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1

Höll, W. H., and K. Hagen. "Partial demineralisation of drinking water using carbon dioxide regenerated ion exchangers." Water Supply 2, no. 1 (2002): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0007.

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CARIX is an ion exchange process which usually applies a mixed bed consisting of a weakly acidic and a strongly basic exchanger material. Carbon dioxide is applied as the only chemical for regeneration of the exchangers. As a consequence, the effluent contains only the amount of salt eliminated during the service cycle. CARIX allows a combined partial softening/dealkalisation/sulfate/nitrate of drinking water. A modification of the process uses exclusively a weakly acidic cation exchanger and allows a softening/dealkalisation. The process has been realised for drinking water treatment in five full-scale plants in Germany. Results of operation demonstrate that an excellent water quality is provided at fairly low cost.
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2

YOON, Taekyung, Gangchoon LEE, Byeongil NOH, Byunghyun MOON, Hak Sung LEE, and Nak Chang SUNG. "Nitrate Removal by Mixed-Bed Ion Exchange." Journal of Ion Exchange 14, Supplement (2003): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_257.

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3

LEE, Gangchoon, Taekyung YOON, Byeongil NOH, Dong-Hyo KANG, Hak Sung LEE, and Nak Chang SUNG. "Ammonium Removal by Mixed-Bed Ion Exchange." Journal of Ion Exchange 14, Supplement (2003): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_265.

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4

Jia, Yi, and Gary L. Foutch. "True multi-component mixed-bed ion-exchange modeling." Reactive and Functional Polymers 60 (July 2004): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.02.017.

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5

Lee, Gangchoon, Taekyung Yoon, and Byeongil Noh. "Anion Exchange by Mixed-bed Ion Exchange at Ultralow Concentrations." Journal of Ion Exchange 18, no. 4 (2007): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5182/jaie.18.510.

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6

Petruzzelli, D., G. Tiravanti, and R. Passino. "Cr(III)/A1(III)/Fe(III) ion binding on mixed bed ion exchangers. Synergistic effects of the resins behaviour." Reactive and Functional Polymers 31, no. 2 (1996): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1381-5148(96)00057-0.

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7

Yang, J. E., E. O. Skogley, and B. E. Schaff. "Nutrient Flux to Mixed-Bed Ion-Exchange Resin: Temperature Effects." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 3 (1991): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500030021x.

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8

Zecchini, Edward J., and Gary L. Foutch. "Mixed-bed ion-exchange modeling with amine form cation resins." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 30, no. 8 (1991): 1886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00056a031.

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9

Yang, Jae E., and Earl O. Skogley. "Diffusion Kinetics of Multinutrient Accumulation by Mixed-Bed Ion-Exchange Resin." Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, no. 2 (1992): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600020011x.

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10

RAHMAN, M. M., Taekyung YOON, and Gary L. FOUTCH. "Optimizing Cation to Anion Resin Ratio in Mixed-Bed Ion Exchange." Journal of Ion Exchange 25, no. 4 (2014): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5182/jaie.25.191.

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11

Maa, Yih-Fen, Firoz D. Antia, Ziad El Rassi, and Csaba Horváth. "Mixed-bed ion-exchange columns for protein high-performance liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 452 (October 1988): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81458-8.

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12

Fenn, Mark E., Mark A. Poth, and Michael J. Arbaugh. "A Throughfall Collection Method Using Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Resin Columns." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.84.

