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Journal articles on the topic 'Mixed gas rebreather diving'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Parrish, Frank A., and Richard L. Pyle. "Field Comparison of Open-Circuit Scuba to Closed-Circuit Rebreathers for Deep Mixed-Gas Diving Operations." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 2 (2002): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787914052.

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A comparison of open-circuit scuba diving to closed-circuit (“rebreather”) diving was conducted while collecting fishery data on black coral beds in Hawaii. Both methodologies used mixed gas from the same ship-based support system. The comparison was based on a series of eight dives, four open-circuit and four closed-circuit. These were used to make a direct-comparison of the gear in a square dive profile, a multilevel profile and two dives of varying profiles. Four general criteria were considered: time requirements for topside equipment preparation and maintenance, consumption of expendables

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Iliffe, Thomas M. "Diving investigations of Bermuda's deep water caves." Natura Croatica 21(Suppl. 1) (September 30, 2012): 64–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.889062.

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Mixed gas rebreathers allowed divers to explore the shelf edge of the Bermuda sea mount at depths from 60 to 136 m to search for potential refugia for anchialine taxa during Pleistocene periods of sea level regression. Divers discovered karst and sea level features including a remnant natural bridge cave, drowned coral reefs, wave-cut notches and high relief escarpments.

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Gouin, Emmanuel, Emmanuel Dugrenot, and Bernard Gardette. "Extremely deep bounce dives: planning and physiological challenges based on the experiences of a sample of French-speaking technical divers." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 55, no. 2 (2025): 203–10. https://doi.org/10.28920/dhm55.2.203-210.

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Introduction: Extreme deep technical diving presents significant physiological challenges. While procedures often blend elements from both recreational and commercial diving, many remain empirical and unvalidated for this purpose. The rise of closed-circuit rebreathers has reduced gas cost and logistical barriers, enabling more divers to reach unprecedented depths. This study, based on the experience of deep divers, explores the limits of extreme-depth diving and the strategies developed to overcome them. Methods: Eight rebreather divers (one female, seven males) with experience beyond 200 met

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Gouin, Emmanuel, David PM Monnot, Thierry Michot, François Guerrero, and Jean-Éric Blatteau. "Diving practices in technical divers’ community and behaviour towards self-reported unusual symptoms." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 55, no. 2 (2025): 114–25. https://doi.org/10.28920/dhm55.2.114-125.

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Introduction: The use of gas mixtures containing helium for deep recreational diving is increasingly common, involving complex logistics and decision-making compromises. The characteristics and inherent risks of this practice remain poorly documented. This study aims to provide an epidemiological inventory of practices and diving-related incidents within the technical diving community. Methods: An international online survey was disseminated on social networks targeting certified trimix divers. It collected demographic data, diving experience, and dive management practices, along with self-rep

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Rocha, Luiz A., Hudson T. Pinheiro, Matt Wandell, Claudia R. Rocha, and Bart Shepherd. "Roa rumsfeldi, a new butterflyfish (Teleostei, Chaetodontidae) from mesophotic coral ecosystems of the Philippines." ZooKeys 709 (October 18, 2017): 127–34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.709.20404.

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A new species of the butterflyfish genus Roa is herein described from the Verde Island Passage in the Philippines, West Pacific Ocean. Roa rumsfeldi sp. n. was found on mesophotic coral ecosystems at Puerto Galera and Batangas, and sampled through technical mixed-gas rebreather diving at 100–130 m depth. This represents the fifth known species of Roa. The main differences between Roa rumsfeldi sp. n. and its congeners are the lower number of pored scales in the lateral line, longer snout, longer caudal peduncle, shorter caudal fin, pelvic fin color (dark first spine vs. white in all other Roa)

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Lombardi, Michael, Winslow Burleson, Jeff Godfrey, and Richard Fryburg. "An Experimental Deployment of a Portable Inflatable Habitat in Open Water to Augment Lengthy In-Water Decompression by Scientific Divers." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 6 (2013): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.6.4.

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AbstractUndersea living in the science community has effectively risen and fallen within the last half century. The paradigm of residing on the seafloor within a fixed, permanent structure, while body tissues are saturated with inert breathing gasses, provides for extended-duration excursions from such a structure, although limits geographical productivity to within reasonable proximity of the habitat structure itself. Saturation diving exploration with science motives provided an exciting opportunity during the 1960s and 1970s, with timing lending itself well to providing a sea-to-space analo

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Sieber, Arne, Andreas Schuster, Sebastian Reif, et al. "Compact Recreational Rebreather With Innovative Gas Sensing Concept and Low Work of Breathing Design." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 6 (2013): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.6.5.

