Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mitosom'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Mitosom.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Cortez, Beatriz de Araujo. "Interação da crisotila com células de carcinoma de pulmão humano em cultura: interferência com a mitose utilizando genes repórteres e microscopia em tempo real e estudo do potencial genotóxico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-05042010-134617/.
Full textAsbestos is a general name given to six different fibrous silicate minerals found naturally in the earth\'s crust. These fibers are being exploited industrially since 1970, but several workers exposed to the fibers developed diseases in the respiratory tract, such as fibrosis and carcinomas. Some types of fiber were banished from the market, but the type of asbestos chrysotile can still be marketed in most countries. Studies in vivo and in vitro are trying to elucidate the asbestos effects in tissues and cells that could be related to the development of diseases, and these studies verified that asbestos exposure lead to DNA double strand breaks, oxidative stress, multinucleated and aneuploid cell formation. The present work aimed to verify the alterations in culture cells exposed to chrysotile for 48 h and recovered in fiber-free medium for 48 h, 4 days and 8 days, and also observe aberrant mitosis using time-lapse microscopy after 24 h and 48 h of chrysotile exposure. Some alterations were observed and remained in cell culture even after 8 days of recovery when chrysotile fibers were no longer observed - such as aneuploid cell formation, increased frequencies of G2/M cell, decreased frequencies of G1 cells, and increased frequencies of cells in early M phases as metaphase. The induction of micronuclei occurred only during the periods that fibers were observed in cell culture. For the analysis of multipolar mitosis formation and destinies of these cells after chrysotile treatment, DNA vectors for the expression of tubulins fused to fluorescent proteins (GFP and RFP) were constructed, and the conditions for cells transfection and image acquisition for time-lapse microscopy were established. The fate of some multipolar metaphases was observed: cell retention on metaphase, cell cycle progression generating two or three daughter cells, cell fusion during cytokinesis or during telophase after a multipolar anaphase, and cell death. The centrosome amplification was not observed during the M phase of cell cycle, and may occur in interphase, and also despite cell fusion.
Cannet, Aude. "Rôle du Rho-GEF Trio dans la division cellulaire." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20124.
Full textDuring cell division, cells undergo dramatic changes in shape and adhesion that depend on efficient actin cytoskeleton remodeling. This process has to be locally and temporally regulated to accurately ensure cytokinesis, the final stage of cell division. The small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA play an essential role in this process by controlling F-actin cytoskeleton remodeling. GTPases oscillate between an inactive, GDP-bound state and an active, GTP-bound state. They are activated by Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs), which stimulate the GDP-to-GTP exchange, while they are turned off by GTPase-Activating Proteins (GAPs) which catalyse the hydrolysis of GTP. RhoA is a positive regulator of cytokinesis specifically activated at the division plane, which promotes the assembly and constriction of the actomyosin network. In contrast, Rac1 has been proposed to negatively regulate this process and has to be inactivated at the division plane for cytokinesis to occur properly. A central spindle localized GAP, MgcRacGAP, component of the centralspindlin complex, controls Rac1 inactivation at the cleavage plane. Depletion of Rac1 can suppress the cytokinesis failure induced by MgcRacGAP depletion. However, the Rho-GEF that activates Rac1 during cell division has not been identified yet. To identify a GEF regulating Rac1 activity in dividing cells, we performed a siRNA screening approach in HeLa cells. Rac-GEFs were depleted by siRNA alone or in combination with MgcRacGAP siRNAs, in order to identify the ones able to rescue the multinucleated cells induced by MgcRacGAP depletion. Importantly, co-depletion of MgcRacGAP and Rho-GEF Trio, a GEF characterized primarily for its role in axon outgrowth and guidance resulted in a strong decrease in the number of multinucleated cells. Then, we demonstrate that this rescue is mediated by the Trio-Rac1 pathway, using GEF dead mutants of Trio and a specific inhibitor of Rac1 activation by Trio. These data and the fact that MgcRacGAP was recently described to be essential for Rac1 inactivation in cytokinesis, suggest that Trio depletion could rescue the cytokinesis failure induced by MgcRacGAP depletion by decreasing Rac1 activity. It therefore suggests that Trio could be a GEF of Rac1 in dividing cells. To directly test if Trio could function as a GEF of Rac1 in dividing cells, the amount of activated Rac1 was monitored by pull down assay in synchronized mitotic cells. Compared to control siRNA-treated cells, Trio depletion reduced by half the amount of activated Rac1 in mitotic cells, showing that Trio activates Rac1 in mitosis. Strikingly, Trio depletion led to defects in F-actin cytoskeleton remodeling in anaphase cells. Indeed, the F-actin staining at the cortex was significantly reduced in Trio-depleted cells compared to control cells. Interestingly, Trio depletion phenocopied the depletion of Rac1, consistent with a role for the Trio-Rac1 pathway in controlling F-actin remodeling in dividing cells.Overall, this work identifies for the first time a GEF controlling Rac1 activation in dividing cells that counteracts MgcRacGAP function in cytokinesis. Based on these observations, we propose a model in which Trio functions as a GEF of Rac1 during cell division. Trio, which is expressed throughout the cell cycle, activates Rac1 to control F-actin cytoskeleton remodeling at the cell cortex of dividing cells. MgcRacGAP therefore counteracts the action of Trio by locally and temporally inhibiting Rac1 activation at the division plane, subsequently ensuring accurate cytokinesis
Ma, Sheng. "Caractérisation du rôle des protéines phosphatases impliquées dans la déphosphorylation de la protéine kinase Greatwall lors de la sortie de mitose." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS007/document.
Full textThe establishment of mitosis requires phosphorylaton of several substrates induced by kinases. Cdk1-cyclin B and Greatwall kinases are both necessary for the entry into mitosis. Cdk1-cyclin B complex phosphorylates many substrates and at the same time Greatwall phosphorylates Arpp19 which binds PP2AB55 phosphatase and inhibits it. PP2AB55 has an important role in the dephosphorylation of Cdk1-cyclin B mitotic substrates.In my laboratory, we found that after Greatwall depletion, either in Xenopus egg extracts or in human cells, PP2A is no longer inhibited and cells exit mitosis. Since activation of Greatwall requires its phosphorylation in the c-terminal part and in the T-loop site, we suppose that mitosis exit require dephosphorylation of Greatwall. So these dephosphorylations could be involved for Greatwall inactivation. Several phosphatases are candidates for this process: Fcp1, PP1, PP2A and Calcineurin. My project proposes to determine the involvement of these four phosphatases in Xenopus egg extracts after depletion and overexpression of these four proteins
Bouguenina, Mohammed El Habib. "La protéine SMYLE (Short MYomegalin Like EB1 binding protein) dans l'organisation d'un complexe centrosomal, la régulation de la nucléation et la stabilisation des microtubules : conséquences sur la migration et la division des cellules cancéreuses." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5060.
Full textMicrotubules (MT) are dynamic polymers anchored by their minus ends at the MT organizing centers while their highly dynamic plus end explores the cytoplasm until it get stabilized. This plus end capture allows the organization of the MT network. +TIPs are a group of proteins that share the commonality to associate either directly or indirectly to MT plus ends. EB1 is a central protein of the +TIP network that regulates MT dynamics and their interactions with plus end anchoring structures. Using targeted proteomics, we have characterized the EB1 interactome and revealed a set of protein previously shown to associate with the nucleating centers that included AKAP9 an anchoring protein for protein kinase A (PKA), the pericentriolar matrix protein CDK5RAP2 and a short Myomegalin isoform that we named SMYLE (Short MYomegalin Like EB1 binding protein). Molecular mapping revealed that the proteins formed a hierarchically organized complex. We have observed that the transient association of SMYLE to the newly nucleated MTs at the centrosome favored the nucleation and acetylation. Interestingly, SMYLE depletion led to MT nucleation defects, but also a disruption of cortical MT capture. These defects in the MT network were associated with a steep fall in the migratory potential of breast cancer cells and mitotic abnormalities. Our results allow proposing that SMYLE belongs to centrosomal supramolecular complex that favors the assembly and stability of newly nucleated MTs, thus contributing to major processes in tumor development
Feizbakhsh, Omid. "La protéine Kinase Haspine comme nouvelle cible thérapeutique : analyse de ses fonctions et caractérisation d'inhibiteurs spécifiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B053.
Full textSince its discovery in 1994, Haspin protein kinase has been of growing scientific interest due to its key role in mitosis. It is involved in spatio-temporal localization and activation of Aurora B kinase by creating a specific anchoring site (phosphorylation of Histone H3 on Thr3) on chromosomes and specifically at centromers during early mitosis. Loss of Haspin activity is irremediably accompanied by chromosome alignment errors, centromeric cohesion and mitotic spindle defects. Its essential mitotic functions make it a potential therapeutic target for cancer. The objectives of this thesis were to better understand the functions of Haspin in mitosis, and at the same time, to characterize new specific inhibitors. We have shown that centrosome and mitotic spindle integrity depends on Haspin kinase activity independently of Aurora B activity. In addition, we show that Haspin acts as a negative regulator microtubule nucleation both at centrosomes and on chromosomes. To better understand Haspin's role in microtubule nucleation we looked for new substrates using protein chips. We have identified several candidates including the Nima kinase nucleation effector, Nek9. We confirmed that Nek9 is an in vitro Haspin substrate. In addition, our results showed that Nek9 depletion partly saves the Haspin depletion phenotype, suggesting that Haspin antagonizes Nek9 nucleation function. All of our results demonstrate a new Haspin function in the regulation of microtubule nucleation signaling pathway. At the same time, we have characterized a new series of small inhibitory molecules of Haspin, imidazopyridines derived from CHR-6494. Our hit compounds showed good Haspin inhibitory activity and increased selectivity. Unlike CHR-6494, they have the advantages of not causing cell cycle arrest in G2/M through CDK1 inhibition. They prove to be valuable tools for Haspin function studies and form a strong structural basis for the development of potential therapeutic drugs
Lerner, Jonathan. "Caractérisation de l’effet de mutations MODY sur la fonction de bookmarking de HNF1beta." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T064/document.
