Academic literature on the topic 'Mitraginina'

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) has been known to have an analgesic opioid effect (antinociceptive). The major compound of kratom leaf is mitraginin, which has strong affinity on opioid receptor. The aim of this research is to prove antinociceptive effect of aqueous fraction of kratom leaf and its effective dose. The simplicia of kratom leaf was extracted with methanol 96%. Methanol extract fractioned with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aquadest. This research used hot plate method on male Swiss Albino mice. The subject divided to 5 groups, negative control group, morphine 5,46 mg/kgBW, aqueous fraction 140, 240 and 560 mg/kgBW. Latency time was measured every 15 minutes over 2 hours period. Analytic statistical of latency time using One Way ANOVA shows that the aqueous fraction at the dose of 140, 280 and 560 mg/kgBW significantly differentiate with negative control group and positive control group. The antinociceptive effect increases with increasing doses. The three doses showed that the antinociceptive effect was no better than the positive control (Morphine)

Spice shops, selling ethnobotanical plants like Salvia divinorum, Mitragina speciosa, Amanita muscaria and others, have become very numerous in Romania, first of all because they are legal, second of all because more and more young people are tempted to experiment new sensations. These plants can cause different psychiatric illnesses and associating theme with alcohol or drugs can also be fatal.Our objective was to present the case of a 25 year old male patient consulted at emergency service, and admitted in our department, presenting psychomotor agitation, anxiety and the specific elements of a psychotic episode, delusions and hallucinations, after smoking a cigarette with sage and night-shade.The symptomatology remitted rapidly, after approximately 12 hours, revealing the complications of psychoactive substance use.ConclusionsThis case shows the importance of knowledge of psychiatrists concerning the psychoactive substances of ethnobotanical plants, because of their legality and easy procuration possibility. We consider that the role of psychiatrists in mediatizing the side effects of these plants is very important.

Abstrak Kratom (Mitragina speciosa) merupakan tanaman herbal asal Indonesia. Daun kratom memiliki banyak manfaat sebagai obat herbal seperti obat demam, diare, dan penghilang nyeri. Efek sedatif dan stimulan pada sistem syaraf pusat merupakan efek samping daun Kratom. Harga yang murah dan kemudahan dalam memperoleh daun Kratom menjadi penyebabkan utama daun Kratom banyak disalahgunakan sebagai penganti narkotika terlarang lainnya. Daun kratom masuk kedalam new psychoactive substances (NPS) atau narkotika jenis baru karena memiliki efek ketergantungan dan bertindak seperti opioid lainnya seperti heroin dan ganja.Daun kratom dapat diperoleh dengan mudah dengan pembelian secara online. Umumnya daun Kratom dijual dalam bentuk olahan yang sulit untuk dikenali bentuknya, seperti sampel dalam penelitian ini berupa bubuk dan serbuk daun kratom. Pengujian yang dilakukan untuk identifikasi daun Kratom dapat dilakukan dengan cara botani dan cara kimia. Metode botani dicari karakteristik spesifik daun kratom dengan uji mikroskopik, dan secara kimia yang menjadi salah satu senyawa penciri daun kratom adalah mitragynine. Pengembangan metode identifikasi mitragynine dilakukan dengan metode GC-MS, KLT, dan KLT-densitometri. Pengembang metode Isolasi mitagynine juga dilakukan karena sulitnya memperoleh standar baku dipasaran. Metode isolasi yang sederhana dan cepat dilakukan dengan metode KLT-Preparatif yang mana hasil isolasinya menunjukkan puncak tunggal pada hasil uji GC-MS. Kata kunci: Identifikasi, Isolasi, Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, mitagynine

In lasts years in Romania a new challenge for the young appears: the legal spice shops. The promotions of using these substances include the promising like: relaxation, happiness, energy, sexual performance, increasing of social abilities.Aimsevaluation of medical consequences of intoxication with spice plants (Bonsai, “magic charge”, “mariciuca”, Salvia divinorum, Mitragina speciosa and others). The precise composition of substance used was not clear but the known drugs were excluded. Material and method: all patients with diagnosis of intoxication of spice plants, admitted for at least 24 hours in Department of Drug Dependence, in a 3 months period, in 2010 were evaluated, not only concerning psychiatric psychopathology but also for other medical symptoms or diseases.ResultsWe excluded the patients who have used other known drugs, and had positive results in blood and urine analysis. 17 patients used spice plants associate with alcohol less then 0.5%0, coffee or tobacco, 7 patients used only spice plants. The cardiovascular symptoms were present in 53%, gastrointestinal symptoms in 73%, neurological symptoms in 53%, renal symptoms 5%. We verified the personal history of diseases and also co-morbid acute diseases. Psychiatric symptoms were characteristic to substance induced psychotic disorders.ConclusionsThis study wanted to define and underline the specificity of clinical presentation of intoxication with spice plants, being useful to be known in emergency settings. These medical implications of use of this legal spice plants should also involve community, administrative or political actions for prevention of these medical consequences.

