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Journal articles on the topic 'Mixed deciduous forests'
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1
Obbard, Martyn E., Melissa B. Coady, Bruce A. Pond, James A. Schaefer, and Frank G. Burrows. "A distance-based analysis of habitat selection by American black bears (Ursus americanus) on the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 11 (November 2010): 1063–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-072.
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Because of their wide-ranging habits, conserving large carnivores such as American black bears ( Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) often depends on understanding habitat needs beyond the boundary of protected areas. We studied habitat selection by black bears in the vicinity of Bruce Peninsula National Park, Ontario — a small, isolated population whose persistence appears dependent on habitat on lands outside the Park. We used an approach based on Euclidean distances to document seasonal habitat selection at two spatial scales and to identify candidate habitat types for protection. Adult females selected dense mixed forests to establish home ranges within the population range, whereas subadults and yearlings selected dense deciduous forests. Within home ranges, adults selected dense mixed forest in spring–summer and dense deciduous forest in late summer – fall. Subadults selected dense deciduous forest, marsh, dense mixed forest, and water during the spring–summer and avoided developed lands and roads. Yearlings selected dense mixed forest, dense deciduous forest, and sparse forests in spring–summer and dense deciduous forest and dense mixed forest in late summer – fall. The selection of dense deciduous and dense mixed forest stands, especially at the broader scale, suggests that strategies to ensure persistence of this isolated population should focus on protecting the integrity of these stands.
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Jerabkova, Lucie, Cindy E. Prescott, and Barbara E. Kishchuk. "Nitrogen availability in soil and forest floor of contrasting types of boreal mixedwood forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-220.
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Boreal mixedwood forests with varying proportions of coniferous and deciduous species are found throughout the North American continent. Maintenance of a deciduous component within boreal forests is currently favoured, as deciduous species are believed to promote faster nutrient turnover and higher nutrient availability. Results of comparisons of deciduous and coniferous forests are, however, inconsistent in supporting this generalization. We compared indices of soil nitrogen (N) availability in the forest floor and mineral soil of deciduous, mixed, and coniferous stands of boreal mixedwood forest in northwestern Alberta. Deciduous stands had higher N availability, reflected by higher pools of NH4-N and inorganic N in the forest floor. Forest floors of deciduous stands also tended to have higher concentrations of microbial N but did not have higher levels of NO3-N or higher rates of net nitrification. Mixed stands showed the highest rates of net N mineralization. Soil N availability was more closely related to litter N content than to litter decomposition rate. The variation among the forest types is likely attributable to vegetation, as topography is fairly uniform, stands do not differ in soil texture, and N-availability indices correlated directly with the proportion of deciduous trees.
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Yin, Xiwei. "Nitrogen use efficiency in relation to forest type, N expenditure, and climatic gradients in North America." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-070.
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Forest nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) values are often compared along N-availability gradients or between forest types, without adjustment for climate. In this study, NUE (leaf-fall mass/leaf-fall N) was examined with concurrent data on forest type, N expenditure (leaf-fall N), foliar life-span, and major climatic gradients. The hypotheses were that (1) NUE is negatively correlated with N expenditure, (2) NUE is positively correlated with climatic factors such as temperature and light availability, and (3) NUE differs between deciduous and evergreen forests. The data set included 76 deciduous broadleaf forests, 52 evergreen coniferous forests, and 6 mixed forests in North America. All three hypotheses are supported by best-fit models. NUE decreases by about 30% for each doubling of N expenditure for both deciduous and evergreen forests. It increases over 50% in deciduous forests and nearly triples in evergreen forests across the climate data range. Evergreen forests tend to have higher NUEs than deciduous forests only in areas with relatively high temperatures and light availability. This climate–forest type interaction is attributed to contrasts between the forest types in terms of growth period, and regional patterns of foliar N concentration and N resorption.
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Toro Manríquez, Mónica D. R., Víctor Ardiles, Álvaro Promis, Alejandro Huertas Herrera, Rosina Soler, María Vanessa Lencinas, and Guillermo Martínez Pastur. "Forest canopy-cover composition and landscape influence on bryophyte communities in Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): e0232922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232922.
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Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) are one of the most diverse plant groups worldwide but one of the least studied in temperate forests from an ecological perspective. In comparison to vascular plants, bryophytes have a broader distribution and a longer altitudinal gradient, and their influence on the landscape is poorly understood. The objective was to evaluate environmental drivers that can influence bryophyte cover, richness, diversity, and nestedness in different forest canopy compositions in two typical landscapes across the natural distribution of bryophytes in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Three natural Nothofagus forest types (pure deciduous, pure evergreen, and mixed deciduous-evergreen) in two landscapes (coasts < 100 m.a.s.l. and mountains > 400 m.a.s.l.) were selected (N = 60 plots). In each plot, we established one transect (10 m length) to measure bryophyte cover (point-intercept method). Data were evaluated using generalized linear mixed models and multivariate analyses. The studied environmental drivers were mainly explained by the microclimate, with higher effective annual precipitation and relative air humidity in the coastal forests and higher soil moisture in the mountain forests. Greater liverwort richness was found in evergreen forests at the mountain (9 species) than at the coastal, while mosses showed higher richness in mixed deciduous-evergreen forests at the coastal (11 species) than at the mountain. However, the expected richness according to the rarefaction/extrapolation curves suggested that it is possible to record additional species, except for liverworts in pure deciduous forests on the coasts. Similarities and differences among the studied forest types and among plots of the same forest type and landscape were detected. These differences in the studied indexes (similarity that varied between 0 and 1) ranged from 0.09–0.48 for liverworts and 0.05–0.65 for mosses. Moreover, these results indicated that pure evergreen and mixed deciduous-evergreen forests presented higher moss cover (10.7% and 10.0%, respectively), mainly in the mountains than on the coast. These outputs highlight the need to explore differences at greater altitudinal ranges to achieve sustainability objectives conservation planning for bryophytes in southernmost forests.
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Campos, Juan Antonio, Arnau Mercadé, and Xavier Font. "SIVIM Deciduous Forests – Database of deciduous forests from the Iberian Peninsula." Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (December 21, 2020): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/61776.
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“SIVIM Deciduous Forests” is a thematic database established in 2015, focused on forest vegetation from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France. It was registered in the Global Index of Vegetation Databases (GIVD ID: EU-00-023) in January 2016. All types of temperate and submediterranean non-riparian deciduous forests of the phytosociological classes Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae, Quercetea pubescentis and Quercetea robori-petraeae (formerly combined in the class Querco-Fagetea) are represented in the database. Currently, it contains 6,642 published vegetation plots of beech, birch, ash, lime and other deciduous mixed forests, as well as forests dominated by different species of deciduous and marcescent oaks, 100% of them classified at association level. Data are stored in TURBOVEG format, and are available upon request from the international vegetation-plot databases EVA and sPlot in semi-restricted regime. The relevés have also been included in SIVIM database, and thus they are freely available online. However, in SIVIM Deciduous Forests geolocation accuracy has been improved and the taxonomy and syntaxonomy unified. Plot size is available for 73% of the relevés, of which 82% are between 100 and 400 m2. Plant taxonomy is standardized to Flora iberica. During the last four years, data of SIVIM Deciduous Forests were requested via EVA and sPlot for different projects, and have been used for several studies with various objectives, from floristic, vegetation and habitat-related topics to macroecological studies, and from local to global scales. Abbreviations: EVA = European Vegetation Archive; GIVD = Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases; SIVIM = Iberian and Macaronesian Vegetation Information System.
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Nakashizuka, Tohru. "Species coexistence in temperate, mixed deciduous forests." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, no. 4 (April 2001): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02117-6.
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Lasota, Jarosław, Ewa Błońska, and Piotr Pacanowski. "Forest sites and forest types on rendzinas in Poland." Soil Science Annual 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2018-0012.