Full textHNF1beta is a POU transcription factor that is frequently mutated in patients that suffer from diabetes and renal cystic dysplasia. This protein has the peculiar ability to bind mitotic chromosomes and behave as a gene bookmarking. Here we show that the capacity of HNF1beta to bind to DNA plays an essential role for mitotic binding. A close homologue, HNF1alpha, shares the ability of HNF1beta to bind to mitotic chromosomes, and several MODY mutations (e.g P256S, V265L and C273Y) affect the ability of the protein to localize to mitotic chromatin. Interestingly, the phenotype induced by these mutations is very rapidly rescued by sudden temperature shifts. Temperature-sensitivity is probably linked to a conformational change that prevents DNA binding ability of P256S and V265L mutants at 37°C. Interestingly, the mitotic relocalization of these mutants induced by temperature shift was sensitive to energy depletion and importazole, suggesting an active mechanism involving the importin-beta system. Interestingly, C273Y mutant exhibited a significantly mitotic dispersion that is not correlated with any DNA or interphase chromatin binding defect, indicating that DNA binding function is necessary but not sufficient to accomplish bookmarking
Reynaud, Florie. "Rôle de la Sémaphorine 3B dans l’orientation des divisions des progéniteurs au cours de la neurogenèse chez les vertébrés." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1320/document.
Full textDuring development, the orientation of cell division is crucial to correctly organize andshape tissues and organs and also to generate cellular diversity. As cell mitosis proceeds, thesegregation of chromatids and cytoplasmic material occurs along a division axis. Itsorientation largely determines the relative position of daughter cells and the partition ofmother cell subcellular domain between them. The orientation of the cell division isprefigured by the position of a complex microtubule-based scaffold, the mitotic spindle.Until now, the intrinsic molecular machinery positioning the mitotic spindle and its couplingto cell polarities have been study in details. In contrast, the contribution of extracellularsignals to cell division orientation is less characterised. My research shows that these signalsin the CSF contribute to the orientation of cell division in neural progenitors. Removal theCSF cues by opening the neural tube or by genetic engineering affects the proportion ofplanar and oblique divisions. We identified Semaphorin 3B (Sema3B), released from thefloor plate and the nascent choroid plexus, as an important actor in this extrinsic control ofprogenitor division. Knockout of Sema3B phenocopies the loss of progenitor access to CSF.Delivery of exogenous Sema3B to progenitors in living embryos compensates this deficiency.We showed that Sema3B binds to Neuropilin receptors at the apical surface of mitoticprogenitors and exerts its effect through GSK3b activation and subsequent inhibition of themicrotubule stabilizer CRMP2. Thus extrinsic signaling mediated by Semaphorins directs theorientation of progenitor division in neurogenic zones.In order to identify new factors implicated in Sema3B-dependant mitotic spindleposition, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of Sema3B -/- neural progenitors. Severalderegulated candidate genes were considered. In the second part of my thesis, I focus onone of this, Norbin/Neurochondrin. Interestingly, the invalidation of Norbin/Neurochondrinalters the orientation of the mitotic spindle in HeLa cells.My PhD work reveals the contribution of a large family of topographic cues known tofunction in axon guidance has a novel role in the orientation of cell division
Gharbi, Ayachi Aicha. "Identification et caractérisation des premiers substrats de la protéine kinase Greatwall et étude de leur implication au cours du cycle cellulaire." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20133.
Full textDuring cell division, genetic information must be transmitted from the mother cell to the daughter cell in an accurate and identical way. During the S phase the genome is replicated while an equal distribution of two copies of DNA between the daughter cells is made during mitosis. Initiation and maintenance of mitosis require a controlled balance between kinase and phosphatase activities. Greatwall kinase is essential for mitotic entry and maintenance through the inhibition of PP2A, the main phosphatase that dephosphorylates Cdk1/cycline B mitotic substrates. Here we investigate the mechanisms regulating Greatwall. Our results show that Greatwall is a member of the AGC family of kinases that appears to be regulated by a unique two-step mechanism that differs from the other members of this family. Furthermore we identified Arpp19 (cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 19) and alpha-Endosulfine (ENSA) as two substrates of Greatwall that, when phosphorylated by this kinase, associate with and inhibit PP2A. Despite the fact that these two substrates are able to inhibit PP2A, only endogenous Arpp19 is responsible for the phosphatase inhibition at mitotic entry in xenopus egg extratcs. Roles of ENSA are currently under investigation
Ducháček, Ladislav. "Mitosis." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta výtvarných umění, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240615.
Full textGoutte-Gattat, Damien. "Etude des fonctions mitotiques du domaine amino-terminal de CENP-A." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENV079/document.
Full textThe histone variant CENP-A is the epigenetic factor responsible for centromere deter- mination. It allows the recruitment of a handful of centromeric proteins, and thus acts as the primary foundation for the kinetochore. It comprises an unstructured amino-terminal domain to which no precise function has yet been assigned, although it is established in some species that the mere presence of that domain is required for proper centromere func- tion and thus successful completion of mitosis. We have established several human cell lines stably expressing GFP-tagged CENP-A constructs, allowing us to perform pseudoge- netic experiments by siRNA-mediated silencing of the endogenous CENP-A. Our results show a dramatic increase of mitotic defects and plurinuclear cells when cells express only the globular domain of CENP-A; this is in accordance with the litterature and confirms the importance of the amino-terminal tail. More importantly, a similar increase of mitotic defects is observed when cells express a full-length, but non-phosphatable, CENP-A. Our results show the involvement of the phosphatable serine 7 of CENP-A in the successful completion of mitosis, and may suggest that the role of the whole amino-terminal tail of CENP-A could be reduced to this single phosphorylation event
Derive, Nicolas. "Etude du rôle et de la régulation de BubR1 dans la ségrégation des chromosomes acentriques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0256/document.
Full textAccurate transmission of genome during mitosis requires proper chromosomes attachment to microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Centromeres of chromosomes are assembly sites for kinetochores, multiproteic interfaces for microtubule binding. However, we recently discovered in Drosophila a mechanism that permits proper acentric chromosomes segregation. This mechanism works through a DNA « tether » that binds together acentric chromosomes to their centric counterparts. Tether integrity depends on BubR1 function, which accumulates on the tether during mitosis. BubR1 is a key protein in the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC), which monitors proper kinetochore-‐microtubule attachment, and inhibits anaphase onset until all kinetochores are properly bound to microtubules. We wanted to determine how BubR1 is recruted to the tether, and we showed that this recruitment is dependant on the Bub3-‐Binding Domain of BubR1, and more precisely the E481 amino acid. Bub3-‐BubR1 interaction mediated by this domain is necessary for complex localisation on the tether. We also discovered that BubR1 then recruits Fzy via its KEN domain. We propose a model where successive recruiting of Bub3-‐BubR1 and Fzy at the broken chromosome level is mandatory to their proper segregation in mitosis
Loncar, Ana. "Comparaison de la dynamique du fuseau mitotique et méiotique chez la levure à fission." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03174872.
Full textCell division is a universal process in all living beings where duplicated chromosomes are separated to the opposite cell poles. Mitosis is a cell division type that serves for proliferation of cells, while meiosis produces sex cells, which are used in the sexual reproduction of an organism. In both cases, a microtubule-based machine called a spindle flawlessly separates the chromosomes. Precise chromosome separation is paramount, as any errors in chromosome segregation can result in aneuploidy that may cause congenital defects, cancer or cell death.Mitosis and meiosis have been the focus of research for many decades, and a plethora of key players has been identified and studied. However, no study has been done on comparison of mitotic and meiotic spindle dynamics in the same organism. In this study, mitotic and meiotic spindle dynamics have been characterized and compared simultaneously in fission yeast. Spindle dynamics comparison ascertained that there are three distinct spindle types – mitotic, meiotic I and meiotic II spindles, with distinguishing features. A fission yeast mutant deficient for kinesin-5 Cut7 and kinesin-14 Pkl1 was used as a tool to identify the source of the differences in mitotic and meiotic spindle dynamics. Although cut7Δpkl1Δ mitotic spindles are bipolar and capable of segregating the chromosomes, we show that meiosis I spindles fail to establish bipolarity and separate the chromosomes, resulting in zygotes forming less than typical four spores. Next, we reveal Pkl1 concentration is reduced in meiotic I compared to mitotic spindles, and identify kinesin-14 Klp2 as the molecule that co-operates with Pkl1 in antagonizing Cut7 in meiosis I. Furthermore, we found that suppressing microtubule dynamics in cut7Δpkl1Δ zygotes restores spindle bipolarity, arguing that microtubules are more dynamic in meiosis I spindles than in mitotic spindles.In summary, this work shows mitotic and meiotic spindles are inherently different, and their differences stem from kinesin-14s and microtubule dynamics regulation
Boehler, Christian. "Rôles de la poly (ADP-ribose) polymérase-3 (PARP-3) dans la réponse cellulaire aux dommages dans l'ADN et la progression mitotique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ113/document.