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Measurement of ionic deposition in throughfall is a widely used method for measuring deposition inputs to the forest floor. Many studies have been published, providing a large database of throughfall deposition inputs to forests. However, throughfall collection and analysis is labor intensive and expensive because of the large number of replicate collectors needed and because sample collection and chemical analyses are required on a stochastic precipitation event-based schedule. Therefore we developed and tested a throughfall collector system using a mixed bed ion exchange resin column. We anticipate that this method will typically require only one to three samplings per year. With this method, bulk deposition and bulk throughfall are collected by a funnel or snow tube and ions are retained as the solution percolates through the resin column. Ions retained by the resin are then extracted in the same column with 2N KCl and analyzed for nitrate and ammonium. Deposition values in throughfall from conventional throughfall solution collectors and colocated ion exchange samplers were not significantly different during consecutive 3- and 4-month exposure periods at a high (Camp Paivika; >35 kg N ha-1year-1) and a low deposition (Barton Flats; 5–9 kg N ha-1year-1) site in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. N deposition in throughfall under mature pine trees at Camp Paivika after 7 months of exposure was extremely high (87 and 92 kg ha-1based on the two collector types) compared to Barton Flats (11 and 13 kg ha-1). A large proportion of the N deposited in throughfall at Camp Paivika occurred as fog drip, demonstrating the importance of fog deposition as an input source of N at this site. By comparison, bulk deposition rates in open areas were 5.1 and 5.4 kg ha-1at Camp Paivika based on the two collector types, and 1.9 and 3.0 kg ha-1at Barton Flats.
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13

Graudons, Julie A., and F. F. Dyer. "Neutron activation analysis of LWR ion exchange mixed-bed resins for129I." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 180, no. 1 (1994): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02039917.

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14

Majeed, Najwa Sabir, and Samira Najem Abdullah. "Removal of Dissolved Organic Compounds and Contaminants from Wastewater of a Petroleum Refinery by Ion Exchange." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 10 (2019): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.10.03.

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The efficient removal of dissolved organic compounds (DOC) from wastewater has become a major environmental concern because of its high toxicity even at low concentrations. Therefore, a technique was needed to reduce these pollutants. Ion exchange technology (IE) was used with AmberliteTM IR120 Na, AmberliteTM IR96RF, and AmberliteTM IR402, firstly by using anion and mixed bed system, where the following variables are investigated for the process of adsorption: The height of the bed in column (8,10 and 14 cm), different concentrations of (DOC) content at constant flow rate. The use of an ion exchanger unit (continuous system) with three columns (cation, anion, and mixed bed) was studied. The effect of the following variables, such as a change in temperatures (23,30 and 40 Co) and the change in flow rate (2,4,6 L/min) was studied. The results showed that the adsorption capacity decreased with increasing the flow rate. The linear equation models of (Langmuir, Freundlich, Timken, and Dubinin-Radushkevich) were used. The results were analyzed using three known models for equilibrium and temperature constant. Graphically, the Langmuir model was the most consistent with the adsorption results because it has the highest adsorption capacity and the highest correlation value of R2 = 0.97. The ion exchange column dynamics were studied using models such as (Thomas model). The results showed that the experimental results were well correlated with the model equations. While the tests showed that the removal rate of pollutants was up to 90% for organic compounds.
 
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15

Zhu, Liu, Peng, Luo, and Yu. "Simulation of Ion Exchange Resin with Finite Difference Methods." Processes 7, no. 10 (2019): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100675.

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Ion exchange resin is used to remove potentially corrosive impurities from coolant in the first circuit of a nuclear power plant. After one operational cycle, the used and unused resin in the mixed bed is discarded as solid waste. The aim of this work is to create a mathematical model to predict the operational cycle time of the mixed bed resin for reducing unused resin discharge. A partial differential equation (PDE) was set up with the conservation of matter. A finite difference method was used to solve the PDE. Matlab was the programming and calculating tool used in this work. The data from solution were obtained at different time and space nodes. The model was then verified experimentally using different ions on exchange columns. Concentrations of K+, Mn2+, and Cl- were calculated to verify the validation of the model by comparing it with experimental data. The calculated values showed good consistency with the experimental value.
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16

NOH, Byeong I., Myung C. Jo, Tae K. YOON, and Gang C. LEE. "Performance of Mixed-bed Ion Exchange for Silica Removal At Ultralow Concentrations." Journal of Ion Exchange 14, Supplement (2003): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_261.

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17

Pátzay, György, József Dobor, Emil Csonka, Gábor Lozsi, and Ferenc Feil. "Boron Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Strong Base Anion-exchange Resin Batch and Column Experiments." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 3 (2021): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.17169.

