnergy (30%), Impact Oil and Gas (20%), and NAMCOR (10%). CNPC Scoops Ishpingo Drilling Contract The first drilling contract at the Ishpingo oil field near Ecuador’s Yasuni National Park has been awarded to China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC), Energy Minister Juan Carlos Bermeo told Reuters. Following the approval of a new hydrocarbon law and legislation, Ecuador plans to move forward with auctions and competitive processes for securing foreign and domestic capital for oil and gas exploration, production, transportation, and refining projects. The first drilling campaign to start after an environmental license was granted for the sensitive area will involve 40 wells over the next 18 months. It will focus on the field’s allowed zone without touching an area protected by a court ruling that has prevented extending drilling. Ishpingo is the latest part of the ITT-43 oil field in Ecuador’s Amazonia region to start drilling after Tambococha and Tiputini. It is expected to produce heavy oil to be added to the nation’s output of flagship Napo crude, Bermeo said. BP Brings Hershel Expansion Project On Line in US GOM BP has successfully started production from the Herschel Expansion project in the Gulf of Mexico—the first of four major projects scheduled to be delivered globally in 2022. Phase 1 comprises development of a new subsea production system and the first of up to three wells tied to the Na Kika platform in the Mississippi Canyon area. At its peak, this first well is expected to increase platform annual gross production by an estimated 10,600 BOE/D. The BP-operated well was drilled to a depth of approximately 19,000 ft and is located southeast of the Na Kika platform, approximately 140 miles off the coast of New Orleans. The project provides infrastructure for future well tie-in opportunities. BP and Shell each hold a 50% working interest in the development. Petrobras Kicks off Gulf of Mexico Asset Sales Petrobras has begun an asset sale program in the Gulf of Mexico, in line with the company’s strategy of debt reduction and pivot toward Brazilian deepwater production. The package for sale includes the company’s 20% stake in MP Gulf of Mexico (MPGoM) which holds ownership stakes in 15 fields in partnership with Murphy Oil. In addition to partnership-operated fields, MPGoM owns nonoperated interests in Occidental’s Lucius, Kosmos’ Kodiak, Shell’s Habanero, and Chevron’s St. Malo fields. During the first half of 2021, Petrobras’ share of production was 11,300 BOE/D. ExxonMobil Liza Phase 2 Underway off Guyana ExxonMobil started production of Liza Phase 2, Guyana’s second offshore oil development on the Stabroek Block; total production capacity is now more than 340,000 B/D in the 7 years since the country’s first discovery. Production at the Liza Unity FPSO is expected to reach its target of 220,000 bbl of oil later this year. The Stabroek Block’s recoverable resource base is estimated at more than 10 billion BOE. The current resource has the potential to support up to 10 projects. ExxonMobil anticipates that four FPSOs with a capacity of more than 800,000 B/D will be in operation on the block by year-end 2025. Payara, the third project in the block, is expected to produce approximately 220,000 BOPD using the Prosperity FPSO vessel, currently under construction. The field development plan and application for environmental authorization for the Yellowtail project, the fourth project in the block, have been submitted for government and regulatory approvals. The Liza Unity arrived in Guyana in October 2021. It is moored in water depth of about 1650 m and will store around 2 million bbl of crude. ExxonMobil affiliate Esso Exploration and Production Guyana Ltd. is the operator and holds 45% interest. Hess Guyana Exploration Ltd. holds 30% interest and CNOOC Petroleum Guyana Ltd. holds 25%. Dragon Finds Oil in Gulf of Suez UAE’s Dragon Oil has discovered oil in the Gulf of Suez, according to a statement from the Egyptian Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. The field contains potential reserves of around 100 million bbl inside the northeastern region of Ramadan. That estimate makes it one of the largest oil finds in the region over the past 2 decades. Development plans were not reported but reserve numbers could expand, the ministry said. The oil field is the first discovery by Dragon Oil since it acquired 100% of BP’s Gulf of Suez Petroleum assets in 2019. Dragon Oil, wholly owned by Emirates National Oil Co., holds 100% interest in East Zeit Bay off the southern Gulf of Suez region. The 93-km2 block lies in shallow waters of 10 to 40 m.
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Palmer, William C. "‘A Strong, Brown God’: T.S. Eliot’s Mississippi River Exploration of the White Atlantic." Comparative American Studies An International Journal 18, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775700.2020.1868247.
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Bettis, E. Arthur, Richard G. Baker, Brenda K. Nations, and David W. Benn. "Early Holocene Pecan, Carya Illinoensis, in the Mississippi River Valley Near Muscatine, Iowa." Quaternary Research 33, no. 1 (January 1990): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90088-3.
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AbstractA fossil pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, from floodplain sediments of the Mississippi River near Muscatine, Iowa, was accelerator-dated at 7280 ± 120 yr B.P. This discovery indicates that pecan was at or near its present northern limit by that time. Carya pollen profiles from the Mississippi River Trench indicate that hickory pollen percentages were much higher in the valley than at upland locations during the early Holocene. Pecan, the hickory with the most restricted riparian habitat, is the likely candidate for producing these peaks in Carya pollen percentages. Therefore, pecan may have reached its northern limit as early as 10,300 yr B.P. Its abundance in Early Archaic archaeological sites and the co-occurrence of early Holocene Carya pollen peaks with the arrival of the Dalton artifact complex in the Upper Mississippi Valley suggest that humans may have played a role in the early dispersal of pecan.
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Camlin, Theodore E. "UPLAND/INLAND SPILL RESPONSE: USE OF UNDERFLOW DAMS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1381.
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ABSTRACT On December 20, 1999 at approximately 1045 hours, crude oil was discovered in the Leaf River near Collins, Mississippi. The investigation determined the discharge was approximately 8,000 barrels originating from a source in the vicinity of State Highway 28 and Summerland Road, Jones County, Mississippi. The point of the release was located inland and in an upland type environment approximately 8 miles from the discovery location (Highway 84 bridge) near Collins, Mississippi. After the line was shut-in and control of the source was certain, it was determined there were three distinct types of work areas remaining for the cleanup operations: an upland marsh type environment, an ephemeral flow creek bed, and a limited access river environment. Strategic objectives for the response included prevention of any further migration of oil down the Leaf River; and prevent any additional oil from migrating or being flushed (during the next rain event) out of the upland marsh area down the unnamed creek and entering the Leaf River. The focus of this paper is on the measures pursued by operations and the Unified Command that were designed to prevent any further oiling of the Leaf River in the event oil was flushed out of the upper marshy area as a result of the cleanup operations or from a rain event. Operations installed a series of underflow dams at the confluence of the unnamed creek and the Leaf River as well as between the unnamed creek and the upland marsh area. These two stopgaps provided the necessary containment for the anticipated rain events forecast to occur early in the new year. The series of dams were successful in controlling the total fluid flow, containing flushed oil, and preventing additional oiling of the Leaf River during the first rain and throughout the remainder of the response.
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Adorno, Rolena. "On Western Waters: Anglo-American Nonfictional Narrative in the Nineteenth Century." Daedalus 141, no. 1 (January 2012): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00129.
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Anglo-American westward expansion provided a major impulse to the development of the young United States' narrative tradition. Early U.S. writers also looked to the South, that is, to the Spanish New World and, in some cases, to Spain itself. Washington Irving's “A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus” (1828), the first full-length biography of the admiral in English, inaugurated the trend, and Mark Twain's “Life on the Mississippi” (1883) transformed it by focusing on the life and lives of the Mississippi River Valley and using an approach informed by Miguel de Cervantes's “Don Quijote de la Mancha.” From Irving's “discovery of America” to Twain's tribute to the disappearing era of steamboat travel and commerce on the Mississippi, the tales about “western waters,” told via their authors' varied engagements with Spanish history and literature, constitute a seldom acknowledged dimension in Anglo-America's nonfictional narrative literary history.
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Lazarenko, Sergey, Tatyana Mamakova, and Aleksandr Ogonyan. "HELIUM SURVEY CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE KIRENGA RIVER OIL FIELD." LIFE OF THE EARTH 45, no. 3 (September 6, 2023): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3552.0514-7468.2023_45_3/363-371.
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This article summarizes some of our results of geological exploration on the Kutuleya river area. It describes our experience of integrating heliometric surveys in order to clarify the forecast of the development of improved reservoir properties for the formulation of exploratory drilling. The results of testing of a well laid, which served as the basis for the discovery of the Kirenga river oil field, are presented.
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Day, John, H. Clark, Chandong Chang, Rachael Hunter, and Charles Norman. "Life Cycle of Oil and Gas Fields in the Mississippi River Delta: A Review." Water 12, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051492.
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Oil and gas (O&G) activity has been pervasive in the Mississippi River Delta (MRD). Here we review the life cycle of O&G fields in the MRD focusing on the production history and resulting environmental impacts and show how cumulative impacts affect coastal ecosystems. Individual fields can last 40–60 years and most wells are in the final stages of production. Production increased rapidly reaching a peak around 1970 and then declined. Produced water lagged O&G and was generally higher during declining O&G production, making up about 70% of total liquids. Much of the wetland loss in the delta is associated with O&G activities. These have contributed in three major ways to wetland loss including alteration of surface hydrology, induced subsidence due to fluids removal and fault activation, and toxic stress due to spilled oil and produced water. Changes in surface hydrology are related to canal dredging and spoil placement. As canal density increases, the density of natural channels decreases. Interconnected canal networks often lead to saltwater intrusion. Spoil banks block natural overland flow affecting exchange of water, sediments, chemicals, and organisms. Lower wetland productivity and reduced sediment input leads to enhanced surficial subsidence. Spoil banks are not permanent but subside and compact over time and many spoil banks no longer have subaerial expression. Fluid withdrawal from O&G formations leads to induced subsidence and fault activation. Formation pore pressure decreases, which lowers the lateral confining stress acting in the formation due to poroelastic coupling between pore pressure and stress. This promotes normal faulting in an extensional geological environment like the MRD, which causes surface subsidence in the vicinity of the faults. Induced reservoir compaction results in a reduction of reservoir thickness. Induced subsidence occurs in two phases especially when production rate is high. The first phase is compaction of the reservoir itself while the second phase is caused by a slow drainage of pore pressure in bounding shales that induces time-delayed subsidence associated with shale compaction. This second phase can continue for decades, even after most O&G has been produced, resulting in subsidence over much of an oil field that can be greater than surface subsidence due to altered hydrology. Produced water is water brought to the surface during O&G extraction and an estimated 2 million barrels per day were discharged into Louisiana coastal wetlands and waters from nearly 700 sites. This water is a mixture of either liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons, high salinity (up to 300 ppt) water, dissolved and suspended solids such as sand or silt, and injected fluids and additives associated with exploration and production activities and it is toxic to many estuarine organisms including vegetation and fauna. Spilled oil has lethal and sub-lethal effects on a wide range of estuarine organisms. The cumulative effect of alterations in surface hydrology, induced subsidence, and toxins interact such that overall impacts are enhanced. Restoration of coastal wetlands degraded by O&G activities should be informed by these impacts.