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Abstract The article discusses the relationship between rendzinas and types of forest sites and plant communities in lowland, upland and mountain areas in Poland. Rendzinas as soils of forest sites play an important role in the uplands of southern Poland. In mountain areas, their preponderance is limited to the area of the Pieniny and the Western Tatras. The site-forming role of rendzinas in the upland areas depends mainly on geomorphological conditions. Typical rendzinas generally form eutrophic sites of multi-species oak-hornbeam forests, fertile beech forests and thermophilous beech forests. Rendzinas with lithological discontinuities usually create poorer form sites of mixed deciduous forests, which correspond to floristically poorer phytocenoses of acidophilous deciduous forests. In mountain areas, the climate and geomorphological processes form the zonation of vegetation and rendzinas. In vertical layout sites, the rendzinas change from fertile sites of fir and beech forests, through mesotrophic mixed forests sites, to spruce forest on limestone in the upper montane zone.
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Kushwaha, S. P. S., G. D. Bhatt, D. M. Tadvi, and S. Nandy. "Ecological and Ethnobotanical Characterisation of Gujarat Forests." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 6, no. 01 (January 31, 2020): 09–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v6i01.02.
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This study focused on the ecological and ethnobotanical characteristics of the natural forests, forest plantations, and forest orchards in the Gujarat state of India through an extensive field survey of trees, shrubs, and herbs over a span of four years. We inventoried 345 tree, 345 shrub, and 1,380 herb plots using a stratified random sampling design. In all, 706 species [trees (224), shrubs (68), and herbs (414)] were recorded. The highest number of species were noted in teak mixed dry deciduous forest (207), followed by scrub (132), thorn forest (91), grassland (78), teak mixed moist deciduous forest (51), forest plantations (34), degraded forest (30), Prosopis juliflora scrub (24), forest orchard (19), ravine thorn forest (16), Anogeissus pendula forest (8), riverain forest (8), Eucalyptus plantation (6), mangrove forest (1), and mangrove scrub (1). Fabaceae was observed to be the dominant family. Out of total species, twenty-nine (29) species were found to be rare (25), endangered (2), and threatened (2). Fabaceae was also the dominant family for rare, endangered, and threatened (RET) species. Six endemic species were recorded. The highest value of Shannon’s Index of plant diversity was noticed in teak mixed dry deciduous forest (3.14), followed by teak mixed moist deciduous forest (2.96), ravine thorn forest (2.08), forest plantations (1.97), thorn forest (1.64), riverine forest (1.41), and degraded forest (1.49). Two hundred fifty-two species, including trees (24), shrubs (101), herbs (123), climbers (3), and bamboo (1) found to be ethnobotanically important. Fabaceae happened to be the dominant family in terms of ethnobotanically important plants too.
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Kanawade, V. P., B. Tom Jobson, A. B. Guenther, M. E. Erupe, S. N. Pressely, S. N. Tripathi, and S. H. Lee. "Isoprene suppression of new particle formation in mixed deciduous forest." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2011): 11039–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-11039-2011.
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Abstract. Production of new particles over forests is an important source of cloud condensation nuclei that can affect climate. While such particle formation events have been widely observed, their formation mechanisms over forests are poorly understood. Our observations made in a mixed deciduous Michigan forest with large isoprene emissions during the summer show surprisingly rare occurrence of new particle formation (NPF). No NPF events were observed during the 5 weeks of measurements, except two evening ultrafine particle events as opposed to the typically observed noontime NPF elsewhere. Sulfuric acid concentrations were in the 106 cm−3 ranges with very low preexisting aerosol particles, a favorable condition for NPF to occur even during the summer. The ratio of emitted isoprene carbon to monoterpene carbon at this site was similar to that in Amazon rainforests (ratio >10), where NPF is also very rare, compared with a ratio <0.5 in Finland boreal forests, where NPF events are frequent. Our results showed that large isoprene emissions can suppress NPF formation in forests although the underlying mechanism for the suppression is unclear and future studies are needed to reveal the likely mechanism. The two evening ultrafine particle events were associated with the transported anthropogenic sulfur plumes and the ultrafine particles likely formed via ion induced nucleation. Changes in landcover and environmental conditions could modify the isoprene suppression of NPF in some forest regions resulting in a radiative forcing that could influence climate.
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Kanawade, V. P., B. T. Jobson, A. B. Guenther, M. E. Erupe, S. N. Pressley, S. N. Tripathi, and S. H. Lee. "Isoprene suppression of new particle formation in a mixed deciduous forest." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 12 (June 24, 2011): 6013–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6013-2011.
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Abstract. Production of new particles over forests is an important source of cloud condensation nuclei that can affect climate. While such particle formation events have been widely observed, their formation mechanisms over forests are poorly understood. Our observations made in a mixed deciduous forest with large isoprene emissions during the summer displayed a surprisingly rare occurrence of new particle formation (NPF). Typically, NPF events occur around noon but no NPF events were observed during the 5 weeks of measurements. The exceptions were two evening ultrafine particle events. During the day, sulfuric acid concentrations were in the 106 cm−3 range with very low preexisting aerosol particles, a favorable condition for NPF to occur even during the summer. The ratio of emitted isoprene carbon to monoterpene carbon at this site was similar to that in Amazon rainforests (ratio >10), where NPF events are also very rare, compared with a ratio <0.5 in Finland boreal forests, where NPF events are frequent. Our results suggest that large isoprene emissions can suppress NPF formation in forests although the underlying mechanism for the suppression is unclear. The two evening ultrafine particle events were associated with the transported anthropogenic sulfur plumes and ultrafine particles were likely formed via ion-induced nucleation. Changes in landcover and environmental conditions could modify the isoprene suppression of NPF in some forest regions resulting in a radiative forcing that could have influence on the climate.
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Willner, Wolfgang, Ayzik Solomeshch, Andraž Čarni, Erwin Bergmeier, Nikolai Ermakov, and Ladislav Mucina. "Description and validation of some European forest syntaxa – a supplement to the EuroVegChecklist." Hacquetia 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2016-0005.
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Abstract In this paper we present nomenclatural adjustments and validations of syntaxa of the forest vegetation of Europe. We introduce a new, valid name of the class of nemoral coniferous or mixed forests (Asaro europaei-Abietetea sibiricae) replacing the deciduous Carpino-Fagetea in the easternmost Europe and Siberia. We describe two new orders for birch and birch-poplar woodlands, formerly included in the Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae. We validate the names of two alliances for the deciduous forests of the Southern Urals and the name of an alliance for hemiboreal forest swamps. The suballiance Ostryo-Tilienion, coined to accommodate the xerothermophilous ravine forests of SE Europe, is here elevated to the rank of alliance. Finally, we validate the name Quercion alnifoliae (evergreen oak forests of Cyprus).
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Brown, Martin J., and Geoffrey G. Parker. "Canopy light transmittance in a chronosequence of mixed-species deciduous forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1694–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-219.
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We measured the photosynthetically active radiation transmitted through the canopies of 24 Maryland forest stands, each around midday in midsummer. We then compared the observed values of PAR transmittance with stand age and measures of canopy structure. Generally, transmittance was low, with positively skewed frequency distributions. The geometric mean transmittance followed a distinct pattern with stand age. It was lowest (about 1%) in the youngest stands, increased to about 2.5% as forests approached ages of about 50 years, and then declined with age in the oldest sites (65–340 years). Transmittance was not significantly correlated with many simple measures of forest structure, including estimated aboveground biomass and leaf area index. Better predictions of transmittance used information on the vertical arrangement of the canopy, such as leaf area density. The results are contrary to the common assumptions that forests get consistently darker through time, and that transmittance is inversely proportional to the sheer mass or leaf area of the canopy. The Beer–Lambert extinction coefficient, k, changed with stand age and structure and was especially high in very young stands. We suggest that the variation in light transmittance, and k, can be explained by successional changes in the three-dimensional structure of the canopy.
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TRAN VY, NGUYEN, DUSIT NGOPRASERT, STEPHEN BROWNE, and TOMMASO SAVINI. "Status and range decline of two galliform species in South-East Asia." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 3 (July 24, 2017): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000168.
