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Journal articles on the topic 'Mite divergence time'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

PALOPOLI, MICHAEL F., VAN TRA, KASSEY MATOIN, and PHUONG D. MAC. "Evolution of host range in the follicle mite Demodex kutzeri." Parasitology 144, no. 5 (2016): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016002146.

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SUMMARYThe sequences of four mitochondrial genes were determined for Demodex mites isolated from two distantly related species within the family Cervidae, and identified morphologically as belonging to the species Demodex kutzeri. The sequences were used to test the hypothesis that Demodex are strictly host-specific, and hence cospeciate with their hosts: (1) The estimated divergence time between mites found on elk vs humans agreed closely with a previous estimate of the time that these host species last shared a common ancestor, suggesting cospeciation of mites and hosts, at least over long e

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2

Brandt, Alexander, Patrick Tran Van, Christian Bluhm, et al. "Haplotype divergence supports long-term asexuality in the oribatid mite Oppiella nova." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (2021): e2101485118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101485118.

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Sex strongly impacts genome evolution via recombination and segregation. In the absence of these processes, haplotypes within lineages of diploid organisms are predicted to accumulate mutations independently of each other and diverge over time. This so-called “Meselson effect” is regarded as a strong indicator of the long-term evolution under obligate asexuality. Here, we present genomic and transcriptomic data of three populations of the asexual oribatid mite species Oppiella nova and its sexual relative Oppiella subpectinata. We document strikingly different patterns of haplotype divergence

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CRUZ, LEONARDO DOMINICI, FERNANDA RODRIGUES FERNANDES, and ARÍCIO XAVIER LINHARES. "Similarities among ectoparasite fauna of sigmodontine rodents: phylogenetic and geographical influences." Parasitology 139, no. 13 (2012): 1749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001126.

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SUMMARYPhylogenetic and geographical overlaps in host distributions influence the compositional similarity of ectoparasite fauna in a host–parasite system. In these systems, hosts that are more closely related (phylogenetically) are expected to share more parasitic species than more distantly related hosts. Similarly, hosts sharing a larger geographical distribution overlap are expected to have similar ectoparasites. This study investigated the influence of phylogeny (divergence time) and geographical overlap of some neotropical sigmodontine rodent species on the similarities among their ectop

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Knee, Wayne, and Terry D. Galloway. "Myialges trinotoni (Acariformes: Epidermoptidae), a hyperparasitic mite infesting Trinoton querquedulae (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on waterfowl." Canadian Entomologist 149, no. 4 (2017): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2017.16.

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AbstractMites of the family Epidermoptidae (Acariformes) are permanent parasites dwelling on or in the skin of birds. Myialges Trouessart species are epidermoptids that have a hyperparasitic relationship with chewing lice (Phthiraptera) or louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). During 1993–2016 in Manitoba, Canada, 668 ducks (20 species), geese (five species), and swans (two species) were examined for lice. A total of 157 males, 191 females, and 539 nymphs of the menoponid louse Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) were collected, of which 25 adult lice from three hosts

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Sun, Wei, Qingsong Gao, Bernhard Schaefke, Yuhui Hu, and Wei Chen. "Pervasive allele-specific regulation on RNA decay in hybrid mice." Life Science Alliance 1, no. 2 (2018): e201800052. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.201800052.

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Cellular RNA abundance is determined by both RNA transcription and decay. Therefore, change in RNA abundance, which can drive phenotypic diversity between different species, could arise from genetic variants affecting either process. However, previous studies in the evolution of RNA expression have been largely focused on transcription. Here, to globally investigate the effects of cis-regulatory divergence on RNA decay in mammals for the first time, we quantified allele-specific differences in RNA decay rates (ASD) in an F1 hybrid mouse. Out of 8,815 genes with sufficient data, we identified 6

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6

Stino, Farid K. "Divergent Selection for Pentobarbital-lnduced Sleeping Times in Mice." Pharmacology 44, no. 5 (1992): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000138927.

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Stino, Farid K. R., Saber S. Samaan, Malak G. Kolta, Kemmy M. Mizinga, and Karam F. A. Soliman. "Divergent Selection for Pentobarbital-Induced Sedation Times in Mice." Pharmacology 56, no. 2 (1998): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000028186.

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8

González, Lorenzo, Francesca Chianini, Nora Hunter, et al. "Stability of murine scrapie strain 87V after passage in sheep and comparison with the CH1641 ovine strain." Journal of General Virology 96, no. 12 (2015): 3703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000305.

