Dissertations / Theses: 'Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)'

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Hedén, Tomas. "Mixed martial arts och boxning i Sverige." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för historia och samtidsstudier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19853.

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In 1970 professional boxing became illegal in Sweden and in 2009 the prohibition was removed.Just before both of these changes in the law there were debates in media where people argued forand against ilegalization. In the later debate the focus has shifted from professional boxing toinclude Mixed Martial Arts(MMA) as well. MMA was governed and bound by the same law asprofessional boxing.This purpose of this paper is to compare the debate in 1968-1969 with the debate in 2006. The twodebates resulted in two different outcomes, ilegalization of professional boxing in 1970 and thenlegalization of it 2009. Are there any reason for these differences? What is the reasoning behindthis? By using hegemonic masculinity as a guidance when examining the debates this paper istrying to understand how the discourse have changed over time. The method is to analyze thediscourse in the debates by looking at morality, health and commercialization arguments.The result of this paper is that the arguments are similar in both debates. The values of thehegemonic masculinity is shown through six different topics. (1) How violence is perceived, (2) thefreedom of choice, (3) medias power to command and influence the people, (4) what is considered asport and what is considered an assault, (5) what the society allows children to be able to beinfluenced by and (6) the government's role as a regulator of the sports. The conclusion is that achange in the hegemonic masculinity can not be proven to be exclusively responsible for thedifferent outcomes of the debates. However, the examination of the discourse clearly shows theevolution of the values of the hegemonic masculinity.2

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Almeida, Sebastião Carlos Ferreira de. "Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) no Brasil: masculinidades em disputa." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5761.

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The following study consists in a sociological analysis about the production of manhood styles in the universe of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), from an ethnographic research made with a group of physical fight practitioners in the city named Goiânia-GO. Thus, it points out to the relevance of consumption and the interference of the market in the construction of some symbolic repertoire about manhood seen as essentials and/or primordials, discussing how the subjects seize and embody such an imaginary thing amidst stress, ambivalences and disputes. The document is organized into five chapters. In the first, I talk about the questionable utilization of physical fights and martial arts as an invented tradition, as an orientalist play, in the configuration of imaginary communities. In the second, I talk about the appearance of MMA coming from the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), giving focus to historical and sociological aspects that takes part in the symbolic economy in which establishes some manly speeches that are important for involved agents with the dynamic of manhoods in question. The third chapter brings thoughts about implied codes to the expression of manhoods in the universe of fighters where it was realized the field research, emphasizing the usage of signs associated to the genre relations with the production of relevant styles of the habitus of fighters. I develop discussions about the acceptance of the speech of order and the discipline of the contributors in the fourth chapter, in order to determine how interactions with women and other manhoods go through the influence of conservative opinion; and how much this dynamic is responsible for the creation of conflicts in this universe. The fifth chapter talks about the biographies of iconic fighters in several levels of the field topology embodied by fighters and referees that take part of the cultural goods market around MMA and UFC. So I posit that the fight that brought the thoughts about manhoods in this study highlights the stress around the sexuality, of questions related to family and to work; and before it means a sportivization, it indicates an intense civilizing process, as it allows the fruition an uncontrolled control of the emotions and makes evident tools of social control. The respect and affection of traditional institutes like family and heterosexuality, like the possibility of social ascension through MMA, require from the fighters a self-sacrifice that reinstalls in the contemporaneous scenario the perspective of the individual discipline as a resource to the success. This process allow us to imply that dynamics and rhetoric of market (re)products styles of manhoods seen as “non corruptible” by the present day, such elements being appropriate by interested agents in the symbolic capital that is inherent in the form of disputes for hegemony. Keywords: Mixed Martial Arts, manhoods; uncontrolled control; imaginary communities; market of symbolic goods.
O presente estudo consiste em uma análise sociológica da produção de estilos de masculinidades no universo do Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), a partir de uma pesquisa de caráter etnográfico realizada junto a um grupo de praticantes de lutas corporais na cidade de Goiânia-GO. Aponta, assim, para a pertinência do consumo e para a interferência do mercado na construção de certo repertório simbólico sobre masculinidades tidas como essenciais e/ou primordiais, discutindo como os sujeitos apropriam-se e corporificam tal imaginário em meio a tensões, ambivalências e disputas. O texto está organizado em cinco capítulos. No primeiro, discorro sobre a problemática das lutas corporais e das artes marciais enquanto tradição inventada utilizada, enquanto peça orientalista, na conformação de comunidades imaginadas. No segundo, abordo o surgimento do MMA a partir do Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), focando aspectos históricos e sociológicos que participam da economia simbólica dentro da qual se instalam discursos e retóricas viris importantes para agentes envolvidos com a dinâmica da masculinidade em questão. O terceiro capítulo traz reflexões a respeito de códigos implícitos à expressão de masculinidades no universo de lutadores onde foi realizada a pesquisa de campo, realçando o manejo de signos associados às relações de gênero com a produção de estilos relevadores de habitus de lutadores. Desenvolvo discussões sobre uma apropriação do discurso da ordem e da disciplina por parte dos colaboradores no quarto capítulo, no sentido de apontar como interações com mulheres e outras masculinidades sofrem a influência de disposições conservadoras; e o quanto tal dinâmica é responsável pela produção de conflitos nesse universo. O quinto capítulo aborda a questão das biografias de lutadores emblemáticos em diversos níveis da topologia do campo constituído por lutadores e mediadores que participam do mercado de bens culturais em torno do MMA e do UFC. Postulo que a luta de que se lançou mão para as reflexões sobre masculinidades nesse estudo realça a tensão em torno da sexualidade, de questões relacionadas à família e ao trabalho; e antes de significar uma desportivização, indica um acirramento do processo civilizatório, na medida em que permite a fruição de um descontrole controlado das emoções e evidencia ferramentas de controle social. A valorização de instituições tradicionais como a família e a heterossexualidade, bem como a possibilidade de ascensão social através do MMA, exigem de lutadores um auto sacrifício que reinstala no cenário contemporâneo a perspectiva da ascese individual como recurso para o sucesso. Este processo permite inferir que dinâmicas e retóricas de mercado (re)produzem estilos de masculinidades tidos como “não corrompidos” pela modernidade, sendo tais elementos apropriados por agentes interessados no capital simbólico que lhes é inerente sob a forma de disputas por hegemonia. Palavras-chave: Mixed Martial Arts; masculinidades; descontrole controlado; comunidades imaginadas; mercado de bens simbólicos.

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Carmo, Gonçalo Cassins Moreira do. "IT`S SHOW TIME: VIOLÊNCIA E EMOÇÕES NO MIXED MARTIAL ARTS (MMA 1995 – 2016)." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2016. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/256.