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AbstractRecreational rebreathers are increasingly popular, and recreational diver training organizations now routinely offer training for rebreather diving. Few rebreathers on the market, however, fulfill the criteria of a dedicated recreational rebreather. These remain based on traditional sensor technology, which may be linked to rebreather use having an estimated 10 times the risk of mortality while diving compared with open circuit breathing systems. In the present work, a new recreational rebreather based on two innovative approaches is described. Firstly, the rebreather uses a novel sens

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Bychkov, S. A., D. P. Zverev, I. R. Klenkov, A. M. Yarkov, and Z. M. Israfilov. "Biochemical effects in deep-sea divers exposed to aquatic environmental factors." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 4 (March 3, 2023): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-76-82.

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Relevance. Diving equipment and diving launch techniques witness continuous improvements, which allow individuals to more effectively perform various tasks underwater. A controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather has been used in amateur diving in our country for more than 20 years. It is therefore necessary to assess the biochemical effects in deep-sea divers wearing deep sea diving equipment to ensure its safety and functionality in professional diving and the activities of dedicated departmental structures.The objective is to assess the biochemical effects in deep-sea divers in control

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Vezzoli, Alessandra, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Andrea Brizzolari, Costantino Balestra, Enrico Maria Camporesi, and Gerardo Bosco. "Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5 (2024): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25053060.

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Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O2 availability. This review explores the oxidative stress mechanisms and related inflammation status (Oxy-Inflammation) in underwater activities such as breath-hold (BH) diving, Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) diving, and saturation diving. Divers are exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, amplified by environmental conditions, hyper

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Harris, Richard J., Craig J. Challen, and Simon J. Mitchell. "The first deep rebreather dive using hydrogen: case report." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 54, no. 1 (2024): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm54.1.69-72.

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Bounce diving with rapid descents to very deep depths may provoke the high-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS). The strategy of including small fractions of nitrogen in the respired gas to produce an anti-HPNS narcotic effect increases the gas density which may exceed recommended guidelines. In 2020 the ‘Wetmules’ dive team explored the Pearse Resurgence cave (New Zealand) to 245 m breathing trimix (approximately 4% oxygen, 91% helium and 5% nitrogen). Despite the presence of nitrogen, one diver experienced HPNS tremors beyond 200 m. The use of hydrogen (a light yet slightly narcotic gas) ha

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Mitchell, Simon J., and Neal W. Pollock. "Rebreather Forum Four consensus statements." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 53, no. 2 (2023): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm53.2.142-146.

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Closed circuit rebreathers have been widely adopted by technical divers as tools for reducing gas consumption and extending depth and duration capabilities. Rebreathers are technologically complex with many failure points, and their use appears associated with a higher accident rate than open circuit scuba. Rebreather Forum Four (RF4) was held in Malta in April 2023 attracting approximately 300 attendees and representatives of multiple manufacturers and training agencies. Over two and a half days a series of lectures was given by influential divers, engineers, researchers and educators on topi

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Lippmann, John, Christopher Lawrence, and Michael Davis. "Scuba diving-related fatalities in New Zealand, 2007 to 2016." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm51.4.345-354.

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Introduction: New Zealand (NZ) diving-related fatalities have been reported since the 1960s. The aim is to identify contributing risk factors, including medical, and to inform appropriate preventative strategies. Methods: NZ scuba diving fatalities from 2007 to 2016 were searched from multiple sources – the National Coronial Information System (NCIS); the NZ Chief Coroner’s office; Water Safety NZ Drownbase™ and the NZ Police National Dive Squad records. For inclusion, a victim must have been wearing a scuba set (which may include a rebreather). A key word search of the NCIS was made and the r

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Wong, Nicole YE, Hanna van Waart, Jamie W. Sleigh, Simon J. Mitchell, and Xavier CE Vrijdag. "A systematic review of electroencephalography in acute cerebral hypoxia: clinical and diving implications." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 53, no. 3 (2023): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm53.3.268-280.