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Breed- and prion protein (PRNP) genotype-related disease phenotype variability has been observed in sheep infected with the 87V murine scrapie strain. Therefore, the stability of this strain was tested by inoculating sheep-derived 87V brain material back into VM mice. As some sheep-adapted 87V disease phenotypes were reminiscent of CH1641 scrapie, transgenic mice (Tg338) expressing ovine prion protein (PrP) were inoculated with the same sheep-derived 87V sources and with CH1641. Although at first passage in VM mice the sheep-derived 87V sources showed some divergence from the murine 87V contro

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Jeyaprakash, Ayyamperumal, and Marjorie A. Hoy. "First divergence time estimate of spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks (subphylum: Chelicerata) inferred from mitochondrial phylogeny." Experimental and Applied Acarology 47, no. 1 (2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-008-9203-5.

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10

Nachman, M. W., S. N. Boyer, J. B. Searle, and C. F. Aquadro. "Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolution of Robertsonian chromosomal races of house mice, Mus domesticus." Genetics 136, no. 3 (1994): 1105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.3.1105.

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Abstract The house mouse, Mus domesticus, includes many distinct Robertsonian (Rb) chromosomal races with diploid numbers from 2n = 22 to 2n = 38. Although these races are highly differentiated karyotypically, they are otherwise indistinguishable from standard karyotype (i.e., 2n = 40) mice, and consequently their evolutionary histories are not well understood. We have examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation from the control region and the ND3 gene region among 56 M. domesticus from Western Europe, including 15 Rb populations and 13 standard karyotype populations, and two individ

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Logue, Christopher H., Christopher F. Bosio, Thomas Welte, et al. "Virulence variation among isolates of western equine encephalitis virus in an outbred mouse model." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 8 (2009): 1848–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.008656-0.

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Little is known about viral determinants of virulence associated with western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV). Here, we have analysed six North American WEEV isolates in an outbred CD1 mouse model. Full genome sequence analyses showed ≤2.7 % divergence among the six WEEV isolates. However, the percentage mortality and mean time to death (MTD) varied significantly when mice received subcutaneous injections of 103 p.f.u. of each virus. Two WEEV strains, McMillan (McM) and Imperial 181 (IMP), were the most divergent of the six in genome sequence; McM caused 100 % mortality by 5 days post-infecti

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Andersen, Liselotte Wesley, Magnus Jacobsen, Christina Vedel-Smith, and Thomas Secher Jensen. "Mice as stowaways? Colonization history of Danish striped field mice." Biology Letters 13, no. 7 (2017): 20170064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0064.

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Species from the steppe region of Eastern Europe likely colonized northwestern Europe in connection with agriculture after 6500 BP. The striped field mouse ( Apodemus agrarius Pallas, 1783), is a steppe-derived species often found in human crops. It is common on the southern Danish islands of Lolland and Falster, which have been isolated from mainland Europe since approximately 10 300–8000 BP. Thus, this species could have been brought in with humans in connection with agriculture, or it could be an earlier natural invader. We sequenced 86 full mitochondrial genomes from the northwestern range

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Hayasaka, Daisuke, Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Hiroaki Kariwa, et al. "Phylogenetic and virulence analysis of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Japan and far-eastern Russia." Journal of General Virology 80, no. 12 (1999): 3127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-12-3127.

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We have previously reported that tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is endemic in a specific area of Hokkaido, Japan. In Oshima, the southern part of Hokkaido, TBE virus was isolated from sentinel dogs, ticks and rodents in 1995 and 1996. To identify when these TBE viruses emerged in Hokkaido, the times of divergence of TBE virus strains isolated in Oshima and far-eastern Russia were estimated. TBE virus was isolated in Khabarovsk in 1998 and the nucleotide sequences of viral envelope protein genes of isolates from Oshima and Khabarovsk were compared. From the synonymous substitution rate of these

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14

Hu, Yang, Alejandra Korovaichuk, Mariana Astiz, et al. "Functional Divergence of Mammalian TFAP2a and TFAP2b Transcription Factors for Bidirectional Sleep Control." Genetics 216, no. 3 (2020): 735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303533.