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SummaryThe South-East Asian ranges of two narrow-geographical range species, Germain’s Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron germaini (GPP) and Orange-necked Partridge Arborophila davidi (ONP) have been shrinking due to pressures from anthropogenic activities. To improve our knowledge of population densities of Germain’s Peacock Pheasant and the Orange-necked Partridge in their remaining habitats, their current and historical distribution range, and the contraction of their distribution range as a surrogate for population declines, we carried out line and point transect surveys in protected areas in southern Vietnam to estimate their density and subsequently model their habitat associations. Our results consistently showed that the density of the GPP was not significantly different among mosaic, evergreen, or mixed deciduous forests, but appeared to be notably lower in bamboo forest, while the density of the ONP was highest in evergreen and mosaic forests and lower in bamboo, with no detections in mixed-deciduous forest. GPP was mostly found close to water sources in mosaic, evergreen and mixed-deciduous forests. The presence of ONP was positively associated with elevation, evergreen and mosaic forest. Primary forest loss, mainly in the lowlands, within the ranges of both species was at least 70% over the last 70 years, suggesting that suitable habitats within the range of both species may have shrunk by at least 60–70%. In addition, a number of threats still occur in their remaining suitable habitats, making them increasingly vulnerable in the long-term, if conservation interventions, such as increased protection, are not implemented.
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Qiu, Lin, Linhai Jing, Baoxin Hu, Hui Li, and Yunwei Tang. "A New Individual Tree Crown Delineation Method for High Resolution Multispectral Imagery." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030585.
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In current individual tree crown (ITC) delineation methods for high-resolution multispectral imagery, either a spectral band or a brightness component of the multispectral image is employed in delineation with reference to edges or shapes of crowns, whereas spectra of tree crowns are seldom taken into account. Such methods normally perform well in coniferous forests with obvious between-crown shadows, but fail in dense deciduous or mixed forests, in which tree crowns are close to each other, between-crown shadows and boundaries are unobvious, whereas adjacent tree crowns may be of distinguishable spectra. In order to effectively delineate crowns in dense deciduous or mixed forests, a new ITC delineation method using both brightness and spectra of the image is proposed in this study. In this method, a morphological gradient map of the image is first generated, treetops of multi-scale crowns are extracted from the gradient map and refined regarding the spectral differences between neighboring crowns, the gradient map is segmented using a watershed approach with treetops as markers, and the resulting segmentation map is refined to yield a crown map. Evaluated on images of a rainforest and a deciduous forest, the proposed method more accurately delineated adjacent broad-leaved tree crowns with similar brightness but different spectra than the other two typical ITC delineation algorithms, achieving a delineation accuracy of up to 76% in the rainforest and 63% in the deciduous forest.
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Baker, Patrick J., Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, and Andrew P. Robinson. "The impacts of large-scale, low-intensity fires on the forests of continental South-east Asia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 6 (2008): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07147.
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South-east Asia’s tropical forests harbour high levels of species richness and endemism. In continental South-east Asia strong rainfall seasonality driven by the Asian monsoon lead to ground-fires during the dry season in most years. How these fires influence the region’s landscape mosaic of evergreen and deciduous forests and the biodiversity they support is poorly understood. In this paper we report on the impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation-induced 1997–98 fires that burned across much of western Thailand. We compare fire effects in the three common regional forest types – seasonal evergreen (SEG); mixed deciduous (MDF); and deciduous dipterocarp – and use data from a 50-ha study plot to evaluate the impacts of fire on these forests. We found few differences among the forest types. The fires created more large gaps in MDF than the other forest types. The SEG experienced greater fire mortality in the smallest size classes, abundant resprouting, and showed some evidence of lagged mortality among larger trees. The resilience of the SEG to fire and lack of major differences in fire effects among the forest types suggest that infrequent landscape-scale fires may have little effect on biodiversity in the landscape mosaic of seasonal tropical forests of continental South-east Asia.
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Asanok, Lamthai, Rungrawee Taweesuk, and Nitpavaridsa Papakjan. "Woody Species Colonization along Edge-Interior Gradients of Deciduous Forest Remnants in the Mae Khum Mee Watershed, Northern Thailand." International Journal of Forestry Research 2020 (March 9, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5867376.
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This study investigated the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for the colonization of edge-interior gradients, for later application to the restoration of edge-transition areas created by highland agriculture in deciduous forests in the Mae Khum Mee watershed, northwest Thailand. Three belt plots (100 × 10 m) were established at the transition from the forest edge to the interior of two deciduous forest types (mixed deciduous forest [MDF] and deciduous dipterocarp forest [DDF]), for a total of six belt plots. The species composition of canopy trees and regenerated seedlings and saplings was assessed, together with several environmental factors. We analyzed the relative importance of the physical environment and recruitment limitation was evaluated in relation to the regeneration traits of tree species. The results indicated that it was difficult for DDF and MDF species to effectively colonize the near-edge areas of the forests, primarily because the key factors related to seedling and sapling colonization (i.e., recruitment limitation, the physical environment, and factors related to forest structure) did not match the edge environment. Generalist species experienced much less recruitment limitation along the edge-interior gradients of both DDFs and MDFs. Generalists such as Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Dalbergia cultrata, and Vitex pinnata exhibited more successful establishment under conditions at the edges of both deciduous forests. These findings suggest that the natural regeneration of generalist species can be utilized as a first step in forest-edge restoration due to their facilitation of subsequent colonization by primary forest species.
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Lee, Sunjeoung, Seunghyun Lee, Joonghoon Shin, Jongsu Yim, and Jinteak Kang. "Assessing the Carbon Storage of Soil and Litter from National Forest Inventory Data in South Korea." Forests 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121318.
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Research Highlights: The estimation of soil and litter carbon stocks by the Land Use, Land-Use Changes, and Forestry (LULUCF) sectors has the potential to improve reports on national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. Background and Objectives: Forests are carbon sinks in the LULUCF sectors and therefore can be a comparatively cost-effective means and method of GHG mitigation. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to assess soil at 0–30 cm and litter carbon stocks using the National Forest Inventory (NFI) data and random forest (RF) models, mapping their carbon stocks. The three main types of forest in South Kora were studied, namely, coniferous, deciduous, and mixed. Results: The litter carbon stocks (t C ha−1) were 4.63 ± 0.18 for coniferous, 3.98 ± 0.15 for mixed, and 3.28 ± 0.13 for deciduous. The soil carbon stocks (t C ha−1) were 44.11 ± 1.54 for deciduous, 35.75 ± 1.60 for mixed, and 33.96 ± 1.62 for coniferous. Coniferous forests had higher litter carbon stocks while deciduous forests contained higher soil carbon stocks. The carbon storage in the soil and litter layer increased as the forest grew older; however, a significant difference was found in several age classes. For mapping the soil and litter carbon stocks, we used four random forest models, namely RF1 to RF4, and the best performing model was RF2 (root mean square error (RMSE) (t C ha−1) = 1.67 in soil carbon stocks, 1.49 in soil and litter carbon stocks). Our study indicated that elevation, accessibility class, slope, diameter at breast height, height, and growing stock are important predictors of carbon stock. Soil and litter carbon stock maps were produced using the RF2 models. Almost all prediction values were appropriated to soil and litter carbon stocks. Conclusions: Estimating and mapping the carbon stocks in the soil and litter layer using the NFI data and random forest models could be used in future national GHG inventory reports. Additionally, the data and models can estimate all carbon pools to achieve an accurate and complete national GHG inventory report.
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Canham, Charles D., K. Dave Coates, Paula Bartemucci, and Stefan Quaglia. "Measurement and modeling of spatially explicit variation in light transmission through interior cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 1775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-151.