Full textPoly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), a family of 17 members. We started the functional characterization of a new member of this family : the Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-3 (PARP-3). This protein was poorly studied. The human Parp3 gene displays two splicing variants giving rise to two proteins. Whereas the full length hPARP-3 has been identified as a core component of the centrosome throughout the cell cycle, the shorter splice variant accumulates within the nucleus. Of note, only the shorter nuclear variant is found in mice. We generated PARP-3 depletion in human lung cell line (MRC5) using RNA interference to analyse functional consequences of PARP-3 absence. We identified PARP-3 as a new specific actor of Double-Strand Breaks (DSB) repair mechanism. We also identified a new protein partner of PARP-3, NuMA, which is an essential regulator of mitotic division. These cells also showed problems in mitosis entry, in mitotic spindle formation, an increased mitosis duration and chromosomes aberrations. Performing protein interaction studies and using biochemical approaches, we highlighted a protein complex composed of PARP-3, NuMA and Tankyrase 1 (PARP-5a), involved in mitotic mechanisms. PARP-3 has a key role in the regulation of this complex. It plays essential role in mitotic progression and in mitotic spindle integrity maintenance and in telomere stability. The roles of PARP-3 in both DSB repair mechanisms and in mitotic progression indicate PARP-3 as a possible promising therapeutic target in cancer therapy
Bouhlel, Bougdhira Imen. "The centrin-binding protein Sfi1 : functions in fission yeast and human." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS465/document.
Full textThe centrosome is the main microtubule organizing center. It nucleates and organizes interphase microtubule and contributes to the assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle. To do so, the centrosome, present in one copy at the beginning of the cell cycle, duplicates to produce a second copy. The duplication process is tightly controlled and regulated since centrosome over-duplication can lead to multipolar mitotic spindles and promote genome instability and tumorigenesis. The duplication of the yeast centrosome, the SPB (Spindle pole body), begins with the duplication of the half bridge. This appendage is composed of Sfi1/Cdc31 complex organized in a parallel array attached to the core SPB. SPB duplication relies on the assembly of a second array of Sfi1/Cdc31, anti-parallel to the first one, creating thereby an assembly site for the new SPB. Therefore Sfi1 is essential for SPB duplication and our work defined the timing of half-bridge duplication and some of the regulatory mechanisms that favor bridge splitting to release duplicated centrosomes and allow spindle assembly at mitotic onset. Sfi1 and Cdc31/Centrins are conserved in human cells where the centrosome is composed of two centrioles surrounded by the pericentriolar material. Centrins are concentrated in the distal end of centrioles. Sfi1 has also been localized to centrioles, but its function remained unknown. Thus, we started investigating Sfi1 function in human cells. We found that Sfi1 depletion leads to a decrease in Centrin recruitment to the centrioles. It also leads to a cell cycle arrest in G1 in RPE1 cells, an event previously observed in presence of defects in centriole biogenesis. In HeLa cells where the cell cycle is not affected, Sfi1 depletion leads to a mitotic delay. Moreover, Sfi1 depletion leads to cilium assembly. To conclude, these results altogether point towards a role of human Sfi1 in centriole biogenesis
Yung, Yuk Kwong. "Histone H3 Serine 28 is essential for efficient Polycomb-mediated gene repression in Drosophila." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT001/document.
Full textPolycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain repression on key developmental genes to preserve cell fates. It is unknown on how PcG-mediated repressive chromatin is inherited across cell cycles. This project aims to study the chromatin-binding profile of PcG proteins and their cognate histone mark (H3K27me3) in mitosis. We observed that Polycomb (Pc) were dissociated from chromosomes during mitosis and reassociation begins from late anaphase onwards. In contrary, Ph, PSC and high level of H3K27me3 were detected on mitotic chromosomes. Importantly, drug-inhibition of Aurora B and hence depletion of H3S28ph retained Pc on mitotic chromosomes. To further understand how mitotic H3S28ph affects PcG proteins binding profile, a FACS-sorting protocol was optimized to isolate mitotic cells for ChIP-seq analyses. In parallel, Drosophila model of histone mutants (H3K27R and H3S28A) were established to assess the importance of these modifications on PcG-mediated epigenetics inheritance across mitoses
Rakkaa, Tarik. "Rôle de la kinase CDK11p58 dans la protection de la cohésion des chromatides sœurs au centromère." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S191.
Full textSister chromatid cohesion during the early stages of mitosis is essential to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. Sister chromatid cohesion is established in S phase and is maintained at centromeres until the metaphase to anaphase transition. Protection of cohesion at centromeres is under the control of the Bub1 kinase which phosphorylates histone H2A on threonine 120. Phosphorylated H2AT120 recruits the cohesion protection factor shugoshin (Sgo1) at centromeres. We had previously reported that depletion of the HDAC3 deacetylase induces acetylation of histone H3 lysine 4 at the centromere and loss of dimethylation at the same position. Forced acetylation of H3K4 at centromeres correlates with impaired Sgo1 recruitment and loss of sister chromatid separation. Cdk11p58, a member of the p34cdc2 related protein kinase family, is a G2/M specific protein, involved in different cell cycle events such as centrosome maturation, spindle formation or centriole duplication. It has also been reported as being involved in sister chromatid cohesion. Here we report that, upon cdk11p58 depletion, sister chromatids do not prematurely separate until the early stages of mitosis. We confirm that Cdk11p58 depletion induces a loss of Bub1 and Sgo1 from the centromeres and we show that H3K4 dimethylation is not affected by Cdk11p58 depletion. We report that depletion of endogenous Cdk11p58 in a cell line expressing a kinase-dead version of Cdk11p58 do not rescue the premature sister chromatid separation phenotype. Thus, phosphorylation of an unknown susbtrate by Cdk11p58 is necessary to maintain Bub1 at centromeres and our efforts are now directed towards its identification
Kuhnert, Oliver. "Charakterisierung der neuen centrosomalen Proteine CP148 und CP55 in Dictyostelium discoideum." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5994/.
Full textThe Dictyostelium centrosome consists of a layered core structure surrounded by a microtubule-nucleating corona. A tight linkage through the nuclear envelope connects the cytosolic centrosome with the clustered centromeres within the nuclear matrix. At G2/M the corona dissociates, and the core structure duplicates yielding two spindle poles. The two proteins CP148 and CP55 were discovered in a proteomic analysis of Dictyostelium centrosomes. CP148 is a novel coiled-coil protein of the centrosomal corona. GFP-CP148 exhibited cell cycle dependent presence and absence at the centrosome, which correlates with dissociation of the corona in prophase and its reformation in late telophase. During telophase, GFP-CP148 formed cytosolic foci, which coalesced and joined the centrosome. This explains the hypertrophic appearance of the corona upon strong overexpression of GFP-CP148. Depletion of CP148 by RNAi caused virtual loss of the corona and disorganization of interphase microtubules. Surprisingly, formation of the mitotic spindle and astral microtubules was unaffected. Thus, microtubule nucleation complexes associate with centrosomal core components through different means during interphase and mitosis. Furthermore, CP148 RNAi caused dispersal of centromeres and altered Sun1 distribution at the nuclear envelope, suggesting a role of CP148 in the linkage between centrosomes and centromeres. Taken together, CP148 is an essential factor for the formation of the centrosomal corona, which in turn is required for centrosome/centromere linkage. As CP148, CP55 was also identified in a centrosomal proteome analysis. It is a component of the centrosomal core structure, and persists at the centrosome throughout the entire cell cycle. FRAP experiments revealed the majority of centrosomal GFP-CP55 is immobile indicating a structural task of CP55 at the centrosome. GFP-CP55 overexpression elicits supernumerary centrosomes containing the usual set of corona and core marker proteins. The CP55 null mutant is characterized by increased ploidy, a less structured, slightly enlarged corona, and by supernumerary, cytosolic MTOCs, containing only corona proteins and lacking a core structure. Live cell imaging showed that supernumerary MTOCs arise in telophase. Lack of CP55 also caused premature recruitment of the corona organizer CP148 to mitotic spindle poles, already in metaphase instead of telophase. Forces transmitted through astral microtubules may expel prematurely acquired or loosely attached corona fragments into the cytosol, where they act as independent MTOCs. CP55null cells were also impaired in growth, most probably due to difficulties in centrosome splitting during prophase. Furthermore, although they were still capable of phagocytosis, they appeared unable to utilize phagocytosed nutrients. This inability may be attributed to their disorganized Golgi apparatus.
Tsaousis, Anastasios. "Evolution and function of the microsporidian mitosome." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533700.
Full textPaganelli, Laëtitia. "Étude de partenaires protéiques d’une protéine associée aux microtubules, MAP65-3, indispensable à la formation des cellules géantes induites par le nématode à galles Meloidogyne incognita : caractérisation du complexe de surveillance de la mitose chez Arabidopsis." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4028/document.
Full textRoot-knot nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne are obligate biotrophic plant parasites. During a compatible interaction, they induce the redifferentiation of root cells into multinucleated and hypertrophied feeding cells to ensure their growth and reproduction. The study of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying giant cell ontogenesis has led to the identification of a Microtubule-Associated Protein, MAP65-3, essential for giant cell ontogenesis and nematode development. One of the MAP65-3 interacting partners is a BUB3 homologue, member of the Mitotic Checkpoint Complex (MCC). The MCC is a surveillance mechanism ensuring that chromosomes undergoing mitosis do not segregate until they are properly attached to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. During my thesis, I have characterized the Arabidopsis thaliana orthologs of the MCC, BUB3.1, MAD2 and the multigenic family composed of BUBR1, BRK1 et BUB1.2. I have demonstrated that MAP65-3 and all the MCC members interact together in planta, some interactions taking place within the nuclei or at the centromeres. As MAP65-3, all these genes are expressed in dividing cells. The study of the subcellular localization of the protein showed a cytoplasmic localization for BUB3.1, BUB1.2 and MAD2, nuclear for BUBR1 and centromeric for BRK1. Thus, the MCC proteins did not relocalize to the kinetochore during a normal mitosis in planta. BUB3.1, BUBR1 and MAD2 localize to the unattached kinetochores following defects in spindle assembly as observed in cells treated with microtubule poisons. The functional analysis of BUB1/BUBR1 multigenic family showed that the knock-out mutants were more sensitive to microtubule-destabilizing drugs. Furthermore, analysis of mitosis revealed that BUBR1 is essential for an error-free mitosis in Arabidopsis. This work represents the first characterization of the MCC in A. thaliana
Loukil, Abdelhalim. "Etude de la cycline A2 : interactions, dégradation et mise en évidence du rôle de l'autophagie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20115.