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Borate ion exchange capacity of Purolite NRW600 strong base anion resin in hydroxide form and mixed bed NRW600+NRW100 ion exchange was investigated with static experiments. Anion exchange resin was saturated with 0.1–45 g/dm3 concentration boric acid solution in a static mixer at 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C at 150 rpm for 24 hours. Remaining borate content of saturation solutions was deter-mined with ion chromatography and ICP-OES. The amount of fixed borate as borate anions increased with the saturation borate concentration as well as in case of simple anion exchange as in case of mixed bed.Column sorption-elution study was carried out by using strong base anion exchange resins (Purolite NRW600 and Amberlite IRN78). Resins in hydroxide and in chloride forms were saturated in column with 5–40 g/dm3 boric acid solution in excess. The resin was then eluted with 200 cm3 salt free water with 5 cm3/min at 25 °C and then eluted by 1 mol/dm3 sodium-sulfate solution with 5 cm3/min. The effluent was collected and analyzed for borate content by titrimetric method. In chloride form the resin adsorbed and released much less borate. Effective borate and polyborate sorption needs hydroxide ions in resin phase.
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18

He, San, Xiaozhuo Zhang, Xingyu Xia, Chuanjun Wang, and Sulin Xiang. "Low energy consumption electrically regenerated ion-exchange for water desalination." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 8 (2020): 1710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.442.

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Abstract A new regeneration method of ion exchange resin named Adjacent Bed Electrically Regenerated Ion-exchange (ABERI) was proposed to eliminate the environmental impact of traditional chemical regeneration and improve the economy of replacing chemical regeneration with electrical regeneration. The desalting operation of ABERI was the same as the conventional mixed bed. When the resins were exhausted, anion and cation resins were separated and then packed in a dedicated regenerator adjacently. The resins were regenerated by the H+ and OH− ions produced from a pair of electrodes installed on both sides of the resin bed. By optimizing the regeneration time, current, and feed water flow rate, the energy consumption of ABERI was 0.38 kWh/m3 water; that is, 54% of that of another electrical regeneration technology, membrane-free electrodeionization (MFEDI). Compared with MFEDI, the quality and quantity of purified water produced after regeneration were improved. In ABERI, the average conductivity and the volume (times of bed volumes) of the purified water are 0.9 μS/cm and 109; that is, 75 and 133% of that of MFEDI, respectively. The preliminary economic analysis showed that ABERI offers the potential to regenerate ion exchange resin in an eco-friendly and cost-effective manner.
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19

Divekar, Suhas V., Gary L. Foutch, and C. Eugene Haub. "Mixed-bed ion exchange at concentrations approaching the dissociation of water. Temperature effects." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 26, no. 9 (1987): 1906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00069a031.

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20

Pátzay, György, László Weiser, Ferenc Feil, János Schunk, and Gábor Patek. "Radioactive Wastewater Treatment Using a Cesium Selective Ion Exchanger and a Mixture of TANNIX Sorbent and VARION Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Resin." Journal of Ion Exchange 18, no. 4 (2007): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5182/jaie.18.258.

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21

Chowdiah, Vikram N., Gary L. Foutch, and Gang-Choon Lee. "Binary Liquid-Phase Mass Transport in Mixed-Bed Ion Exchange at Low Solute Concentration." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, no. 7 (2003): 1485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie020668h.

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22

Thiffault, Nelson, Robert Jobidon, Carol De Blois, and Alison D. Munson. "Washing procedure for mixed‐bed ion exchange resin decontamination for in situ nutrient adsorption." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, no. 3-4 (2000): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620009370456.

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23

Haub, C. Eugene, and Gary L. Foutch. "Mixed-bed ion exchange at concentrations approaching the dissociation of water. 1. Model development." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 25, no. 3 (1986): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i100023a012.

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24

Pietrzyk, Donald J., Scott M. Senne, and David M. Brown. "Anion—cation separations on a mixed-bed ion-exchange column with indirect photometric detection." Journal of Chromatography A 546 (January 1991): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93009-2.

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25

Pietrzyk, Donald J., and David M. Brown. "Simultaneous separation of inorganic anions and cations on a mixed bed ion exchange column." Analytical Chemistry 58, no. 12 (1986): 2554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00125a041.