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We have characterized canopy geometry and light transmission by the nine dominant conifer and broad-leaved tree species of the interior cedar-hemlock (ICH) forests of northern British Columbia. Our field data were used to parameterize a spatially explicit model of light transmission through mixed-species forests. That model, a component of the forest dynamics simulator SORTIE, was developed for eastern deciduous forests, and this paper presents a test of that model in a very different ecosystem. Our results show that individual crowns of the ICH forests intercepted much more light than species of eastern deciduous forests but that the canopy as a whole allowed greater light penetration, largely because of openings between the relatively narrow, conical crowns of the western conifers. Light transmission by individual crowns was correlated with shade tolerance among the conifers (as in eastern deciduous species), but crown depth was not (in contrast with eastern species). Despite the fundamental differences in the nature of light transmission in the two ecosystems, the SORTIE light model developed for eastern deciduous forests was effective at predicting spatial variation in understory light levels in these western coniferous forests. The goodness of fit of such a simple model suggests that the most important factors regulating spatial variation in understory light levels in these forests are simply the sizes and distribution of nearby trees, and the local sky brightness distribution. Discrete canopy gaps represent a special case in which a region of the canopy is not occupied by crowns.
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Kirk, David A., Antony W. Diamond, Keith A. Hobson, and Alan R. Smith. "Breeding bird communities of the western and northern Canadian boreal forest: relationship to forest type." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1749–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-193.
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We examined the distribution of 80 species of breeding birds across 67 census plots from a variety of sources in the boreal forest of western and northern Canada to obtain information on bird habitat associations for forest management. The sites ranged from upland black spruce (Picea mariana) to riverine deciduous forests and wet, marshy bogs. Axis 1 of an ordination (detrended correspondence analysis) demonstrated a gradient in bird communities from dry to wet sites; axis 2 may have been a black spruce (nutrient poor) to mixed deciduous forest gradient (nutrient rich). Hierarchical classification (twinspan) identified five groups of sites according to their bird communities. Despite geographical variation in bird communities and possible geographical variation in habitat associations, sites were classified according to their forest types rather than regional affinities. Yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) showed a pronounced gradient of increased abundance from deciduous to coniferous sites. White-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) and alder flycatchers (Empidonax alnorum) showed a reverse gradient. In 22 sites of known-age aspen (Populus tremuloides) – mixedwood forests from central Saskatchewan, an ordination indicated a strong relationship between stand age (and thus the proportion of coniferous cover) and bird community structure. The highest combined densities of Neotropical migrants occurred in old forests, whereas short-distance migrants were most abundant in young forests. The highest abundance of upper-canopy gleaners was found in old forests, whereas ground foragers were most abundant in early successional forests. These findings have important implications for management of boreal forests.
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Zhu, Wenjuan, Wenhua Xiang, Qiong Pan, Yelin Zeng, Shuai Ouyang, Pifeng Lei, Xiangwen Deng, Xi Fang, and Changhui Peng. "Spatial and seasonal variations of leaf area index (LAI) in subtropical secondary forests related to floristic composition and stand characters." Biogeosciences 13, no. 12 (July 1, 2016): 3819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3819-2016.
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Abstract. Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter related to carbon, water, and energy exchange between canopy and atmosphere and is widely applied in process models that simulate production and hydrological cycles in forest ecosystems. However, fine-scale spatial heterogeneity of LAI and its controlling factors have yet to be fully understood in Chinese subtropical forests. We used hemispherical photography to measure LAI values in three subtropical forests (Pinus massoniana–Lithocarpus glaber coniferous and evergreen broadleaved mixed forests, Choerospondias axillaris deciduous broadleaved forests, and L. glaber–Cyclobalanopsis glauca evergreen broadleaved forests) from April 2014 to January 2015. Spatial heterogeneity of LAI and its controlling factors were analysed using geostatistical methods and the generalised additive models (GAMs) respectively. Our results showed that LAI values differed greatly in the three forests and their seasonal variations were consistent with plant phenology. LAI values exhibited strong spatial autocorrelation for the three forests measured in January and for the L. glaber–C. glauca forest in April, July, and October. Obvious patch distribution pattern of LAI values occurred in three forests during the non-growing period and this pattern gradually dwindled in the growing season. Stem number, crown coverage, proportion of evergreen conifer species on basal area basis, proportion of deciduous species on basal area basis, and forest types affected the spatial variations in LAI values in January, while stem number and proportion of deciduous species on basal area basis affected the spatial variations in LAI values in July. Floristic composition, spatial heterogeneity, and seasonal variations should be considered for sampling strategy in indirect LAI measurement and application of LAI to simulate functional processes in subtropical forests.
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Walkiewicz, Anna, Andrzej Bieganowski, Adrianna Rafalska, Mohammad I. Khalil, and Bruce Osborne. "Contrasting Effects of Forest Type and Stand Age on Soil Microbial Activities: An Analysis of Local Scale Variability." Biology 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090850.
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Understanding the functioning of different forest ecosystems is important due to their key role in strategies for climate change mitigation, especially through soil C sequestration. In controlled laboratory conditions, we conducted a preliminary study on six different forest soils (two coniferous, two deciduous, and two mixed sites comprising trees of different ages) collected from the same region. The aim was to explore any differences and assess seasonal changes in soil microbial parameters (basal respiration BR, microbial biomass Cmic, metabolic quotient qCO2, dehydrogenase activity DHA, and Cmic:Corg ratio). Indicator- and forest-specific seasonality was assessed. In addition to litter input, soil parameters (pH, nutrient content, texture and moisture) strongly regulated the analyzed microbial indicators. PCA analysis indicated similarity between mature mixed and deciduous forests. Among annual mean values, high Cmic and DHA with simultaneously low qCO2 suggest that the mature deciduous stand was the most sustainable in microbial activities among the investigated forest soils. Research on the interrelationship between soil parameters and forest types with different tree ages needs to be continued and extended to analyze a greater number of forest and soil types.
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Иванчина, Людмила, Lyudmila Ivanchina, Сергей Залесов, Sergey Zalesov, Евгения Залесова, and Evgeniya Zalesova. "The Influence of the Composition of the Forest on Spruce Drying." Forestry Engineering Journal 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59c22283397940.25025127.
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Plantions of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest type are dominant in the area of coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests of the European part of the Russian Federation in Perm region. The problem of drying of spruce forests has aggravated dramatically in recent years. However, among scientists there is no consensus on the causes of the drying of spruce forests, which hinders the development of recommendations on improvement of forest management in spruce forests. In this regard spruce plantations in Perm region are not exceptions. On the basis of acts of forest pathology survey, drying of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest with different composition of forest stands is analyzed. The drying area for the period from 2010 to 2016 at Ocherskoe forestry in Perm region (forest area of coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests of the European part of the Russian Federation) is mapped to a planted area of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest of different species composition. It was found that there was no drying out spots for the analyzed period in plantings of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest with a mixture of softwood species. As well as stands with admixture of fir and birch are characterized by high resistance. Among the identified drying out spots of spruce the most represented are plantations which contain of spruce, fir and pine (28.1 % of the total area of drying out spots), as well as spruce, fir, pine and birch (22.56 % of the total area of drying out spots). Data on the influence of the composition of the forest on mortality of spruce in the conditions of pleurocarpous moss spruce forest can be used in forming thinnings, as well as creation of forest crops.
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Bijak, Szymon, Maciej Czajkowski, and Łukasz Ludwisiak. "Occurrence of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in the State Forests in Poland." Forest Research Papers 75, no. 4 (March 4, 2015): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0033.
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Abstract Among the invasive tree species identified in Polish forests, black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) appears to pose the greatest threat. The objective of this study was i), to determine the abundance of this species in the forests managed by the State Forests National Forest Holding (PGLLP) and ii), to characterise the ecological conditions that it is found in. The source data was obtained from the State Forests Information System (SILP) database. In Polish forests, black cherry mostly occurs as an understory plant and is present in a total area of 99,185 hectares, which is 1.4% of the forest area under the management of the PGLLP. Although Prunus serotina can be found within a wide range of habitats, it most commonly occurs on sites that can be considered average in terms of fertility (mixed coniferous and mixed deciduous types) developed primarily on rusty soils (podzols).