Full textThe cell cycle is finely regulated in time and space. We have studied the dynamical aspect of the interactions between cyclin A2 and its partners Cdk1, Cdk2 and ubiquitin during the cell cycle, in human cell lines. To this aim, we have used FRET (Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer) and FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) techniques. We have thus shown that ubiquitylated forms of cyclin A2 are detected predominantly in foci in prometaphase, before spreading throughout the cell. Moreover, we have shown that autophagy contributes to cyclin A2 degradation in mitosis. We discuss the implications of these observations regarding a possible role of cyclin A2 when the cleavage furrow forms, and the participation of autophagy in DNA damage response in mitosis
Breeden, Lauren N. "Mitosis : a collection." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2003. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/409.
Full textBachelors
Arts and Sciences
English
Landmann, Cedric. "Rôles et régulations de Polo et BubR1 sur les cassures double-‐brin de l'ADN en mitose." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0852/document.
Full textThe presence of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) during mitosis is challenging for the cell, as it produces fragments of chromosome lacking a centromere. If not processed, this situation can cause genomic instability resulting in improper segregation of the broken fragments into daughter cells. We uncovered a mechanism by which broken chromosomes are faithfully transmitted to daughter cells via the tethering of the two broken chromosome ends. Several proteins including the mitotic kinase BubR1 and Polo are recruited to the breaks and mediate the proper segregation of the broken fragments. However, the mechanism underlying Polo and BubR1 recruitment to DNA breaks is unknown. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms by which Polo and BubR1 mediate the proper segregation of the broken fragments remain to be elucidated. We first investigated the role and regulation of BubR1 on DNA breaks during mitosis. We show that BubR1 requires Bub3 to localize on the broken chromosome fragment and to mediate its proper segregation. We also find that FizzyCdc20, a co--‐factor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Anaphase--‐Promoting--‐Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), accumulates on DNA breaks in a BubR1 KEN box--‐dependent manner. A biosensor for APC/C activity demonstrates a BubR1--‐dependent local inhibition of APC/C around the segregating broken chromosome. These results are consistent with a model where Bub3/BubR1 complex on DNA breaks functions to inhibit the APC/C locally via the sequestration of FizzyCdc20, thus preserving key substrates from degradation, which promotes proper transmission of broken chromosomes. In a second study, we investigated the dependency relationship between Polo and BubR1/Bub3/Fizzy on DNA breaks in mitosis. We used a pulsed UV laser to break one chromosome at a define time during mitosis. We immediately follow the recruitment of GFP--‐tagged proteins to laser--‐induced DNA breaks. My study reveals that Polo is promptly recruited to DNA breaks and precedes BubR1, Bub3 and Fizzy. In addition, while BubR1, Bub3 and Fizzy dissociation from the breaks coincide with telophase and the nuclear envelope reformation, Polo remains on the breaks well into interphase. We further show that the appearance of BubR1, Bub3 and Fizzy on DNA breaks is delayed in polo mutant, indicating that Polo is required for the robust and efficient recruitment of BubR1, Bub3 and Fizzy to DNA breaks. Finally, the timely accumulation of Polo, BubR1 and Bub3 to DNA breaks depends on two components of the DNA Damage Response, the MRN complex (Mre11--‐Rad50--‐Nbs1) and ATM (ataxia--‐telangiectasia mutated). This work gives us a better understanding on how Polo and BubR1, Bub3 and FizzyCdc20 are recruited to DNA breaks in mitosis and how they promote broken chromosomes segregation
Ramírez, Cota Rosa María. "Dissecting the function of γTuRC subunits in microtubule nucleation and organization." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398851.
Full textEn las células humanas la depleción de MZT1 provoca graves defectos del huso mitótico. Las células deplecionadas carecen de γ-tubulina centrosomal y presentan una detención de la mitosis con una configuración monopolar del huso mitótico. Del mismo modo, mutantes de deleción dobles de planta MZT1 con sus ortólogos GIP1a y GIP1b son letales para los embriones debido a la anormal distribución de los microtúbulos del huso mitótico y la mala segregación del cromosoma. Además, GIP1a y GIP1b localizan en sitios de nucleación activos de los microtúbulos corticales. La función de MZT1 se conserva en la levadura de fisión, donde interactúa con GCP3, y es un componente esencial para el reclutamiento del complejo de γ-tubulina en el huso polar del cuerpo apical, el equivalente al centrosoma, pero no para el montaje de la γ-tubulina compleja. Sin embargo, los mecanismos moleculares que subyacen a estos efectos siguen siendo desconocidos. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es estudiar cómo MZT1 regula la actividad del γTuRC en la nucleación y organización de los microtúbulos. En este trabajo encontré que MZT1 es necesaria para todas las funciones γTuRC-dependientes, como la duplicación de centríolos. MZT1 se une a un motivo conservado presente en la N-terminales extendida de GCP2, GCP3, GCP5 y GCP6, lo que permite el reconocimiento específico de γTuRC totalmente ensamblado. La unión de MZT1 al γTuRC “prepara” al complejo para la interacción con el adaptador NEDD1/GCP-WD para la orientación γTuRC a los centrosomas. Además, se requieren esta “preparación” para activar la actividad nucleadora del γTuRC mediada por CDK5RAP2 CM1. Por lo tanto, al permitir el reconocimiento específico de γTuRC por los factores de reclutamiento y los factores de activación, se observa que la MZT1 controla espacialmente la nucleación de microtúbulos.
Eibes, González Susana. "Functional study of the NIMA protein kinases Nek9, Nek6 and Nek7 at the onset of mitosis. Control of the kinesin Eg5 and prophase centrosome separation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399449.
Full textLa mitosis es un proceso altamente regulado cuyo objetivo es asegurar la correcta distribución de los cromosomas entre las dos células nuevamente generadas. Diferentes proteínas quinasas han sido definidas como esenciales en este proceso pero el objetivo de esta tesis es caracterizar una de las rutas de señalización menos estudiada, la cual la componen las NIMA quinasas Nek9, Nek6 y Nek7. Nek9 es activada al inicio de mitosis por un doble mecanismo mediado por CDK1 y Plk1. Una vez activada, se puede unir a Nek6 y Nek7 y fosforilarlas, promoviendo su activación. Finalmente, Nek6 y Nek7 son responsables de la fosforilación de la quinesina Eg5, promoviendo la acumulación de Eg5 en los centrosomas, y en consecuencia, la separación de los mismos en profase. Aquí describimos las condiciones necesarias para la acumulación de Eg5 en los centrosomas después de la fosforilación en la Ser1033. Durante el desarrollo de este trabajo hemos explorado las circunstancias esenciales para una correcta localización de Eg5 en las células. Usando técnicas de interacción proteína-proteína y técnicas de silenciamiento proteico de candidatos con shRNA hemos determinado que otra proteína motora, dineína, junto con el adaptador BicD2 y la proteína TPX2, son responsables de la acumulación de Eg5 alrededor de los centrosomas. Además, hemos propuesto a TPX2 como un nuevo substrato regulado por Nek9 y hemos investigado el papel de esta fosforilación, la cual afecta la localización de TPX2 durante profase, antes de la rotura de la membrana nuclear. Con esta tesis presentamos un modelo para la acumulación de Eg5 y la separación de los centrosomas en profase que puede ser resumido en los siguientes puntos: - El complejo de dineína transporta Eg5 hacia el centrosoma independientemente de la fosforilación en la Ser1033. El adaptador BicD2 media esta interacción uniéndose directamente al dominio C terminal de Eg5. -TPX2 inhibe movilidad de Eg5 en respuesta a la fosforilación en la Ser1033. - La presencia de TPX2 en los centrosomas es necesaria para la localización de Eg5. La fosforilación de TPX2 por Nek9 promueve la localización de TPX2 en los centrosomas durante la profase.
Martínez, Delgado Paula. "Identification of novel NEK9 substrates and functions through the use of genetically engineered mice. Novel roles in the control of the centrosome cycle." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663722.