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Lebedintsev, A. I. "Исследование якутского Санга-Талонского могильника на Верхней Колыме." Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2022-3-106-111.
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The articles presents information on the study of the Sanga-Talon burial ground, performed by the Kolyma archaeological team from the North-East Interdisciplinary Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the zone of flooding by the reservoir of the Kolyma hydroelectric power plant, in 1971-1972. The burial ground was found near the settlement of Sanga-Talon, on a 7-8 meter terrace, on the left of the mouth of the Obo Creek (right tributary of the Kolyma River). It is assumed that the Yakut burial ground indicates the exploration of this part of the Kolyma valley by the Yakuts in the 18th century. The data on the Yakut settling in the northeast direction along the Kolyma River and its tributaries are presented. The discovery of the Yakut burial ground near the settlement of Sanga-Talon is of certain scientific interest, since the Yakut exploration of this part of the Kolyma valley has not been sufficiently studied.
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Maine, Barry. "The Authenticity of American Realism: Samuel Clemens and George Caleb Bingham “On the River”." Prospects 21 (October 1996): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006475.
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In 1846 in Louisville, Kentucky, John Banvard, a self-taught Missouri painter, exhibited his Three-Mile Painting, a panorama of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, painted from hundreds of direct observations and sketches he had executed over a period of many years along the riverbanks. The painting was exhibited by means of a giant pair of rollers upon which the canvas was wound and unwound. Following a successful run in Louisville, the exhibition drew large crowds in Boston and New York City before Banvard capped his triumph with a European tour. In a promotional description of the painting, printed in Boston in 1847 to generate interest in the exhibit, many endorsements testified to the painting's authenticity, including one signed by over one hundred captains and other officers of steamboats who had examined the painting and declared it “correct.” That authenticity and “correctness” were measures of artistic achievement testifies to the premium placed on verisimilitude in art that served as a record of discovery and observation along the American frontier.
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Moon, Joonil. "History of Russia’s Advance into Siberia: Focusing on the 1st Amur Expedition." East European and Balkan Institute 47, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.3.
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After Ermak left the Siberian expedition in the 16th century, Russia had already reached the Sea of Okhotsk in the first half of the 17th century. In the process, an expedition led by V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov surveyed vast territories in the Priamourie region and began subjugating the territory. This expansion of Russia caused a conflict with China, which was on the way to advance, and as a result, the border line was cleared by signing the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China in 1689. In the process, Russia lost sovereignty over the Amur River basin. Afterwards, the most important issue of Russian international politics in the Far East was the recovery of the Amur coastal region lost after the Treaty of Nerchinsk. The Russian government tried several times after 1689 to establish more precise borders with China, but the threat of cessation of trade with China made things difficult. The Amur River is the only passage from Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. However, in order to be able to connect the Siberian inland with the Pacific Ocean, ships must be able to operate in the Amur River estuary. This is because it must be able to navigate through the mouth of the Amur River in the Pacific Ocean to have a function as a transportation route. Prior to the 19th century exploration of Nevelskoy, several expeditions had concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was navigable and that Sakhalin was a peninsula. However, questioning this, the young officer Nebelskoy proceeds with an independent exploration without government permission and eventually makes a discovery that overturns his previous conclusions. This paper examines the process and contents of Nevelskoy’s Amur exploration, which has a very important meaning in Russia's advance into Siberia, and tries to derive its meaning.
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Korolkov, A. T., and D. K. Vasenkov. "Precursors and participants of the discovery of the Markovsk oil and gas field." Geology and Environment 3, no. 3 (2023): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2541-9641.2023.3.87.
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The history of the discovery of the first oil and gas fields on the Siberian platform is traced from the first oil deposit on Chemikanskaya Square in the Tolba River basin (Sakha-Yakutia) to the discovery of the first Markov oil and gas condensate field. The role of the father of Siberian oil Vasily Mikhailovich Senyukov in obtaining the first oil on the Siberian platform and in promoting the idea of reference drilling within its limits is shown. Despite the accidental discovery of the Markov field (oil fountain) in 1962, exploration work within its limits indicated the further direction of the search in the north direction 90 km from Markovo (within the Nepsky Vault).
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Kourafalou, Vassiliki, Dubravko Justic, Yannis Androulidakis, and Annalisa Bracco. "From the deep ocean to the coasts and estuaries through the shelf: linking coastal response to a deep blow-out." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 685087. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.685087.
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ABSTRACT # 685087 As a marginal sea connected to neighboring basins through straits, the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is dynamically and topographically complex. Physical processes are strongly influenced by the interaction of circulation in the GoM deep basin interior and in the surrounding shelf areas of diverse morphologies that include deltas, estuaries, barrier islands and marshes. This was particularly evident during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DwH) incident, a deep blow-out close to the Northern GoM shelves, over an area strongly affected by the brackish river plume originated from the Mississippi River Delta. The specific physical conditions are revisited, to illustrate the synergy between the evolution of the Loop Current – Florida Current system and the rapidly changing shelf and coastal currents under the influence of river runoff and winds. Each of these physical factors had been studied prior to the DwH incident, but their combined effects on hydrocarbon pathways were not known. Examples are given on what has been learned through research under the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) in the last 10 years. The focus is on transport processes in the GoM along the ocean continuum from the deep basin interior to the coastal and wetland areas, and their relevance for oil transport and fate. Post-DwH studies have advanced regarding methodologies and tools. These include multi-platform observations and data analyses, in tandem with high-resolution, data assimilative models for past simulations and predictions. Important new findings include the connectivity between remote coastal regions, as deep oceanic currents can facilitate the cross-marginal transport of materials not only locally, but regionally. This creates a broader and more challenging view for the management of coastal marine resources that should be integrated for preparedness and response. Two examples are presented on connectivity processes. First, advances in the understanding of transport rates and pathways from the Mississippi Delta to the Florida Keys. Second, new findings on how coastal circulation near Cuba influences the evolution of the Loop Current system and the oil fate from a potential oil spill in Cuban waters. The synthesis of the above findings aims to demonstrate how knowledge acquired during GoMRI can advise future planning of scientific research to aid preparedness and response not only for the GoM, but for many offshore areas of oil exploration. The goal is to advance the understanding and predictability of oil slick trajectories over pathways from the deep to the coastal environment and vice versa.
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Krause, David. "Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and the Native Copper of the Keweenaw." Earth Sciences History 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.8.1.60802164q93217p7.
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The Keweenaw copper district of northern Michigan is unique. All other copper mining regions of the world produce primarily ores of copper compounds, but for more than a century that began in the 1840s the Keweenaw produced copper from one mineral: native copper. A major contribution toward recognizing and understanding the importance of this form of copper was made by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft. His travels through Lake Superior occurred at a time when native copper was believed to have no economic importance by those who represented the newly emerging professional tradition in geology. Although their opinions caused him some uncertainty, the observations he made on the Cass expedition of 1820 formed the basis for his important insights into the possibilities that native copper held for future mining. Perhaps better known for his work on the ethnology of the American Indians and his discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, Schoolcraft's reports and publications on the copper of the Keweenaw brought that region to the attention of the country and helped to provide an accurate assessment of its true potential.
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Walaa Mahmood Hassen, Et al. "Hybrid Swarm Algorithm for Mobile Robot Path Planning." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 9s (August 31, 2023): 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9s.9996.
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The adoption of lightweight and effective swarm algorithms is required for low resource usage algorithms for mobile robot path planning crises. We present a hybrid swarm approach in this study that combines the best features of particle swarm optimization and river formation dynamics. This method looks for the shortest route while keeping the path as smooth as feasible. The best qualities of both approaches are combined and leveraged by the hybrid RFD-PSO methodology. While the RFD algorithm is well known for its smooth path discovery, it needs a lot of drops for good convergence and suffers from sinuosity problems. The generated hybrid RFD-PSO algorithm synergistically balances PSO's fast convergence with the river method's adaptive exploration and exploitation. Comparing the simulation results of the proposed method versus the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), modified Ant Colony Optimization ACO*, PSO, RFD, A*, and Dijkstra’s, Hybrid RFD-PSO have better results in creating optimal path.
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PYRON, R. ALEXANDER, KYLE A. O’CONNELL, JENNIFER Y. LAMB, and DAVID A. BEAMER. "A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama." Zootaxa 5133, no. 1 (May 3, 2022): 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5133.1.3.
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We describe a new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus pascagoula sp. nov.) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of southeastern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama based on linear morphometrics, mitochondrial DNA, and single nucleotide polymorphisms from 881 loci produced using genotype-by-sequencing. Some populations of the new species were historically referred to as D. auriculatus, a polyphyletic assemblage of at least three species in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain from Texas to North Carolina. Populations of D. auriculatus from the Gulf Coastal Plain in Louisiana and Mississippi were recently described as D. valentinei. The new species includes populations that were tentatively referred to D. valentinei, but we find it is morphologically, genetically, and geographically distinct. It is smaller, has a more defined dorsal color pattern, more irregular whitish “portholes” in up to three rows on the lateral surfaces of the body and tail, and a brighter orange or yellowish orange postocular stripe. At present, the new species is known from only six extant populations in the lower Pascagoula, Escatawpa, and Mobile drainages. The latter represents a distinct phylogeographic lineage. We also refer a historical collection from the northeastern side of the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta to this species, suggesting a much broader range in the past. We suspect that more populations remain to be discovered in the area, and their potential species-level distinctiveness should be tested further. This discovery increases knowledge of the biodiversity in the southeastern United States Coastal Plain, a candidate region meeting the global criteria for a “biodiversity hotspot,” and underscores the amount of cryptic diversity likely remaining to be discovered and described in Nearctic salamanders.
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Sterling, Ken A., and Melvin L. Warren, Jr. "Description of a new species of cryptic snubnose darter (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) endemic to north-central Mississippi." PeerJ 8 (August 31, 2020): e9807. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9807.