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Introduction: Hypoxia can cause central nervous system dysfunction and injury. Hypoxia is a particular risk during rebreather diving. Given its subtle symptom profile and its catastrophic consequences there is a need for reliable hypoxia monitoring. Electroencephalography (EEG) is being investigated as a real time monitor for multiple diving problems related to inspired gas, including hypoxia. Methods: A systematic literature search identified articles investigating the relationship between EEG changes and acute cerebral hypoxia in healthy adults. Quality of clinical evidence was assessed usin

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Coleman, Brendan, and F. Michael Davis. "Dysbaric osteonecrosis in technical divers: The new ‘at-risk’ group?" Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 50, no. 3 (2020): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm50.3.295-299.

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Introduction: Dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON) in people working under increased atmospheric pressure is well documented. It is generally less common in military and commercial divers than in caisson workers, except in some high-risk groups, such as in many indigenous diving industries where workers have little or no understanding of decompression principles. With the increasing popularity within the recreational diving community of deep air and mixed-gas decompression diving (‘technical diving’), it is likely that diving physicians may see an increase in the prevalence of DON in this group in the

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Balestra, Costantino, François Guerrero, Sigrid Theunissen, Peter Germonpré, and Pierre Lafère. "Physiology of repeated mixed gas 100-m wreck dives using a closed-circuit rebreather: a field bubble study." European Journal of Applied Physiology 122, no. 2 (2021): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04856-5.

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Lindfors, Oskari H., Anne K. Räisänen-Sokolowski, Timo P. Hirvonen, and Saku T. Sinkkonen. "Inner ear barotrauma and inner ear decompression sickness: a systematic review on differential diagnostics." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm51.4.328-337.

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Introduction: Inner ear barotrauma (IEBt) and inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) are the two dysbaric inner ear injuries associated with diving. Both conditions manifest as cochleovestibular symptoms, causing difficulties in differential diagnosis and possibly delaying (or leading to inappropriate) treatment. Methods: This was a systematic review of IEBt and IEDCS cases aiming to define diving and clinical variables that help differentiate these conditions. The search strategy consisted of a preliminary search, followed by a systematic search covering three databases (PubMed, Medline, Sc

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Lamont, PhD, Donald, Andrew Colvin, MSc, Adrian Heili, Tony Ridley, MSc, Roy Slocombe, and Jurg Wendling, MD. "Advanced high pressure hyperbaric techniques in tunnelling." Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 51, no. 2 (2024): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22462/640.

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ABSTRACT Lamont D, Colvin A, Heili A, Ridley T, Slocombe R, Wendling J. Advanced high pressure hyperbaric techniques in tunnelling. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2024 Second Quarter; 51(2):159-171. Work in compressed air and diving are both occupational activities that have been around since the mid- 19th century, and those undertaking their work under elevated pressure. Meeting the demand to go to “higher pressure for longer” in tunneling has lagged in diving, but both activities have found it necessary to adopt mixed gas breathing and saturation exposure techniques. This paper explains how work in hy

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PYLE, RICHARD L., JOHN L. EARLE, and BRIAN D. GREENE. "Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific." Zootaxa 1671, no. 1 (2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1671.1.2.

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Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis 2 (Perciformes 3 : Labroidei 4 : Pomacentridae 5 ) are described from specimens collected from deep (>60 m) coral-reef habitat in the western Pacific by divers using mixed-gas closed-circuit rebreather gear. Two of the five new species (C. abyssus and C. circumaurea) are each described from specimens taken at a single locality within the Caroline Islands (Palau and Yap, respectively); one (C. degruyi) is described from specimens collected or observed throughout the Caroline Islands, and two (C. brevirostris and C. earina) are described from s

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Balestra, Costantino, Clément Leveque, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, et al. "Inert Gas Mild Pressure Action on Healthy Humans: The “IPA” Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 22 (2024): 12067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212067.

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The goal of this study was to evaluate inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in human subjects (9 females and 15 males) (age [29.6 ± 11.5 years old (mean ± SD)], height [172.0 ± 10.05 cm], and weight [67.8 ± 12.4 kg]) exposed to 1.45 ATA of helium (He) or nitrogen (N2) without concurrent hyperoxia. We hypothesized that elevated gas pressures would elicit an inflammatory response concurrent with oxidative stress. Consistent with ex vivo studies, both gasses elicited neutrophil activation, small elevations in microparticles (MPs) and increases in intra-MP interleukin (IL)-1β and inflammato

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Lindfors, Oskari H., Richard V. Lundell, Olli J. Arola, Timo P. Hirvonen, Saku T. Sinkkonen, and Anne Ki Räisänen-Sokolowsk. "Inner ear decompression sickness in Finland: a retrospective 20-year multicenter study." Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 48, no. 4 (2021): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.22462/07.08.2021.4.