Full textLa mitosis es un proceso que asegura la distribución correcta de los cromosomas entre dos células recién generadas, está regulada por dos procesos principales, la degradación y la fosforilación de proteínas por diferentes quinasas mitóticas. CDK1 es el principal regulador de la mitosis, pero en las últimas décadas se ha demostrado que las proteínas de la familia Aurora o Polo o NIMA desempeñan un papel clave en la mitosis. El objetivo de esta tesis es identificar nuevas funciones de Nek9, una quinasa de la familia NIMA, durante el ciclo celular y más específicamente durante las fases tardías de la mitosis. Nuestro objetivo es caracterizar nuevos sustratos y funciones de la quinasa mediante el uso de diferentes líneas celulares y ratones genéticamente modificados que nos permiten interferir con la expresión de Nek9. El centrosoma actúa como el principal centro organizador de microtúbulos de la célula para mantener el citoesqueleto en interfase y para organizar el huso bipolar en la mitosis, su ciclo de duplicación va en sintonía con el ciclo celular. Cuando la célula entra en mitosis, los centrosomas duplicados se separan ensamblando el huso mitótico para segregar los cromosomas y para mantener la estabilidad genómica. Sin embargo, diferentes aberraciones ocurren con frecuencia en el centrosoma y a menudo conducen a la formación anormal del huso mitótico, que puede dar como resultado una segregación cromosómica anormal y, como consecuencia, tumorogénesis, microcefalia o ciliopatias. Nek9 está inactiva en interfase y se activa en los centrosomas durante la mitosis mediante un mecanismo de dos pasos mediado por Plk1 y CDK1. Una vez activo, Nek9 se puede unir a Nek6 y Nek7 y fosforilarlas induciendo a su vez su activación. Nuestro grupo ha demostrado que Nek6/7 fosforilan la quinesina Eg5, modulando la acumulación de Eg5 en los centrosomas y su separación durante la profase. Nek9 también fosforila el adaptador NEDD1 / GCP-WD, independientemente de Nek6/7, lo que contribuye a su reclutamiento en el centrosoma y, en consecuencia, al reclutamiento del complejo de nucleación de microtúbulos formado por y-tubulina. Aquí mostramos que los animales con un único alelo Nek9 KO están sanos y son fértiles. Sin embargo, los cruces entre ellos no dan lugar a ningún animal KO homocigoto, lo que indica que la eliminación de Nek9 es letal durante el desarrollo embrionario. Además, los embriones procedentes de estos cruces tienen una mayor frecuencia de defectos mitóticos que provocan la muerte durante los primeros días de desarrollo. Como Nek9 es importante para el correcto desarrollo de la mitosis, queríamos ver si la expresión en heterocigosis daba como resultado tumores que afectan la viabilidad de los animales. Se han observado algunas diferencias en la esperanza de vida libre de tumores entre los heterocigotos con cierta incidencia de cáncer y aneuploidía. Por otro lado, la eliminación de la expresión de Nek9 en células conduce a la aparición de mitosis anormales, aneuploidía y múltiples centrosomas, tanto en fibroblastos embrionarios de ratón genéticamente modificados como en células humanas teniendo como consecuencia la acumulación de centrobina, una proteína presente en los procentriolos. En la presente tesis describimos posibles nuevas funciones y sustratos de Nek9 en el ciclo del centrosoma, íntimamente ligado al ciclo de división celular, tras interferir con su expresión de diferentes formas.
Dalkara, Defne. "Etude des fonctions du domaine amino-terminal de CENP-A pendant la mitose." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV001.
Full textThe histone variant CENP-A epigenetically marks the centromere. The presence of CENP-A at the centromeres allows the recruitment of centromeric proteins that constitute the platform for functional kinetochores.In human cells, the NH2-terminus of CENP-A and its phosphorylation at serine 7 in mitosis has been reported to be crucial for the progression of mitosis. However, no phosphorylation of CENP-A in other metazoan species has been described. Here, we show that the NH2-terminus of CENP-A, but not its primary sequence, is required for mitosis in mouse embryonic cells (MEFs). Our data show that the mitotic defects resulting from the depletion of the endogenous CENP-A can be rescued when MEFs expressing a GFP- CENP-A mutant where the NH2-terminus of CENP-A was swapped with the phosphorylatable tail of conventional histone H3. Conversely, no rescue was observed when the two phosphorylatable serines in the H3 tail mutant were replaced with alanines. Furthermore, a non-phosphorylatable fusion mutant of CENP-A where all seven serines in the amino-tail were replaced with alanines, was also unable to rescue the mitotic phenotype of CENP-A depleted cells.We also identified that the first three serines of the tail of CENP-A as potential sites for phosphorylation. Additionally, we were able to link the phosphorylation of CENP-A amino-tail to the proper localization of the key centromeric protein CENP-C. These results suggest that mitotic CENP-A phosphorylation is a potentially common event in metazoans essential for mitotic progression.In the second par of this work we wanted to unambiguously tie the NH2-terminus function of CENP-A to mitosis. To achieve this, we wanted to remove the CENP-A amino-tail only during mitosis and we devised a new method called the Hara-kiri approach in order to answer the above question in human cells. The removal of the NH2-terminal domain of CENP-A using the Hara-kiri approach at the onset of mitosis led to increased mitotic defects in cells. Taken collectively these data show that the CENP-A NH2- terminus is required during mitosis to assure proper cell division
Sendra, Kacper M. "Metabolic functions and inheritance of the microsporidian mitosome." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3324.
Full textAzzag, Karim. "Origine de la stabilité morphogénétique dans les épithéliums de métazoaires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20112/document.
Full textThe polygonal structure of mono-stratified epithelia exerts a unique fascination among biologists since the original observations of Robert Hooke in 1665. However, it is always unclear how the stability of morphogenesis is achieved, i.e., how these polygonal structures maintain regularity among individual, between individuals and among all phyla, and among individuals for each tissue within each species. Here, we introduce a new and quantitative measure of the level of morphologic stability between individuals, referred to as topological homeostasis. We demonstrated that non-proliferative epithelia, formed by an accretion process, are significantly more regularly stabilized than proliferative ones. In proliferative context, topological homeostasis directly depends on the apoptosis/mitosis ratio, as evidenced in the Drosophila imaginal disc model, where topological homeostasis drastically drops down when apoptosis is inhibited. Apoptosis therefore acts as an unexpected positive regulator in the canalization of morphogenetic stability. In addition, numerical simulations of epithelial morphogenesis, based on the physics of devided media, described how accretion mechanisms in non-proliferative epithelia, and, apoptosis in proliferative ones, are efficient means to achieve morphogenetic stability
Rouzeau, Sébastien. "Rôle de la protéine BLM dans le maintien de l’intégrité du centromère : implications dans le phénotype cellulaire associé au syndrome de Bloom." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T110/document.
Full textBloom syndrome (BS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a sharp increase in the rate of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosome segregation abnormailities and a predisposition to the development of all types of cancers. This syndrome is caused by mutations in both copies of the BLM gene, which encodes BLM, a RecQ 3'-5 DNA helicase. The specific function(s) of BLM remain unclear, but the data from the literature converge towards a role for BLM in mechanisms monitoring and / or maintaining genome integrity. The BLM protein may be involved in restarting stalled replication forks during S phase and necessary to resolve anaphase bridges in mitosis, including particular bridges called "Ultrafine Anaphase Bridges" (UFBs). These UFBs, which link sister chromatids together, are not detectable by conventional stains and their presence can only be revealed by the detection of the proteins PICH (PLK1-interacting checkpoint helicase) or BLM. In untreated cells, UFBs originate mostly from centromeres (cUFBs).The challenge of my project was to determine whether BLM was also involved in preventing the formation of cUFBs and so, if it played a role before anaphase.We showed that BLM is recruited at centromeres from G2 phase to mitosis. BLM, in cooperation with PICH, is required for (1) structural organization of centromeric DNA, (2) completion of centromere disjunction, independently of the cohesin pathway, suggesting an involvement of these proteins in centromere decatenation process, and (3) recruitment of active topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) to centromeres. Thus, we report a new localization and a new function of BLM at centromeres, revealing for the first time a new role for BLM and PICH in a previously unknown centromeric decatenation mechanism, crucial for complete centromere disjunction.We propose that the combined action of BLM and PICH promotes, through their helicase and chromatin remodelling activities, respectively, the organization of centromeric chromatin, thereby rendering some centromeric catenates accessible to Topo IIa before the onset of anaphase. The failure of this mechanism may lead to the persistence of some centromeric catenations not resolved before anaphase. Thus, the increase in the frequency of centromeric UFBs in BLMdeficient cells has two different origins: cUFBs arising from catenations not resolved before anaphase and physiological cUFBs not processed at anaphase onset. Two distinguish the two cUFB origins, we defined the former as supernumerary centromeric UFBs (SC-UFBs)
Al, Jord Adel. "Centriole amplification in brain multiciliated cells : high resolution spatiotemporal dynamics and identification of regulatory mechanisms." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066706/document.
Full textMulticiliated mammalian cells play a crucial role in the propulsion of physiological fluids. Their dysfunction causes severe chronic diseases. In contrast to the strict centriole number control in cycling cells, multiciliated cell differentiation is marked by the production of up to several hundred centrioles, each nucleating a motile cilium. The mechanisms of centriole amplification or centriole number control in these cells were unknown and new centrioles were thought to appear de novo in the cytoplasm. First, videomicroscopy combined with correlative super-resolution and electron microscopy has enabled us to determine that all procentrioles are generated via runs of nucleation from the pre-existing progenitor cell centrosome. We show that the daughter centriole of the centrosome is the primary nucleation site for 95% of the new centrioles in multiciliated cells and thus refute the de novo hypothesis. Then, we provide evidence of an activation of the mitosis regulatory network during the centriole dynamic. With single cell live imaging and pharmacological modulation of mitosis regulators, we show that the mitosis machinery orchestrates the spatiotemporal progression of centriole amplification in terminally differentiating multiciliated cell progenitors. The fine-tuning of Cdk1 activity prevents mitosis while allowing the timely coordination of centriole number, growth, and disengagement through checkpoint-like phase transitions necessary for subsequent functional motile ciliation. This PhD provides a new paradigm for studying multiciliated cell differentiation, cilia-related diseases and pathological centriole amplification associated with cancer and microcephaly
Robert, Perle. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des modifications post traductionnelles de la protéine Arpp19, un inhibiteur de la phosphatase PP2A." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT085/document.