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This study, whose study problem is the relationship that is established between the violence and the emotion in the MMA, from the perspective of fighters and spectators,aims to analyze the violence and the emotion in the MMA from the perspective of both.Among the specific objectives are: historicizing the MMA; to present theoretical elements that allow the understanding of violence and emotion in the universe of MMA;to Identify what kind of emotion is present during the preparation period and the moment of the fight. The literature chosen to discuss the issue suggests that violence control has a strong association with emotional control (ELIAS; DUNNING, 1992).From the perspective of the fighters and spectators, is tried to discuss violence and emotion, using the concepts of symbolic violence, real violence, legitimate violence and systemic violence. From this, three hypothesis are presented: the first is that the MMA is a violent sport, conceived in this way in order to serve the demands of a society and a violent man by nature; The second one points out that the perception of fighters that the MMA is not violent is related to the fact that the competitions possess rules, unlike what happens on the streets. The third hypothesis upholds that there is a social need for the public to experience violence, which can be seen by the increasing demand for events involving MMA, indicated by the increase in TV ratings and the purchasing of pay-per-view packages. The proposed temporal frame refers to the period between 1995 and 2016. The initial time mark was established due to changes in the rules occurred after the UFC-5 event took place, a period in which the confrontations had no time limit, it means, there was no division by rounds, nor amaximum period length for the fight to end. After the changes, the fights began to occur with pre-established time length. Regarding the final temporal beacon, the year 2016, it is due to the edition of the UFC-198, held in the city of Curitiba-PR. In this event,spectators were interviewed, as well as, were concluded the semi-structured observations and interviews with the fighters. The methodology used was qualitative of the ethnographic type, whose instruments were the participating observation and semi-structured interviews. It was found that, from the perspective of fighters and spectators, the MMA is not a violent sport, although the literature and the interviews conducted with them show the presence of a symbolic violence during training and the moment of the combat. There is also a strong emotional appeal, in which happiness and fear are present. The text is structured in three chapters, by which it was sought to discuss violence and emotion based on the proposed theoretical framework and the performed interviews.
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a violência e a emoção no MMA sob a perspectiva de lutadores e espectadores, a partir do estudo da relação que se estabelece entre ambos. Entre os objetivos específicos estão historicizar o MMA; apresentar elementos teóricos que possibilitem a compreensão da violência e da emoção no universo do MMA; e identificar que tipo de emoção está presente durante o período de preparação e o momento da luta. A pesquisa se pauta na literatura de Elias e Dunning (1992), a qual sugere que o controle da violência possui forte associação com o controle emocional. Procura-se discutir violência e emoção utilizando-se os conceitos de violência simbólica, violência real, violência legítima e violência sistêmica. Deste modo, apresentam-se três hipóteses: a primeira é que o MMA é um esporte violento, concebido desta forma com fins de atender as demandas de uma sociedade e de um homem violento por natureza; a segunda aponta que a percepção tida pelos lutadores de que o MMA não é violento está relacionada ao fato de as competições apresentarem regras, diferentemente do que acontece nas ruas; e a terceira é a de que existe uma necessidade social, por parte do público, de vivenciar a violência, o que pode ser constatado por meio da crescente procura por eventos que envolvem o MMA. O recorte temporal refere-se ao período compreendido entre 1995 e 2016. A baliza temporal inicial foi estabelecida em virtude de mudanças de regras ocorridas a partir da realização do UFC – 5, em que os confrontos não apresentavam limite de tempo, ou seja, não havia divisão por rounds, tampouco tempo máximo para que a luta se encerrasse. Após este evento, as lutas passaram a ocorrer com tempos determinados. Já a baliza temporal final, 2016, deve-se à edição do UFC -198, em que foram entrevistados espectadores e concluídas as observações e entrevistas semiestruturadas com os lutadores. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa do tipo etnográfica, cujos instrumentos foram a observação participante e a entrevista semiestruturada. Constatou-se que, na perspectiva dos lutadores e espectadores, o MMA não é um esporte violento, embora a literatura e as entrevistas evidenciem a presença de violência simbólica durante os treinamentos e o momento do combate.Existe, ainda, um forte apelo emocional, no qual a felicidade e o medo estão presentes. O texto foi organizado em três capítulos, pelos quais se buscou discutir a violência e a emoção a partir do referencial teórico proposto e das entrevistas semiestruturadas.

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Coswig, Victor Silveira. "Estrutura temporal e respostas biológicas em luta simulada de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/2966.

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Dentre as diferentes modalidades de combate, o Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) tem crescido rapidamente em âmbito internacional. Caracterizado por incorporar estilos de luta derivados de outras artes marciais, envolve técnicas de agarre em pé, agarre no chão, técnicas de percussão em pé e exige nível de condicionamento físico elevado. De modo frequente, a prática de modalidades esportivas de combate envolve a própria luta como método de treinamento físico e técnico e parece apresentar alta relevância, visto que é frequente o estudo de lutas simuladas em diversas modalidades de combate. Com isto, torna-se relevante o conhecimento das características destas práticas de treinamento, visto que, já foi evidenciado que lutas simuladas apresentam respostas diferenciadas de combates em eventos oficiais. Neste sentido, a relação entre esforço e pausa das lutas tem sido fortemente sugerida como método para prescrição de treinamento, o que aponta a necessidade do conhecimento destas variáveis em lutas simuladas. Adicionalmente, o conhecimento do estresse físico, orgânico e percebido dos atletas, a partir destes estímulos, se torna necessário para melhor adequação do processo de planejamento e organização. Deste modo, a redução dos fatores empíricos de prescrição pode promover maior previsibilidade das adaptações e reduzir os riscos de overtraining, já que esta realidade deve ser fortemente considerada no MMA. Assim, considerando que grande parte do entendimento acerca do MMA é advinda das modalidades que o compõem, torna-se relevante a descrição das demandas orgânicas, físicas e psicométricas originadas especificamente da simulação de lutas de MMA e as relações destes com a temporalidade das lutas, bem como a caracterização dos processos recuperativos de indicadores do dano muscular advindo desta prática.
Among the different types of fighting, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has grown rapidly in the international scenario. Characterized by incorporating fighting styles derived from other martial arts techniques involves standing grappling, groundwork grappling percussion techniques and require high fitness level. So often, the practice of sports of combat involves his own struggle as a method of physical and technical training and introduce high relevance, since it is often the study of simulated fights in various modes of combat. With this, it becomes relevant knowledge of the characteristics of these training practices, as has been evidenced that simulated fights have differentiated responses of fighting in official events. In this sense, the relationship between effort and pause of the fighting has been strongly suggested as a method for training prescription, what points the need of knowledge of these variables in simulated fights. Additionally, the knowledge of physical stress, organic and noticed the athletes, from these stimuli, it is necessary to better matching of the planning process and organization. Thus, the reduction of empirical factors of prescription can promote greater predictability of adaptations and reduce risks of overtraining, as this reality should be strongly considered in MMA. Thus, whereas much of the understanding of MMA is from the modalities comprising it, becomes relevant to description of organic, physical demands and psychometric originated specifically MMA fights simulation and the relationships of these with the temporality of the fights, as well as the characterization of the recovery processes of muscle damage indicators from this practice.

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Stenius, Magnus. "The body in pain and pleasure : an ethnography of mixed martial arts." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-107527.