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Many subclades within the large North American freshwater fish genus Etheostoma (Percidae) show brilliant male nuptial coloration during the spring spawning season. Traditionally, perceived differences in color were often used to diagnose closely related species. More recently, perceived differences in male nuptial color have prompted further investigation of potential biodiversity using genetic tools. However, cryptic diversity among Etheostoma darters renders male nuptial color as unreliable for detecting and describing diversity, which is foundational for research and conservation efforts of this group of stream fishes. Etheostoma raneyi (Yazoo Darter) is an imperiled, range-limited fish endemic to north-central Mississippi. Existing genetic evidence indicates cryptic diversity between disjunctly distributed E. raneyi from the Little Tallahatchie and Yocona river watersheds despite no obvious differences in male color between the two drainages. Analysis of morphological truss and geometric measurements and meristic and male color characters yielded quantitative differences in E. raneyi from the two drainages consistent with genetic evidence. Morphological divergence is best explained by differences in stream gradients between the two drainages. Etheostoma faulkneri, the Yoknapatawpha Darter, is described as a species under the unified species concept. The discovery of cryptic diversity within E. raneyi would likely not have occurred without genetic tools. Cryptic diversity among Etheostoma darters and other stream fishes is common, but an overreliance on traditional methods of species delimitation (e.g., identification of a readily observable physical character to diagnose a species) impedes a full accounting of the diversity in freshwater fishes in the southeastern United States.
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Rashevsky, Vasily V. "The bridge head of “big oil”: the first settlement of geological explorers in Surgut." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 1 (March 21, 2023): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/23-1/10.
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The article considers the process of formation of the first settlement of prospectors who arrived in Surgut in 1957 to organize oil exploration. Special attention is paid to the creation of industrial and settlement infrastructure based on the memoirs of shadow actors collected by the author direct participants in the events, newspaper publications and archival materials. The importance of the first settlement of geologists is noted as the main springboard for future geological exploration in one of the promising oil areas of the Middle Ob region. The author notes that the infrastructure of the exploration village was compactly created in close proximity to the main life support facilities of the Surgut district center. This circumstance made it possible to compensate for the difficulties that arose as a result of the unsettled nature of geologists. A positive aspect was the proximity of the village to the main transport hub the Ob River. This ensured the successful construction of transport logistics with other settlements in the region and the main base of the expedition, located in Novosibirsk. This circumstance in subsequent years made it possible to organize oil prospecting operations in the districts adjacent to Surgut, where separate parties of geologists were located. The bridgehead of the Surgut oil exploration expedition became the main resource center, where the material and technical arsenal for the rest of the geological units of the region, required for the search and discovery of the first oil fields, was accumulated and distributed.
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Zglinicki, Karol, Paweł Kosiński, Adam Piestrzyński, and Krzysztof Szamałek. "Geological Prospection of Placer Chromium Deposits in the Waropen Regency—Indonesia (New Guinea) Using the Method of Indicator Minerals." Minerals 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020094.
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Indicator minerals (IM) have been used in the research of gemstone and base metals for over 100 years. IMs are a main source of information about the occurrence of deposits, hydrothermal and weathering changes, as well as bedrock source and type. Since 2013, base metal mineral exploration has taken place on New Guinea Island (the Indonesian part). The analysis of chromian spinels as IM in beach and river sediments led to the discovery of rich chromian-bearing deposits in the Botawa River sediments. The dominant detrital minerals include chromian spinels, olivine, pyroxenes and serpentine. The source of chromian spinels, olivine and pyroxenes are most likely peridotites from the Earth’s mantle zone of the ophiolite series, generated under supra-subduction conditions. The terrigenous deposits contain metamorphic minerals, such as staurolites, andalusites, epidotes, amphiboles and fragments of micas, quartz and chlorite schists. Using ICP-MS analysis of the beach sands, the concentration of Cr2O3 was determined to be at the level of 1.17%, while in the heavy minerals concentrate from the Botawa River sediment, the content of Cr2O3 amounts to 24.83%. The authors conclude that the west parts of the Van Rees Mountains are the probable parent rocks for chromium-bearing sediments.
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Arbour, Victoria M., and Milton C. Graves. "An ornithischian dinosaur from the Sustut Basin, north-central British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 4 (April 2008): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e08-009.
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Dinosaur bones were discovered in 1971 during uranium exploration in the Sustut Basin, northern British Columbia, Canada. These bones have more recently been prepared and described and represent an indeterminate cerapodan dinosaur. Although dinosaur bones have been reported from British Columbia before now, this specimen represents their earliest recorded discovery from the province. The bones were collected from loose blocks in a talus slope, near the intersection of Birdflat Creek and the Sustut River. They are encased in hard siltstone that shares characteristics with adjacent outcrops of the Upper Cretaceous Brothers Peak Formation. Bones collected include the right humerus, right radius, the distal portion of the right tibia and fibula, two right pedal phalanges, including two unguals, and several unidentifiable fragments.
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Valenzuela-Toro, Ana M., Maria H. Zicos, and Nicholas D. Pyenson. "Extreme dispersal or human-transport? The enigmatic case of an extralimital freshwater occurrence of a Southern elephant seal from Indiana." PeerJ 8 (September 2, 2020): e9665. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9665.
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Elephant seals (Mirounga spp.) are the largest living pinnipeds, and the spatial scales of their ecology, with dives over 1 km in depth and foraging trips over 10,000 km long, are unrivalled by their near relatives. Here we report the discovery of an incomplete Holocene age Southern elephant seal (M. leonina) rostrum from Indiana, USA. The surviving material are two casts of the original specimen, which was collected in a construction excavation close to the Wabash River near Lafayette, Indiana. The original specimen was mostly destroyed for radiometric dating analyses in the 1970s, which resulted in an age of 1,260 ± 90 years before the present. The existence of sediments in the original specimen suggests some type of post depositional fluvial transportation. The prevalent evidence suggests that this male Southern elephant seal crossed the equator and the Gulf of Mexico, and then entered the Mississippi River system, stranding far upriver in Indiana or adjacent areas, similar to other reported examples of lost marine mammals in freshwater systems. Based on potential cut marks, we cannot exclude human-mediated transportation or scavenging by Indigenous peoples as a contributing factor of this occurrence. The material reported here represents by far the northernmost occurrence of a Southern elephant seal in the Northern Hemisphere ever recorded. The unusual occurrence of a top marine predator >1,000 km from the closest marine effluent as a potential extreme case of dispersal emphasizes how marine invasions of freshwater systems have happened frequently through historical (and likely geological) time.
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Surlyk, F., S. Piasecki, and F. Rolle. "Initiation of petroleum exploration in Jameson Land, East Greenland." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 128 (December 31, 1986): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v128.7928.
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Active petroleum exploration in East Greenland is of fairly recent date and was preceded by a much longer history of scientific work and mineral exploration. The discovery in 1948 of lead-zinc mineralisation at Mestersvig resulted in the formation of Nordisk Mineselskab AIS in 1952. In the beginning of the seventies Nordisk Mineselskab initiated cooperation with the American oil company Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) in order to undertake petroleum exploration in Jameson Land. The Jameson Land basin contains a very thick Upper Palaeozoic - Mesozoic sedimentary sequence. Important potential source rocks are Lower Permian lacustrine mudstone, Upper Permian black marine mudstone, Middle Triassic dark marine limestone, uppermost Triassic black marginal marine mudstone, Lower Jurassic black mudstone and Upper Jurassic deep shelf black mudstone. Tbe Upper Permian mudstone, which is the most promising source rock, is immature to weakly mature along the western basin margin and is expected to be in the oil or gas-generating zone when deeply buried in the central part of the basin. Potential reservoir rocks include Upper Permian bank and mound limestones, uppermost Permian fan delta sandstones, Lower Triassic aeolian and braided river sandstones, and Lower, Middle and Upper Jurassic sandstones. The most important trap types are expected to be stratigraphic, such as Upper Permian limestone bodies, or combination stratigraphic-structural such as uppermost Permian or Lower Triassic sandstones in Early Triassic tilted fault blocks. In the offshore areas additional play types are probably to be found in tilted Jurassic fault blocks containing thick Lower, Middle and Upper Jurassic sandstones and lowermost Cretaceous sandstones and conglomerates. The recognition of the potential of the Upper Permian in petroleum exploration in East Greenland has important implications for petroleum exploration on the Norwegian shelf.
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Dollar, Evan S. J. "Palaeofluvial geomorphology in southern Africa: a review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 22, no. 3 (September 1998): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200302.
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This article presents an overview of palaeofluvial geomorphology research in southern Africa. For the purposes of this article this includes South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana. Although interest in fluvial systems has a long history in southern Africa, the scientific study of rivers was initiated by the discovery of the first alluvial diamond along the banks of the Orange River in 1867. Since then, significant progress has been made in unravelling the fluvial history of southern Africa from the early Archaean Ventersdorp Contact Reef River to modern channel process studies. The development of an understanding of palaeofluvial systems has occurred along two main lines. The first was alluvial diamond exploration work undertaken by the large mining houses. The second line was of a more ‘academic’ interest and included determining the impact of superimposition, tectonics, base level and climate changes. The review suggests that southern Africa fluvial systems have shown large-scale changes in drainage pattern, discharge and sediment yield and that these can be related to a complex set of causative factors including the geological template, the Jurassic rifting of Gondwana, tectonic episodes and climate change.
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Obaje, Nuhu George, Abu Kasim Adamu, Abdullahi Bomai, Mukhtar Zanna, James Adeoye, Ishaq Yusuf, Richard Dauda, Faisal Musa, Suleiman Adamu, and Lukman Musa Adamu. "The Nigerian Petroleum Industry Act, Frontier Basins Exploration and the Global Energy Transition." Energy and Earth Science 5, no. 1 (April 21, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v5n1p1.
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The Nigerian Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) passed into Law in 2021 has the major goal to reform the Nigerian petroleum sector operations into policy, regulations and business (commercial). In the line of this, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) was transformed to NNPC Ltd to operate entirely commercially with a supervising Board and registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission. Such a commercial mandate will entail the need to explore and produce more oil and gas for export and domestic utilization. Oil is becoming less attractive as an energy source but gas is gaining momentum as a clean energy source in the global energy transition road-map. The global energy transition road-map is drawn around clean, alternative and renewable energies. The Nigerian frontier basins have recently come on board as new business opportunities with huge petroleum gas resources. These frontier basins comprise the Anambra, Benue, Bida, Chad (Nigerian sector), Dahomey, and Sokoto Basins as well as the Deep and Ultra-deep offshore. Maturing these basins through data generation and production of the gas resources therein will promote the nation’s gas utilization and gas expansion programmes meant to promote industrialization and huge employment generation, grow the economy and engender positive social transformation. The clause in the PIA that promotes frontier exploration is well-thought out. Available and required geological data needed to mature the frontier basins to producing basins are presented in this paper. The success made in Kolmani River-2 well discovery is a case study.
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Bruggemann, Rainer, and Lars Carlsen. "Partial Order in Environmental Chemistry." Current Computer-Aided Drug Design 16, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573409915666190416160350.