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Sleep is a conserved behavioral state. Invertebrates typically show quiet sleep, whereas in mammals, sleep consists of periods of nonrapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and REM sleep (REMS). We previously found that the transcription factor AP-2 promotes sleep in Caenorhabditiselegans and Drosophila. In mammals, several paralogous AP-2 transcription factors exist. Sleep-controlling genes are often conserved. However, little is known about how sleep genes evolved from controlling simpler types of sleep to govern complex mammalian sleep. Here, we studied the roles of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in sleep cont

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Hardouin, Emilie A., and Diethard Tautz. "Increased mitochondrial mutation frequency after an island colonization: positive selection or accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations?" Biology Letters 9, no. 2 (2013): 20121123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1123.

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Island colonizations are excellent models for studying early processes of evolution. We found in a previous study on mice that had colonized the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Archipelago about 200 years ago that they were derived from a single founder lineage and that this showed an unexpectedly large number of new mutations in the mitochondrial D-loop. To assess whether positive selection has played a role in the emergence of these variants, we have obtained 16 full mitochondrial genome sequences from these mice. For comparison, we have compiled 57 mitochondrial genome sequences from laboratory inb

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Keely, Scott P., Jared M. Fischer, Melanie T. Cushion, and James R. Stringer. "Phylogenetic identification of Pneumocystis murina sp. nov., a new species in laboratory mice." Microbiology 150, no. 5 (2004): 1153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26921-0.

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Pneumocystis is a fungal genus that contains multiple species. One member of the genus that has not been formally analysed for its phylogenetic relationships and possible species status is the Pneumocystis found in laboratory mice, Pneumocystis murina sp. nov. (type strain ATCC PRA-111T=CBS 114898T), formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. muris. To advance research in this area, approximately 3000 bp of additional DNA sequence were obtained from the locus encoding rRNAs. This sequence and others were used to determine genetic distances between P. murina and other members of the genus. T

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Harris, Stephen E., Alexander T. Xue, Diego Alvarado-Serrano, et al. "Urbanization shapes the demographic history of a native rodent (the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus ) in New York City." Biology Letters 12, no. 4 (2016): 20150983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0983.

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How urbanization shapes population genomic diversity and evolution of urban wildlife is largely unexplored. We investigated the impact of urbanization on white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area using coalescent-based simulations to infer demographic history from the site-frequency spectrum. We assigned individuals to evolutionary clusters and then inferred recent divergence times, population size changes and migration using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 23 populations sampled along an urban-to-rural gradient. Both prehisto

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18

Barnabei, Matthew S., Nathan J. Palpant, and Joseph M. Metzger. "Influence of genetic background on ex vivo and in vivo cardiac function in several commonly used inbred mouse strains." Physiological Genomics 42A, no. 2 (2010): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00071.2010.

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Inbred mouse strains play a critical role in biomedical research. Genetic homogeneity within inbred strains and their general amenability to genetic manipulation have made them an ideal resource for dissecting the physiological function(s) of individual genes. However, the inbreeding that makes inbred mice so useful also results in genetic divergence between them. This genetic divergence is often unaccounted for but may be a confounding factor when comparing studies that have utilized distinct inbred strains. Here, we compared the cardiac function of C57BL/6J mice to seven other commonly used

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Herd, R. M. "The direct and maternal components of the response to divergent selection for yearling growth rate in angus cattle." Animal Science 51, no. 3 (1990): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610001254x.

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ABSTRACTA crossmothering experiment was conducted to measure the direct and the maternal components of the response to divergent selection for yearling growth rate in beef cattle. The animals were from three closed lines of Angus cattle. Two lines had been selected since 1974 for either high (high-line) or low (low-line) average daily gain from birth to yearling, and the third line was maintained as a randomly bred control-line. A total of 221 female calves born between 1984 and 1987 was used in the crossmothering experiment, and an additional 113 cows bearing calves in 1988 were used to obtai

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20

Perrigo, Glenn. "Dod, Sex, Time, and Effort in a Small Mammal: Energy Allocation Strategies for Survival and Reproduction." Behaviour 114, no. 1-4 (1990): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00112.

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AbstractThe relationship between food energy and work effort (foraging) is crucial to small mammals such as the house mouse (Mus domesticus). Energy allocation processes were studied by using a special caging system in which animals were required to work for 45 mg food pellets by running on an activity wheel. Two experimental themes were investigated: 1) When weaning female mice were forced to work harder for less food, their highest energy allocation priority was to maintain fat reserves; body growth was next in importance while achieving puberty had the lowest prority of all. The relative in

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Zhou, Wenhua, and Han-Mou Tsai. "The Carboxyl-Terminal Domains of ADAMTS13 Cause Substrate-Dependent Divergence of ADAMTS13 Activity." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.381.381.