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Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a sport on the rise within the field of martial arts in which competitors fight in a cage and utilize full-contact movements using their fists, elbows, and knees as well as kicks, other strikes, and submission techniques to defeat their opponents. MMA has become a modern social movement in combat sports that has become globalized in a short time and is the fastest growing sport in the world. MMA encompasses disciplines from various martial arts and Olympic sports such as boxing, kickboxing, karate, kempo, jiu-jitsu, Muay Thai, tae kwon do, wrestling, sambo, judo, etc. The rounds are five minutes in length and there are typically three rounds in a contest, unless it is a championship fight in which case the contest lasts five rounds. The aim of this study is to analyze the bodily constructions and productions within the MMA culture and especially the constructed human violence associated with the sport. Based on autoethnographic participation in three Swedish MMA clubs, as well as shorter fieldwork case studies conducted in Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Brazil, and the US, this thesis investigates the interrelationship between MMA, excitement, sensationalism, and the spectacular physical violence that stains the participants’ bodies. Concepts taken from performance ethnography are applied to an analysis of what is reconstructed bodily. This is followed by an analysis that attempts to outline what body-violence means and how this understanding of the informants’ bodies, as well as of the researcher’s body-knowledge, reconstructs the definitions of MMA. A phenomenological approach to the concept of fighting is also included in relation to the MMA landscape. Thus, I present how the body learns the cultural enactments in fighting and how these forces shape the fighters’ gender, habitus, and way of resisting the discourse of critical opinions on MMA practice. Moreover, in trying to grasp the inner sense of MMA, I argue that the physical phenomenon of MMA is dependent on an intersubjective engagement and on the control of one’s inner coordination, which teaches a fighter how to deal with power, pain, suffering, aggression, and adrenaline flows. Keywords: abject, adrenaline, anthropology, athletes, autoethnography, body, combat arts, culture, desire, embodied, enculturation, ethnology, fieldwork, field-making, flow, fighting, full-contact, gender, harm, homosociality, intercultural, interobject, intersubjectivity, martial arts, materiality, masculinity, MMA, method, pain, personal, performance, performativity, phenomenology, pleasure, posthuman, postmodern, power, ritual, risk-taking, rush, self-reflexive, sportive, sport, stained, struggle, suffering, thrill, UFC, violence.

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Wångdahl, Max, and Martin Östling. "Det här är Mixed Martial Arts! : En kvantitativ innehållsanalys om hur svensk dagspress framställer MMA." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-16982.

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Purpose/aim: This study was performed in order to describe how Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is reported in Swedish daily newspapers during a five-year period. MMA is a relative new sport in Sweden and it is important that the description by the Swedish daily newspapers is accurate and balanced. Then this sport will have the same opportunities to grow as already well-established sports in Sweden. Material/Method: The material consists of 159 articles from six different daily newspapers gathered from 2006-12-07 to 2011-12-07. Quantitative content analysis is used to investigate how the newspapers describe MMA. The result from this quantitative analysis are then compiled, analysed and discussed by applying theories of agenda setting, framing and moral panic. Main results: The result shows that the Swedish daily newspapers give a relative neutral and balanced picture in their coverage of MMA but they are affected to a certain degree of moral panic. A neutral framing of MMA was common in the majority of the newspapers. Swedish newspapers have fulfilled the requirements that you should have on balanced journalism. A majority of the articles described MMA with more or less deviancy and therefore made MMA “Folk Devils”. Further there was a consensus among politicians and other right-thinking people that MMA is a threat to and is dangerous to society. The negative reporting of MMA in the daily newspapers is volatile with one-year cycles with start in late 2009. With one quarter of the articles describing MMA as a problem, there is preconception that MMA is likely to have a negative impact on society. There is a disproportion in the reporting of MMA as a threat as “Swedish Sports” have approved MMA as a sport, but still report it as a problem. Therefore there is some kind of moral panic about MMA in Swedish daily newspaper.

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Sehlstedt, Johan, and Benjamin Brodin. "”Women will never fight in the UFC” : En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av kvinnlig MMA’s framställning i media." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101633.

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”Never!” That was the answer UFC President Dana White gave when asked when women would be seen in the UFC. Two years later the first fight between two women took place and now there’s more than 50 female competitors in the UFC - an organisation that earlier was reserved only for men. ”Women will never fight in the UFC” – A qualitative content analysis of the depiction of women’s MMA in media is a study which focuses on how women’s MMA and Ronda Rousey as an individual athlete are portrayed in american internet based MMA media, with a gender research perspective. This study also investigates how the introduction of the first women’s division in the UFC might have affected the depiction women’s MMA in media. The theoretical framework consists of gender theory concepts such as gender performativity, the man as norm, sports and masculinity. With this theoretical framework as foundation, a directed content analysis was used as research method. The results of this analysis shows a frequent emphasis on the appearance of female athletes in the material. An attractive woman is preferable, and a muscular and more masculine woman is considered as deviant. Female athletes are constantly in comparison to male athletes, both in a positive sense, when their athleticism or talent is compared, and in a negative sense to downgrade their appearance. It is clear that the man is the starting-point, which the women are compared to. The material shows that before the introduction of a female division in the UFC there were strong concerns about women entering the organisation - would it be received as a positive or a negative change and thus if it was economically sustainable. After the first women’s fight in the UFC, the appearances of the competitors weren’t referenced as frequently in the material as before, and their performances were highlighted in a much higher degree. Ronda Rousey is portrayed as the most important individual competitor in women’s MMA. She’s got “everything”, both the looks and talent. But to some extent her talent is marginalized. A resistance that may be based in the unfamiliarity of seeing a woman in the spotlight of the MMA-world.

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Doeg, Andrew. "Outside the Cage: The Political Campaign to Destroy Mixed Martial Arts." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5627.

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This is an early history of Mixed Martial Arts in America. It focuses primarily on the political campaign to ban the sport in the 1990s and the repercussions that campaign had on MMA itself. Furthermore, it examines the censorship of music and video games in the 1990s. The central argument of this work is that the political campaign to ban Mixed Martial Arts was part of a larger political movement to censor violent entertainment. Connections are shown in the actions and rhetoric of politicians who attacked music, video games and the Ultimate Fighting Championship on the grounds that it glorified violence. The political pressure exerted on the sport is largely responsible for the eventual success and widespread acceptance of MMA. The pressure forced the sport to regulate itself and transformed it into something more acceptable to mainstream America.
M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
History

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Teeter, Allison M. "Caution, this is Sparta!: a gendered examination of mixed martial arts and the spartanization process." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17625.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
Robert Schaeffer
The sport of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) was once referred to as a No Holds Barred (NHB) fighting contest, but is now known as cage, extreme, or ultimate fighting. Showcasing athletes from a variety of martial arts backgrounds, a referee stoppage, knockout, or submission is the only way to win. Pushing their minds and bodies to the limits, fighters often engage in hand-to-hand combat inside of a ring or cage in front of a crowd, for anywhere from three to twenty-five minutes. How does one become an MMA fighter? Through a rigorous and complex process of socialization that will be referred to in this work as the ‘spartanization’ process. A mixed methodological approach, primarily qualitative in nature, was used to reveal the rigorous and complex nature of this process. This study’s data collection began with six site visits taking place over the course of six months. Utilizing a convenience sampling method, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 male and 14 female fighters. The interview schedule addressed fighters’ involvement in the spartanization process, their experiences in the gym as well as the cage, and their perceptions as fighters. Male and female participants described the spartanization process and ascribed meaning to it in similar ways. Their motivations for becoming MMA fighters are explained using theories of identity and alienation. Findings demonstrate that the sport of MMA and process of becoming a fighter are both highly gendered. One was neither found to be more nor less gendered than the other, but according to this study’s findings women are more likely to feel the effects of gender at the organizational level than they are a the level of training. Not sure what MMA is? Never heard of the UFC before? Do not worry, the histories of both are provided. By reading this work you will also learn more about the athletes participating in this sport, and discover whether or not you have what it takes to be the next ‘ultimate fighter.’