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Straub, Christoph, Christoph Stepper, Rudolf Seitz, and Lars T. Waser. "Potential of UltraCamX stereo images for estimating timber volume and basal area at the plot level in mixed European forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 8 (August 2013): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0125.
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Current technical advances in the field of digital photogrammetry demonstrate the great potential of automatic image matching for deriving dense surface measurements of the forest canopy. In contrast to airborne laser scanning (ALS), aerial stereo images are updated more regularly by national or regional mapping agencies in several countries. Frequently, ALS-based terrain models (DTMs) are available, and thus photogrammetric canopy heights can be derived. However, currently, there is little knowledge as to how accurately forest attributes can be modeled using the aerial stereo images acquired by these official, regular aerial surveys, especially for mixed forests in central Europe. Thus, a photogrammetric point cloud derived from UltraCamX stereo images in combination with an ALS-DTM and a classification of coniferous and deciduous tree regions (based on orthoimages) was used to create a stratified estimation of timber volume and basal area in a mixed forest in Germany. Suitable models were derived at the plot level using explanatory variables from the photogrammetric point cloud (which was normalized using an ALS-DTM). The prior stratification of conifer- and deciduous-dominated field plots slightly improved the estimation accuracy. The results verify that stereo images can be an alternative to ALS data for modeling key forest attributes, even in mixed central European forests with complex structure.
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Su, Lei, Changming Zhao, Wenting Xu, and Zongqiang Xie. "Hydrochemical Fluxes in Bulk Precipitation, Throughfall, and Stemflow in a Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaved Forest." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060507.
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Rainfall is one of the primary sources of chemical inputs in forest ecosystems, and the basis of forest nutrient cycling. Mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forests are currently one of the most threatened ecosystems due to their sensitivity to anthropogenic climate change. As such, understanding the hydrochemical fluxes of these systems is critical for managing their dynamics in the future. We investigate the chemistry of bulk precipitation, stemflow and throughfall in a mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest in the Shennongjia region of Central China. Mean nutrient concentrations in throughfall and stemflow were higher than in bulk precipitation. Stemflow ion fluxes from deciduous tree species were greater than those for evergreen tree species because of the differences in bark morphology and branch architecture. Throughfall and stemflow chemistry fluctuated dramatically over the growing season. Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were retained, while other elements and compounds were washed off or leached via throughfall and stemflow pathways. Our findings will facilitate a greater understanding of nutrient balance in canopy water fluxes.
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Copoț, Ovidiu, Constantin Mardari, Ciprian C. Bîrsan, and Cătălin Tănase. "Lignicolous fungal assemblages and relationships with environment in broadleaved and mixed forests from the North-East Region of Romania." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1688.
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Background and aims – Lignicolous fungal assemblages perform numerous functions in forest ecosystems, one of the most important being their capacity to decay wood. As a consequence of their belonging to different ecological niches, the forest ecosystem influences the fungal assemblages in terms of species richness and composition. Methods – In this study we analyzed the main lignicolous macrofungal assemblages in some deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous forests in the North-East Region of Romania. We searched to find fungal indicator species for a certain forest type and which are the main drivers and their effects on the composition of the lignicolous macrofungal assemblages. Fungal assemblages were identified using a hierarchical agglomerative clustering procedure, while diagnostic species for each cluster were identified based on the indicator value index. Relationships between fungal composition of plots and environmental variables were performed using detrended and canonical correspondence analyses.Key results – A total of 377 fungal taxa in approximately 4600 records (in 59 plots) were identified. Six distinct clusters of lignicolous fungal assemblages were defined and separated three groups: 1) species-rich lignicolous fungal assemblages in beech forests (1 cluster), 2) well defined fungal assemblages in the mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests (2 clusters), and 3) fungal assemblages typical to oak forests (3 clusters). Ordination methods highlighted the forest type as the most important factor influencing the fungal composition of plots. Forestry Aridity Index, tree diversity and large trees basal area were also important factors for fungal assemblages but with a lower contribution. Conclusion – In the studied region, fungal assemblages changed from oak to beech and to mixed, broadleaved-coniferous forests mainly as a consequence of different tree composition. Climate also shaped fungal composition but to a lesser extent.
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Cornett, Meredith W., Klaus J. Puettmann, and Peter B. Reich. "Canopy type, forest floor, predation, and competition influence conifer seedling emergence and early survival in two Minnesota conifer-deciduous forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x97-196.
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There is concern that the conifer component of mixed conifer-deciduous forests in the Great Lakes region is on the decline, possibly the result of insufficient conifer regeneration. Limitations on conifer regeneration that occur during the first 18 months of seedling emergence and establishment were examined for Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. and Pinus strobus L. in two mixed conifer-deciduous forest types in northeastern Minnesota. We hypothesized that the removal of potential barriers to regeneration, including forest floor, seed predation, and competition with understory vegetation, will enhance conifer regeneration. We also hypothesized that the importance of the above regeneration barriers, and early regeneration success of each species, will differ beneath deciduous and conifer canopy types. The study was conducted under conifer and deciduous canopy types for two sites of each forest type: Abies balsamea - Populus tremuloides Michx. forest and Thuja occidentalis L. - Betula papyrifera Marsh. Germination experiments were conducted with seeds of A. balsamea and P. strobus. Experimental treatments included forest floor removal, caging to exclude seed predators and herbivory, and weeding to study the effects of understory competition. Abies balsamea and P. strobus responded differently to experimental treatments at different developmental stages. The best conditions for early regeneration of both A. balsamea and P. strobus included reduction of seed predation (p < 0.0001) and competition with understory vegetation (p <= 0.001). Abies balsamea additionally benefited from a conifer overstory (p < 0.0001) and a reduction in thickness of the forest floor (p < 0.01).
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Luther, Joan E., Richard A. Fournier, Mélanie Houle, Antoine Leboeuf, and Douglas E. Piercey. "Application of shadow fraction models for estimating attributes of northern boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 9 (September 2012): 1750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-118.
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A shadow fraction method was developed previously for mapping forest attributes of northern black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) forests. This paper evaluates application of the method for (i) balsam fir stands ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), (ii) stands with higher volume and biomass than those of previous studies, and (iii) stands with a higher composition of deciduous trees and steeper slopes. Models developed for new test sites in (i) central Labrador and (ii) western Newfoundland were not statistically different from previous models for biomass, volume, and basal area. Relative root mean square errors (RMSEr) for central Labrador were slightly lower than those found in other test sites (RMSEr: 24%–29%) but higher for western Newfoundland (RMSEr = 37%–43%), attributed to the higher upper limit of measured attributes and increased presence of deciduous trees. Results suggest that reasonable estimates can be generated for conifer forests of northeastern Canada; however, an alternative solution is needed where mixed and deciduous stands are prevalent. Measurement of ground plots over a wider range of species composition and forest structure is recommended for broader application to northern boreal forests and to further assess the potential role of the shadow fraction method in national-scale inventory programs.
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Buzmakov, Sergey A. "NETWORK OF PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS IN THE PERM REGION." Географический вестник = Geographical bulletin, no. 3(54) (2020): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2020-3-135-148.