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ADAMTS13, a circulating metalloprotease that cleaves the Y1605-M1606 bond of VWF, is critical for preventing intravascular platelet thrombosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Unlike genetic deficiency of ADAMTS13 in patients, inactivation of ADAMTS13 created by homologous recombination causes either no or delayed-onset phenotypic abnormalities in mice, depending on the strains examined. In order to further understand the role of ADAMTS13 in VWF homeostasis, we investigated the structure and function of the enzyme in various mouse strains. As in human subjects, RT PCR analysis revealed

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Muñoz-Elías, Ernesto J., Juliano Timm, Tania Botha, Wai-Tsing Chan, James E. Gomez, and John D. McKinney. "Replication Dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Chronically Infected Mice." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 1 (2005): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.546-551.2005.

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ABSTRACT The dynamics of host-pathogen interactions have important implications for the design of new antimicrobial agents to treat chronic infections such as tuberculosis (TB), which is notoriously refractory to conventional drug therapy. In the mouse model of TB, an acute phase of exponential bacterial growth in the lungs is followed by a chronic phase characterized by relatively stable numbers of bacteria. This equilibrium could be static, with little ongoing replication, or dynamic, with continuous bacterial multiplication balanced by bacterial killing. A static model predicts a close corr

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Sabol, Ján. "Theatrical Mise-En-Scene In Film Form." Slovenske divadlo /The Slovak Theatre 66, no. 3 (2018): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sd-2018-0017.

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Abstract The study reflects on divergence between theatre and film. It also points out that the difference ought to be sought in ontology, in the principle of the coding of actual reality by using film or theatrical language. In the perception of a syncretic work that connects the elements of both types of art, the viewer a priori perceives theatrical mimesis (and also the execution of theatrical mise-en-scène) as an “alien” element used by the film “language” of a concrete cinematographic work. The perception of such a work assumes the viewer’s readiness and willingness to accept a hybrid wor

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KNOWLES, LACEY L., and PAVEL B. KLIMOV. "Estimating phylogenetic relationships despite discordant gene trees across loci: the species tree of a diverse species group of feather mites (Acari: Proctophyllodidae)." Parasitology 138, no. 13 (2011): 1750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201100031x.

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SUMMARYWith the increased availability of multilocus sequence data, the lack of concordance of gene trees estimated for independent loci has focused attention on both the biological processes producing the discord and the methodologies used to estimate phylogenetic relationships. What has emerged is a suite of new analytical tools for phylogenetic inference – species tree approaches. In contrast to traditional phylogenetic methods that are stymied by the idiosyncrasies of gene trees, approaches for estimating species trees explicitly take into account the cause of discord among loci and, in th

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SHATROV, ANDREY B. "Comparative and functional morphology of the mouthparts in larvae of Parasitengona (Acariformes)*." Zoosymposia 6, no. 1 (2011): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.6.1.4.

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Anatomy and ultrastructural organization of the larval mouthparts in representatives of terrestrial (Trombiculidae parasitizing vertebrates and Microtrombidiidae parasitizing arthropods) as well as aquatic (Pionidae and Hydrodromidae parasitizing arthropods) families from the cohort Parasitengona were studied using whole-mount preparations, semi-thin sections and TEM and SEM methods. In these groups, the organization of the mouth apparatus differs significantly especially with regard to their particular functional specialization and adaptations reflecting evolutionary trends in these groups. I

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Huo, Lihong, Kevin M. Gamber, Harvey J. Grill, and Christian Bjørbæk. "Divergent Leptin Signaling in Proglucagon Neurons of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Mice and Rats." Endocrinology 149, no. 2 (2007): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0633.

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The central targets mediating the anorectic and other actions of leptin have yet to be fully identified. Although previous studies focused on the hypothalamus, leptin also acts on neurons in extrahypothalamic sites, including the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Moreover, injection of leptin into the NTS of rats suppresses food intake. Within the central nervous system, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), a product of proglucagon, is synthesized almost exclusively in neurons of the NTS. Intracerebroventricular administration of GLP-1 inhibits energy intake, and GLP-1 receptor antagonists attenu

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Carlson, G. A., P. A. Goodman, M. Lovett, et al. "Genetics and polymorphism of the mouse prion gene complex: control of scrapie incubation time." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 12 (1988): 5528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.12.5528.