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Background: The theory of partial order is a branch of Discrete Mathematics and is often seen as pretty esoteric. However, depending on a suitable definition of an order relation, partial order theory has some statistical flavor. Here we introduce the application of partial order for environmental chemistry. Objective : We showed that partial order is an instrument, which at the same time, has both data exploration - and evaluation potency. Methods: The partial order theory was applied in this study. It depends on four indicators which describe the environmental hazards of chemicals. Results : Nineteen organic chemicals were found within a monitoring study in the German river Main and were taken as an exemplary case. The results indicated that chemicals can have a high risk on the environment, however, the type of risk is different and should not conceptually merge into a single quantity. Conclusions: Partial order theory is of help to define different regulations and environmental management plans.
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Buenavad-González, Martín Alonso, Jesús M. López-Vila, David Torres-Vázquez, Sonia Gabriela Hernández-Ávila, Kaleb Zárate-Gálvez, and Jairo Arroyave. "New records of cave-dwelling populations of Rhamdia catfishes (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from Chiapas, Mexico." Subterranean Biology 46 (September 19, 2023): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.46.110269.
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Dedicated ichthyological surveys in four active karstic caves in the Mexican state of Chiapas (Grijalva River drainage basin) resulted in the discovery of the same number of hypogean populations of Rhamdia catfishes assignable to two different species: R. laticauda and R. guatemalensis. The taxonomic identity of these populations was initially determined based on morphological traits and subsequently corroborated with molecular data in a phylogenetic framework. For the most part, these newly discovered populations exhibit partial and variable troglomorphism (vs. fixed), a pattern that has been observed in most other cave-dwelling species/populations of Mexican Rhamdia, and possibly caused by gene flow with and/or incipient speciation from epigean lineages. Since most hypogean forms of Mexican Rhamdia derive from/are part of a larger R. laticauda clade, our discovery of cave-dwelling populations assignable to R. guatemalensis is noteworthy and includes the very first record of a R. guatemalensis population with pronounced and widespread troglomorphism. Our discovery of hitherto unrecorded populations of hypogean Rhamdia highlights the continued importance of exploration in the process of documenting subterranean biodiversity, particularly in regions of the world rich with cave systems. Our findings corroborate the notion that, among Neotropical fishes, the catfish genus Rhamdia is one of the most prone and effective at colonizing subterranean habitats and establishing viable hypogean populations.
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Dill, H. G., S. Kaufhold, S. Khishigsuren, and J. Bulgamaa. "Discovery and origin of a Palaeogene smectite-bearing clay deposit in the SE Gobi (Mongolia)." Clay Minerals 40, no. 3 (September 2005): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855054030178.
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AbstractThe smectite-bearing red bed series of the Palaeogene Ergeliin zoo Formation in Mongolia is part of an alluvial-fluvial fan prograding over prodelta/mudflat deposits. The series was investigated in the field (mapping and portable infrared (IR) spectrometry in the short wavelength (SW) range) and samples were analysed in the laboratory using thin sections, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, cation exchange capacity and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry in the mid-IR range. Two reference sections are treated in more detail as to the environment of deposition and concentration of smectite. The deposits at Ulaan uul are representative of a distal fan section with prevalent mudflats, whereas Ulaan buur offers insight into a braided river drainage system. Metabasic rocks in the hinterland delivered mica and chlorite from which smectite originated during diagenesis under semi-arid climatic and surface-near conditions. Towards the basin edge, smectite is replaced by kaolinite. The prime area in which we were interested in the smectite is the most distal part of the alluvial-fluvial fan, which was the subject of a field-based IR survey. This exploration method is a valuable tool to obtain a quick overview of the mineral composition and reduce the number of samples in the field for follow-up analyses. Its weak and strong points are discussed.
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Weakley, Alan S., Derick B. Poindexter, Hannah C. Medford, Alan R. Franck, Keith A. Bradley, Jimi Sadle, and John Michael Kelley. "Studies in the vascular flora of the southeastern United States. VII." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 15, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 23–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v15.i1.1049.
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As part of ongoing efforts to understand, document, and conserve the flora of southeastern North America, we propose two new species, the recognition of a usually synonymized variety, the acceptance of two species of Waltheria as being present in peninsular Florida, taxonomic acceptance of a sometimes deprecated species transferred with a new name into a different genus, and we clarify the distribution and ecology of a species. In Carex (Cyperaceae), we re-analyze infrataxa in Carex intumescens and recommend the recognition of two varieties, a taxonomic schema first proposed in 1893, but usually not followed in the 128 years since. In Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), a careful assessment of south Florida material of Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum subsect. Hypericifoliae reveals the need for taxonomic changes to best classify endemic representatives of this group, resulting in the naming of a new species, and a new name at species rank in Euphorbia for a taxon first named in Chamaesyce and sometimes subsequently treated at only varietal rank in Euphorbia. Chamaecrista deeringiana (Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae) has been repeatedly misinterpreted to include two different and disjunct population systems with differing morphologies and habitats, which are here interpreted as separate species, one newly named and the other Chamaecrista deeringiana returned to its original and narrower interpretation as a south Florida endemic. Waltheria (Malvaceae) has sometimes been interpreted as being represented in Florida by a single taxon, Waltheria indica, but we disentangle the concepts of the widespread W. indica and the West Indian W. bahamensis and clarify that both are present in the southeastern United States. We reconsider the occurrence and habitat of Toxicoscordion nuttallii (Melanthiaceae) in three states in which it has been reported as a rare species, Mississippi, Missouri, and Louisiana, and remove it from the Mississippi flora as a garbled and false report. In Louisiana, its occurrence in calcareous prairie complexes limits its potential occurrence in the state to a specialized and rare habitat, but careful exploration of habitat remnants may result in the discovery of additional populations. Taxonomic studies and re-assessments of this kind are critical in laying the best scientific foundation for regulatory, policy, and land conservation decisions. This paper names or makes the case for the renewed acceptance of six species with range-wide conservation concern: one Critically Imperiled (G1 – Euphorbia ogdenii), one Imperiled (G2 – E. hammeri), and four Vulnerable (G3 – E. garberi, E. porteriana, Chamaecrista deeringiana, C. horizontalis).
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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): A250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a250820.
Full textAbstract:
The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): P250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3p250820.
Full textAbstract:
The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Smith, Kathlyn M., Alexander K. Hastings, Ryan M. Bebej, and Mark D. Uhen. "Biogeographic, stratigraphic, and environmental distribution of Basilosaurus (Mammalia, Cetacea) in North America with a review of the late Eocene shoreline in the southeastern coastal plain." Journal of Paleontology 96, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 439–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2021.90.
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AbstractA new specimen of Basilosaurus cetoides was discovered on the banks of the Flint River in Albany, Georgia, USA, in 2010. This fossil, which was the most complete specimen of the species from Georgia to date, consisted of five nearly complete and two partial post-thoracic vertebrae, tentatively identified as S4 through Ca6. During excavation, however, the site was looted and most of the specimen was lost to science. Nonetheless, we use this discovery as an opportunity to update the current state of knowledge on the stratigraphic, biogeographic, and environmental distribution of Basilosaurus in North America, as well as the position of the late Eocene shoreline in the southeastern United States. The results show that Basilosaurus was most abundant across the southeastern coastal plain during the early to middle Priabonian, coincident with the late Eocene maximum marine transgression. The decline in Basilosaurus localities is associated with the retreating shoreline of the terminal Eocene. The majority of Basilosaurus localities fall well south of the position of the late Eocene shoreline hypothesized in this study, suggesting the genus favored middle to outer neritic zones of the epicontinental sea. The comparatively low number of Priabonian specimens in the Atlantic Coastal Plain versus the Gulf Coastal Plain, then, suggests the presence of shallow zones in the Atlantic Coastal Plain that may have limited the distribution of Basilosaurus across the region. The hypothesized shoreline of this study ultimately differs from earlier reconstructions by extending the Mississippi embayment at the Bartonian/Priabonian boundary farther north than previously noted.
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Grosjean, Emmanuelle, Chris Boreham, Andrew Jones, Diane Jorgensen, and John Kennard. "A reassessment of the petroleum systems in the offshore northern Perth Basin." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12038.
Full textAbstract:
The discovery of commercial oil in the Cliff Head-1 well in 2001 set an important milestone in the exploration history of the offshore northern Perth Basin. The region had been less explored before then, partly due to the perception that the main source of onshore petroleum accumulations, the Late Permian-Early Triassic Hovea Member, had only marginal potential offshore. The typing of the Cliff Head oil to the Hovea Member provided evidence that the key onshore petroleum system extends offshore and has revitalised exploration with 13 new field wildcat wells drilled since 2002. A reassessment of the hydrocarbon generative potential in the offshore northern Perth Basin confirms the widespread occurrence of good to excellent oil-prone Hovea Member source rocks in the Beagle Ridge and Abrolhos Sub-basin. The Early Permian Irwin River Sequence and several Jurassic Sequences are also recognised as prime potential source rocks offshore, mostly for their gas-generative potential. The unique hydrocarbon assemblages exhibited by the Hovea Member extracts are shared by the oils recovered from Permian reservoirs in the offshore Cliff Head-3 and Dunsborough-1 wells, indicating the Hovea Member as the primary source charging these accumulations. Geochemical correlation of oil stains from Hadda-1 and as far north as Livet-1 provides evidence for a working Early Triassic petroleum system across much of the Abrolhos Sub-basin. In this area, the Hovea Member was shown to be both of limited quality and only marginally mature for oil generation, which suggests the occurrence of effective source kitchens in the adjacent Houtman Sub-basin.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (September 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0922-0015-jpt.