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Peters, Lina, and Marlene Ragnarsson. "“MMA är faktiskt mer än bara våld” En Kvalitativ studie om Mixed Martial Arts sociala betydelse för ungdomar." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26492.

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The aim of the study was to examine if the sport Mixed Martial Arts could serve as a enabling element for young people in society and in such a case, in wich way. The following questions were asked in the study:How does coaches and young practioners of MMA experience that the sport affects the living conditions of individuals?Could MMA act as a protective factor in preventing social problems?What is the practioners point of view on the criticism of MMA and the risks of practioning MMA?The study was conducted through the qualitative research approach. Empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews with practioners of an MMA club situated in an area with low socioeconomic status. The empirical material was analyzed based on a number of theoretical concepts, in wich the perspective of risk- and protective factors had an significant part. The result show that MMA could affect the living conditions of individuals in many ways, one of them is the coach as a supportive adult to young people. There are a number of social aspects associated to participation in MMA, as to acquire self-esteem and a social context. The young practioners does not agree on the criticism toward MMA of being brutal and adverse, instead they claim that MMA is characterized by humility and respect to your opponent. They admit that there are injuries following the practice of the sport, as in any sports, thus it is the social advantages that keeps them continuing to practice MMA.

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Fernandes, Rafael de Souza Bento. "Tão assustador que você afina: um estudo do processo de desmarginalização do MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) nas mídias brasileiras." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2422.

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Since 2011, in Brazil (corresponding to a worldwide phenomenon), the MMA, which stands for Mix Martial Arts , has been conquering more and more fans, reaching the level of third most popular sport in the country (only behind Formula One and Soccer), according to Ferreira and Orsolini (2012), in a special report for the magazine Isto é Dinheiro. It s estimated that the trademark UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) industry, main MMA worldwide tournament, is worth around one billion dollars, not considering the segments of clothing trade, sporting products and cable TV channels, all linked to it. Under such production conditions, intensive advertising campaigns were developed in Brazil which, as analysis point out, make possible a casual disconnection from the now reformulated MMA in relation to Vale- Tudo, seen as animalism and brutal, raising it to the status of sport, in a certain sense, denying the intrinsic violence of this physical combat. This sliding of senses (named demarginalization process ) is materialized in the corpus of the study: and ad of the chain of fast-food Burger King to advertise a new sandwich that is so scary (ironically like the fighter Anderson Silva), that você afina ( you become thin ). The purpose of this study is to comprehend the mechanisms that base de diffusion/promotion of speech (in this case, the ones to value MMA), which tangs the double relation of the linguistic fact (mainly the enunciation Tão assustador que você afina ( So scary that you cowers ) of the corpus) to the history (in function of the speech production conditions of the MMA/UFC). For that, the Pêcheux s (2009) presuppositions theory for speech analysis of French orientation, the propositions of Freud (1974) and Nolasco (2001) about the restraint of violence and aggressiveness and the analysis of the media effects, according to Chauí (2006), Eco (1987; 1984), Payer (2005) and Gregolin (2003), were used.
Desde 2011, no Brasil (correspondendo a um fenômeno mundial), o MMA, sigla que em tradução do inglês significa Artes Marciais Mistas , vem conquistando cada vez mais fãs, alcançando o patamar de terceiro esporte mais popular no país (somente atrás da Fórmula 1 e do Futebol), conforme Ferreira e Orsolini (2012), em reportagem especial para revista Istoé Dinheiro. Estima-se que a indústria da marca UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship), principal torneio mundial da modalidade MMA, valha cerca de um bilhão de dólares, desconsiderando os segmentos de comercialização de roupas, produtos esportivos e canais de TV a cabo, vinculados a ela. Sob tais condições de produção, desenvolveram-se campanhas publicitárias intensivas no Brasil que, conforme apontam as análises, propiciaram uma fortuita desvinculação do agora reformulado MMA em relação ao Vale-Tudo, tido como brutal e animalesco, elevando-o à condição de esporte, em certo sentido, negando a violência intrínseca a essa modalidade de combate físico. Esse deslizamento de sentidos (que se denominou processo de desmarginalização ) está materializado no corpus do estudo: uma campanha da rede de fast-food Burger King para divulgação de um novo sanduíche que, de tão assustador (ironicamente como o lutador Anderson Silva), você afina . O objetivo do estudo é compreender os mecanismos discursivos que embasam a difusão/promoção de discursos (no caso, os de valorização do MMA), no que tange à dupla relação do fato linguístico (principalmente o enunciado Tão assustador que você afina do corpus) com a história (em função das condições de produção dos discursos do MMA/UFC). Para tanto, utilizam-se os pressupostos teóricos da análise do discurso de orientação francesa de Pêcheux (2009); as proposições de Freud (1974) e Nolasco (2001) sobre a questão da coibição da violência e da agressividade e a análise dos efeitos da mídia, de acordo com Chauí (2006), Eco (1987; 1984), Payer (2005) e Gregolin (2003).

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Hilsmann, Falk [Verfasser]. "Vergleich degenerativer Veränderungen an Handgelenk und Handwurzel in Abhängigkeit von Kampfsporttechniken anhand von Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) und klassischem Boxen / Falk Hilsmann." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1184570221/34.

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Bernardi, Bernardo Rafael Bittencourt. "Perfil fisiológico e efeito da suplementação de suco de beterraba em testes de desempenho realizados por lutadores de mixed martial arts (MMA)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/46156.