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Introduction: Inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) is a condition from which only a minority of patients recover completely, the majority ending up with mild to moderate residual symptoms. IEDCS has been reported after deep technical dives using mixed breathing gases, and moderate recreational dives with compressed air as the breathing gas. Considering this and the high proportion of technical diving in Finland, a comparison between IEDCS cases resulting from technical and recreational dives is warranted. Methods: This is a retrospective examination of IEDCS patients treated at Hyperbaric

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Chevasutho, Pitchaya, Hansa Premmaneesakul, and Atipong Sujiratana. "Descriptive study of decompression illness in a hyperbaric medicine centre in Bangkok, Thailand from 2015 to 2021." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 52, no. 4 (2022): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm52.4.277-280.

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Introduction: This study aimed to determine the characteristics of decompression illness patients and their treatment outcomes, at the Center of Hyperbaric Medicine, Somdech Phra Pinklao Hospital, one of the largest centres in Thailand. Methods: Past medical records of patients with decompression illness from 2015 to 2021 were retrieved and analysed. Results: Ninety-eight records of diving-related illness from 97 divers were reviewed. Most of the divers were male (n = 50), Thai (n = 86), and were certified at least open water or equivalent (n = 88). On-site first aid oxygen inhalation was prov

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Muth, Thomas, Jochen D. Schipke, Anne-Kathrin Brebeck, and Sven Dreyer. "Assessing Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency: Which Confounders? A Narrative Review." Medicina 59, no. 4 (2023): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040800.

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The critical flicker fusion frequency (cFFF) refers to the frequency at which a regularly recurring change of light stimuli is perceived as steady. The cFFF threshold is often assessed in clinics to evaluate the temporal characteristics of the visual system, making it a common test for eye diseases. Additionally, it serves as a helpful diagnostic tool for various neurological and internal diseases. In the field of diving/hyperbaric medicine, cFFF has been utilized to determine alertness and cognitive functions. Changes in the cFFF threshold have been linked to the influence of increased respir

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Pyle, Richard L., and Randall K. Kosaki. "Prognathodes basabei, a new species of butterflyfish (Perciformes, Chaetodontidae) from the Hawaiian Archipelago." ZooKeys 614 (September 6, 2016): 137–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.614.10200.

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A new species of the butterflyfish genus Prognathodes is described from specimens collected at a depth of 55–61 m off Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This species has been observed by mixed-gas divers and from submersibles at depths ranging from 45–187 m throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago, with shallower sightings in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and deeper in the Main Hawaiian Islands. It is similar to P. guezei (Maugé and Bauchot 1976) from the western Indian Ocean, and at least one other undescribed species of Prognathodes from Palau, differing from these species

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Pyle, Richard L. "Assessing Undiscovered Fish Biodiversity on Deep Coral Reefs Using Advanced Self-Contained Diving Technology." Marine Technology Society Journal 34, no. 4 (2000): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.34.4.11.

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Due primarily to limitations of existing technology, deep (60‐150 m) coral reefs have remained largely unexplored. In 1989 I began developing the use of mixed-gas SCUBA and other ‘technical’ diving techniques as a tool for ichthyological investigation of coral reefs at depths of 60‐150 m, and have since conducted initial exploratory expeditions to the Cook Islands, Papua New Guinea, and the Patau Islands. These expeditions yielded over 200 fish specimens, comprising more than 100 species representing 20 different families. Among these are more than fifty new species, three-quarters of which be

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Arieli, R., O. Ertracht, I. Oster, A. Vitenstein, and Y. Adir. "Effects of nitrogen and helium on CNS oxygen toxicity in the rat." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 1 (2005): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00506.2004.