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Tullow Swings and Misses off Guyana Tullow Oil has come away empty with its Beebei-Potaro exploration well, drilled in the Kanuku license, offshore Guyana. According to the company, the well encountered good quality reservoir in the primary and secondary targets but both targets were water-bearing. Noble jackup Regina Allen drilled the well to a total depth of 4325 m in 71 m of water. The well has been plugged and abandoned. Tullow will integrate the well results into its regional subsurface models and work with its joint venture partners before deciding on next steps. Repsol is the operator of the Kanuku license with a 37.5% working interest. Tullow holds 37.5% with TOQAP—a joint venture between TotalEnergies and Qatar Petroleum—holding 25%. Tullow previously said it would limit capital exposure in Guyana. The company holds a 60% interest in the Orinduik block, its other licensed area in Guyana, with partners including TotalEnergies and Eco Atlantic Oil & Gas. Oxy Brings Horn Mountain West Online in GOM Occidental has successfully turned the taps on its Horn Mountain West subsea field in the Mississippi Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The field is in about 5,400 ft of water. The $250-million project comprises a pair of wells tied back to the existing Horn Mountain spar in Block 126 via a 3½-mile dual flowline. According to Oxy, the project came in on budget and 3 months ahead of schedule. It is expected to eventually add approximately 30,000 BOPD. Horn Mountain initially came on stream in late 2002. Hess Strikes Miocene-Aged Oil at Huron in GOM Hess made an oil discovery with a well at its Huron prospect in the Green Canyon area of the deepwater GOM. The well, drilled in Block 69 to a target depth of 28,900 ft by Transocean drillship Deepwater Asgard, struck high-quality, oil-bearing Miocene-aged reservoirs and established the existence of a working petroleum system. An up-dip sidetrack to the initial probe is planned. Gregory Hill, Hess’ chief operating officer, told investors in July that … “as a result of what we’re seeing at Huron we see additional prospectivity in that northern Green Canyon area, and we have a very competitive leasehold position there.” The company had stated previously that its position in the northern Green Canyon area has a high potential for multiple, high-return hub-class Miocene opportunities. Hess operates Huron with a 40% interest. Partners Chevron and Shell each hold 30% stakes. Hess struck a deal with both Chevron and Shell to farm into the prospect in February 2022. The Huron well marks Hess’ return to exploration drilling in the deepwater GOM for the first time in around 2 years. Wintershall Dea Turns the Taps at Nova Wintershall Dea started production from the Nova oil field in the Norwegian North Sea. The field comprises two subsea templates, one with three oil producers and one with three water injectors, tied back to the Gjøa platform. The expected recoverable gross reserves from the field are estimated at 90 million BOE, of which the majority will be oil. The operator said the completion of Nova emphasizes its strength as one of the largest subsea operators on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. “With the startup of the major project Nova, Wintershall Dea is now operating three subsea production fields in Norway,” said Hugo Dijkgraaf, member of the executive board and chief technology officer. The Dvalin field and the partner-operated Njord Future project, in which Wintershall Dea holds a 50% share, are planned to come on stream later this year. The company also operates recent discoveries like Dvalin North, planned for PDO hand-in (Plan for Development and Operations) by the end of 2022, and several other discoveries which could be developed in the future. Wintershall Dea is a partner in the Aker BP-operated Storjo discovery in the Norwegian Sea. Wintershall Dea operates the Nova field with a 45% stake, of which it plans to transfer 6% to OKEA in Q4 this year; Sval Energi holds 45%, Pandion Energy Norge, 10%. Eni Touts Potential 3.5-Tcf Gas Find With First Offshore Abu Dhabi Well Eni believes it has discovered an additional 1.0 to 1.5 Tcf of raw gas in place, in a deeper zone, in its first exploration well drilled in Offshore Block 2 Abu Dhabi. The discovery follows an initial finding in a shallower zone of the same well, aggregating to a total gas in place of up to 3.5 Tcf. The Italian operator said gas-bearing reservoirs were tested with excellent flow rates and fast-track development options are currently under evaluation. Eni, operator, holds a 70% stake in Block 2; PTTEP holds the remaining 30%. Eni has been present in Abu Dhabi since 2018. It operates three exploration concessions and participates with ADNOC in three offshore development and production concessions: Lower Zakum (5%), Umm Shaif and Nasr (10%), and Ghasha (25%). Petrobras Makes Gas Discovery in Colombia Petrobras confirmed the discovery of natural gas accumulation in the Uchuva-1 exploratory well drilled in the deep waters 32 km off the coast of Colombia. The discovery is about 76 km from the city of Santa Marta in a water depth of approximately 830 m. The well was drilled in the Tayrona block, with operator Petrobras (44.44%) in partnership with Ecopetrol, who holds the remaining stake. The consortium will continue its activities in the block to assess the dimensions of the new gas accumulation. CNOOC Successfully Tests Offshore Shale Well China’s CNOOC Ltd. tested commercial flows of oil and gas from an offshore shale exploration well in the South China Sea, marking the first successfully drilled shale oil well offshore China, state media reported in early August. Exploration well Weiye-1, drilled at the southwestern trough of Beibuwan basin, tested daily production of 126 bbl of oil and 1589 m3 of natural gas. CNOOC estimated that the shale oil resources in the entire basin are about 8.8 billion bbl, suggesting good exploration prospects. With the Chinese government stressing added volumes for its domestic energy supply security, national oil companies are making greater efforts to tap shale deposits despite being tougher to drill and more expensive. As of late 2021, China produced only 35,000 B/D of shale oil, mostly in the onshore northern Ordos basin and northwestern Jungar basin. Eni Strikes Oil With Baleine East Well in Côte d’Ivoire Eni has encountered oil with its Baleine East 1X well, the first exploration well in block CI-802 and second discovery on the Baleine structure offshore Côte d’Ivoire. The results have prompted a 25% increase in the oil and gas volumes in place, which are now estimated at 2.5 billion bbl of oil and 3.3 Tcf of associated gas. The well was drilled in the block operated by Eni (90%), together with its partner Petroci Holding (10%), using the drillship Saipem 12000. The final depth reached was 3165 m measured depth, in a water depth of about 1150 m. Baleine East 1X is located about 5 km east of the Baleine 1X discovery well in the adjacent block CI-101 and represents the first commercial discovery in the CI-802 block, confirming the extension of the Baleine field. The well confirmed the presence of a continuous oil column of about 48 m in reservoir rocks with good properties. From the vertical borehole, a horizontal drain of 850 m in length was subsequently drilled into the reservoir to perform a production test that confirmed potential production of at least 12,000 BOPD from the Baleine East 1X well. A third well will be drilled to ensure the accelerated startup of production and confirmation of first oil in the first half of 2023. In addition to blocks CI-101 and CI-802, Eni owns interests in five other blocks in the Ivorian deep water: CI-205, CI-501, CI-504, CI-401, and CI-801, all with the same partner, Petroci Holding. Neptune Energy Kicks Off Ofelia Exploration Well Neptune Energy began drilling operations on the Ofelia exploration well in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. The well, 35/6-3 S, is being drilled by the Odfjell Drilling-operated semisubmersible Deepsea Yantai. The prospect is located 13 km north of the Gjøa field within the Neptune-operated PL929 License. If commercial, Ofelia could be tied back to the Neptune-operated Gjøa platform and produce at less than half the average carbon intensity of Norwegian Continental Shelf fields, according to the company. Neptune said it could potentially be developed in parallel with Hamlet (PL153). Ofelia is positioned in one of Neptune’s core areas and close to existing infrastructure. The reservoir target is the Lower Cretaceous Agat Formation and is expected to be reached at a depth of approximately 2570 m. The drilling program comprises a main bore (35/6-3 S) with an optional sidetrack (35/6-3 A) based on the outcome of the exploration well. Neptune Energy operates Ofelia with a 40% working interest. Partners are Wintershall Dea (20%), Aker BP (10%), Pandion Energy (20%), and DNO (10%). Partners Continue Successful Drilling in Algerian Desert Eni and partner Sonatrach revealed a further discovery in the Zemlet el Arbi concession, located in the Berkine North Basin in the Algerian desert. The Rhourde Oulad Djemaa Ouest-1 (RODW-1) exploration well, in the Sif Fatima II research perimeter, is the third well in the exploration drilling campaign. It led to a discovery of oil and associated gas in the Triassic sandstones of the Tagi reservoir. During its production test, the well produced 1,300 BOPD and about 2 MMcf/D of associated gas. The RODW-1 discovery comes after the significant discovery of HDLE-1, announced in March 2022, and the successful second appraisal well HDLS-1 in the adjacent Sif Fatima II. Because of their proximity to existing BRN/ROD facilities, the development of these discoveries will be fast-tracked. The Zemlet el Arbi concession is operated by a joint venture between Eni (49%) and Sonatrach (51%). The discovery is part of the new exploration campaign which will include the drilling of five wells in the Berkine North Basin.
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Pavliv, Dmytro. "Sites of archaeology in Ulvivok and its surroundings in the research of Lviv scientists." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 23 (November 26, 2019): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2019-23-337-361.
Full textAbstract:
The old village of Ulvivok, located above the Bug River in Sokal district, Lviv region, is extremely rich with archaeological sites. Relief, favourable for living, fertile soils, large river have contributed to appearing of human settlements on this area since ancient times. This fact is witnessed by finds of numerous archaeological artifacts near Ulvivok and discovery of significant archaeological sites – cemeteries and settlements, which have an interesting history of research since the late XIX century and till nowadays, associated with many famous Lviv scientists. An important role in the preservation and study of local archaeological finds was played by Dzieduszycki Museum. The first references to finds from Ulvivok and the surrounding villages – Horodylovychi, Stargorod, Skomorokhy and Telyazh – are found at the works of local historian B. Sokalski and geologist A. Lomnitcki, published in 1899. J. Nykorovych – the owner of the village and amateur archaeologist contributed noticeably preservation and research of sites during XIX – beginning of XX century. The first extensive exploration in Ulvivok in 1923 was conducted by archaeologist and local historian, guardian of the prehistoric monuments of Lviv district B. Janusz, who discovered a tomb of Globular Amphorae culture and part of the burials of the most famous archaeological sites near Ulvivok – inhumation cemetery from the end of Bronze Age of “Ulvivok-Rovantsi type”. The same cemetery was investigated in 1931 by archaeologist T. Sulimirski, who published the results of excavations. Local archaeological finds were studied by famous Ukrainian archaeologist J. Pasternak, J. Bryk, K. Żurowski, J. Dąmbrowski, I. Sveshnikov, L. Krushelnytska. Nowadays, the exploration work was conducted by N. Wojceschuk, surveys in Ulvivok, Horodylovychi, Stargorod and excavation of Early Iron Age site were carried out by D. Pavliv. At least 14 archaeological sites (8 settlements and 6 cemeteries) and about 100 individual finds have been found on the territory of the village and surrounding area. This territory on the western part of Ukraine is extremely rich with archaeological sites of almost all epochs. It is witnessed by the great historical importance of this region and requires continuation of professional archaeological examinations and protective actions for the preservation of archaeological heritage. Key words: Ulvivok, archaeological site, Lviv scientists, Globular Amphorae culture, burial complex of Ulvivok-Rovantsi type.