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The paper considers the modern network of protected natural areas in the Perm region. The study determines the current status of the network and the priorities of its geographical formation; investigates representation of six natural areas in the network; identifies the role of protected areas in biodiversity conservation. Based on the regional method, the degree of the protected areas natural environment degradation has been established. The network of protected areas consists of 361 objects of federal, regional and local significance. The total area reaches 10.7% of the Perm region‘s territory. The main component of the network is represented by 257 protected areas of regional importance. In the region, 6 natural areas have been identified: middle taiga, southern taiga, mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, Kungur forest-steppe, Western Urals, Northern Urals. Theinternational level of the protected areas network development has only been achieved in the Northern Urals. The share of protected areas in the middle taiga is higher than the average Russian level; for mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, it is close to the average Russian level. The least protected are southern taiga (4.8%) and forest-steppe ecosystems (3.8%). The most disastrous is conservation of the natural environment of the Kungur forest-steppe. There is a very small number of forest-steppe areas suitable for creating full-fledged protected areas. 89 rare species of biota inhabit the protected areas. All mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates that are rare for the Perm region are covered with complete protection. Outside the network of protected areas, there are habitats of 7 species of birds, 21 species of angiosperms, 1 species of the fern-like, lycopods and lichen. On this basis, it is possible to develop territorial protection measures. The average environmental degradation of regional protected areas in the Perm region as a whole is 1.45 points. The degradation of protected areas is increasing in the series: middle taiga – Northern Urals – southern taiga – Western Urals – mixed coniferous-deciduous forests – Kungur forest-steppe.
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SVENSSON, Måns, and Göran THOR. "Gyalidea fruticola, a new corticolous lichen from Europe." Lichenologist 39, no. 4 (July 2007): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282907006743.
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Abstract:The diminutive species Gyalidea fruticola is described from Central Sweden and northern Italy. It is typically found on decaying bark, on semi-shaded Lonicera spp. in deciduous, mixed deciduous/coniferous or coniferous forests. The species is characterized by its small and pale apothecia, its submuriform ascospores and its habitat preference.
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Sein Win Tun, Kyaw, Julian Di Stefano, and Liubov Volkova. "Forest Management Influences Aboveground Carbon and Tree Species Diversity in Myanmar’s Mixed Deciduous Forests." Forests 7, no. 12 (September 29, 2016): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f7100217.
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Chećko, Ewa, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Katarzyna Olejniczak, and Anna J. Kwiatkowska-Falińska. "The importance of coarse woody debris for vascular plants in temperate mixed deciduous forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 9 (September 2015): 1154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0473.
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Deadwood in various stages of decomposition and diverse spatial arrangements provides habitat for numerous organisms. However, knowledge on the colonization of deadwood by vascular plants in mixed deciduous forests is insufficient. We carried out our study in an oak–lime–hornbeam forest in northeastern Poland. Downed logs were colonized by 49 vascular plant species, a number higher than reported from any other type of forest. Species richness and abundance of plants increased with log diameter and decomposition. The former was higher on broadleaf deadwood than on coniferous deadwood (46 vs. 38 species). The frequency and abundance on logs were higher for small-seeded plants (<1 mg) than for bigger, heavier seeded plants. Deadwood surface served as an ecological filter, keeping small seeds in cracks, but allowing bigger seeds to roll down. Tree seedling density increased with wood decomposition. However, for eight of nine species, it was higher on the ground than on deadwood. Only spruce seedlings were recorded almost exclusively on deadwood, constituting a crucial substrate for spruce regeneration in meso-eutrophic forests. Therefore, we stress the importance of constant deadwood supply, on the scale of decades, to ensure the diversity of this substrate and to allow the natural dynamics of deadwood-dependent species populations.
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Cholewińska, Olga, Wojciech Adamowski, and Bogdan Jaroszewicz. "Homogenization of Temperate Mixed Deciduous Forests in Białowieża Forest: Similar Communities Are Becoming More Similar." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050545.
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Many studies show the significant impact of direct and indirect human activity on the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, including forests. The increase in the number of invasive species, changes caused by climate change, or eutrophication of habitats resulting from air pollution can irrevocably affect biodiversity, species composition, or species interactions. Many of these effects cannot be seen in commercial forests due to the significant impact of direct human use of the forest and the high degree of transformation of forest ecosystems. In this work, we ask: how have forest communities changed over the past 70 years? What was the reason for these changes? To answer the above questions, we conducted research on repeated observations in the core area of the Białowieża National Park, which is characterized by one of the highest degrees of naturalness in Europe, where ecological processes have occurred without direct human intervention since the last glaciation. Studies have shown directional changes in species composition and biotic homogenization of three forest communities. Directional changes were found to be associated with both eutrophication of habitats as well as with changes in humidity and temperature. However, the observed changes in species composition were opposite to the hypotheses based on the observed global change. In contrast, changes in the species composition of the stand and the ability to shade and buffer the temperature and humidity under the canopy caused changes in the species composition of forest communities. In the mixed deciduous forest, homogenization occurred along with the simultaneous change of species composition of forest communities. This was caused by an increase in fertility caused by increased nitrogen deposition and changes in environmental conditions prevailing under the canopy of trees, which, however, were caused by changes in the species composition of the stand.
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Tang, Cindy Q., Li-Qin Shen, Peng-Bin Han, Diao-Shun Huang, Shuaifeng Li, Yun-Fang Li, Kun Song, et al. "Forest characteristics, population structure and growth trends of Pinus yunnanensis in Tianchi National Nature Reserve of Yunnan, southwestern China." Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (May 4, 2020): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/37980.
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Aims: Pinus yunnanesis is commercially, culturally and economically important, but there is a lack of ecological data on its role in stand dynamics. Our aims are to clarify the structure, composition, regeneration and growth trends of primary mature P. yunnanensis forests. Study area: The Tianchi National Nature Reserve in the Xuepan Mountains, Yunlong County, northwestern Yunnan, China. Methods: We investigated forests containing P. yunnanensis, measured tree ages and analyzed the data. Results: Six forest types were identified: (1) coniferous forest: Pinus yunnanensis (Type 1); (2) mixed coniferous and evergreen broad-leaved forest: P. yunnanensis-Lithocarpus variolosus (Type 2); (3) mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest: P. yunnanensis-Quercus griffithii (Type 3); (4) mixed evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous forest: Castanopsis orthacantha-P. yunnanensis-Schima argentea (Type 4); (5) mixed coniferous, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest: Pinus yunnanensis-Schima argentea-Quercus griffithii (Type 5); (6) mixed coniferous and evergreen broad-leaved forest: Pinus armandii-Quercus rehderiana-Pinus yunnanensis (Type 6). The size- and age-structure and regeneration patterns of P. yunnanensis were highly variable within these six forest types. P. yunnanensis regeneration was well balanced in forest Type 1 as compared to the other five types. All six forest types were identified as rare and old-growth with P. yunnaensis trees reaching ages of more than 105 years (a maximum age of 165 years with a diameter 116 cm at breast height) except for the Type 4 forest (a 90-year-old stand). Growth rates of P. yunnanensis, based upon ring width measurements, were high for the first 10 years, then declined after the 10th year. In contrast, basal area increment (BAI) increased for the first 25 years, plateaued, and only declined as trees became older. Trees in the older age classes grew more quickly than younger trees at the same age, a consequence of either site quality or competitive differences. The BAI of P. yunnanensis in all age classes in the Tianchi National Nature Reserve was much higher than those of the secondary and degraded natural P. yunnanensis forests of other areas. Conclusions: The P. yunnanensis forests of the Tianchi area appear to be some of the last remnants of primeval and old-growth forests of this species. These forests are structurally diverse and contain a rich diversity of overstory, mid-story, and understory species. Taxonomic reference: Editorial Committee of Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae (1959–2004) for vascular plants. Abbreviations: BA = basal area; BAI = basal area increment; DBH = diameter at breast height; H = height; RBA = relative basal area.
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Hui, Xu, Zhang Xiu-jun, Huang Bin, Han Shi-jie, Huang Guo-hong, and Chen Guan-xiong. "Possible emissions of N2O from plants in coniferous-deciduous mixed forests." Journal of Forestry Research 12, no. 1 (March 2001): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02856792.
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Payette, Serge, Vanessa Pilon, Pierre-Luc Couillard, and Mathieu Frégeau. "Long-term fire history of maple (Acer) forest sites in the central St. Lawrence Lowland, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 6 (June 2016): 822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0305.