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The contribution of inert gases to the risk of central nervous system (CNS) oxygen toxicity is a matter of controversy. Therefore, diving regulations apply strict rules regarding permissible oxygen pressures (Po2). We studied the effects of nitrogen and helium (0, 15, 25, 40, 50, and 60%) and different levels of Po2 (507, 557, 608, and 658 kPa) on the latency to the first electrical discharge (FED) in the EEG in rats, with repeated measurements in each animal. Latency as a function of the nitrogen pressure was not homogeneous for each rat. The prolongation of latency observed in some rats at c

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Pyle, Richard L., Raymond Boland, Holly Bolick, et al. "A comprehensive investigation of mesophotic coral ecosystems in the Hawaiian Archipelago." PeerJ 4 (October 4, 2016): e2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2475.

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Although the existence of coral-reef habitats at depths to 165 m in tropical regions has been known for decades, the richness, diversity, and ecological importance of mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) has only recently become widely acknowledged. During an interdisciplinary effort spanning more than two decades, we characterized the most expansive MCEs ever recorded, with vast macroalgal communities and areas of 100% coral cover between depths of 50–90 m extending for tens of km2in the Hawaiian Archipelago. We used a variety of sensors and techniques to establish geophysical characteristics.

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Shaffer, S. A., D. P. Costa, T. M. Williams, and S. H. Ridgway. "Diving and swimming performance of white whales, Delphinapterus leucas: an assessment of plasma lactate and blood gas levels and respiratory rates." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 24 (1997): 3091–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.24.3091.

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The white whale Delphinapterus leucas is an exceptional diver, yet we know little about the physiology that enables this species to make prolonged dives. We studied trained white whales with the specific goal of assessing their diving and swimming performance. Two adult whales performed dives to a test platform suspended at depths of 5-300 m. Behavior was monitored for 457 dives with durations of 2.2-13.3 min. Descent rates were generally less than 2 m s-1 and ascent rates averaged 2.2-3 m s-1. Post-dive plasma lactate concentration increased to as much as 3.4 mmol l-1 (4-5 times the resting l

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Klenkov, I. R., A. S. Krivonos, R. A. Grashin, A. V. Pototskaya, V. A. Zheleznyak, and I. S. Maday. "Pathobiochemical aspects of divers barodentalgia." Extreme Medicine 26, no. 3 (2024): 65–70. https://doi.org/10.47183/mes.2024-26-3-65-70.

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Introduction. During their descent under water, divers may suffer from acute toothache attacks (barodentalgia), creating an emergency that leads to the termination of diving descent. Barodentalgia can be caused by hypoxic process in the pulp of filled teeth under increased intrapulpal pressure.Objective. To reveal the peculiarities of hypoxic processes in the pulp of filled teeth under hyperbaric exposure basing on oximetry and fluorescence change parameters.Мaterials and methods. The study involved 34 male divers who underwent a dental examination at the first stage to select individuals for

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Bagatto, B., and R. P. Henry. "Exercise and forced submergence in the pond slider (Trachemys scripta) and softshell turtle (Apalone ferox): influence on bimodal gas exchange, diving behaviour and blood acid-base status." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 3 (1999): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.3.267.

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The dynamics of bimodal respiration, diving behaviour and blood acid-base status in the softshell turtle Trachemys scripta and the pond slider Apalone ferox were investigated at rest and under conditions of stress induced by exercise and forced submergence. During periods of forced submergence, only A. ferox doubled its aquatic gas exchange rate. Both A. ferox and T. scripta increased their aerial gas exchange profoundly following exercise and forced submergence, a pattern indicative of increased anaerobic respiration. Emersion duration increased significantly in A. ferox following forced subm

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Piispanen, Wilhelm W., Richard V. Lundell, Laura J. Tuominen, and Anne K. Räisänen-Sokolowski. "Assessment of Alertness and Cognitive Performance of Closed Circuit Rebreather Divers With the Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency Test in Arctic Diving Conditions." Frontiers in Physiology 12 (August 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.722915.

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Introduction: Cold water imposes many risks to the diver. These risks include decompression illness, physical and cognitive impairment, and hypothermia. Cognitive impairment can be estimated using a critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) test, but this method has only been used in a few studies conducted in an open water environment. We studied the effect of the cold and a helium-containing mixed breathing gas on the cognition of closed circuit rebreather (CCR) divers.Materials and Methods: Twenty-three divers performed an identical dive with controlled trimix gas with a CCR device in an ice

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Balestra, Costantino, Clément Lévêque, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, et al. "Physiology of deep closed circuit rebreather mixed gas diving: vascular gas emboli and biological changes during a week-long liveaboard safari." Frontiers in Physiology 15 (April 10, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1395846.