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Basri, La Ode Ali. "The Local Wisdom of North Buton People in Flood Mitigation." Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v9i1.480.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to explain and to analyze the local wisdom of the North Buton people in flood disaster mitigation, namely worldview, traditional knowledge, norms, custom, and other traditions conducted by the people of North Buton in natural phenomena observation as the signs of floods, as well as efforts to reduce the risk of flooding by utilizing human resources and natural resources in the vicinity. The results showed that the people of North Buton have a set of local wisdom in flood mitigation which was inherited from their ancestors' legacy. It has been tested through empirical experience and also obtained the traditional legitimacy at North Buton people. That local wisdom included: (1) studying on the animal behavior namely the flock of Joremba (Dragonfly) which get into the residential area and the spooky sounds of Gara (Owl) birds at night, (2) construction of the houses on stilts or semi-permanent house behind the main house, (3) enacting the mamali (taboo) tradition in cutting down of the forests as a control mechanism in ecological balance creation to prevent erosion, (4) exploration of a new spring, (5) observation of the changes of the river volume and the discovery of the presence of the spring that appears suddenly in the rainy season.
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ΣΙΔΗΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, Γεώργιος, and Δημήτριος ΚΑΛΠΑΚΗΣ. "The Mountains of the Moon: A puzzle of the Ptolemaic Geography." BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA 24, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.1131.
Full textAbstract:
The quest for the sources of the Nile had been -already since the antiquity- a major issue regarding the exploration of Africa by both locals and foreigners. This makes no surprise, if the importance of the river is taken into account, not only from a strictly economical point of view but also from a political, historical and cultural one. Since Ptolemy introduced the Mountains of the Moon, the whole issue got a more stable basis; the quest had a specific aim from then on. Those mountains, either existing or product of a false translation tantalized the researchers for ages. On the other hand, the difficulties of such a risky expedition helped the Ptolemaic authority remain unchanged within the cartographic depictions long after the Age of Discovery. This paper aims only to outline the framework of this great issue, highlighting also a few points and proposing answers to questions which, though not of high priority, are really important: Did Ptolemy himself have first-hand geographic knowledge of that area? Did the ancient people of that part of Africa have adequate knowledge of such a complicated hydrological phenomenon? Was the Ptolemaic text in its original form when Planoudis discovered it, or had it got updated with fresh geographic knowledge through the ages?
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Lazaruk, Yaroslav. "Prospects of discovery of gas deposits at shally depths in the east of the Dnipro-Donets basin of Ukraine." Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals 1-2, no. 189-190 (2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2023.189-190.005.
Full textAbstract:
The object of research was the Ustynivka area, which is located in the north-eastern part of the Dnipro-Donets basin on the border between the northern board and axial part of the region. The geological structure of the area is illuminated from positions of gravitational tectogenesis. Two echelons of brachianticlinal uplifts, genetically related to the Krasnoritsk and Muratove-Tuba discharges, have been identified in the Carboniferous deposits. They were formed in nonconsolidated strata under conditions of stretching and rapid lowering of the Dnipro-Donets graben. Seismic surveys have revealed seven anticlines. Their feature is the orientation of structures along arcuate tectonic faults, asymmetry and displacement of anticlines with a depth to the southwest. According to the geomorphological features of the river valley of the Siverskyi Donets, a new uplift is predicted in the lowered block of the Tuba fault. In the Voronove anticline, three gas deposits have been established in the Bashkirian stratum. Nearby are Borivske, Muratove, Yevgeniivka, Krasnopopivka and other gas-condensate fields. Therefore, the gravigenic structures of the Ustynivka area are promising for the discovery of new deposits. Promising horizons of the Bashkirian stratum are at shallow depths: from 2 to 2.5 km. Our estimated gas reserves and resources of the Ustynivka area are 262 and 2100 million m3, respectively. Recommendations are given to clarify the form of gravigenic tectonic faults and related anticlines. The tasks for detailed seismic surveys and drilling are defined. The location of exploration and prospecting boreholes is proposed. Considering the displacement of the vaults of gravigenic structures with depth, to open the productive stratum in the apical parts of the uplifts, we recommend drilling inclined boreholes in the southwestern direction. Tasks for industrial development of deposits of Voronove structure are defined.
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Sharma, Maneesha, Anu Bansal, Shikha Suman, and Neeta Raj Sharma. "Potential Alphavirus Inhibitors From Phytocompounds – Molecular Docking and Dynamics Based Approach." Innovative Biosystems and Bioengineering 7, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/ibb.2023.7.3.285245.
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Background. Alphaviral diseases are an economic burden all over the world due to their chronicity and distribution worldwide. The glycoproteins E1 and E2 are important for binding to the surface of the host cell by interacting with the receptors and non-structural proteins named nsP2 and nsP4 are important for the replication of virus, so can be an important drug discovery target. Objective. We are aimed to explore the in silico interaction between plant-based compounds (phytocompounds) and specific protein targets, such as nonstructural protein nsP4 and glycoprotein E2 of Sindbis virus (SINV), nsP2 and E2 of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and glycoproteins E1 and E2 of Ross River virus (RRV). Methods. A library of phytochemicals from Indian medicinal plants was prepared using databases and converted to 3D structures. Protein structures (nsP2, nsp4, E1, E2) were obtained and refined, followed by molecular docking with AutoDock Vina. Promising ligands were evaluated for properties, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity, considering drug-likeness and potential issues. Molecular Dynamics simulations assessed complex stability. Results. We analyzed 375 phytocompounds against these targets using molecular docking, modeling, and molecular dynamics for SINV, CHIKV, and Ross River (RRV) virus proteins. Granatin A has been found to successfully bind to the target sites of SINV nsP4, CHIKV E2, and CHIKV nsP2 with binding affinity values of -16.2, -20.6, and -18.6 Kcal/mol respectively. Further, stability of CHIKV E2 – Granatin A complex was done by performing molecular dynamic simulation and the complex was stable at 60ps. Conclusions. This research provides valuable insights into the development of effective antiviral drugs against alphaviruses, emphasizing the importance of natural compounds and their interactions with viral proteins. This study might pave the way for further exploration of these small molecules as effective anti-alphaviral therapeutic agents.
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A., BORODOVSKIY. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LEFT BANK OF THE URTEMKA RIVER MOUTH (THE KOZHEVNIKOVSKY DISTRICT OF THE TOMSK REGION)." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 27 (2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.24.
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The article is devoted to a review of the archaeological survey results of the left bank of the Urtamka River mouth (the Kozhevnikovsky District of the Tomsk Oblast). The purpose of the research was to localize the station of the Urtam ostrog, marked on the map of 1701 by S.U. Remezov, located on the left bank of the Urtamka River. The survey of this territory made it possible to detect an elevated area (Urtamskoe-II), fenced on three sides by a sub-square ditch 2 m wide and 0.4 m deep. The total dimension of the fence was 200 m, which formally correlates with the perimeter of the Urtam ostrog, indicated in a written source of the late 17th century (1687). However, the archaeological study of the ditch section and the inner fenced area of the newly identified fortified settlement Urtamskoe-II did not reveal the cross-section of the ditch and the foundations of the log wall that are characteristic for the Early New Time. Such results complicate their connection with the Urtam ostrog. In addition, the osteological materials and fragments of the rims of ceramic vessels from the Irmen culture (Late Bronze Age) were found in the cultural layer of the discovered settlement. It should be noted that for the territories occupied by several archaeologically investigated ostrogs (Tomsky, Umrevinsky, Sayansky, etc.), the facts of the discovery of the earlier archaeological materials are quite typical. However, the ditch fence of the sub-square outlines of the residential area of the fortified settlement Urtamskoe-II significantly distinguishes it from the nearest Irmen settlement of the Baturino-1. Fencing with a “П” shaped moat are more typical for the settlements of the late Middle Ages on the territory of neighboring Baraba (Tyumenka, Chinyaikha). In general, the archaeological research carried out reflected the general tendency which is the complexity of localizing the ostrog as an archaeological site. Keywords: archaeological exploration, Upper Ob Region, ancient settlements, settlements, ostrog
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A., BORODOVSKIY. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LEFT BANK OF THE URTEMKA RIVER MOUTH (THE KOZHEVNIKOVSKY DISTRICT OF THE TOMSK REGION)." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 27 (2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.24.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to a review of the archaeological survey results of the left bank of the Urtamka River mouth (the Kozhevnikovsky District of the Tomsk Oblast). The purpose of the research was to localize the station of the Urtam ostrog, marked on the map of 1701 by S.U. Remezov, located on the left bank of the Urtamka River. The survey of this territory made it possible to detect an elevated area (Urtamskoe-II), fenced on three sides by a sub-square ditch 2 m wide and 0.4 m deep. The total dimension of the fence was 200 m, which formally correlates with the perimeter of the Urtam ostrog, indicated in a written source of the late 17th century (1687). However, the archaeological study of the ditch section and the inner fenced area of the newly identified fortified settlement Urtamskoe-II did not reveal the cross-section of the ditch and the foundations of the log wall that are characteristic for the Early New Time. Such results complicate their connection with the Urtam ostrog. In addition, the osteological materials and fragments of the rims of ceramic vessels from the Irmen culture (Late Bronze Age) were found in the cultural layer of the discovered settlement. It should be noted that for the territories occupied by several archaeologically investigated ostrogs (Tomsky, Umrevinsky, Sayansky, etc.), the facts of the discovery of the earlier archaeological materials are quite typical. However, the ditch fence of the sub-square outlines of the residential area of the fortified settlement Urtamskoe-II significantly distinguishes it from the nearest Irmen settlement of the Baturino-1. Fencing with a “П” shaped moat are more typical for the settlements of the late Middle Ages on the territory of neighboring Baraba (Tyumenka, Chinyaikha). In general, the archaeological research carried out reflected the general tendency which is the complexity of localizing the ostrog as an archaeological site. Keywords: archaeological exploration, Upper Ob Region, ancient settlements, settlements, ostrog
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Төрбат, Цагаан, Нацаг Батболд, and Бихумар Өмирбек. "Бага Ойгорын палеолитын хадны зургийн дурсгал." Mongolian Journal Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjaae.2023120102.
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In 2004, Ts. Turbat made a discovery of a significant site of engraved rock art, dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. Situated on the south bank of the Baga Oigor River, this remarkable site lies within the protective zone of the World Heritage site of the Mongolian Altai rock art complex. The Baga Oigor-VI complex boasts an impressive array of 41 depictions featuring animals such as horses, ibex, argali, deer, cattle, and snakes from the Upper Paleolithic period, complemented by an additional 16 images originating from the Bronze Age, constituting a total of 57 images. Noteworthy is the superior preservation status of this monument, eclipsing that of comparable sites and presenting unparalleled clarity in visibility. The scarcity of open Paleolithic rock art sites across the globe that bear resemblance to this exceptional find underscores its singular nature. The geographically nearest analogous site of significance is the Gobustan monument in the South Caucasus followed by largest concentration of similar monuments in Iberian peninsula. Beyond the renowned ochre paintings of the Khoid Tsenkher Cave, an extensive exploration of carved rock art open air monuments is underway, elevating the Mongolian Altai region to the status of a pivotal hub in the realm of ancient art. The sheer abundance and widespread distribution of these monuments contribute to its characterization as a veritable “cradle of prehistoric art”.