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In the St-Lawrence lowlands, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is considered the dominant species of old-growth deciduous forests, whereas red maple (Acer rubrum L.) tends to dominate sites recently disturbed by logging and agricultural practices. Considering that the long-term influence of fire is not documented for such stands, we reconstructed the postglacial tree composition (as deduced from charcoal species) and fire history of a sugar maple stand (Ste-Françoise area) and a red maple stand (Villeroy area) located southwest of Québec City, Canada. The sites are 10 km apart and show contrasting soil and landform features. Using botanical identification and 14C dating of soil macrocharcoal, we found that fire struck both maple stands 14–20 times since deglaciation. Most fires occurred in the early Holocene and during the last 2000 years, with the mid Holocene being a period with low fire frequency or no fires. During the last 1600 years, the Villeroy stand shifted from a Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière – conifer forest to a mixed forest and, most recently, to a red maple stand as fire became more frequent, possibly due to human activities of the last 400 years. This study confirms the influence of fire on the development of maple forests. Fire should be considered as an important disturbance factor in the dynamics of temperate deciduous and mixed forests.
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Solomon, Allen M., and Patrick J. Bartlein. "Past and future climate change: response by mixed deciduous–coniferous forest ecosystems in northern Michigan." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 1727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-227.
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During the 21st century, global climate change is expected to become a significant force redefining global biospheric boundaries and vegetation dynamics. In the northern hardwood–boreal forest transition forests, it should, at the least, control reproductive success and failure among unmanaged mixed forest stands. One means by which to predict future responses by the mixed forests is to examine the way in which they have responded to climate changes in the past. We used proxy climate data derived from Holocene (past 10 000 years) pollen records in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan to drive forest gap models, in an effort to define regional prehistoric vegetation dynamics on differing soils. The gap models mimic forest reproduction and growth as a successional process and, hence, are appropriate for defining long-term tree and stand dynamics. The modeled period included a mid-postglacial period that was warmer than today's climate. Model failures, made apparent from the exercise, were corrected and the simulations were repeated until the model behaved credibly. Then, the same gap model was used to simulate potential future vegetation dynamics, driven by projections of a future climate that was controlled by greenhouse gases. This provided us with the same "measure" of vegetation in the past, present, and future, generating a continuously comparable record of change and stability in forest composition and density. The resulting projections of vegetation response to climate change appear to be affected more by the rate than by the magnitude of climate change.
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Bartemucci, Paula, Christian Messier, and Charles D. Canham. "Overstory influences on light attenuation patterns and understory plant community diversity and composition in southern boreal forests of Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2065–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-088.
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We have characterized overstory light transmission, understory light levels, and plant communities in mixed wood boreal forests of northwestern Quebec with the objective of understanding how overstory light transmission interacts with composition and time since disturbance to influence the diversity and composition of understory vegetation, and, in turn, the further attenuation of light to the forest floor by the understory. Overstory light transmission differed among three forest types (aspen, mixed deciduous–conifer, and old cedar-dominated), with old forests having higher proportions of high light levels than aspen and mixed forests, which were characterized by intermediate light levels. The composition of the understory plant communities in old forests showed the weakest correlation to overstory light transmission, although those forests had the largest range of light transmission. The strongest correlation between characteristics of overstory light transmission and understory communities was found in aspen forests. Species diversity indices were consistently higher in aspen forests but showed weak relationships with overstory light transmission. Light attenuation by the understory vegetation and total height of the understory vegetation were strongly and positively related to overstory light transmission but not forest type. Therefore, light transmission through the overstory influenced the structure and function of understory plants more than their diversity and composition. This is likely due to the strong effect of the upper understory layers, which tend to homogenize light levels at the forest floor regardless of forest type. The understory plant community acts as a filter, thereby reducing light levels at the forest floor to uniformly low levels.
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Liu, Bian, and Ding. "Consequences of Spatial Heterogeneity of Forest Landscape on Ecosystem Water Conservation Service in the Yi River Watershed in Central China." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031170.
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Forest landscapes, especially their spatial heterogeneity, play a key role in sustaining the ecosystem water conservation service in a watershed. However, this domain has not been fully investigated. This study uses the Yi River watershed in central China as the study site. We calculated the water conservation amounts of different forests through the water balance method and quantified the landscape spatial heterogeneity of forests using landscape metrics. Then we ran correlation analysis to find the correlating relationship between the landscape spatial heterogeneity of forests and the ecosystem water conservation service. We finally applied a redundancy analysis to explore the respective influencing strength of the landscape compositional heterogeneity and configurational heterogeneity of forests on the water conservation service. Results indicate that: (1) The area proportion of different forests has a significant impact on the spatial distribution of the water conservation service. When mixed forest is dominant and its area proportion is much greater than that of other forests, the generation of the water conservation service can be best enhanced; (2) Changes of the landscape compositional heterogeneity and configurational heterogeneity of forests can affect the water conservation service to different degrees. In particular, the landscape spatial heterogeneity of mixed forest has the greatest impact on this ecosystem service; (3) The landscape configurational heterogeneity of deciduous broad-leaved forest and mixed forest has a greater impact on the water conservation service than the landscape compositional heterogeneity, whereas that of evergreen needle-leaved forest has the opposite effect. In general, appropriately adjusting the combination and configuration of different forests in a watershed can effectively promote the generation of the ecosystem water conservation service. This study provides a scientific basis for future forest management with a view to improving the landscape sustainability of forests.
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Holtmann, Anne, Andreas Huth, Felix Pohl, Corinna Rebmann, and Rico Fischer. "Carbon Sequestration in Mixed Deciduous Forests: The Influence of Tree Size and Species Composition Derived from Model Experiments." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060726.
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Forests play an important role in climate regulation due to carbon sequestration. However, a deeper understanding of forest carbon flux dynamics is often missing due to a lack of information about forest structure and species composition, especially for non-even-aged and species-mixed forests. In this study, we integrated field inventory data of a species-mixed deciduous forest in Germany into an individual-based forest model to investigate daily carbon fluxes and to examine the role of tree size and species composition for stand productivity. This approach enables to reproduce daily carbon fluxes derived from eddy covariance measurements (R2 of 0.82 for gross primary productivity and 0.77 for ecosystem respiration). While medium-sized trees (stem diameter 30–60 cm) account for the largest share (66%) of total productivity at the study site, small (0–30 cm) and large trees (>60 cm) contribute less with 8.3% and 25.5% respectively. Simulation experiments indicate that vertical stand structure and shading influence forest productivity more than species composition. Hence, it is important to incorporate small-scale information about forest stand structure into modelling studies to decrease uncertainties of carbon dynamic predictions.
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Streby, Henry M., and David E. Andersen. "Movements, cover-type selection, and survival of fledgling Ovenbirds in managed deciduous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forests." Forest Ecology and Management 287 (January 2013): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.046.
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Lu, Huicui, Godefridus M. J. Mohren, Jan den Ouden, Venceslas Goudiaby, and Frank J. Sterck. "Overyielding of temperate mixed forests occurs in evergreen–deciduous but not in deciduous–deciduous species mixtures over time in the Netherlands." Forest Ecology and Management 376 (September 2016): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.032.
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Tsukamoto, Jiro. "Soil macro-invertebrates and litter disappearance in a Japanese mixed deciduous forest and comparison with European deciduous forests and tropical rainforests." Ecological Research 11, no. 1 (April 1996): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02347818.
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Egorova, Natalya Yurievna, Venera Nuritdinivna Suleimanova, and Tatiana Leonidovna Egoshina. "Vegetation cover of the river Vyatka flood plain protected areas." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201872105.
