Academic literature on the topic 'Mitochondries du foie – Dissertations universitaires'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mitochondries du foie – Dissertations universitaires":
Deleye, Yann. "Rôle du gène suppresseur de tumeur p16INK4a dans le métabolisme hépatique des lipides au cours du jeûne." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S002.
P16INK4a is a tumor suppressor protein that is a well described cell cycle regulator. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) associated the CDKN2A locus, from which p16INK4A is encoded, with increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes. A pathophysiological link between p16INK4a and hepatic glucose homeostasis has been unraveled recently, through the control of gluconeogenesis. Patients with T2D also present with disturbances in fat metabolism, associated with an increased prevalence to Non Alcoholic Fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). In this context, we investigated the role of p16INK4a in hepatic lipid metabolism in vitro using primary hepatocytes, the murin AML12 and human IHH hepatocyte cell line transfected respectively with siRNA-CDKN2A and siRNA-p16 and in vivo using p16+/+ and p16-/- mice.Transcriptomic analyses of p16+/+ and p16-/- primary hepatocytes using microarrays revealed that metabolic and PPARα signaling pathways were among the most modulated in p16 absence. Moreover, in primary hepatocytes and in hepatocyte cell lines, p16 deficiency modulates a subset of PPARα target genes associated to fatty acids oxidation (FAO). These effects were associated with an increased response to GW647, a PPAR945; agonist, and reversed by siRNA targeting PPAR45;. Investigating known PPAR945; activators and transcriptional co-activators in vitro, we found that upregulation of FAO genes expression was linked to SIRT1. AMPK is a known activator of FAO and has been shown to induce SIRT1 activation through increase of NAD/NADH ratio. Interestingly, downregulation of p16 expression in vitro led to increased AMPK phosphorylation and activation.In vitro, p16-/- primary hepatocytes demonstrated enhanced fatty acid oxidation of oleate compared to p16+/+. During fasting, enhanced FAO leads to a shift of acetyl-coA utilization from the TCA cycle to ketogenesis. Interestingly, p16-/- mice showed a tendency to produce more ketone bodies than their control littermate after sodium octanoate injection. These findings describe a new function for p16INK4a in hepatic lipid metabolism through activation of AMPK-SIRT1-PPARα pathway
Guillot, Max. "Cinétique du stress oxydant et des dysfonctions mitochondriales locales et à distance (poumon, rein, foie, cerveau, coeur) et effets du perconditionnement ischémique ou du postconditionnement pharmacologique au cours du clampage aortique expérimental." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ102.
Lower limb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) results in skeletal muscle mitochondrial alterations, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and remote organ impairments which are largely involved in patients prognosis. However, whether ischemia without reperfusion increases ROS production and preceedes mitochondrial alteration and whether mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in remote organ is unknown. Remote ischemic perconditioning (PerC) and Fibrin-derived peptide Bβ(15-42) (FX06) prevent during cardiac IR but whether and how PerC and FX06 might protect skeletal muscle is unknown. This study tested whether PerC and FX06 would decrease skeletal muscle inflammation and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction during IR. In an animal lower limb ischemia-reperfusion model, the objectives of our study were therefore to determine simultaneously the kinetic of ROS production, mitochondrial respiration and inflammation changes in skeletal muscle and remote organs during ischemia reperfusion and to challenge the effect of PerC and FX06 on mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes activities, ROS production and inflammation. We observed that oxidative stress preceedes skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction and probably may be seen before inflammation activation. FX06 decreased inflammation, normalized ROS production and restored mitochondrial oxidative capacity during experimental skeletal muscle IR. PerC not only failed to protect ischemic skeletal muscle but impaired contralateral non ischemic suggesting that such therapy should be used with caution. This better knowledge will allow us to develop new strategies to prevent the development of IR lesions
Borie, Dominique. "Xénotransplantation : vers une assistance hépatique par foie de porc." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05CD06.
Corazao-Rozas, Paola. "Exploitation du métabolisme mitochondrial oxydatif dans l'éradication du mélanome métastatique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S036/document.
Most cancer cells undergo a metabolic rewiring from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis that allows them to proliferate even under stressful conditions. This phenomenon is known as the Warburg Effect and has been often associated to mitochondrial dysfunction. Although, many studies have shown that mitochondria is still active in cancer cells and seems to play a key role in tumorigenesis little is know about the mechanisms that regulate this metabolic swift. In this context, we first focused in the study of melanoma metabolism in different cell lines as in samples coming from patients. We first found that melanoma cells present low mitochondrial activity characterized by low oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic behavior is at least partially controlled by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α HIF-1α witch is constitutively express in melanoma cells even under nomoxic conditions. Inhibition of this factor induces a strong decrease in the expression and activity of PDK3. Pharmacological inhibition of PDK3 activity by dichloroacetate (DCA) is enough to reactivate mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore DCA increases in a synergistic manner elesclomol’s induced ROS production and cell death. Interestingly, BRAF V600E melanoma cells that were resistant to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib show were also sensible to this combination. Consequently, as a second part of this work we looked for to understand, why resistant cells were so sensible to these agents and if there were some metabolic modifications that could explain this behavior. We found that vemurafenib BRAFV600E induced inhibition causes an important decrease in glycolysis and renders melanoma cells addicted to oxidative phosphorylation by increasing mitochondria biogenesis dependently or not of MTIF/PCG1 axis. Conversely, vemurafenib resistant melanoma cell lines show higher mitochondrial activity associated with higher ROS production. Thus these cells are more sensible to elesclomol induced cell death than vemurafenib sensible cell lines. Our findings provide new insights into the metabolic pathways that allow cells to adapt to difficult microenvironment, showing that these metabolic modifications, especially in terms of ROS production, can be used to target and eradicate melanoma cells
Cardoso, Cuneo Jorge E. "Le pompage portal dans la cirrhose." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05CD04.