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Astakhova, Irina S., and Liliya R. Zhdanova. "Preservation of Geological Material and History of Karst Formations Discoveries in the Pechora-Severouralskiy Speleological Area and Adjacent Territories." Arctic and North, no. 48 (September 27, 2022): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.48.189.
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The paper describes the history of discovery and study of karst formations of the European North of Russia. More than 100 karst formations have been identified. The main periods in the history of exploration of caves and grottoes of the Pechora Urals are reflected. The first caves descriptions which were made by travellers and scientists in the 18th19th centuries are given. During that period the most famous caves were Uninskaya and Kaninskaya caves. The main karst formations were discovered and described at the beginning of the 20th century. Geologist V.N. Mamontov discovered 4 caves on the Pervokamennaya River. Systematic geological studies by V.A. Varsanofyeva in the Northern Urals allowed her to discover small karst formations in the upper reaches of the Pechora on the Ilych and Unya rivers. In 1960, B.I. Guslitzer discovered the largest cave in the Northern Urals — the Medvezhya Cave. Promising and little-studied areas of karst are the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra, the Polar and Nether-Polar Urals, Pai-Hoi and Timan. Only a few small caves and grottoes are known on these territories. Most of the karst is located in specially protected areas. The caves are unique paleontological monuments of nature. The funds of the A.A. Chernov Geological Museum of the Institute of Geology contain 12 monographic collections of paleofaunistic material with a volume of more than 30 thousand storage units. The remains of vertebrate caves consist of bones of mammoth fauna and small mammals.
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Picard, M. "Remembering First Oil in Nevada." Earth Sciences History 28, no. 2 (November 5, 2009): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.28.2.3568120856325474.
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In June 1954 Nevada became the twenty-ninth oil-producing state in the United States (Picard 1955). Interestingly, production was from volcanic rocks from the open-hole interval 6,450 to 6,730 ft (1,966 to 2,051 m) in the Oligocene Garrett Ranch volcanics, an unexpected reservoir in the kind of rocks rarely productive anywhere in the world. The pour-point (65-80° F) and gravity (26-29° API) of the crude were high, similar to oils found in the Eocene Green River Formation of the Uinta Basin, northeast Utah. Cumulative production in the field through September 1978 was 3.3 million barrels of oil. An early estimate of ultimate primary reserves was four million barrels of oil (Bortz and Murray, 1979). The trap is a faulted truncated wedge of Oligocene and Cretaceous-Eocene rocks with a top seal of impermeable valley fill, a bottom seal of Paleozoic rocks, and an east-side seal formed by a basin boundary fault and impermeable Paleozoic rocks. The new field in Railroad Valley of east-central Nevada, finally totaling fourteen producing wells, was called Eagle Springs after the locality and the name of the discovery well drilled by the Shell Oil Company. Twenty-two years after the Eagle Springs discovery a larger oil field, Trap Spring, was discovered by Northwest Exploration Company less than ten miles west of Eagle Springs, in Tertiary ash-flow tuffs. Two hundred dry holes had been drilled in Nevada between the two discoveries. In 1982, six years after the Trap Spring discovery, Amoco Production Company drilled the first well outside of Railroad Valley at Blackburn field on the east side of Pine Valley in Eureka County. Blackburn, a structural trap above a Tertiary low-angle extensional fault, produces from Devonian reservoirs. In 1983, Northwest Production brought in the Grant Canyon field about 10 mi (6 km) south of Eagle Springs. The oil reservoir of Devonian carbonates there is entrapped in a ‘buried-hill’. The discovery in 2004 of the Covenant field in Central Utah, because of similarities to large oil fields in the thrust belt of Wyoming and Utah and some resemblance to the Nevada fields of the Great Basin, ignited a frenzy of leasing which still goes on when land is available. Located along the thrust-belt (hingeline), Covenant produces oil from the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone that apparently originated in the Paleozoic.
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LIU, Jinhong, Guohua QIAO, Ying SONG, and YingYing LIU. "Discovery of Eclogite Facies Kyanite Quartzite in Central Jilin Province:Evidence of Ultra-high-pressure Metamorphism." Chinese Earth Sciences Review 3, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48014/cesr.20230907002.
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The work area is located in the convergence domain of the Siberian plate and North China plate. The Jilin Province of the Soren-Xilamnlun river-Changchun-Heilog jiang plate collision zone. Before 2000, there was no empirical evidence of high-ultrahigh pressure transformation in the middle Jilin section. For this reason, the Changchun-Panshi-Jiaohe area was selected as the primary geological survey area. After comprehensively analysing the previous regional geological and mineral exploration data, we drew on the experience and achievements of studying the collision between the Suiu-dabie plate. Jiaohe blueschist origin was concerned. After fine field investigation, collecting fresh and representative samples, conducting microscopic identification, electron probe analysis and other work, the key identification and measurement results were obtained. Comprehensive results proved that the geological body producing kyanite undergoes high-pressure kyanite-quartzite was a metamorphic rock of gernet pgroxenite facies. This discovery is of fundamental importance for the establishment of the Jihei high pressure human ultra-high-pressure collision subduction zone. The discovery was briefly reported in 2000 and is now being published in detail. The garnet-phase blueschist quartzite is massive, laminated, ienticular, and rootless hook like bodies occur in within the luoguangou Dashihu narrow ductile shear zone. The rock being sheared is late paleozoic Early perntian Daheshan formation and late variscan Granite Porphyry, which were deformed and metamorphosed to form. blueschist dolomite quartz schist and dolomitic blueschist quartzite. The Peak mineral combination is Ky2+Qz2+Ms2 (Phn2) +Zt+Rt+Miss, without Sili and Pl, which basically meets the constraining charactenstics of eciogite facies. The peak metamorphic temperature reaches 700-750℃, indicating the Si (pfu) =3. 440-3. 535 of phengite, and indicated metamorphic pressure reaches p=2. 75-3. 30GPa, which shows that the rock has undergone ultra-high pressure metamorphic process, and its temperature and pressure conditions have been comparable to those formed by coesite. The temperature of secondary peak period of is about 550℃-600℃ and the pressure is about 1. 6-1. 7GPa. The multi-phase nature of the blueschist, muscovite and quartz indicates that the rock is subjected to prosess of subduction exhumation, and exhumation suffering from strong progressional and retrograde metamorphism. The temperature and pressure numbers of the metamorphism indicate that the paths are successively hornblende and green schist phases, with temperatures of about 500℃-450℃ and pressures of about 0. 5-0. 7GPa, and temperatures of about 300℃-350℃ and pressures of about 0. 3-0. 4GPa, respectively.
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Demina, А. D. "HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF SCYTHIAN SITES IN THE NORTHERN AZOV SEA REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, no. 2 (May 10, 2023): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.20.
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Northern Azov region (Pryazovia) is the place of concentration of one of the largest groups of Scythian sites of the 5th—4th centuries BC. At the same time, local necropolises show significant variability in chronological and structural characteristics. Therefore, one of the first issues aimed at a better understanding of the region is the completeness and directions of archaeological research of the territory. The paper offers an overview of the main stages of the discovery of the Scythian sites in this region and the factors that influenced them. It follows the chronological order of explorations, both field and theoretical. The first excavations date back to the 19th century with the discovery of the kurhans in the Obitochna river mouth. The synchronous historical-geographical attempt of placing Herodotus’ Royal Scythians on the map of the Azov region is analyzed separately. The early 20th century is mostly characterized by archaeological studies in the local museums. The first large-scale expeditions as well as the summarizing works that approached the Azov region started in 1950—1960. During this stage the first in the 20th century Royal barrow, Melitopol kurhan, was excavated. This discovery prompted further research of the large kurhans in the Azov region. The breakthrough stage is considered to be the period between 1970 and 1990. The works in the North-Western part of Pryazovia were primarily associated with the Khersons’ka and Priazovs’ka expeditions of the Institute of Archaeology (IA). During this time, no less than 130 Scythian burial mounds were discovered and recorded there. The scope and amount of the field research also influenced the advancement in the standardization of the procedure of the kurhan exploration and documentation. In the Kalmius basin, archaeological research took place less intensively due to the smaller area of construction works. The excavations of the 1970s were primarily connected with the activities of the Donetsk expedition of the IA led by S. Bratchenko. Although the number of burials in the Donetsk region was significantly smaller, the research of the Shevchenko and Kremenivka complexes showed the presence of unique ritual sites, as well as the intensive use of local granite deposits for the construction of stone structures. Overall, more than a century of research allowed a better understanding of the history of the Scythians in the Pryazovia and showed the importance of continuing fieldwork and further conceptualizing this region.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (October 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1022-0016-jpt.