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The paper presents results of 4 protected areas investigation within the river Vyatka flood plain. We have conducted a floristic research in accordance with a hierarchy system of floristic complexes by a type-class-group principle, and classified vegetation. 3 types of floristic complexes (forest, meadow, and water), 2 classes (hilltop-flood plain, ridge and natural) and 8 groups of floristic complexes were defined. Small-leaved forest floristic complexes is presented by the following forest types: mixed-herbs-Aegopodium aspen forest, mixed-herbs aspen forest, herbaceous boggy birch forest, cowberry birch forest, aspen-linden birch forest, bilberry-herbaceous birch forest, and mixed-herbs-Filipendula alder forest. Dark coniferous floristic complexes are presented by bilberry spruce and herbaceous spruce forests. Light coniferous forest floristic complexes are: cowberry-herbaceous pine, green-moss-cowberry pine, and stone-bramble-herbaceous pine forests. Broad-leaved forest floristic complexes are presented by flood-plain oak and aspen-linden herbaceous forests. Oak ( Quercus robur L.) is also marked as an undergrowth component of deciduous and coniferous phytocoenoses. Flood-plain meadow floristic complex is formed by gramineous-mixed-herbs and Filipendula-Calamagrostis-mixed-herbs associations. Former river-bed floristic complex is marked within all studied objects. Communities with high level of biodiversity are restricted to water and hilltop-flood-plain ecotopes. Species richness of studied communities varies within 15 to 43 species. Less diverse ecotypes are ridge types. Investigated floristic complexes are habitats of rare and relict species of Kirov Region flora. The study of partial flora composition is a base for vegetation monitoring.
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Ульданова and Railya Uldanova. "Formation forest fitotsenozov Volga River right banks." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 1 (September 7, 2014): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3833.
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The coastal forests, presented by valuable deciduous and coniferous forests, grow in the northeastern and eastern parts of the Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan, skirting the high right bank of the Volga River. They contribute to the maintenance of biological diversity in nature. The study of the formation of coastal forest phytocenoses, their species diversity and the modern state is now urgent work, and development activities for the conservation of natural habitats of plants, improve the sustainability of forest ecosystems are perspective direction. According to research of the forests of the right bank of the river Volga, we present the structure of coastal forest ecosystems. The association of forest ecosystems to the various elements of the relief was installed. The types of soil and litter were presented. The estimation of α-diversity of vascular herbaceous plants and ß-diversity of the studied forest ecosystems were reported. The largest number of species of vascular plants in coastal forests are: oak plant communities; a second group includes birch plants, pine and willow; the third group - the lime and larch; the fourth group - maple plant communitie. The ß-diversity index (Whittaker’s index) of plants in the studied forests varies between 2.2-6.8. The Jaccard coefficient of floristic similarity between forest ecosystems varies from 0.01 to 0.30, which confirms the diversity of generated by coastal forest ecosystems. The greatest diversity of plants was found in forests of ash and mixed grass, mixed grass willow, oak and lime-grove, maple, ash and mixed grass larches, birch wood. The forestry activities in coastal areas should be aimed at creating productive, sustainable forest ecosystems with a rich biodiversity of flora and fauna.
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Rota, Noemi, Claudia Canedoli, Chiara Ferrè, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, Alessia Guerrieri, and Emilio Padoa-Schioppa. "Evaluation of Soil Biodiversity in Alpine Habitats through eDNA Metabarcoding and Relationships with Environmental Features." Forests 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070738.
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Soil biodiversity is fundamental for ecosystems, ensuring many ecosystem functions, such as nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, soil formation, and organic carbon pool increase. Due to these roles, there is a need to study and completely understand how soil biodiversity is composed through different habitats. The aim of this study was to describe the edaphic soil community of the alpine environments belonging to the Gran Paradiso National Park, thus detecting if there are any correlation with environmental features. We studied soil fauna through environmental DNA metabarcoding. From eDNA metabarcoding, 18 families of arthropods were successfully detected, and their abundance expressed in terms of the relative frequency of sequences. Soil faunal communities of mixed coniferous forests were characterized by Isotomidae, Entomobriydae, Hypogastruridae, and Onychiuridae; while mixed deciduous forests were composed mostly by Isotomidae, Cicadidae, Culicidae, and Neelidae. Calcicolous and acidic grasslands also presented families that were not detected in forest habitats, in particular Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae, Brachyceridae, and had in general a more differentiated soil community. Results of the Canonical Component Analysis revealed that the main environmental features affecting soil community for forests were related to vegetation (mixed deciduous forests, tree basal area, tree biomass, Shannon index), soil (organic layers and organic carbon stock), and site (altitude); while for prairies, soil pH and slope were also significant in explaining soil community composition. This study provided a description of the soil fauna of alpine habitats and resulted in a description of community composition per habitat and the relation with the characteristic of vegetation, soil, and topographic features of the study area. Further studies are needed to clarify ecological roles and needs of these families and their role in ecosystem functioning.
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Daryaei, Ardalan, and Hormoz Sohrabi. "Additive biomass equations for small diameter trees of temperate mixed deciduous forests." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 4 (October 13, 2015): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2015.1089932.
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Marinšek, Aleksander, Andraž Čarni, Urban Šilc, and Michael Manthey. "What makes a plant species specialist in mixed broad-leaved deciduous forests?" Plant Ecology 216, no. 10 (October 2015): 1469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0527-z.
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Strukelj, Manuella, Suzanne Brais, Sylvie A. Quideau, Virginie A. Angers, Hedi Kebli, Pierre Drapeau, and Se-Woung Oh. "Chemical transformations in downed logs and snags of mixed boreal species during decomposition." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 9 (September 2013): 785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0086.
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Snags and downed logs are substantial components of the detrital carbon pool in boreal forests. Effects of their decomposition on chemical and physical characteristics of the forest floor remain relatively unknown. The main objective of this study was to characterize chemical transformations of decaying logs and snags of common tree species in the boreal mixedwood forest. Logs and snags from a wide range of decay classes were sampled and analyzed by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by near-infrared spectroscopy. Little or moderate chemical changes appeared in fresh and moderately decayed snags and logs, but in well-decayed logs, substantial degradation of carbohydrates and increases in lignin concentrations occurred. Deciduous species had initially more carbohydrates than coniferous species, but decomposition narrowed their differences, and in well-decayed logs, species differed mainly in terms of their lignin concentrations. Well-decayed deciduous logs reached very low wood densities, and their integration into the forest floor and long-term preservation remains questionable. In contrast, chemical composition of well-decayed coniferous logs resembles that of lignic forest floor (i.e., forest floor originating from deadwood decomposition), with preserved lignins, carbohydrates, and alkyl carbon compounds. Decomposed coniferous wood thus contributes to chemical heterogeneity of the forest floor, possibly promoting diversity of decomposers as well as carbon retention in soils.
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Hall, Dorothy K., James L. Foster, Alfred T. C. Chang, Carl S. Benson, and Janet Y. L. Chien. "Determination of snow-covered area in different land covers in central Alaska, U.S.A., from aircraft data — April 1995." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-149-155.
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During April 1995, a field and aircraft experiment was conducted in central Alaska in support of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow-mapping project. The MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS), a 50 channel spectroradiometer, was flown on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft. An objective of the mission was to determine the accuracy of mapping snow in different surface covers using an algorithm designed to map global snow cover after the launch of MODIS in 1998. The surface cover in this area of central Alaska is typically spruce, birch, aspen, mixed forest and muskeg. Integrated reflectance, Ri was calculated from the visible/near-infrared channels of the MAS sensor. The Ri was used to estimate different vegetation-cover densities because there is an inverse relationship between vegetation-cover density and albedo in snow-covered terrain. A vegetation-cover density map was constructed using MAS data acquired on 13 April 1995 over central Alaska. In the part of the scene that was mapped as having a vegetation-cover density of < 50%, the snow-mapping algorithm mapped 96.41% snow cover. These areas are generally composed of muskeg and mixed forests and include frozen lake. In the part of the scene that was estimated to have a vegetation-cover density of ≥50%, the snow-mapping algorithm mapped 71.23% snow cover. These areas are generally composed of dense coniferous or deciduous forests. Overall, the accuracy of the snow-mapping algorithm is > 87.41% for a 13 April MAS scene with a variety of surface covers (coniferous and deciduous and mixed forests, muskeg, tundra and frozen lake).