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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Tácito Pessoa de Souza Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física. Defesa: Curitiba, 13/12/2016
Inclui referências : f. 66-76
Área de concentração: Exercício e esporte
Resumo: O Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) é um esporte com características intermitentes, que exige força e potência muscular, bem como ótima potência aeróbia. Entretanto, é evidente a falta de investigações com atletas que competem exclusivamente no MMA. Adicionalmente, recentes estudos têm demonstrado que a suplementação de suco de beterraba, hortaliça rica em nitrato inorgânico (NO3-), aumentou a potência e a força de contração muscular. Entretanto, ainda há muita controvérsia sobre protocolos de suplementação, tipo de esforços e população em que este suplemento seria eficaz. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o perfil fisiológico de um grupo de atletas de MMA e verificar o efeito da suplementação aguda de suco de beterraba em sprints sucessivos e saltos contra movimento. Este trabalho foi realizado uma combinação de um estudo transversal descritivo e um estudo quase-experimental cross over. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, uma centrada na determinação do perfil fisiológico dos atletas e outra etapa centrada nos efeitos agudos da suplementação de ~ 9,3 mmol de NO3- na forma de 400 ml de suco de beterraba em testes físicos. Os participantes da primeira etapa foram 10 atletas com 24,5 ± 4,6 anos de idade, e 2,9 ± 1,6 anos de prática competitiva de MMA, os participantes da segunda etapa foram 10 atletas do sexo masculino com 24,9 ± 4,6 anos de idade e 3,4 ± 2,1 anos de prática competitiva de MMA. A normalidade dos dados foi realizada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A comparação entre as médias foi realizada com o teste t pareado. A análise dos sprints foi realizada com a análise de medidas repetidas. A significância foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. Na primeira etapa do estudo foi observado um percentual de gordura de 6,4 % ± 1,2, predomínio de mesomorfia 5 ± 1,09; RM relativo no supino 1,07 ± 0,12 kg.kg-1 e no agachamento 1,48 ± 0,17 kg.kg-1; potência pico relativa no teste de Wingate 10,71 ± 1,91 W.kg-1; força isométrica de preensão manual direita 53,49 ± 8,93 kg e esquerda 53,30 ± 7,41 kg; VO2máx 57,43 ± 7,75 ml.kg-1.min-1; repetições nos testes de flexões de braço 46,50 ± 10,51 e abominais 51,20 ± 7,07. Na segunda etapa do estudo, não houve diferença significativa tanto para a PAS (Suplemento 119,6 ± 5,52 mmHg vs. Placebo 123,80 ± 11,30 mmHg; p > 0,05) como para a PAD (Suplemento 70,3 ± 5,95 mmHg vs. Placebo 73,67 ± 13,53 mmHg; p > 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa para a média de altura (Suplemento 37,45 ± 3,41 cm vs. Placebo 37,33 ± 4,35 cm; p > 0,05) e média de potência relativa (Suplemento 28,93 ± 4,16 W/kg vs. Placebo 29,01 ± 5,17 cm; p > 0,05) nos saltos contra movimento. Também não houve diferença significativa a média do pico de potência relativa (suplemento 10,54 ± 0,62 vs. Placebo 10,52 ± 0,48; p > 0,05) e a média de potência relativa média (suplemento 7,88 ± 0,38 vs. Placebo; p > 0,05) nos sprints sucessivos, inclusive quando estes foram divididos em quatro partes. Portanto, é possível inferir que atletas de MMA possuem reduzido percentual de gordura, predomínio de mesomorfia, níveis moderados a baixos de força dinâmica, bem como níveis regulares de potência de membros inferiores. Adicionalmente, a suplementação aguda de suco de beterraba não aumentou a força e a potência em sprints sucessivos e saltos contra movimento realizados por atletas de MMA. Palavras Chave: suco de beterraba; perfil fisiológico; esportes de combate; desempenho;
Abstract: The Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a sport with intermittent characteristics, which requires muscle strength and power, as well as great aerobic power. However, there are a lack of investigations with athletes competing exclusively in MMA. In addition, recent studies have shown that supplementation of beetroot juice, a vegetable rich in inorganic nitrate (NO3-), increased power and the force of muscle contraction. There is still much controversy about supplementation protocols, type of work, and populations in which this supplement would be effective. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the physiological profile of a group of MMA athletes and verify the effect of acute supplementation of beetroot juice in successive sprints and in countermovement jumps. This work was a combination of a cross sectional study and a quasi-experimental cross over study. In this way, the research was conducted in two stages, one centered on determining the physiological profile of MMA athletes and another focused on the acute effects of supplementation of ~ 9.3 mmol of NO3- in the form of 400 ml of beetroot juice on physical tests. In the first stage, participation included 10 males 24.5 ± 4.6 years of age with 2.9 ± 1.6 years of competitive MMA practice. The participants of the second stage were 10 male athletes 24.9 ± 4.6 years old with 3.4 ± 2.1 years of competitive MMA practice. The normality of the data was examined with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The comparison between means was performed using the paired t test. The successive sprints were analyzed with repeated measures analysis. Significance was set at p < 0.05. In the first stage, body fat percentage was 6.4 % ± 1.2, mesomorphic predominance 5 ± 1.09; RM on the bench press 1.07 ± 0.12 kg.kg-1 and squat 1.48 ± 0.17 kg.kg-1; peak power on the test Wingate 10.71 ± 1.91 W.kg-1; right hand isometric strength on handgrip 53.49 ± 8.93 kg, left hand isometric strength on handgrip 53.30 ± 7.41 kg; VO2max 57.43 ± 7.75 ml.kg-1min-1; repetitions on push-ups were 46.50 ± 10.51 and sit ups 51.20 ± 7.07. In the second stage, there was no significant difference for both SBP (Supplement 119.6 ± 5.52 mmHg vs. Placebo 123.80 ± 11.30 mmHg; p > 0.05) as for DBP (Supplement 70.3 ± 5.95 mmHg vs. Placebo 73.67 ± 13.53 mmHg; p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the average height (Supplement 37.45 ± 3.41 cm vs. Placebo 37.33 ± 4.35 cm; p > 0.05) and average relative power (28.93 ± Supplement 4, 16 W / kg vs. placebo 29.01 ± 5.17 cm; p > 0.05) on the countermovement jumps . There was also no significant difference in mean peak relative power (supplement 10.54 ± 0.62 vs. 10.52 ± 0.48 placebo; p > 0.05) and the mean relative average power (supplement 7.88 ± 0.38 vs. placebo; p > 0.05) in successive sprints, even when these were divided into four parts. Therefore, it is possible to infer that MMA athletes have a low percentage of fat, are predominantly mesomorph, and exhibit moderate to low dynamic force and regular power levels in lower limbs. Additionally, the acute beetroot juice supplementation did not increase the strength and power in successive sprints or in countermovement jumps performed by MMA athletes. Keywords: beetroot juice; combat sports; performance; physiological profile

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Wiechmann, Gerald Julius [Verfasser], Christoph [Gutachter] Zilkens, and Pascal [Gutachter] Jungbluth. "Evaluation der physischen Belastung beim kompetitiven Vollkontakt-Kampfsport Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) auf biochemischer Ebene / Gerald Julius Wiechmann ; Gutachter: Christoph Zilkens, Pascal Jungbluth." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182032257/34.

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Martell, Carolina. "The Warrior vs The Underdog : En kritisk diskursanalys av filmen “Warrior”." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-86296.

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This study is focused on representations of power and masculinities in the movie “Warrior”(2011). By using the notion of interdiscursivity, as discussed by Norman Fairclough, my goal isto analyze how the roles of the characters relate to existing discourses in today’s society. I amprimarily interested in discourses revolving around MMA-fighters, masculinities and familyrelations.The movie to be analysed in this study is suited for interpreting new sorts of masculinitiesthrough the sport of MMA, which itself is fairly new and therefore might represent a new type ofmasculinity in the making. To be able to analyse this in the best possible way, I will be looking atmasculinities using a perspective developed by the Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell. Byrelating to four different dimensions of masculinity, this theory enables me to interpret whichtypes of masculinities, or combinations thereof, are presented in the film.

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Cattaneo, Candice. "Are athletes active in high-contact sports at risk of impaired executive functioning? A quasi-experimental study on competitive mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-183971.