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Introduction: Diving decompression theory hypothesizes inflammatory processes as a source of micronuclei which could increase related risks. Therefore, we tested 10 healthy, male divers. They performed 6–8 dives with a maximum of two dives per day at depths ranging from 21 to 122 msw with CCR mixed gas diving.Methods: Post-dive VGE were counted by echocardiography. Saliva and urine samples were taken before and after each dive to evaluate inflammation: ROS production, lipid peroxidation (8-iso-PGF2), DNA damage (8-OH-dG), cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and neopterin).Results: VGE exhibits a progressi

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Tuominen, Laura J., Suvi Tuohinen, Richard V. Lundell, Anne K. Räisänen-Sokolowski, and Tomi Wuorimaa. "The effect of a single closed-circuit rebreather decompression dive in extremely cold water to cardiac function." European Journal of Applied Physiology, January 8, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05392-0.

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Abstract Purpose Dive-induced cardiac and hemodynamic changes are caused by various mechanisms, and they are aggravated by cold water. Therefore, aging divers with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions may be at risk of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or arrhythmias while diving. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a single decompression CCR dive in arctic cold water on cardiac function in Finnish technical divers. Methods Thirty-nine divers performed one identical 45 mfw CCR dive in 2–4 °C water. Hydration and cardiac functions were assessed before and after the div

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Dugrenot, Emmanuel, Costantino Balestra, Emmanuel Gouin, Erwan L’Her, and François Guerrero. "Physiological effects of mixed-gas deep sea dives using a closed-circuit rebreather: a field pilot study." European Journal of Applied Physiology, August 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04798-y.

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Kohshi, Kiyotaka, Petar J. Denoble, Hideki Tamaki, Yoshitaka Morimatsu, Tatsuya Ishitake, and Frédéric Lemaître. "Decompression Illness in Repetitive Breath-Hold Diving: Why Ischemic Lesions Involve the Brain?" Frontiers in Physiology 12 (September 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.711850.

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Nitrogen (N2) accumulation in the blood and tissues can occur due to breath-hold (BH) diving. Post-dive venous gas emboli have been documented in commercial BH divers (Ama) after repetitive dives with short surface intervals. Hence, BH diving can theoretically cause decompression illness (DCI). “Taravana,” the diving syndrome described in Polynesian pearl divers by Cross in the 1960s, is likely DCI. It manifests mainly with cerebral involvements, especially stroke-like brain attacks with the spinal cord spared. Neuroradiological studies on Ama divers showed symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemi

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Parsons, Dale, Edward Utz, Grant Kidd, and Gina Virgilio. "Inner ear decompression sickness after a routine dive and recompression chamber drill: A case report." Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, January 1, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22462/01.01.2023.27.

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Inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) is an uncommon diving-related injury affecting the vestibulocochlear system, with symptoms typically including vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss, either in isolation or in combination. Classically associated with deep, mixed-gas diving, more recent case series have shown that IEDCS is indeed possible after seemingly innocuous recreational dives, and there has been one previous report of IEDCS following routine hyperbaric chamber operations. The presence of right-to-left shunt (RLS), dehydration and increases in intrathoracic pressure have been identifi

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Parsons, MD, LCDR Dale, CDR Edward Utz, CAPT Grant Kidd, and CDR Gina Virgilio, MD. "Inner ear decompression sickness after a routine dive and recompression chamber drill." Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, July 13, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22462/599.

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Inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) is an uncommon diving-related injury affecting the vestibulocochlear system, with symptoms typically including vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss, either in isolation or in combination. Classically associated with deep, mixed-gas diving, more recent case series have shown that IEDCS is indeed possible after seemingly innocuous recreational dives, and there has been one previous report of IEDCS following routine hyperbaric chamber operations. The presence of right-to-left shunt (RLS), dehydration and increases in intrathoracic pressure have been identifi

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Ashworth, Edward T., Ryotaro Ogawa, David R. Vera, and Peter Lindholm. "Using 13N2 and PET to track in vivo nitrogen gas kinetics during normobaric conditions." Frontiers in Physiology 16 (April 1, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1556478.