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CNOOC Turns Taps on Bohai Bay Fields Volumes are flowing from two new CNOOC-operated field developments in the Bohai Sea, offshore China. Production began at the Luda 5-2 oil field north phase 1 project in Liaodong Bay. The field is in an average water depth of around 32 m. CNOOC installed one thermal recovery wellhead platform and one production platform, and connected processing facilities serving the Suizhong 36-1 oil field. The company plans to drill a total of 26 production and two water-source wells, with peak crude oil production of 8,200 B/D targeted for 2024. Oil also is flowing at the Kenli 6-1 oil field 4-1 block development in the southern Bohai Sea. A new wellhead platform in about 17 km of water is connected to processing facilities at the Bozhong 34-9 oil field. CNOOC plans a total of seven producer and five water-injector wells at Kenli 6-1, with peak oil production later this year of around 4,000 B/D. CNOOC holds a 100% stake in both projects. Sailaway for GTA FPSO Expected by Year-End A BP executive told conference goers in Senegal recently that the FPSO destined for that country’s Greater Tortue Ahmeyim (GTA) gas project is expected to leave China prior to year-end. BP Executive Vice President for Production and Operations Gordon Birrell added that the first phase of the GTA project is 80% complete. The main function of the FPSO will be to remove water and condensate and reduce impurities in the gas stream before exporting processed gas to a nearby FLNG facility and domestic gas offtake. BP and Kosmos Energy are leading the development of GTA and Yakaar-Teranga, Senegal’s first natural gas projects. GTA straddles the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Phase 1 of the planned development is expected to start delivering gas by the end of 2023. Birrell added that BP is in discussions with Senegal and Mauritania about GTA’s second phase and other projects in both countries, but did not get into specifics, according to Reuters. Phase two should double expected production from 2.5 to 5.0 mtpa. ReconAfrica, NAMCOR Reach Target Depth on Namibia Well Reconnaissance Energy Africa and its joint venture partner NAMCOR, the state oil company of Namibia, confirmed the third stratigraphic test well in the Kavango basin of northeast Namibia, 1819/8-2, reached target depth. The well was drilled to a total depth of 2056 m reaching all geological targets. However, the duo did not reveal what was found in the well. Instead, the pair said current operations were focused on well data capture and initiating analysis of the data. Company-owned rig Jarvie-1 will remain on site until logging and coring operations are completed. A vertical seismic profile tool will also be run to total depth to tie into the 2D seismic program. Processing of the second phase of 761 km of 2D seismic is near completion, where early results are being used to refine drilling locations for the upcoming stratigraphic wells. The next well of this planned continuous drilling program was scheduled to have the rig on location by the end of last month. Pantheon Resources Alaska Discovery Deemed “World Class” Pantheon Resources has uncovered a “world-class” oil discovery on its Theta West acreage in Alaska, according to independent consultants brought in to assess the area’s potential. Baker Hughes Advanced Hydrocarbon Stratigraphy (AHS) was charged with compiling a report based on data collated after a successful appraisal well drilled early this year. The firm believes there is a continuous column of oil-bearing cuttings of at least 1,360 ft that is host to a light crude in the order of 37–39 °API. The AHS report concluded there are “abundant good-quality reservoirs” with an “ultimate, nonpermeable seal” at 7,070 ft. Pantheon said the results are supportive of analyses of cuttings from previous work on the acreage on Alaska’s prolific North Slope. The company estimated the project, which is close to infrastructure, is host to 17 billion bbl of which 10%, or 1.7 billion bbl, is deemed recoverable. Invictus Well in Zimbabwe a “Game Changer” The Mukuyu-1 exploration well being drilled in Zimbabwe by Australian firm Invictus Energy in partnership with the government is being called “a game changer” for the country by President Emmerson Mnangagwa. The well is in license SG 4571, which covers 250,000 acres located in the most prospective portion of the Cabora Bassa Basin in northern Zimbabwe. The license is currently in the second exploration period which runs to June 2024. Invictus entered into an agreement with the Zimbabwe government in March 2022 to increase the license area sevenfold to 1.77 million acres. Previously explored by Mobil Oil, the project contains the largest undrilled structure in onshore Africa. The Muzarabani anticline feature has more than 200 km2 under closure and up to 1500 m vertical relief at favorable depths for conventional oil and gas. Invictus completed the acquisition of 840 km of high-resolution infill 2D seismic data ahead of spudding the well using Exalo Rig 202 in August. Drilling Results a Mixed Bag for APA Offshore Suriname APA Corporation has made an oil discovery offshore Suriname with its Baja-1 well in Block 53 but came away empty with a probe in Block 58. Baja-1 was drilled to a depth of 5290 m and encountered 34 m of net oil pay in a single interval within the Campanian. Preliminary fluid and log analysis indicates light oil with a gas/oil ratio (GOR) of 1,600 to 2,200 scf/bbl, in good-quality reservoir. The discovery at Baja-1 is a down-dip lobe of the same depositional system as the Krabdagu discovery, 11.5 km to the west in Block 58. Evaluation of openhole well logs, cores, and reservoir fluids is ongoing. The success at Baja marks the sixth oil discovery in which APA has participated in offshore Suriname and the first on Block 53. The company said the result confirms its geologic model for the Campanian in the area and helps to de-risk other prospects in the southern portion of both Blocks 53 and 58. APA recently received regulatory approval regarding an amendment to the Block 53 production-sharing contract, which provides options to extend the exploration period by up to 4 years. The company is currently proceeding with formalizing the first one-year extension, for which all work commitments are complete. APA is operator and holds a 45% working interest in Block 53; partners Petronas and CEPSA hold 30% and 25% stakes, respectively. Baja-1 was drilled using drillship Noble Gerry de Souza in water depths of approximately 1140 m. The rig will mobilize to Block 58 following the completion of current operations, where it will drill the Awari exploration prospect, approximately 27 km north of the Maka Central discovery. APA was not as fortunate with its Dikkop exploration well in Block 58. The well encountered water-bearing sandstones in the targeted interval and has been plugged and abandoned. Operator TotalEnergies holds a 50% working interest, while APA holds the remaining 50% stake. The drillship Maersk Valiant will be moving to the Sapakara field to drill a second appraisal well at Sapakara South, where the joint venture conducted a successful flow test late last year. Helix Energy Solutions Secures Production, P&A Work With Thunder Hawk Buy Helix Energy Solutions Group subsidiary Deepwater Abandonment Alternatives (DAA) acquired all of MP GOM’s 62.5% interest in Mississippi Canyon Block 734, comprising three wells and related subsea infrastructure, collectively known as the Thunder Hawk field. MP GOM is a subsidiary of Murphy Oil. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed. “This acquisition furthers Helix’s energy transition business model by taking on decommissioning obligations in exchange for production revenues,” said Owen Kratz, president and chief executive of Helix. “We have long communicated our unique position as a qualified offshore field operator that can also assume and efficiently discharge decommissioning obligations. We continue to pursue opportunities that enable us to enhance and extend the life of existing reserves and safely perform the related decommissioning of the infrastructure in transactions that allow producers to remove noncore assets from their balance sheets.” Under the terms of the transaction, Helix receives the benefit of ownership of MP GOM’s interest, with a 1 November 2021 effective date purchase price adjustment resulting in nominal cash paid by MP GOM at closing, in exchange for the assumption of MP GOM’s abandonment obligations at the Thunder Hawk Field. In addition to anticipated future production revenue, DAA will operate the Thunder Hawk field with Helix eventually expected to perform the required plug and abandonment operations. Kolibri Continues Tishamingo Program in Oklahoma Kolibri Global Energy has completed the location work for the Glenn 16-3H and Brock 9-3H wells, which are the third and fourth wells in its 2022 drilling program. A fifth location is also being prepped. All three wells in the Tishamingo area of the SCOOP play are planned to be drilled back-to-back, and the completion operations for the Glenn 16-3H and Brock 9-3H wells have been tentatively scheduled for the first week of October. Neptune Energy Confirms New Discovery in the Gjøa Area Neptune Energy and its partners announced a new commercial discovery at the Ofelia exploration well (PL 929), close to the Gjøa field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Neptune has completed drilling of the Ofelia well, 35/6-3 S, and encountered oil in the Agat formation. The preliminary estimate of recoverable volume is in the range of 16 to 39 million BOE. In addition to the Agat volumes, north of the well there is an upside of around 10 million BOE recoverable gas in the shallower Kyrre formation, which brings the total recoverable volume to approximately 26 to 49 million BOE. Located 15 km north of the operated Gjøa platform, at a water depth of 344 m, Ofelia will be considered for development as a tieback to Gjøa, in parallel with the company’s recent oil and gas discovery at Hamlet. The Ofelia well, drilled by Odfjell-operated semisubmersible Deepsea Yantai, confirmed an oil/water contact at 2639 m total vertical depth. It is the third discovery by Neptune Energy in the Agat formation, a reservoir which until recently was not part of established exploration models on the Norwegian Shelf. The first was at the Duva field, which is now onstream and being operated by Neptune. The second was the company’s discovery at Hamlet, with estimated recoverable volumes between 8 and 24 million BOE.
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Rimando, Jeremy, Alexander L. Peace, Meixia Geng, Jacob Verbaas, and Harley Slade. "Structural Setting of the Sixtymile Gold District, Yukon, Canada: Insights into Regional Deformation and Mineralization from Field Mapping and 3D Magnetic Inversion." Minerals 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030291.
Full textAbstract:
The Sixtymile gold district, Yukon, Canada has been mined for placer gold since the late 19th century. However, increasing demand for gold has prompted exploration of new lode deposits. Previous studies in the nearby Klondike gold district have shown correlation between placer deposits and bedrock occurrences. Poor bedrock exposure and a complex deformation history, however, make it difficult to determine structural controls on gold mineralization. Through structural analysis involving mesoscopic-scale field observations of fractures, faults, foliation, and folds, and 3D geophysical inversion, the goal of this study was to determine the structural setting of the Sixtymile district to enhance discovery success. Structural measurements in the Glacier Creek, Miller Creek, Bedrock Creek, and Sixtymile River areas show the relationships among the orientations of foliation, fractures, and veins. In most localities, veins are found both parallel and at high angles to foliation, and there is generally a weaker correlation between fractures and veins compared to between foliation and veins. This correlation between foliation and veins is corroborated by inferred gold-bearing horizons from gold assay data. Outcrops of oblique reverse and strike-slip faults, possibly related to a larger-scale thrust-zone, and to the left-lateral Sixtymile-Pika Fault, respectively, were documented for the first time in this study. The results of the 3D probabilistic inversion of total magnetic intensity data for magnetic susceptibility show that magnetic susceptibility highs are preferentially associated with volcanics, but also point to possible intrusive bodies or hydrothermal alteration zones associated with mineralization. A geologic cross-section through the lithologies demonstrates highly variable deformation styles, including extensive folding, possibly indicative of a multiphase deformational history necessitating further, more detailed investigations of the area.
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Ghori, K. Ameed R. "Petroleum source rocks of Western Australia." APPEA Journal 58, no. 1 (2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17051.
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Petroleum geochemical analysis of samples from the Canning, Carnarvon, Officer and Perth basins identified several formations with source potential, the: • Triassic Locker Shale and Jurassic Dingo Claystone of the Northern Carnarvon Basin; • Permian Irwin River Coal Measures and Carynginia Formation, Triassic Kockatea Shale and Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures of the Perth Basin; • Ordovician Goldwyer and Bongabinni formations, Devonian Gogo Formation and Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation of the Canning Basin; • Devonian Gneudna Formation of the Gascoyne Platform and the Lower Permian Wooramel and Byro groups of the Merlinleigh Sub-basin of the Southern Carnarvon Basin; and • Neoproterozoic Brown, Hussar, Kanpa and Steptoe formations of the Officer Basin. Burial history and geothermal basin modelling was undertaken using input parameters from geochemical analyses of rock samples, produced oil, organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA), heat flows, subsurface temperatures and other exploration data compiled by the Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA). Of these basins, the Canning, Carnarvon, and Perth basins are currently producing oil and gas, whereas the Southern Carnarvon and Officer basins have no commercial petroleum discovery yet, but they do have source, reservoir, seal and petroleum shows indicating the presence of petroleum systems. The Carnarvon Basin contains the richest identified petroleum source rocks, followed by the Perth and Canning basins. Production in the Carnarvon Basin is predominantly gas and oil, the Perth Basin is gas-condensate and the Canning Basin is oil dominated, demonstrating the variations in source rock type and maturity across the state. GSWA is continuously adding new data to assess petroleum systems and prospectivity of these and other basins in Western Australia.