Transportasi benih ikan sangat berpengaruh besar dalam hal kematian massal pada ikan, hal ini dikarenakan didalam perjalanan ikan mengalami goncangan serta oksigen yang tersedia selama pengangkutan tidak mencukupi terutama di daerah yang waktu tempuhnya lama.Salahsatu usahauntukmengurangi kematian benihtengadak yang di sebabkan stress adalah dengan upaya pembiusan atau anestesi pada ikan selama transportasi. Salah satu bahan alami yang potensial digunakan sebagai anestesi alami adalah daun kratom. Kandungan utama dari daun kratom ini adalah alkaloid indol, yaitu mitraginin (66,2%) dan 7-hidroksimitraginin (2,0%). Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan serbuk daun kratom yang tepat sebagai anestesi dalam proses transportasi basah dengan sistem tertutup benih ikan tengadak.Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari4 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan yaitu kontrol, pemberian serbuk daun kratom 0,15/ liter, 0,20/liter dan 0,25iter. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pemberian serbuk 0,25 memberikan pengaruh yang terbaik terhadap tingkat kelangsungan hidup benih ikan tengadak dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Setelah dilakukan analisisa data, ternyata perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap masa sedatif, masa induksi,kelangsungan hidup, dan biomassa. Kata Kunci : benih ikan tengadak, masa sedatif, induksi, kelangsungan hidup, biomassa

O presente relatório de estágio encontra-se inserido na unidade curricular Estágio Curricular do Mestrado Integrado de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Deste trabalho constam três partes: a primeira referente ao trabalho de pesquisa bibliográfica, uma revisão da literatura no âmbito da toxicidade da Mitragyna speciosa, o seu consumo como droga de abuso bem como o seu doseamento; a segunda aborda o estágio curricular realizado em farmácia comunitária e a terceira aborda o estágio curricular realizado em farmácia hospitalar. O primeiro capítulo intitula-se “Mitragyna speciosa: aspetos analíticos e toxicológicos” e explora a planta Mitragyna speciosa. O uso de substâncias para, de certa forma, beneficiar dos seus efeitos é um fenómeno bem conhecido, e muitas dessas substâncias são geralmente associadas a tradições ancestrais e remédios caseiros. É o caso da Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), uma árvore tropical que foi inicialmente usada principalmente no Sudeste Asiático para melhorar o desempenho no trabalho e suportar condições térmicas severas. Devido ao facto de que se encontra disponível na internet para compra, o seu uso está agora amplamente difundido, tornando-se uma questão importante sobre a qual não existe ainda informação suficiente. A pesquisa bibliográfica realizada pretende então dar uma visão sobre o kratom. O objetivo principal é compreender a sua origem, formas e razões para consumo, metodologias analíticas, mecanismo de ação e, portanto, os seus efeitos clínicos, assim como os seus potenciais riscos com base numa série de estudos realizados até à data. O segundo capítulo é referente ao estágio curricular que desenvolvi na farmácia do Sameiro, em Penafiel. Neste capítulo são descritas as competências técnicas desenvolvidas no âmbito da realidade farmacêutica no contexto de farmácia comunitária. O terceiro capítulo é referente ao estágio curricular que desenvolvi na Unidade local de Saúde da Guarda (ULSG), onde são descritas todas as atividades desenvolvidas e competências adquiridas, desta vez num contexto de farmácia hospitalar.
The present report is part of a curricular unit named Internship of Integrated Master in Pharmaceutical Sciences. This work is divided into three parts: the first one concerns a bibliographical review on the toxicity of Mitragyna speciosa, its consumption as drug of abuse and its measurement in samples of different origin. The second part refers to the curricular internship that took place in a community pharmacy, while the third part refers to the curricular internship that took place in a hospital pharmacy. The first chapter is entitled “Mitragyna speciosa: analytical and toxicological aspects” and explores the plant Mitragyna speciosa. The use of substances to, in some way, benefit from their effects is a well-known phenomenon, and many of these substances are usually associated to ancestral traditions and home remedies. This is the case of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a tropical tree that was initially mostly used in Southeast Asia to improve work performance and to withstand great heat situations. Due to the fact that it is available on the internet for purchase, its use is now widely spread, becoming an important issue, due to the lack of adequate information. This chapter intends to give a close insight about kratom. The main goal is to understand its origin, consumption, analytical methodologies for analysis, mechanism of action and clinical effects and potential risks, based on a series of studies performed so far. The second chapter refers to the curricular internship I developed at the Farmácia do Sameiro in Penafiel. This chapter describes the technical competences developed within the scope of the pharmaceutical reality in the context of community pharmacy. The third chapter refers to the curricular internship that I developed at the Unidade local de Saúde da Guarda (ULSG), where all the activities developed and skills acquired are described, this time in a hospital pharmacy context.