Full textProteins phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are key post translational modifications controlling mitotic events.Traditionally, mitotic entry requires Cdk1 activation. To allow this to occur, inhibitory phosphorylations on Cdk1 by Myt1 and Wee1 kinases must be removed by phosphatase Cdc25. Thus, the Cdk1-Cyclin B complex, also called MPF (Mitotic Promoting Factor), is active and inhibitory kinases inactivated.Along this canonic scheme, another key kinase has been shown to play a critical role: the Greatwall (Gwl) kinase also called MAST-L for MAST like. Results published by our team show that in Xenopus laevis, Gwl allows entry and maintains mitosis by inhibiting the activity of the phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylation of Cdk1/Cycline B substrates: PP2A. This activity is driven by Gwl target: Arpp19. Gwl phosphorylates Arpp19 on its 71st residue turning it into a potent inhibitor of PP2A.A study of Arpp19 post translational modifications of Arpp19 has been initiated in the team which will allow the further study of several phosphosites: • Serine 71, Gwl phosphosite, the best documented site. • Serine 28, shown in vitro to be a Cdk1-CycB phosphosite. • Serine 113, assigned to PKA. This thesis project joins logically after the work already made in the team and has for objective to characterize the post translational modifications of Arpp19, their roles in mitotic progress, their incidences on binding and inhibition of Arpp19’s target, PP2A.This part of the project relies on mutants' synthesis of Arpp19Xe, phosphomimetics’ mutants on one hand (serine transformed into aspartic acid by mutagenesis) or mutants unable to be phosphorylated (serine into alanine). These mutants allowed us to work on the impact of these various phosphorylations in Xenopus eggs extracts.This project also attempts to highlight the whole signalization pathway ending in the various post translational modifications of Arpp19, their timelines during the cycle and thus to identify effector proteins of these phosphorylations on Arpp19 which are as much as potential levers on which can serve as targets for cancer therapy
Rouillon, Charlène. "Caractérisation des défauts cellulaires après transfert nucléaire chez le poisson rouge, et mise au point d'un nouveau modèle de cellules donneuses embryonnaires." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARB326.
Full textCryopreservation of genetic resources is a mean to preserve biodiversity and sustainability of the agronomic industry. In fish, nuclear transfer is a method to regenerate breeders from cryopreserved somatic tissues that are easy to collect. However, the low rates of viable clone limit the application of this biotechnology. The objective of this thesis work was to understand the origin of embryo development defects after nuclear transfer. We have focused our scientific questions on identifying the possible disturbances induced by the presence of maternal DNA, as well as on the fate of somatic DNA during critical stages of early development: meiosis resumption and first embryonic mitosis. A major result of the thesis was to demonstrate that in some clones, maternal DNA is sequestered under the first mitosis furrow, where it is probably excludedfrom any contribution to the genome of the clone. We have also identified many disorders in the division spindle, for which we propose an explanation based on the observation of variable locations and condensation states of the injected nucleus. Finally, we have developed a new model for nuclear transfer, embryoid body cells. They have cellular characteristics compatible with nuclear transfer: small size, slow cell cycle, and limited differentiation according to the epigenetic and transcriptional criteria that were analysed. For the first time in fish, the early cellular events after nuclear transfer were described. Integrating the results allowed us to suggest hypothesis for the clone development disorders. This work also allowed us
Daniels, M. J. "Mechanisms regulating eukaryotic mitosis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598272.
Full textBielska, Olga. "The role of PKD in mitochondrial fission during mitosis." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ009.
Full textOver the last two decades, multiple studies have uncovered and strengthen the implication of mitochondrial dynamics in cancer. During my thesis, I discovered an unanticipated role for the PKD kinase family in mitochondrial fission. Loss of PKD activity led to blockade of mitochondrial fission and resulted in a significant elongation of mitochondria by unopposed fusion. Mechanistically, we showed that PKDs regulated mitochondrial dynamics by activating the mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) through phosphorylation of multiple sites. MFF acts as a main receptor for the large GTPase DRP1, which constricts mitochondria, and it is critical for proper mitochondrial division. All three PKD family members could phosphorylate MFF. PKD-mediated MFF phosphorylation and mitochondrial fragmentation occurred specifically during mitosis. As MFF phosphorylation was found to be significantly upregulated in highly mitotic cancers, which was evidenced in several global phosphoproteome studies, the discovered PKD-MFF signaling axis regulating mitochondrial dynamics in mitosis could become an attractive therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment
Sundermann, Lena. "Identification and characterization of new Greatwall kinase substrates." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT016.
Full textMitotic division is an essential phase of the cell cycle that ensures the correct repartition of the genetic content. Mitosis involves profound cellular reorganization that is mostly induced by massive protein phosphorylation. This phosphorylation is achieved thanks to the fine-tuning of the balance between kinases and phosphatases. At mitotic entry, protein phosphorylation is induced by the activation of the master kinase Cdk1-cyclin B and the inhibition of the phosphatase PP2A B55. Previous results from our and other laboratories recently discovered a new pathway essential to modulate PP2A-B55 during G2-M transition. This pathway includes the kinase Greatwall (GW) and its substrates Arpp19 and Ensa. At mitotic entry GW is activated and promotes the phosphorylation of Arpp19/Ensa converting them into potent inhibitors of PP2A B55. Surprisingly, no other substrates of GW have been identified so far. However, several pieces of data strongly suggest new roles of GW independently of Arpp19 and Ensa. The main aim of this work was the identification of new substrates of GW. To this end, I used several approaches including: (1) Biochemical fractionation of cell lysates or Xenopus egg extracts combined with in vitro phosphorylation with recombinant GW kinase, (2) SILAC/phosphoproteomics from cell lysates expressing different GW amounts, (3) Co-Immunoprecipitation, (4) BioID and (5) a candidate directed approach. Results from in vitro phosphorylation revealed the presence of two interesting phosphorylated bands that are currently being analysed. Both SILAC/phosphoproteomic and interactome approaches yielded the enrichment of proteins involved post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and RNA related processes, a physiological function already described for this pathway in yeast. Finally, we directly investigated the putative phosphorylation by GW of three candidates known to be involved in the control of cell cycle. Although phosphorylated in vitro by GW, we could only identify the phosphorylation site in one of these three proteins. This protein, corresponding to a phosphatase inhibitor, appears to control mitotic exit through the modulation of mitotic protein dephosphorylation. A non-phosporylable mutant of this inhibitor promotes a perturbed mitotic exit with delayed dephosphorylation of mitotic substrates and impaired cyclin B degradation. I could attribute this defect to a perturbed association of the inhibitor with the phosphatase and consequently to an aberrant timing of phosphatase inhibition. Finally, I identified the GW phosphorylation site as a key factor controlling this association. In summary, I identified in this study a new substrate of GW controlling phosphatase activity essential for correct mitotic division
Caous, Renaud. "Analyse de la prolifération cellulaire et de l'aneuploïdie dans les mutants sas-4 et aurA chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B011/document.
Full textCellular overproliferation associated with aneuploidy is a common hallmark of cancers. Low genetic instability may be a contributing factor of tumorigenesis. Recently, it was shown on a cellular cancer model in culture that strong aneuploidy compromises cell proliferation by causing cell death. During my thesis, we have test if this hypothesis was verified in vivo by using as a model, the tumours of the larval central nervous system of D. melanogaster. We decided to use mutants involved in mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation (Sas-4 or AurA) to induce these tumours. To generate aneuploidy, we chose to associate these mutations with mutations in genes essential for the SAC, Mad2 or BubR1ken. We then analysed the effect of the SAC depletion on the Nb proliferation. For sas-4, loss of the SAC leads to high aneuploidy and a decrease in Nb number associated with brain size reduction. It completely undermines the ability of mutant brain to induce tumors when injected into the abdomen of healthy adult flies. In the case of aurA, nor increase of aneuploidy in tissue or decrease in nb proliferation have been observed. Moreover, the same proportion of flies injected with aurA or aurA mad2 brains developed tumours. To better understand why the aurA mutant not react as the sas-4 mutant to the SAC depletion, we undertook a detailed analysis of aurA and aurA mad2 mutants. We first observed that despite the SAC depletion, 1) there is always a delay in mitosis in aurA mad2 and 2) there is a delay between SAC satisfaction and anaphase onset in aurA. Since anaphase onset is dependent of the CycB and Securine degradation via the APC / C, we analysed the behaviour of the CycB (coupled with a GFP tag) by real-time videomicroscopy and observed a defect in the regulation of CycB degradation in aurA and in the double aurA mad2 mutant. These observations lead us to propose a new role for AurA kinase in regulating the degradation of CycB at the end of mitosis
Molina-Calavita, Maria. "Huntingtine et mitose." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766423.
Full textMasiá, Fandos Nuria. "Targeting mitosis in hormone-refractory prostate cancer." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670655.
Full textEl CaP es la segunda neoplasia maligna invasiva diagnosticada con mayor frecuencia y la tasa de supervivencia a 5 años de los hombres con enfermedad metastásica cae por debajo del 30%. Los andrógenos, a través del receptor de andrógenos, son cruciales para el inicio y la progresión del CaP y, por tanto, la ADT ha sido el principal tratamiento del CaP localmente avanzado, metastásico y recurrente. Las terapias de deprivación androgénica son capaces de conseguir inicialmente una respuesta bioquímica en la mayoría de los pacientes; sin embargo, las remisiones son temporales y la enfermedad acaba progresando a un estado independiente de andrógenos, también denominado CRPC. Tras la progresión a CRPC, la supervivencia media de estos pacientes es de menos de 2 años y la enfermedad acaba siendo prácticamente intratable. Los mecanismos moleculares que causan esta transición siguen siendo en gran parte desconocidos. La creciente evidencia en los últimos años sugiere que las células de CaP insensibles a andrógenos han sido reprogramadas genéticamente para regular de forma selectiva la expresión de genes de la fase M del ciclo celular. Los taxanos, dirigidos a los microtúbulos, ya se están utilizando en la práctica clínica para pacientes con CaP avanzado, pero la supervivencia sigue siendo modesta y los pacientes acaban desarrollando resistencia a la terapia. Debido a que la progresión mitótica es un proceso altamente regulado, nuestra hipótesis es que las proteínas de fase M expresadas de manera aberrante pueden conferir a las células CaP una ventaja para el crecimiento en condiciones de depleción de andrógenos y, en consecuencia, representan posibles dianas terapéuticas para la intervención molecular de pacientes con CRPC. Aunque varios inhibidores del ciclo celular no han logrado demostrar beneficio en el entorno clínico del CRPC, sigue habiendo un gran interés en este enfoque y todavía hay desafíos importantes para intentar tratar a estos pacientes con terapias dirigidas que sean eficaces. En este contexto, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es obtener nuevos conocimientos moleculares sobre la progresión del CaP, con especial énfasis en la participación de los reguladores mitóticos en la adquisición de la independencia a andrógenos de los tumores de próstata.