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The study of high-contact sport athletes and the implications of repetitive head injury (RHI) associated with these sports has been at the forefront of traumatic brain injury (TBI) research for the last decade. The present study represents a quasi-experimental study exploring whether an experimental group (N=39) consisting of amateur and professional competitive mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes differ in three operations of executive functioning ability (shifting, updating and inhibition) when compared to a control group (N=44) of non-contact sports athletes. Participants completed a self-report measure of executive functioning ability as well as six computerized executive function (EF) tasks. The results from the study demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group on the performance of each executive functioning operation. A moderate negative correlation was found between the number of years competing and performance on shifting and updating in the experimental group. A moderate negative correlation between the number of reported competitive fights and all three EF operations within the experimental group was also reported. The results also showed a statistically significant difference in the beliefs of executive functioning abilities between the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group reported a higher level of belief in poorer executive functioning ability than that of the control group. These findings provide evidence that while competing in MMA does have implications on executive functioning abilities, they are not in line with previous research done on other high-contact sports athletes.
Att studera hur utövare av fullkontaktsporter påverkas av upprepade huvudskador (RHI), associerat med utövandet av sporten, har varit ett fokusområde för forskningsfältet inom traumatiska huvudskador (TBI). Denna uppsats utgör en kvasi-experimentell studie som undersöker huruvida en experimentell grupp (N=39) bestående av amatörer och professionella ’mixed martial arts’ (MMA)- atleter skiljer sig i sin förmåga inom tre typer av exekutiva funktioner (skiftning, uppdatering och inhibition) jämfört med en kontrollgrupp (N=44) som inte utövar fullkontaktsport. Deltagarna fick först fylla i ett formulär där de skattade sin egen förmåga inom exekutiva funktioner, varpå de slutförde sex digitala test som gav ett mått på deras exekutiva funktioner. Studien påvisade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de två grupperna för någon av de testade exekutiva förmågorna. Däremot fann studien en moderat negativ korrelation mellan antal år av tävlan och prestation på skifte och uppdatering, liksom en moderat negativ korrelation mellan antal tävlingstillfällen och de tre måtten på exekutiva funktioner, för den experimentella gruppen. Resultaten visade även en signifikant skillnad i självskattningen av exekutiv förmåga, mellan den experimentella gruppen och kontrollgruppen där experimentgruppen rapporterade sämre upplevda exekutiva förmågor, jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Dessa fynd indikerar att tävlan inom MMA har implikationer för exekutiva förmågor, även om de inte är i linje med tidigare forskning gjord på utövare av andra fullkontaktsporter.

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Mai, Lam, and Fabian Hällström. "Sportfans, sociala medier & UFC : En studie om sociala mediers inverkan på fandom." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-167510.

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We aim to develop knowledge of how new technology, in this case social media, can contribute to how sports fans interact with their idols. Therefore our framing of a question is to present how fans experience their contact with mixed martial arts (MMA) & ultimate fighting championship (UFC) through social media platforms. To specify our study, we also have a supplement question with in which way sports fans uses social media.We have chosen to conduct a qualitative study consisting of interviews and data observations of websites, related to the organization UFC, to approach our main question. We have interviewed nine randomly selected people with one common interest - MMA/UFC. With an implant of theories, consisting of social media, fandom and lurking, on the result of the interview and website data, we try to come closer to a conclusion for our intention with this thesis.Our conclusion is that the interviewed fans express that through the usage of social media, they feel like they have come closer to UFC. They have developed a deeper knowledge about the sport, the members and other fans that shares the same interest. Most of our respondents have a lurking attitude towards the social media usage, which means that they are more like observers and soak in the information and media material. They are active in the searching of material related to UFC, but they are not active in the way of contributing with comments, discussions or material.

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Mikelonis, Ashley, and Ashley Mikelonis. "Exploring the Success and Defeat of Ronda Rousey: A Content Analysis of Twitter and Newspaper Coverage from 2014-2016." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626395.

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Scholarly research has analyzed how female athletes use their social media platforms and how they are represented in news media coverage. However, no scholarly literature has specifically looked at Ronda Rousey, an American mixed martial artist. The current study used a quantitative content analysis to examine how Rousey has utilized her Twitter account as well as how local and national newspapers in the United States framed coverage of Rousey between 2014 to 2016. For the tweets, content, referring to pictures that Rousey posted, was the most popular category; the second most prevalent category was promotional, referring to tweets that promoted upcoming events or sponsorships. Rousey mainly used her Twitter to post pictures of herself and promote her personal brand. For the newspaper articles, the most frequently used frames were agency, powerless, and goals and ambitions. Two new frames emerged from the current study – fame, referring to Rousey’s film career, and relations, referring to Rousey’s personal life and relationships. The newspapers were predominantly neutral in their coverage of Rousey throughout the three-year study period. This case study is important because it found that Rousey was framed in a way that differed from previous research. The findings in this study demonstrate that Rousey was not marginalized in newspaper coverage or portrayed in a negative manner, as other female athletes have been in the past. Rather than focusing on her appearance or sexuality, the news coverage highlighted Rousey’s success and athletic achievements.

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Siani, Sergio Ricardo. "Marketing no MMA: a identificação dos atributos do esporte para captação de patrocínio e as possíveis associações com potenciais marcas patrocinadoras." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20430.

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The fight sport known as MMA – Mixed Martial Arts, which in Portuguese corresponds to Artes Marciais Mistas, has lived in the last decade a very successful trajectory of increase and sustained, since the beginning, a singular relationship with Brazil – country that originated in the 20th century a kind of fight known as “Vale Tudo”, “Anything goes”, in English – being such modality the start of what is worldwide conceived as MMA. In the field of marketing management, the interest of sports marketing on such modality of sport is focused not only in the aspects provided by events related to that, but mainly in the increase potential of its globalized market. Defining a marketing strategy for such modality is still a challenge, since not all brands are willing to sponsor a fight event. The present study, which aims to investigate with attributes of MMA sport can establish a synergy with potential brands of interest of event organizers, with the intent to contribute to the theory of sports marketing and also contribute to the MMA event’s organizers may have sponsorship for their events, is not an easy task, because apart from being a good product to offer (event, athlete, location and so on) the promotor company “must define its own action strategy”. In both qualitative and quantitative nature, this research was carried out in three different phases: first, it was searched among MMA event’s organizers, by semi-structured interviews, to understand which brands or sponsors would be present in the dreamed events. The second phase, with was quantitative, applied a survey questionnaire, along with the audience of three MMA events and the motives behind the intention to watch such events. The results obtained in the first phase of the study, that is, the identification of the favorite brands of the event’s organizers were: Nike, Coke, Reebok, Banco do Brasil and Honda; the data obtained in the second phase consisted of getting the MMA attributes which were: adrenaline, emotion, joy, pleasure and aggressiveness, propelled the third and last phase of this study, in which, again, by the application of survey questionnaires, there were associations between brands and attributes. After carrying out four statistical tests, this researchwork reaches the conclusion that the atribute most linked to MMA was adrenaline and as for brand Nike was chosen. The aggressiveness was pointed out as a kind of attribute in which the audience related to this kind of sport, what generated the hypothesis of considering such modality as an aggressive one both in a view that only people who had never had any connection with MMA at all
O esporte de lutas MMA - Mixed Martial Arts, em português, Artes Marciais Mistas tem vivenciado na última década uma bem sucedida trajetória de crescimento e mantém desde a sua origem uma relação singular com o Brasil - país que deu origem, no século XX, a um tipo de luta conhecida como “Vale Tudo” – sendo esta modalidade a precursora do que hoje é mundialmente conhecido como MMA. No campo da gestão de marketing, o interesse do marketing esportivo sobre este esporte está focalizado não apenas nos aspectos decorrentes dos eventos que ele propicia, mas principalmente, no potencial de crescimento do seu mercado globalizado. Definir uma estratégia de marketing para essa modalidade ainda éum desafio, pois nem todas as marcas querem patrocinar um evento de lutas. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de investigar quais são os atributos do esporte MMA capazes de estabelecer sinergia com potenciais marcas de interesse dos organizadores de eventos. Com a intenção de contribuir para a teoria do marketing esportivo, mas também de auxiliar os organizadores de eventos de MMA a obter patrocínio para seus eventos; tarefa fácil, pois, além de um bom produto a oferecer (evento, atleta, local, etc), a empresa promotora “deve definir para si uma estratégia de ação”. De natureza qualitativa e quantitativa (quali-quanti), a pesquisa foi realizada em três fases distintas: na primeira buscou-se, junto a organziadores de eventos de MMA, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, entender quais marcas e/ou patrocinadores estariam presentes, no evento dos seus sonhos. Na segunda fase, quantitativa, usando questionario survey, buscou-se compreender junto à platéia de três eventos de MMA, a motivação para assistir presencialmente tais eventos. Ao apurar os dados da primeira fase do estudo, conclui-se que as marcas favoritas dos organizadores de eventos foram: Nike, Coca Cola, Reebok, Banco do Brasil e Honda. Os dados da segunda fase que apuraram os atributos do MMA, destacaram-se: adrenalina, emoção, alegria, prazer e agressividade. Após as apurações, deu-se inicio à terceira e última fase do estudo, onde, novamente com base em questionários survey, buscou-se associações entre marcas e atributos. Após realizar quatro testes estatísticos, conclui-se que o atributo mais associado com o MMA foi a adrenalina e a marca foi a Nike. A agressividade foi apontada como o atributo que a platéia menos associou a este esporte, o que gerou a hipótese de que considerar este esporte agressivo configure-se com uma visão que apenas de pessoas que nunca tiveram ligaçao com o MMA tem sobre ele