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The mouse prion protein (PrP) gene (Prn-p), which encodes the only macromolecule that has been identified in scrapie prions, is tightly linked or identical to a gene (Prn-i) that controls the duration of the scrapie incubation period in mice. Constellations of restriction fragment length polymorphisms distinguish haplotypes a to f of Prn-p. The Prn-pb allele encodes a PrP that differs in sequence from those encoded by the other haplotypes and, in inbred mouse strains, correlates with long scrapie incubation time (Westaway et al., Cell 51: 651-662, 1987). In segregating crosses of mice, we iden

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Carlson, G. A., P. A. Goodman, M. Lovett, et al. "Genetics and polymorphism of the mouse prion gene complex: control of scrapie incubation time." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 12 (1988): 5528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.12.5528-5540.1988.

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The mouse prion protein (PrP) gene (Prn-p), which encodes the only macromolecule that has been identified in scrapie prions, is tightly linked or identical to a gene (Prn-i) that controls the duration of the scrapie incubation period in mice. Constellations of restriction fragment length polymorphisms distinguish haplotypes a to f of Prn-p. The Prn-pb allele encodes a PrP that differs in sequence from those encoded by the other haplotypes and, in inbred mouse strains, correlates with long scrapie incubation time (Westaway et al., Cell 51: 651-662, 1987). In segregating crosses of mice, we iden

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29

Heinzel, F. P., M. D. Sadick, B. J. Holaday, R. L. Coffman, and R. M. Locksley. "Reciprocal expression of interferon gamma or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis. Evidence for expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets." Journal of Experimental Medicine 169, no. 1 (1989): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.169.1.59.

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We purified poly(A)+ mRNA from the spleen and lymph nodes at designated times after infection with Leishmania major in genetically susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice. The steady-state levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-1 beta mRNA were determined using Northern hybridizations. IL-2 mRNA levels in the infected organs of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were comparable after infection, but IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA levels were reciprocally expressed. Levels of IFN-gamma mRNA in C57BL/6 draining nodes and spleen were significantly greater than in BALB/c mice except at 4 and 6 wk of infection

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Foster, Russell G., and Charlotte Helfrich-Forster. "The regulation of circadian clocks by light in fruitflies and mice." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1415 (2001): 1779–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0962.

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A circadian clock has no survival value unless biological time is adjusted (entrained) to local time and, for most organisms, the profound changes in the light environment provide the local time signal ( zeitgeber ). Over 24 h, the amount of light, its spectral composition and its direction change in a systematic way. In theory, all of these features could be used for entrainment, but each would be subject to considerable variation or ‘noise’. Despite this high degree of environmental noise, entrained organisms show remarkable precision in their daily activities. Thus, the photosensory task of

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Gómez-Galán, Marta, Julia Makarova, Irene Llorente-Folch, et al. "Altered Postnatal Development of Cortico—Hippocampal Neuronal Electric Activity in Mice Deficient for the Mitochondrial Aspartate—Glutamate Transporter." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 32, no. 2 (2011): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2011.129.

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The deficiency in the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transporter Aralar/AGC1 results in a loss of the malate-aspartate NADH shuttle in the brain neurons, hypomyelination, and additional defects in the brain metabolism. We studied the development of cortico/hippocampal local field potential (LFP) in Aralar/AGC1 knockout (KO) mice. Laminar profiles of LFP, evoked potentials, and unit activity were recorded under anesthesia in young (P15 to P22) Aralar-KO and control mice as well as control adults. While LFP power increased 3 to 7 times in both cortex and hippocampus of control animals during

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Steiner, Jennifer L., Kristen T. Crowell, Scot R. Kimball, and Charles H. Lang. "Disruption of REDD1 gene ameliorates sepsis-induced decrease in mTORC1 signaling but has divergent effects on proteolytic signaling in skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 309, no. 12 (2015): E981—E994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00264.2015.

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Sepsis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness are due in part to decreased mTORC1-mediated protein synthesis and increased proteolysis via the autophagy-lysosomal system and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage-1) protein is increased in sepsis and can negatively regulate mTORC1 activity. However, the contribution of REDD1 to the sepsis-induced change in muscle protein synthesis and degradation has not been determined. Sepsis was produced by cecal ligation and puncture in female REDD1−/− or wild-type (WT) mice, and end points were assessed 24 h

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Hanincová, Klára, Nicholas H. Ogden, Maria Diuk-Wasser, et al. "Fitness Variation of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto Strains in Mice." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 1 (2007): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01567-07.