Wen, Lanling. "Transplantation xénogénique du foie : roles de la vasomotricité et de la réponse humorale aux protéines d'origine hépatique dans le déroulement du rejet." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05CD01.
Pârvu-Ferecatu, Iona Costina. "Etude de nouvelles activités de p53 et Rb à la mitochondrie et dans le contrôle de l'apoptose." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0043.
Since their discovery, p53 and Rb proteins have been considerably studied mainly due to their regulatory function of cell cycle and apoptosis; their activities are found to be inactivated in most human cancers. During my PhD, I focused my interest in better understanding the role of p53 and Rb proteins in both apoptotic and living cells. First, we demonstrated that in stress conditions p53 is able to activate a mitochondria-independent alternative apoptotic pathway, which is under control of caspase-9. Moreover, we show that this caspase is able to cleave Rb protein, to generate a truncated p76Rb form which protects cells from p53-dependent apoptosis. Afterwards, we brought evidences of a mitochondrial localization of these proteins in proliferative cells, in many cell models, localization that has never been described before in such conditions. At mitochondria, p53 is mainly located at membranes level (inner or outer) while Rb displays more of an internal placement (inner-membrane or matrix). The domains of p53 involved in mitochondria localization of living cells seem to differ from those involved in nuclear or mitochondrial localization in stress conditions. The VDAC protein, one of most abundant proteins of mitochondrial outer-membrane, is the mitochondrial partner of p53 solely in living conditions. As for Rb, the pocket domain appears to be the one required for mitochondrial binding of the protein. These results suggest either that mitochondria may represent a sequestration site for both p53 and Rb, or that these proteins may be directly involved in mitochondria activity
Sarzi, Emmanuelle. "Caractérisation génétique et phénotypique des déplétions de l'ADN mitochondrial." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T048.
Mitochondrial diseases are a common group of metabolism pathologies. Nowadays, they represent more than 17% of our clinical consultations. Multiple respiratory chain deficiency account for an important number of mitochondrial disease and are characterised by a multi-systemic organ involvement leading to early death. Since these last 15 years, we have recruited a large number of patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency. In 2001, it has been shown that a mtDNA quantitative anomaly was at the origin of this defect also named mtDNA depletions. The large number of patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency and the weak yield of molecular diagnosis prompt us to consider mtDNA depletion as a cause of multiple respiratory chain deficiency. The aim of this work was firstly to estimate the incidence of mtDNA depletion in our series of multiple respiratory chain cases. Then, we characterised the genetic and phenotypic features of mtDNA depletions. Finaly, the study of one family among our consanguineous and/or multiplex patients allowed us to identify a new gene responsible for mtDNA depletions associated with a hepatocerebral failure. This gene also named PEO1 encodes for the mitochondrial Twinkle helicase which has been ever known to cause adult onset PEO in a dominant transmission. Finally, we have studied another consanguineous family with multiple respiratory chain deficiency and hepatic failure. This work allowed us to improve the genetic counselling in our laboratory especially for all patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency associated with a mtDNA depletion
Herpe, Yves-Edouard. "Apport à la production d'hépatocytes à usage pharmacotoxicologique et thérapeutique : étude de la différenciation des cellules souches embyonnaires humaines en endoderme hépatique induit par une lignée stromale." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T090.
Here we mainly describe a strategy based on the use of a stroma!cell line (SCL) to obtain hepatic endodermal cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESC). When co-cultured with the SCL or its conditioned medium, hESC cells give rise to typical three dimensional structures. Electron microscopy analysis of the cells undergoing differentiation shows the formation of a typical hepatic epithelium (glycogen granules, canaliculi-like structures). Lmmunofluorescence and RT-PCR transcriptional studies demonstrated that during the course of the differentiation process, hESC cells progressively modify their gene expression profile strickingly mimicking hepatic endodermal development in vivo. Finally, a population of cells displaying membrane markers of hepatoblasts appears at the end of the differentiation process
Perilhou, Anaïs. "Le facteur de transcription COUP-TFII, un nouvel acteur dans le contrôle de l'homéostasie glucidique dans le foie et le pancréas." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T028.
Metabolic pathways concerned in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in liver and pancreas are precisely controlled at gene level. We showed that COUP-TFII (Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II) deletion from pancreatic beta cells in heterozygous mice led to abnormal insulin secretion. This work reveals that 1) COUP-TFII expression is negatively controlled by glucose and insulin in pancreatic beta cells and hepatocytes, in vivo and in vitro, via ChREBP and Foxo-1 signaling; 2) COUP-TFII inhibates insulin genes transcription, as well as insulin content and insulin secretion in beta 832/13 ENS-1 cell line, and decreases the fatty acid esterification capacity in these cells; 3) COUP-TFII and HNF-4alpha (MODY-1) activate one another their expression in pancreatic beta cells. These results conduct and argue to propose an important contribution of COUP-TFII hi the control of glucose homeostasis in the fasted state, and potentially in pathologies as type 2 diabetes