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Davis, Luke R. "Cultivating Identity and the Music of Ultimate Fighting." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1336752213.

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Heath, Christopher J. "Assessment of Cognitive Performance in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699950/.

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Incidents and awareness of sports-related concussion have grown in recent years, attracting attention in both the academic and popular press. These concussions can lead to the rapid onset of neurological dysfunctions, as well as a variety of subjective symptoms. Although concussive sequelae are typically considered transient, debate remains about the persistent effects of repeated traumatic contact during sport participation. Although research has examined the complications of head trauma found in traditionally popular sports (e.g., football, soccer, boxing), little research has focused on the growing sport of mixed-martial-arts (MMA). Research specifically pertaining to MMA is in nascent stages, but to-date studies suggest that concussive injuries for this sport are prevalent and the training regimens of these athletes may place them at a high risk for concussive or subconcussive head traumas—as well as the accompanying neurological difficulties. The current study is the first to assess cognitive profiles of MMA athletes using an objective neuropsychological assessment instrument. Among 56 athletes (28 MMA athletes and 28 athletes not exposed to head traumas), no neuropsychological differences were found between groups of athletes. Additionally, no aspects of MMA training regimen shared a reliable relationship with neuropsychological performance or subjective concussive symptoms. This suggests non-professional participation in MMA may not typically pose a significant risk for cumulative concussions and associated adverse neuropsychological consequences.

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Vargas, Alexandro Garcia. "Psychological Effects of Training in Martial Arts After Interpersonal Trauma." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6695.

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Individuals who experience a traumatic event may have an adverse emotional reaction that negatively impacts their quality of life. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the influence of training in the martial arts as an intervention in the treatment of interpersonal trauma. The biopsychosocial model provided the framework for the study. The research questions addressed the effects of training in the martial arts and the biological, psychological, and social functioning of individuals who had sustained a form of interpersonal trauma. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 9 participants. Data were analyzed using Moustakas's modified van Kamm method. Findings indicated that martial arts training was transformative and positive for participants. Benefits included mentorship, a sense of achievement, increased confidence, better parenting, and recovery from substance abuse. Findings may be used to promote martial arts training as a treatment intervention for people who have experienced interpersonal trauma.

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Harpold, Matthew E. "The mental cage a qualitative analysis of the mental game in the sport of mixed martial arts /." Click here to access dissertation, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2008/matthew_e_harpold/harpold_matthew_e_200801_ms.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008.
"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Under the direction of Daniel R. Czech. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-63) and appendices.

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Scalia, Peter. "Factors Associated With Head Trauma Among Professional Mixed Martial Arts Athletes." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32979.

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Background: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is an enigma that has become synonymous with combat sports over the past few decades. Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport that is growing in popularity world-wide. The objective of this study is to determine the factors associated with head trauma among MMA athletes. Methods: Logistic regression analyses using SPSS 20 was employed to model putative covariates against the dichotomous outcomes of unconsciousness (for the full dataset) and diagnosed concussion (for the enriched subset of fighters who were rendered unconscious). Results: Increasing age, black or African-American ethnicity, shorter rest periods between fights, increasing numbers of significant clinch strikes landed, significant distance body strikes landed and power strikes landed to the body at distance are all factors associated with being diagnosed with a concussion among the fighters rendered unconscious. Conclusion: If bolstered by confirming laboratory and clinical evidence, policies should be developed for implementation by MMA governing bodies to help reduce incidences of head trauma and concussion, built around fighters’ demographic and behavioural characteristics. In particular, enforcing a mandatory rest period between fights and placing an upper limit on fighters’ age are ideas worth exploring.

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Vaittinen, Anu Maarit. "Varieties of embodied knowing : an ethnographic study of mixed martial arts." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2534.

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This PhD explores the embodied practices and experiences of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) practitioners and coaches with a specific focus on exploring the process through which different varieties of embodied knowing are developed. A contemporary full contact combat sport, Mixed Martial Arts is an amalgamation of various disciplines of unarmed combat sports and arts. Over the course of this thesis, I develop an understanding of the processes and varieties of experiential knowing that are, I argue, central to MMA. The hybrid and evolving nature of this contemporary sport enables me to draw analytical attention to the ongoing craft of developing experientially ways of knowing. I demonstrate how embodied ways of knowing MMA are developed in practice through experience and in reciprocal relation to the surrounding environment. I attend in particular to the interplay of the corporeal, perceptual, social and intersubjective constituents of these processes. My analysis is guided by an interdisciplinary and phenomenologically oriented framework which draws from the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, anthropological studies on ‘ways of knowing’, physical cultural studies and sociology of embodiment. This study reveals how practitioners engage with processes of enskillment and body pedagogies as central elements to understanding the ways in which skills are developed for MMA. By exploring the practices of MMA coaches in depth, I provide analytical insight into coaching as a distinct skill and how this is developed. Thus this study extends the understanding of knowing MMA beyond skill through a consideration of the experiential ways of knowing of pain and injury, exploring how tacit and explicit understandings of different kinds of pain are developed through practice in interactions with other practitioners and coaches. I examine the intertwining of injury stories, experiences and practices shared between fellow mixed martial artists and coaches to offer insight to how the management, treatment, negotiation and the culture of training whilst injured develop into specific ways of knowing injury. My findings contribute substantially to an emerging body of work that has begun to explore the potential of phenomenology, for study of embodiment, physical culture and, I argue, to how ways of knowing sport are achieved in practice. My analysis is based on insider participant-observation data collected during a twelve-month period of ethnographic fieldwork in two MMA gyms in the North-East of England, complemented by nineteen semi-structured interviews with non-elite recreational MMA practitioners, fighters and coaches.