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26

Yoon, Tae-Kyung, Gang-Choon Lee, and Byeong-Il Noh. "The Effects of Resin Ratio and Bed Depth on the Performance of Mixed-bed Ion Exchange at Ultralow Solution." Journal of Environmental Science International 18, no. 6 (2009): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jes.2009.18.6.595.

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27

Li, Xiaodan, Shikun Wu, Chunlei Kan, et al. "Application of Ion Exchange Resin in the Advanced Treatment of Condensate Water." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127201005.

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The advanced treatment of condensate water is important for efficient reuse of water resources, especially in confined space. In this work, a novel integrated process of ion exchange resins and activated carbon is proposed to remove various pollutants in condensate water. A fixed bed column of pre-treated basic anion exchange resin, acidic cation exchange resin, mixed ion exchange resins and modified activated carbon was applied to remove ionic pollutants, organic pollutants and adjust the pH value of output water. The effects of the types, amount ratios and the sequence of ion exchange resins were investigated using two types of condensate water. The results showed that the output water of the fixed bed column had an average TOC of 30~70 ppm, conductivity under 5 μS/cm, pH value of 5~8, which could meet the requirements of sanitary water. The saturated adsorption capacities of the basic anion exchange resin and the acidic cation exchange resin were calculated to be 0.87 mol/L and 1.82 mol/L, respectively. Under the actual operating conditions, continuous dynamic test was carried out over a condensate water treatment module consisting of two adsorption columns and four exchange columns to evaluate its real service life.
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28

Langlois, Jacques L., Dale W. Johnson, and Guy R. Mehuys. "Adsorption and Recovery of Dissolved Organic Phosphorus and Nitrogen by Mixed-Bed Ion-Exchange Resin." Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, no. 3 (2003): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.0889.

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29

Langlois, Jacques L., Dale W. Johnson, and Guy R. Mehuys. "Adsorption and Recovery of Dissolved Organic Phosphorus and Nitrogen by Mixed-Bed Ion-Exchange Resin." Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, no. 3 (2003): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.8890.

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30

Motoyama, Akira, Tao Xu, Cristian I. Ruse, James A. Wohlschlegel, and John R. Yates. "Anion and Cation Mixed-Bed Ion Exchange for Enhanced Multidimensional Separations of Peptides and Phosphopeptides." Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 10 (2007): 3623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac062292d.

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31

Haub, C. Eugene, and Gary L. Foutch. "Mixed-bed ion exchange at concentrations approaching the dissociation of water. 2. Column model applications." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 25, no. 3 (1986): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i100023a013.

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32

Lasheen, Y. F., A. F. Seliman, and A. A. Abdel-Rassoul. "Chromatographic separation of certain metal ions using a bifunctional quaternary ammonium-sulfonate mixed bed ion-exchanger." Journal of Chromatography A 1136, no. 2 (2006): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.069.

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33

Kadlec, V., and Z. Matějka. "Mixed bed de-ionisation by weak electrolyte ion-exchange resins regenerated in situ by carbon dioxide." Journal of Applied Chemistry 19, no. 12 (2007): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010191204.

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34

Jamal, Yousuf, Guofan Luo, and Bryan O. Boulanger. "In situprocessing ofNannochloropsis oculataalgal biomass using a mixed bed ion-exchange resin as a heterogeneous catalyst." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 9, no. 6 (2014): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.1827.

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35

Patzay, G., P. Tilky, J. Schunk, et al. "Radioactive wastewater treatment using a mixture of TANNIX sorbent and VARION mixed bed ion exchange resin." International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology 2, no. 4 (2006): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnest.2006.011716.

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36

Jamal, Yousuf, Guofan Luo, Charles Hung Kuo, Ahmed Rabie, and Bryan O. Boulanger. "Sorption Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Regeneration for Lipid Feedstock Deacidification Using a Mixed-Bed Ion-Exchange Resin." Journal of Food Process Engineering 37, no. 1 (2013): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12056.

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37

Janvion, P., S. Motellier, and H. Pitsch. "Ion-exchange mechanisms of some transition metals on a mixed-bed resin with a complexing eluent." Journal of Chromatography A 715, no. 1 (1995): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00576-9.