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ABSTRACT Lyme borreliosis in North America is caused by the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, a zoonotic bacterium that is able to persistently infect a wide range of vertebrate species. Given the pronounced strain structure of B. burgdorferi in the northeastern United States, we asked whether the fitness of the different genotypes varies among susceptible vertebrate hosts. The transmission dynamics of two genetically divergent human isolates of B. burgdorferi, BL206 and B348, were analyzed experimentally in white-footed mice and in C3H/HeNCrl mice over a time period of almost 3 mont

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Xu, Heping, Ayyakkannu Manivannan, Isabel Crane, Rosemary Dawson, and Janet Liversidge. "Critical but divergent roles for CD62L and CD44 in directing blood monocyte trafficking in vivo during inflammation." Blood 112, no. 4 (2008): 1166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-06-098327.

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Abstract Using noninvasive in vivo imaging and experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis as a model, we show for the first time that the mechanisms controlling blood monocyte recirculation through peripheral and lymphoid tissues alter during inflammation. The recirculation of monocytes in mice with ocular inflammation but not controls was found to depend on the selectin CD62-ligand (CD62L) and on CD44. Not only was rolling efficiency ablated or markedly reduced in antibody-treated mice, but most of the labeled monocytes also disappeared from the circulation within seconds, anti-CD44–treated monocy

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Stenger, Drake C., Gary L. Hein, Frederick E. Gildow, Kempton M. Horken, and Roy French. "Plant Virus HC-Pro Is a Determinant of Eriophyid Mite Transmission." Journal of Virology 79, no. 14 (2005): 9054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.14.9054-9061.2005.

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ABSTRACT The eriophyid mite transmitted Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV; genus Tritimovirus, family Potyviridae) shares a common genome organization with aphid transmitted species of the genus Potyvirus. Although both tritimoviruses and potyviruses encode helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) homologues (required for nonpersistent aphid transmission of potyviruses), sequence conservation is low (amino acid identity, ∼16%), and a role for HC-Pro in semipersistent transmission of WSMV by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella [Keifer]) has not been investigated. Wheat curl mite transmissibility w

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deSchoolmeester, Matthew L., Harinder Manku, and Kathryn J. Else. "The Innate Immune Responses of Colonic Epithelial Cells to Trichuris muris Are Similar in Mouse Strains That Develop a Type 1 or Type 2 Adaptive Immune Response." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 11 (2006): 6280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01609-05.

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ABSTRACT Trichuris muris resides in intimate contact with its host, burrowing within cecal epithelial cells. However, whether the enterocyte itself responds innately to T. muris is unknown. This study investigated for the first time whether colonic intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) produce cytokines or chemokines following T. muris infection and whether divergence of the innate response could explain differentially polarized adaptive immune responses in resistant and susceptible mice. Increased expression of mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis fac

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BÜNGER, LUTZ, MARGERY NICOLSON, and WILLIAM G. HILL. "Leptin levels in lines of mice developed by long-term divergent selection on fat content." Genetical Research 73, no. 1 (1999): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672398003541.

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The mouse lines were developed by long-term selection for fatness, after which the fat line (F) had about a 5-fold (23% vs 4%) higher fat percentage than the lean (L) line at 14 weeks; but the lines differed little in fat-free body weight. To assess the contribution of genetic changes in leptin hormone level to the selection response, plasma leptin levels were assayed in these lines in generation 60 and in an unselected control (C) from the same base population. With access to food prior to assay, the F, C and L lines had 16·5, 0·91 and 0·26 ng/ml leptin, respectively. In fasted animals these

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Tam, Stanley, Donald P. King та Blaine L. Beaman. "Increase of γδ T Lymphocytes in Murine Lungs Occurs during Recovery from Pulmonary Infection by Nocardia asteroides". Infection and Immunity 69, № 10 (2001): 6165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.10.6165-6171.2001.

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ABSTRACT Previous studies have demonstrated that γδ T lymphocytes are important for host resistance to pulmonary infection of the murine lung by log-phase cells of Nocardia asteroides. To study the role of γδ T cells in nocardial interactions in the murine lung, C57BL/6J wild type and C57BL/6J-Tcrd (γδ T-cell knockout mice) were infected intranasally with log-phase cells of N. asteroidesGUH-2. At 3, 5, and 7 days after infection, the γδ T cells were quantified by multiparameter flow cytometry. At the same time, Gram and hematoxylin-eosin stains of paraffin sections were performed to monitor th

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Montalvo-Álvarez, Ana M., Cristina Folgueira, Javier Carrión, Lianet Monzote-Fidalgo, Carmen Cañavate, and Jose M. Requena. "TheLeishmaniaHSP20 Is Antigenic during Natural Infections, but, as DNA Vaccine, It does not Protect BALB/c Mice against ExperimentalL. amazonensisInfection." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2008 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/695432.