PCa is the second most frequently diagnosed invasive malignancy and the 5-year survival rate of men with metastatic disease drops below 30%. Androgens, through the AR, are crucial for the initiation and progression of PCa and thus, ADT has been the mainstay of treatment for locally advanced, metastatic and recurring PCa. Androgen-ablation therapies can initially achieve a biochemical response in the majority of patients; however, remissions are temporary and the disease invariably progresses to an androgen-independent state, also termed CRPC. Upon progression to CRPC, the median survival for those patients is less than 2 years, and the disease is essentially untreatable. The molecular mechanisms that cause this transition remain largely unknown. Increasing evidence in recent years suggest that androgen insensitive PCa cells have undergone a genetic reprogramming to selectively upregulate the expression of M-phase cell cycle genes. Microtubule-targeting taxanes are already being used in the clinical practice for patients with advanced PCa, but survival remains modest and resistance inevitably develops. Because mitotic progression is a highly regulated process, we hypothesized that aberrantly expressed M-phase proteins may confer PCa cells an advantage to growth in androgen-depleted conditions and consequently represent potential therapeutic targets for the molecular intervention of CRPC patients. Although several small molecule inhibitors of the cell cycle have failed to demonstrate benefit in the clinical setting of CRPC, there remains a keen interest in this approach and significant challenges persist to match patients with effective targeted therapies. In this context, the main goal of this thesis is to gain novel molecular insights into the progression of PCa, with special emphasis on the involvement of mitotic regulators in the acquisition of prostate tumors androgen independence.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina
Demir, Özlem. "Functional Characterization of Microtubule Associated Proteins in ES Cell Division and Neuronal Differentiation." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-163103.
Full textChakraborty, Papia. "Regulation of Nucleoporins in Mitosis." Scholarly Repository, 2007. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/54.
Full textMadriles, Gimeno Carles. "Mitosis based speculative multithreaded architectures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/124709.
Full textMartin, Carol-Anne. "Role of microcephalin at mitosis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8734.
Full textPetit, Dominique. "Caractérisation de ARHGAP19, une nouvelle GAP de Rho impliquée dans la mitose des Lymphocytes T." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS018/document.
Full textIn an attempt to understand the role of Rho GTPases and their regulators in hematopoietic cell lines, expression levels of 300 genes were analyzed for proteins involved in Rho dependent signaling pathways from patients with T-ALL leukemia.It was shown that a group of genes consisting of RacGAP1, Ect2 and Citron varied concomitantly. With the exception of ARHGAP19, all already had a known function during mitosis. Consequently, it was decided to characterize ARHGAP19, which according to databases is specific of hematopoietic cell lines, and whose function was unknown. In order to determine the biological function of ARHGAP19, a specific antibody has been generated. This allowed us to demonstrate that the level of expression of the protein vary during the cell cycle and its localization varies during mitosis. In addition, we have shown that ARHGAP19 plays a central role in regulating cell shapes changes, sister chromatids segregation and RhoA effectors membrane recruitment during mitosis. We have also shown that this occurs by a previously undescribed pathway involving RhoA-ROCK-Vimentin.Finally, we have demonstrated that ARHGAP19 is a substrate of CDK1. It is phosphorylated on two residues located in the C-Terminal region of the protein. For investigating the role of these phosphorylations, we have generated Kit225 cell lines transfected with plasmids coding for the non-phosphorylable forms of the protein. This allowed us to show that phosphorylation of residue T404 and T476 are involved preventing GAP19 recruitment at the equatorial cell cortex during mitosis.In addition, we have observed the formation of chromatin bridges, as well as an increase in multinucleated cells. Thus, we have performed cytogenetic experiments for determining if chromatin bridges are due to chromosome condensation defects, or replicative stress. Finally, a possible tertiary structure of ARHGAP19 has been created de novo, and molecular dynamics simulations were generated in order to understand the role of these phosphorylations by CDK1 at a structural level
Gallaud, Emmanuel. "Caractérisation du rôle d'Ensconsine / MAP7 dans la dynamique des microtubules et des centrosomes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S004/document.
Full textMitosis is a key step of the cell cycle that allows the mother cell to segregate its replicated genome equally into the two daughter cells. To do so, the cell assembles a highly dynamic structure composed of microtubules called the mitotic spindle. Additionally to its role in the faithful segregation of chromosomes, the mitotic spindle defines the axis of cell division. This phenomenon is particularly important for the asymmetric cell division in which cell fate determinants have to be unequally distributed between the two daughter cells. Spindle assembly and dynamics are subtly regulated by numerous microtubules-associated proteins. During my PhD, we identified using mass spectrometry, 855 proteins establishing the Drosophila embryo microtubule interactome. An RNAi screen was performed in the larval central nervous system for 96 poorly described genes, in order to identify new mitotic regulators. Based on microtubule interaction and mitotic phenotype, among 18 candidates we focused on Ensconsin/MAP7. We have shown that Ensconsin is associated with spindle microtubules and promotes their polymerization. Neuroblasts from mutant larvae display shorter spindles and a longer mitosis duration. This mitotic delay is a consequence of an extended activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, which is essential for the proper chromosome segregation in the absence of Ensconsin. This study also showed that, in association with its interphase partner Kinesin-1, Ensconsin is involved in centrosome separation during interphase. As a result, mother and daughter centrosomes are randomly distributed between the daughter cells. In conclusion, we highlighted two news functions of Ensconsin : first, this protein promotes microtubule polymerization and is involved in spindle assembly ; second, Ensconsin and its partner Kinesin-1 regulate centrosome dynamics
Stonyte, Morin Violeta. "Phosphorégulation de l'activité de la kinase Mps1." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20099.
Full textMps1 is a dual-specificity protein kinase involved in the spindle assembly checkpoint and chromosome alignment. Mps1 phosphorylation state and activity increase in mitosis. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. We therefore sought to identify Mps1 phosphorylation sites and to study their contribution to Mps1 regulation. By mass spectrometry we identified up to 27 phosphorylation sites on Mps1. We chose 11 sites that were conserved between Xenopus and human Mps1, and constructed 11 non-phosphorylatable single point mutants. We show that three phosphorylation sites (S283, T697 and T707) are essential for the kinase activity and the checkpoint signalling function of Mps1. Two of these sites (T697 and T707) are located in the activation loop of Mps1 kinase domain and are autophosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation on the third site (S283) results from the activity of an upstream kinase. S283 is located in the less characterized non-catalytic domain that is responsible for the kinetochore localization of Mps1. By immunofuorescence we show that the absence of the phosphate at S283 does not significantly perturb the kinetochore recruitment of the spindle assembly checkpoint component Mad2. Finally, using inhibitors and our developed phosphospecific antibody we demonstrate that Mps1 is phosphorylated at S283 in mitosis by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk), suggesting that mitosis specific functions of Mps1 kinase are regulated by Cdk-dependent phosphorylation
Almacellas, i. Canals Eugènia. "Implication of lysosomes on glucose-dependent E2F1-driven cell growth control and their novel role in mitotic progression." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664033.
Full textEls lisosomes són els principals orgànuls degradatius de la cèl·lula eucariota, capaços de degradar un ampli repertori de material cel·lular. La funció lisosomal depèn tant de la seva acidificació, sota el control de la v-ATPasa, com de la seva distribució citosòlica, regulada per kinesines i dineïnes. La funció lisosomal és essencial per preservar la homeòstasi cel·lular i la seva alteració està lligada al desenvolupament de malalties de diferent índole, des de trastorns neurodegeneratius fins al càncer. De fet, fàrmacs lisosomotròpics, tals com els derivats de la cloroquina, s’estudien actualment en assajos clínics com a tractament per un ampli ventall de tumors. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi doctoral és l’estudi de les funcions lisosomals en cèl·lules canceroses per tal de definir noves vulnerabilitats relacionades a aquest orgànul. S’adrecen així doncs, dues preguntes experimentals: 1) La implicació dels lisosomes en l’activació de mTORC1 degut a E2F1 a través de la glucosa i 2) El rol dels lisosomes en la divisió cel·lular. La funció oncogènica d’E2F1 s’ha atribuït tradicionalment al seu paper com a regulador del cicle cel·lular. Actualment, però, es coneix la seva implicació en diverses funcions relacionades amb la progressió tumoral, entre elles, el creixement cel·lular a través de l’activació de mTORC1. En aquest projecte, hem demostrat que l’activació d’mTORC1 és amplificada en presència de glucosa. E2F1 activa la transcripció d’enzims glucolítics, específicament l’isoenzim de la PFK-2 PFKFB3 i d’aquesta manera incrementa el flux glucolític. Hem descrit que l’activitat de PFKFB3 està directament relacionada amb l’activació d’mTORC1 suggerint la regulació del complex pel flux glucolític. En paral·lel, a través de la regulació del tràfic lisosomal, E2F1 incrementa la exocitosi lisosomal àmpliament correlacionada amb el fenotip metastàtic. Les funcions descrites aquí destaquen la importància del lisosoma en el mecanisme oncogènic d’E2F1 i recolzen la idea dels lisosomes com a plataformes d’integració del metabolisme cel·lular. L’estudi de la funció lisosomal s’ha limitat majoritàriament a cèl·lules en interfase i pocs estudis es centren en la seva implicació en la divisió cel·lular (mitosi). La mitosi és un procés crucial en el cicle cel·lular en què la cèl·lula finalment es divideix en dues cèl·lules filles genèticament idèntiques. La progressió mitòtica requereix un ampli canvi morfològic, estrictament coordinat en un període de temps extremadament curt. En aquest context, la degradació de factors mitòtics és un element limitant per garantir la correcta progressió mitòtica. Fins ara, la degradació de factors mitòtics s’ha atribuït exclusivament al proteasoma deixant la funció lisosomal fora de l’escenari. En aquest estudi, demostrem que la inhibició de la funció lisosomal tant a nivell de tràfic com d’acidificació retarda la progressió mitòtica i incrementa la freqüència d’errors mitòtics, fenòmens acompanyats de l’aparició del nucli toroïdal el qual reflexa una mitosi aberrant. Finalment, hem usat una aproximació proteòmica per descobrir noves dianes lisosomals implicades en la mitosi. Entre aquestes, hem identificat proteïnes reguladores del complex de coesines, essencial pel correcte desenvolupament de la segregació cromosòmica. La caracterització de la funció lisosomal específicament en mitosi desenvolupada en aquest estudi implica un nou model de regulació de la divisió cel·lular més enllà de la degradació proteasomal. Aquest estudi dóna llum a la funció lisosomal sota el senyal oncogènic d’E2F1, un regulador clau de la transició G1/S del cicle cel·lular així com demostra la implicació dels lisosomes per la culminació del cicle a través de la regulació de la mitosi. En conclusió, el nostre treball recolza la importància del lisosoma com a possible diana terapèutica en el càncer.