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IntroductionDecompression sickness (DCS) during extravehicular activity in space or after diving is caused by gaseous nitrogen. The pathophysiology is still not fully understood, as mechanisms of dissolved gas uptake and bubble development are challenging to study. We aimed to develop a new method using nitrogen-13 (13N2) gas in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) under normobaric pressure.MethodsA single anesthetized and ventilated Sprague Dawley rat lay supine inside a PET scanner for 30 min. The rat breathed oxygen for the first 2 min, then 13N2 gas mixed with oxygen for 20 min, t

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Xiang, Dao, Yiqun Fang, Beibei Luo, Shuo Yan, Ji Xu, and Peijie Chen. "High Air‐Pressure Elevated Energy Expenditure in Mice." FASEB Journal 31, S1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.711.4.

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PURPOSEWhen diving or working underwater, people would be exposed to the air‐pressure higher than standard atmospheric pressure. The higher pressure would be an extra load for divers to do exercises or even breathe. And the extra load would alter divers' energy expenditure (EE). Our study examined the effects of high‐pressure exposure on energy expenditure in mice.METHOD6 male C57 Mice, 8‐week old, were kept in pressure chamber separately with N2/O2 mixed gas at standard atmospheric pressure (101kPa). The temperature of the chamber was maintained at 22□ (±1.0 □). The energy expenditure was ass

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Boland, Raymond C., K. David Hyrenbach, Edward E. DeMartini, Frank A. Parrish, and John J. Rooney. "Quantifying Mesophotic Fish Assemblages of Hawai‘i’s Au‘au Channel: Associations With Benthic Habitats and Depth." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (January 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.785308.

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Mesophotic reefs (30–150 m) occur in the tropics and subtropics at depths beyond most scientific diving, thereby making conventional surveys challenging. Towed cameras, submersibles, and mixed-gas divers were used to survey the mesophotic reef fish assemblages and benthic substrates of the Au‘au Channel, between the Hawaiian Islands of Maui and Lāna‘i. Non-parametric multivariate analysis: Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP), and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) were used to determine the association of me

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Dolscheid-Pommerich, Ramona C., Birgit Stoffel-Wagner, Madlen Reinicke, Frans Stellaard, Dieter Lütjohann, and Lars Eichhorn. "The effect of short post-apnea time on plasma triglycerides, lipoprotein and cholesterol derived oxysterols levels." LaboratoriumsMedizin, September 12, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/labmed-2022-0042.

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Abstract Objectives Apnea diving is characterized by extreme hypoxia and hypercapnia. Possible pathophysiological processes concerning the cardiovascular system are not yet fully understood. Hypoxia has effects on triglyceride metabolism and circulating blood lipids. To date, in voluntary apnea divers, no short-time hypoxia expositions focusing on plasma triglycerides, lipoprotein and cholesterol derived oxysterols levels have been performed. We hypothesize that short time hypoxemia leads to altered triglyceride, cholesterol, and oxysterol plasma levels in voluntary apnea divers. Methods Ten a

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sprotocols. "PROTOCOL FOR GAS SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS IN STRANDED MARINE MAMMALS." January 15, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13972.

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Authors: Yara Bernaldo de Quirós, Óscar González-Díaz, Manuel Arbelo, Marisa Andrada & Antonio Fernández ### Abstract Gas sampling in stranded marine mammals can now be performed in situ using the appropriate vacuum tubes, insulin syringes and an aspirometer. Glass vacuum tubes are used for extraction of gas from cavities such as the intestine, pterigoyd air sacs, pneumothorax or subcapsular emphysema as well as for storage of the gas sample at room temperature and pressure. Insulin syringes are used for extraction of bubbles found in veins, then immediately injecting its content into the

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sprotocols. "Copolymerization preparation of cationic cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases for drug enantioseparation in chromatography." January 10, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13871.

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Authors: Ren-Qi Wang, Teng-Teng Ong, Ke Huang, Weihua Tang & Siu-Choon Ng ### Abstract We described a facile and effective protocol wherein radical copolymerization is employed to covalently bond cationic β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) onto silica particles with extended linkage, resulting in a chiral stationary phase (IMPCSP) that can be used for the enantioseparation of racemic drugs in both high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Starting from commercially available chemicals, the IMPCSP is prepared in several steps: (i) reaction of β-CD with 1

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