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Protozoa of the genusLeishmaniaare causative agents of leishmaniasis, an important health problem in both human and veterinary medicine. Here, we describe a new heat shock protein (HSP) inLeishmania, belonging to the small HSP (sHSP) family in kinetoplastids. The protein is highly conserved in differentLeishmaniaspecies, showing instead significant divergence with sHSP's from other organisms. The humoral response elicited against this protein duringLeishmaniainfection has been investigated in natural infected humans and dogs, and in experimentally infected hamsters.LeishmaniaHSP20 is a promine

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Chang, Che-Feng, Brittany A. Goods, Michael H. Askenase, et al. "Divergent Functions of Tissue-Resident and Blood-Derived Macrophages in the Hemorrhagic Brain." Stroke 52, no. 5 (2021): 1798–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.032196.

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Background and Purpose: Brain tissue-resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) are innate immune cells that contribute to the inflammatory response, phagocytosis of debris, and tissue repair after injury. We have previously reported that both microglia and MDMs transition from proinflammatory to reparative phenotypes over days after an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, their individual functional properties in the brain remain largely unknown. Here we characterized the differences between microglia and MDMs and further elucidate their distinct activation states and func

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Ebenebe, Obialunanma V., Zoe Ashley, Jeffrey R. Erickson та Alison K. Heather. "A Timing Effect of 17-β Estradiol on Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Female ApoE−/− Mice". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, № 13 (2020): 4710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134710.

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Differences in size or composition of existing plaques at the initiation of estrogen (E2) therapy may underpin evidence of increased risk of atherosclerosis-associated clinical sequelae. We investigated whether E2 had divergent effects on actively-growing versus established-advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Eight weeks of subcutaneous bi-weekly injections of 3 µg/g 17β-estradiol (n = 18) or vehicle control (n = 22) were administered to female Apolipoprotein null-mice aged 25- or 45 weeks old. Histological assessment of lesion size within the brachiocephalic artery was conducted. Lesion composi

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Kaiserman, Dion, Catherina H. Bird, Jiuru Sun, et al. "The major human and mouse granzymes are structurally and functionally divergent." Journal of Cell Biology 175, no. 4 (2006): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200606073.

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Approximately 2% of mammalian genes encode proteases. Comparative genomics reveals that those involved in immunity and reproduction show the most interspecies diversity and evidence of positive selection during evolution. This is particularly true of granzymes, the cytotoxic proteases of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells. There are 5 granzyme genes in humans and 10 in mice, and it is suggested that granzymes evolve to meet species-specific immune challenge through gene duplication and more subtle alterations to substrate specificity. We show that mouse and human granzyme B have distinct st

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Hans, Chetan P., Neekun Sharma, Rishabh Dev, Jones M. Blain, Jeff Tonniges, and Gunjan Agarwal. "DAPT, a potent Notch inhibitor regresses actively growing abdominal aortic aneurysm via divergent pathways." Clinical Science 134, no. 12 (2020): 1555–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20200456.

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Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized pathological dilation of the aorta exceeding the normal diameter (∼20 mm) by more than 50% of its original size (≥30 mm), accounting for approximately 150000–200000 deaths worldwide per year. We previously reported that Notch inhibition does not decrease the size of pre-established AAA at late stage of the disease. Here, we examined whether a potent pharmacologic inhibitor of Notch signaling (DAPT (N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester)), regresses an actively growing AAA. In a mouse model of an aneurysm (A

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Abdelgawad, Ibrahim Y., Marianne K. O. Grant, Flavia E. Popescu, David A. Largaespada, and Beshay N. Zordoky. "Doxorubicin Paradoxically Ameliorates Tumor-Induced Inflammation in Young Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (2021): 9023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169023.

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Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most widely used chemo-therapeutic agents in pediatric oncology. DOX elicits an inflammatory response in multiple organs, which contributes to DOX-induced adverse effects. Cancer itself causes inflammation leading to multiple pathologic conditions. The current study investigated the inflammatory response to DOX and tumors using an EL4-lymphoma, immunocompetent, juvenile mouse model. Four-week old male C57BL/6N mice were injected subcutaneously with EL4 lymphoma cells (5 × 104 cells/mouse) in the flank region, while tumor-free mice were injected with vehicle. Thr

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Lindström, Nils O., Tracy Tran, Jinjin Guo, et al. "Conserved and Divergent Molecular and Anatomic Features of Human and Mouse Nephron Patterning." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 29, no. 3 (2018): 825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2017091036.