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38

Noh, Byeong Il, Chang Won Lee, Tae Kyung Yoon, Byung Hyun Moon, Gang Choon Lee, and Choon Hwan Shin. "Parametric studies on the performance of mixed-bed ion exchange at ultralow concentrations –1. Multicomponent system–." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 16, no. 6 (1999): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02698345.

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39

Ding, Ming-Yu, Yoshihito Suzuki, and Hitoshi Koizumi. "Simultaneous determination of organic acids, inorganic anions and cations in beverages by ion chromatography with a mixed-bed stationary phase of anion and cation exchangers." Analyst 120, no. 6 (1995): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9952001773.

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40

Basitere, M., S. K. O. Ntwampe, and M. S. Sheldon. "Lithium 7 Isotope (7Li+) Desorption from a Degraded Amberlite IRN 217 Lithiated Mixed-Bed Ion-Exchange Resin." Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 30, no. 2 (2012): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2011.609374.

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41

Zhang, Luofu, Ling Yao, Yan Zhang, et al. "Protein pre-fractionation with a mixed-bed ion exchange column in 3D LC–MS/MS proteome analysis." Journal of Chromatography B 905 (September 2012): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.008.

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42

Schumann, D., M. Ayranov, T. Stowasser, et al. "Radiochemical separation of 7Be from the cooling water of the neutron spallation source SINQ at PSI." Radiochimica Acta 101, no. 8 (2013): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2013.2078.

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Summary 7Be is a key radionuclide for investigation of several astrophysical processes and phenomena. In addition, it is used as a tracer in wear measurements. It is produced in considerable amounts in the cooling water (D2O) of the Spallation Induced Neutron Source (SINQ) facility at PSI by spallation reactions on 16O with the generated fast neutrons. A shielded ion-exchange filter containing 100 mL of the mixed-bed ion exchanger LEWATIT was installed as a bypass for the cooling water into the cooling loop of SINQ for three months. The collected activity of 7Be was in the range of several hundred GBq. Further, the 7Be was separated and purified in a hot-cell remotely-controlled using a separation system installed. With the exception of 10Be, radioactive byproducts can be neglected, so that this cooling water could serve as an ideal source for highly active 7Be-samples. The facility is capable of producing 7Be with activities up to 1 TBq per year. The 7Be sample preparation is described in detail and the possible uses are discussed. In particular some preliminary results of 7Be ion beam production are presented.
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43

Mommen, Geert P. M., Hugo D. Meiring, Albert J. R. Heck, and Ad P. J. M. de Jong. "Mixed-Bed Ion Exchange Chromatography Employing a Salt-Free pH Gradient for Improved Sensitivity and Compatibility in MudPIT." Analytical Chemistry 85, no. 14 (2013): 6608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac400995e.

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44

Agui, Wataru, Masahito Takeuchi, Masahiko Abe, and Keizo Ogino. "Fundamental Study on the Production of Ultrapure Water VIII. Removal of Leachables from Mixed-Bed Ion Exchange Resins." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 63, no. 10 (1990): 2872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.63.2872.

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45

Noh, Byeong Il, Tae Kyung Yoon, and Byung Hyun Moon. "The mixed-bed ion exchange performance at ultralow concentrations 1. Variable feed concentration and incomplete mixing of resins." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 13, no. 2 (1996): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02705902.

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46

Noh, Byeong Il, Gang Choon Lee, and Tae Kyung Yoon. "The effects of amine additives and flow rate on the performance of mixed-bed ion exchange at ultralow concentrations." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 22, no. 3 (2005): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02719426.

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47

Loon, L. R. van, and W. Hummel. "The Degradation of Strong Basic Anion Exchange Resins and Mixed-Bed Ion-Exchange Resins: Effect of Degradation Products on Radionuclide Speciation." Nuclear Technology 128, no. 3 (1999): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt99-a3039.

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48

Bae, B. U. "Combined bio-regeneration and ion-exchange system for perchlorate removal." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 9 (2014): 1956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.115.