Tatsch, Helene Mochetti. "ATIVIDADES DIDÁTICAS COMO FERRAMENTAS FACILITADORAS NA COMPREENSÃO DE IMAGENS DA DIVISÃO CELULAR." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6709.
Full textAs imagens são recursos didáticos muito utilizados no Ensino, especialmente na Biologia, onde podem registrar de modo direto organismos e estruturas macroscópicas ou representar processos e componentes microscópicos. O objetivo geral dessa dissertação foi investigar, como os registros e representações através imagens que são facilitadores do entendimento de conceitos, aproximando o aluno da teoria que está em estudo, também pode ser fonte de concepções inadequadas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos específicos avaliar o reconhecimento e interpretação de imagens da mitose e propor atividades didáticas que auxiliassem no desenvolvimento de habilidades de interpretação. Participaram deste trabalho 50 alunos do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio, sendo 27 de escola da rede particular de ensino da cidade de Rosário do Sul e 23 de escola rede pública de ensino da cidade de Santa Maria. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas; no primeiro momento houve a aplicação de atividades diagnósticas, utilizando: i) uma sequência de imagens de divisão celular, para investigar o reconhecimento das fases da mitose; ii) massa de modelar para que os alunos modelassem um cromossomo de maneira livre, de acordo com suas concepções. As dificuldades de reconhecimento de imagens e o conceito dos alunos sobre a estrutura de cromossomos foram analisadas. Finalizada a atividade diagnóstica utilizou-se uma intervenção constituída por um conjunto de atividades didáticas tendo como tema imagens de mitose. Os alunos participaram de atividades lúdicas compostas por jogos de baralho e quebra- cabeça, e também de atividades com caráter mais formal, como aula prática de observação de lâminas de células de Allium cepa em divisão celular e montagem de um modelo didático tridimensional representando uma célula na fase de metáfase da mitose. Ao final das atividades os alunos realizaram a avaliação do conjunto de propostas didáticas e responderam questões relacionadas a interpretação de imagens sobre mitose e cromossomos. A atividade diagnóstica demonstrou que os alunos ainda possuem dificuldade no reconhecimento de imagens principalmente as de microscopia. A concepção de que o cromossomo é sempre correspondente a letra X foi observada na maioria dos alunos, conceito este que permaneceu após a intervenção. Os alunos se mostraram bastante motivados e participaram dede modo atento e ativo em todas as atividades, o que se refletiu nas avaliações. Em relação a compreensão de imagens da mitose foi possível detectar mudanças que revelam melhor interpretação. Os resultados positivos da aplicação das atividades foram melhor compreensão da distribuição espacial dos cromossomos na mitose e associação mais efetiva entre imagens de microscopia e representações simplificadas. Esses resultados reforçam as ideias sobre a necessidade de diversificar as formas e métodos de apresentação de conteúdos abstratos relacionados a processos celulares e a importância de trabalhar com as imagens geradas a partir da microscopia para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de habilidades de interpretação.
Marceaux, Claire. "Régulation d'une nouvelle GAP de Rho, ARHGAP19, dans la division des lymphocytes T humains et rôle dans l'hématopoièse murine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS046/document.
Full textThe team identified a new GAP of RhoA, ARHGAP19, mostly expressed in the hematopoietic system. The project consisted in studying the regulation of this protein in human T lymphocytes. For this, the analyzes focused on the phosphorylation of ARHGAP19 and on its localization during the division of the T lymphocytes. ARHGAP19 is phosphorylated by the effector of RhoA, the protein kinase ROCK, on the Serine 422 and by the protein CDK1 mitotic kinase on Threonines 404 and 476. ROCK phosphorylation allows ARHGAP19 to interact with the 14-3-3 family of proteins that protects it from dephosphorylation that occur during cell division. All phosphorylations are essential for regulating the cellular localization of ARHGAP19 and contribute to correct cell division. Indeed, in the absence of phosphorylation, defects are observed during cytodiérèse resulting in the formation of multinucleate cells. In addition, deregulation of RhoGTPases, such as the absence of GAP, are now highlighted in cancers. This is why we generated arhgap19 KO mice to study the consequences of the absence of the gene coding for ARHGAP19, in the murine hematopoietic system. All progenitor and mature cells involved in murine hematopoiesis were analyzed. By this model of conditional invalidation of arhgap19, no major role of the protein has been demonstrated but the results suggest an involvement at different stages of hematopoietic differentiation and an impact on all populations of this system
Argenty, Jérémy. "Rôles dans les lymphocytes T de la protéine Lis1, un régulateur de la dynamique des microtubules dépendante de la dynéine." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30123/document.
Full textThe T cell receptor (TCR) is assembled during the early development of T lymphocytes in the thymus after complexe genetic recombinations. The rearrangement of a functional TCR beta-chain (pre-TCR) triggers intracellular signaling pathways that cause the survival, expansion and maturation of thymocytes. The commitment of the TCR to the surface of mature T cells after antigen recognition also leads to proliferation allowing the development of effective immune responses. These cellular events go along with significant reorganization of the microtubule networks and a redistribution of molecular motors, such as dynein, which transport the cellular structures via this network. The molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of the reorganization are poorly understood in T cells. Lis1 is a dynein regulator involved in neuronal migration and stem cells proliferation during neural development. Its role in lymphoid tissue is still unknown. In this study, we used mouse models specifically Lis1-deficient in T cells to study the molecular, cellular and physiological functions of this protein in T cells. We identifiy that Lis1 plays an essential role in the early development of T cells and in the homeostasis of mature cells. Lis1 deficiency does not affect beta-chain rearrangement or signaling events triggered by pre-TCR or TCR, but leads to the blockage of thymocyte cell division that have undergone beta-selection or mature T cells stimulated. Fine analysis of mitosis indicates that the deficiency of Lis1 strongly slows down the mitotic process, counteracts the cell changes leading to the metaphase and leads to asymmetric distribution of the genetic material in the daughter cells. Microtubule networks analysis shows that the absence of Lis1 induces centrosomes amplification and increase of multipolar cells during mitosis. Finally, we show that Lis1 promotes the dynein-dynactin interaction, indicating that Lis1 plays an important role in T cells to bind dynein to the cell structures it carries. In conclusion, we here described that Lis1 is important for the distribution of genetic material during double negative thymocyte and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation
Penin, Jessica. "Les foyers nucléaires de stress : conséquences structurales et fonctionnelles." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV095/document.
Full textA rapid and well-adapted response is required for cell survival upon stress. The cellular stress response (HSR) is mediated by the transcription factor Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) (Morimoto, 1998). It is activated by environmental stress (heat, hypoxia, ...) and by a series of patho-physiological contexts (aging, inflammation, ...) involving protein damages.The best-characterized targets of HSF1 are genes encoding for Heat Shock Protein (HSP) acting as molecular chaperone. A specific feature of the HSR in human cells is the presence of HSF1 nuclear foci named Nuclear Stress Bodies (NSBs). Surprisingly, nSBs target pericentric heterochromatin consisting in tandem repeats of type III Satellite (SATIII) sequences, primarily at the 9q12 locus. HSF1 triggers a strong transcriptional activation of this locus (Jolly et al., 2004). The role of nSBS is a major issue since no function related to these structures has been reported so far.So far, nSBs have been only identified in cells in culture. My thesis project has been to further explore whether these structures also existed in normal tissues. Indeed, we have been able to identify the presence of nSBs in testis where they were found to be associated to meiotic and post-meiotic stages, suggesting a role related to heterochromatin remodeling. Moreover, we have identified the Yq12 locus as a new target of nSBs in these tissues. Secondly, we have brought new evidence that sat III sequences triggers a transient dissociation of HP1 (heterochromatin Protein 1) α and β as well as a loss of the repressive epigenetic H3K9me3 histone mark at pericentric heterochromatin. Interestingly we have also found that, following stress, a sequential accumulation of SATIII RNA in a Sense and Antisense orientation occurs, suggesting that this specific pattern of expression plays an important role in heterochromatin reformation. Finally, we have found that the accumulation of SATIII RNA is associated with a slowdown of mitosis. Indeed we have found that in stressed cells, accumulation of sat III impcats the progression of mitosis and that a knock down of sat III RNA using LNA approaches releases this blockade, leading to genomic instability of tumor cells and to the appearance of poly nucleated cells