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The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, but the mechanism of nephron formation during human development is unclear. We conducted a detailed analysis of nephron development in humans and mice by immunolabeling, and we compared human and mouse nephron patterning to describe conserved and divergent features. We created protein localization maps that highlight the emerging patterns along the proximal–distal axis of the developing nephron and benchmark expectations for localization of functionally important transcription factors, which revealed unanticipated cellular diversity. Moreover,

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Xiao, Gang, Huimin Geng, Lai N. Chan, Zhengshan Chen, and Markus Muschen. "Divergent Lineage-Specific Functions of PP2A in Chronic Phase CML and Lymphoid Blast Crisis." Blood 124, no. 21 (2014): 3128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3128.3128.

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Abstract Background & Hypothesis: Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a Ser/Thr phosphatase and functions as negative regulator of Akt- and Erk-signaling. PP2A attenuates downstream signaling of BCR-ABL1 and thereby functions as important tumor suppressor in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). PP2A-activating drugs have been proposed for the treatment of CML and eradication of tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistant leukemia stem cells in CML (Neviani et al., 2013). Studying Cre-mediated ablation of PP2A in mouse models for BCR-ABL1-driven leukemia including myeloid CML in chronic phase (CML-CP), B l

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Garland, Theodore, Scott A. Kelly, Jessica L. Malisch, et al. "How to run far: multiple solutions and sex-specific responses to selective breeding for high voluntary activity levels." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1705 (2010): 574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1584.

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The response to uniform selection may occur in alternate ways that result in similar performance. We tested for multiple adaptive solutions during artificial selection for high voluntary wheel running in laboratory mice. At generation 43, the four replicate high runner (HR) lines averaged 2.85-fold more revolutions per day as compared with four non-selected control (C) lines, and females ran 1.11-fold more than males, with no sex-by-linetype interaction. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among C lines but not among HR for revolutions per day. By contrast, average speed var

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Prowse, Cathy. ""I Got Here from There": Practicing Anthropology While Policing." Practicing Anthropology 34, no. 2 (2012): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.34.2.ah0u32624u586x46.

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A few years into my policing career in the early 1980s, I decided to pursue a university degree on a part-time basis while working full-time as a police officer. I had no idea what exactly I wanted to study. By this time, however, I was well aware of the duties required of a front-line police responder and was becoming acutely aware that, in the majority of instances, the expectations of the public were very different from the requirements of police procedure. Frequently these two divergent ideas about how things should proceed were fraught with issues of miscommunication at the least and outr

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AbouLaila, Mahmoud, Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Mosaab A. Omar, et al. "Myrrh Oil in Vitro Inhibitory Growth on Bovine and Equine Piroplasm Parasites and Babesia microti of Mice." Pathogens 9, no. 3 (2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030173.

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The present experimental study was conducted for the assessment of the efficacy of in vitro inhibition of myrrh oil on the propagation of Babesia bovis, B. divergens, B. bigemina, Theileria equi, and B. caballi and in vivo efficacy on B. microti in mice through fluorescence assay based on SYBR green I. The culture of B. divergens B. bovis and was used to evaluate the in vitro possible interaction between myrrh oil and other commercial compound, such as pyronaridine tetraphosphate (PYR), diminazene aceturate (DA), or luteolin. Nested-polymerase chain reaction protocol using primers of the small

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Havert, Michael B., Brian Schofield, Diane E. Griffin, and David N. Irani. "Activation of Divergent Neuronal Cell Death Pathways in Different Target Cell Populations during Neuroadapted Sindbis Virus Infection of Mice." Journal of Virology 74, no. 11 (2000): 5352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.11.5352-5356.2000.

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ABSTRACT Infection of adult mice with neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV) results in a severe encephalomyelitis accompanied by prominent hindlimb paralysis. We find that the onset of paralysis parallels morphologic changes in motor neuron cell bodies in the lumbar spinal cord and in motor neuron axons in ventral nerve roots, many of which are eventually lost over time. However, unlike NSV-induced neuronal cell death found in the brain of infected animals, the loss of motor neurons does not appear to be apoptotic, as judged by morphologic and biochemical criteria. This may be explained in part by

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