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In order to prove that perchlorate-laden resins could be bio-regenerated through direct contact with perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB), a combined bio-regeneration and ion-exchange (IX) system was operated. Two kinds of perchlorate-laden resins, nitrate-selective A520E and perchlorate-selective A530E, were successfully regenerated by PRB cultivated under anaerobic conditions. The bio-regeneration efficiency of perchlorate-laden resins increased with the amount of flow passed through the IX column. When the fully exhausted resin was bio-regenerated for 10 days at the flow rate of 2 BV (bed volume)/min and mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of 80 mg/L, almost 100% of IX capacity was recovered. A520E resin had higher bio-regeneration efficiency than A530E under all conditions, probably due to the fact that the perchlorate ion is more strongly bonded to the functional group of perchlorate-selective A530E resin. Measurement of perchlorate concentrations in the column effluents also revealed that the amount of perchlorate eluted from A520E resin was higher than that from A530E resin. Since only 10–20% of perchlorate was eluted from the resin during 10 days of bio-regeneration, the main mechanism of bio-regeneration appears to be the direct reduction of perchlorate by PRB on the resin.
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49

Khettaf, Sami, Kamel-Eddine Bouhidel, Nour el Houda Meguellati, Nour el Houda Ghodbane, and Mohammed Bouhelassa. "Integrated ion exchange mixed bed with reverse osmosis and nanofiltration for isolation of neutral dissolved organic matter from natural waters." Water and Environment Journal 30, no. 3-4 (2016): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wej.12187.

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50

Clauer, N. "Another insight into illitization by K-Ar dating of micro- to nano-metric illite-type particles exchanged with alkylammonium cations." Clay Minerals 46, no. 4 (2011): 593–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2011.046.4.593.

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AbstractMicrometric and nanometric illite-rich size fractions of claystones, bentonites and shales were exchanged with alkylammonium cations that have the specificity of stoichiometrically replacing K in trioctahedral mica interlayers. The purpose of the study was a separate evaluation of the K-Ar ages of potentially dioctahedral residual particles not affected by alkylammonium leaching and of potentially trioctahedral illites that were exchanged by the organic molecules.The K-Ar ages of micrometric size fractions from an Estonian Blue Clay sample collected next to another studied previously show that, even if identical in their mineralogical characteristics, the fractions contain variable amounts of trioctahedral particles that are of different origins. The alkylammonium treatment modifies slightly, within analytical uncertainty, the K-Ar ages of the <0.1 and 0.1–0.4 mm size fractions from, respectively, 464±13 and 530±14 Ma before organic exchange to 480 ± 11 and 546±12 Ma after. The K-Ar ages of alkylammonium exchanged nanometric size fractions from the rim and centre of a thick Upper Cretaceous bentonite bed in Montana suggest that trioctahedral illite-rich particles mineralogically and chemically homogeneous and about 30 Ma old precipitated next to older dioctahedral particles of ∼60–65 Ma. The untreated mixtures consist of two generations of authigenic illite having apparently different di/trioctahedral layerings. The same type of authigenic di/trioctahedral illite layering could be demonstrated for nanometric illite particles of a bentonite bed from the East Slovak Basin, one size fraction appearing to even consist of a pure trioctahedral illite as the alkylammonium exchange emptied completely the illite interlayers. The nearby shale level consisted of detrital illite particles that were found to be of different ages, di/trioctahedral layerings and therefore varied origin.K-Ar ages of alkylammonium exchanged micrometric to nanometric illite and illite-smectite mixed layers, either increasing or decreasing, appear to outline variable di/trioctahedral layering assemblages or independent particle mixtures resulting from a more complex smectite illitization process than the conventionally assumed homogeneous reaction. It could record changing chemical compositions of the interacting pore fluid during crystallization, even when illitization progressed slowly. Similar ages before and after alkylammonium exchange suggest a constant chemical composition and therefore an homogeneous dioctahedral crystal structure. Alternatively, a changing chemical composition of the fluids during illitization is potentially recorded by variable K-Ar ages of the alkylammonium-leached illite resulting from differentiated ion exchanges.
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