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Silva, Rodrigo Batalha. "Humor e motivação de atletas profissionais e amadores de mixed martial arts." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2014. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/297.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Introduction: Among the sports of combat (MEC) in the present, one has stood out by mixing techniques from other martial arts. This kind of sport is given the name of mixed martial arts (MMA). The large training load and the danger that the sport provides, can generate significant psychological changes in these athletes. It is important that arise further research on the psychological aspects of MMA athletes. Objectives: To investigate the mood and motivation of professional and amateur mixed martial arts athletes in training; and, through systematic review, analyze (a) the scientific production in the Sports Science on mixed martial arts and, (b) the scientific production of Psychology of Sport related to mixed martial arts. Method: This dissertation consists of studies of systematic and empirical reviews. The study included 46 athletes of mixed martial arts aged between 18 and 36 years. The instruments used were the Questionário de caracterização geral de atletas de MMA, Brunel Mood Scale and the Sport Motivation Scale. Data were collected in gyms with the athletes always at the beginning and end of the training, with a total of one to three training sessions. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 through the normality tests Shapiro-Wilk and in accordance with the proposed distribution, the Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. The significance level of p <0.05 was adopted. Systematic reviews followed the Prisma Protocol and searches occurred in SciELO, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases. Results: It was found that the amateur and professional athletes are characterized by high school, they have another job besides being an athlete and most professionals compete in national or international events. The athletes showed the mood profile similar to the "iceberg profile". The training increased the fatigue of athletes as well as the fact that sponsored atletes changed their vigour. Athletes with scheduled fight showed changes in tension and anger of the athletes before and after training. Athletes with worse quality of sleep had altered levels of depression, vigour and fatigue. MMA athletes had high intrinsic motivation, average levels of extrinsic motivation and low amotivation. The identified regulation was higher in professional athletes. The amotivation was higher in athletes who reported having regular health. Conclusions: The athletes presented mood profile similar to the "iceberg". The training decreased the fatigue of athletes as well as the fact that sponsered athletes had an increase in vigour. The fact that athletes with scheduled fight had an increase in tension and anger before and after training. Athletes with worse sleep quality got worse in the levels of depression, vigour and fatigue. In motivation, MMA athletes are characterized to have a high level of intrinsic motivation, especially internal motivation for stimulating experiences, low amotivation and medium levels of extrinsic motivation, especially the identified regulation.
Introdução: Dentre as modalidades esportivas de combate (MEC) existentes na atualidade, uma vem se destacando por misturar técnicas de outras lutas. A esse tipo de esporte dá-se o nome de artes marciais misturadas ou mixed martial arts (MMA). A grande carga de treinamento e o perigo que a modalidade proporciona, pode gerar alterações psicológicas importantes nesses atletas. É importante que surjam novas investigações sobre os aspectos psicológicos de atletas de MMA. Objetivos: Investigar o humor e a motivação de atletas profissionais e amadores de mixed martial arts em treinamento; e, através de revisões sistemáticas, analisar (a) a produção científica nas Ciências da Esporte sobre mixed martial arts e, (b) a produção científica da Psicologia do Esporte relacionada ao mixed martial arts. Método: Esta dissertação é composta por estudos de revisão sistemática e empíricos. Participaram do estudo 46 atletas de mixed martial arts com idades entre 18 e 36 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário de caracterização geral de atletas de MMA, Escala de humor de Brunel e a Escala de Motivação Esportiva. Os dados foram coletados nas academias junto aos atletas sempre ao início e ao final dos treinos, com o total de um a três sessões de treinamento. Os dados foram tratados pelo programa estatístico SPSS versão 20.0, através dos testes de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk e de acordo com a distribuição apresentada, foram utilizados os testes Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Foi adotado o nível de significância p< 0,05. As revisões sistemáticas seguiram o Protocolo Prisma e as buscas ocorreram nas bases de dados Scielo, ScienceDirect e Web of Science. Resultados: Verificou-se que os atletas amadores e profissionais se caracterizam por ter Ensino Médio, possuírem outra profissão além de ser atleta e a maioria dos profissionais competem em eventos nacionais ou internacionais. Os atletas apresentaram o perfil de humor semelhante ao de iceberg . Os treinamentos aumentaram a fadiga dos atletas, bem como o fato de possuir patrocínio alterou o vigor. Atletas com luta marcada apresentam alteração na tensão e raiva dos atletas antes e depois do treinamento. Atletas com pior qualidade do sono apresentam alterações nos níveis de depressão, vigor e fadiga. Atletas de MMA possuem elevada motivação intrínseca, níveis médios de motivação extrínseca e baixa amotivação. A regulação identificada foi maior nos atletas profissionais. A amotivação foi maior nos atletas que relatam ter saúde regular. Conclusões: Os atletas apresentam perfil de humor semelhante ao de iceberg . Os treinamentos diminuíram a fadiga dos atletas, bem como o fato de possuir patrocínio foi um fator de aumento do vigor. O fato de os atletas estarem com luta marcada, aumentou a tensão e raiva dos atletas antes e depois do treinamento. Atletas com pior qualidade do sono apresentam piora nos níveis de depressão, vigor e fadiga. Na motivação, os atletas de MMA se caracterizam por possuir um elevado nível de motivação intrínseca, com destaque para a motivação interna para experiências estimulantes, baixa amotivação e níveis médios de motivação extrínseca, com destaque para a regulação identificada.

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Mitsialos, Niko. "Attityder inom extrem kampsport : En undersökning om Mixed Martial Arts inverkan på utövaren." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, SA, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-14164.

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Channon, Alex. "Way of the discourse : mixed-sex martial arts and the subversion of gender." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9756.

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This thesis examines the gender-subversive potential of mixed-sex martial arts. The research problem takes its significance from the well-documented linkages drawn within feminist research between combat sports and hierarchal gender differentiation. It is posited that from a feminist perspective, gender-subversive physical practices are desirable because they instigate a shift towards fairer and freer bodily discourse, and as such they are deserving of critical academic attention. Furthermore, sex-integrated sports have the potential to lead participants towards embodying and propagating such subversive gender discourses, and when these changes take place within highly masculinised activities such as combat sports, the significance of this subversion is amplified. While existing literature has addressed these themes with reference to women s participation in these kinds of activities, there is a relative paucity of sociological work explicitly examining mixed-sex participation, which this thesis is intended to redress. Using semi-structured interviewing, qualitative data were gathered from a group of male and female martial artists across the English East Midlands. The interviews were transcribed and then subjected to discourse analysis. Findings suggested that mixed-sex martial arts does involve gender subversion but that the practice also remains structured by dominant, hierarchal gender discourse in several significant ways. It is therefore suggested that mixed-sex training can present the possibility of gender subversion under particular conditions, such as: martial arts being accessible to both men and women at multiple levels of participation; a normalised presence of women, particularly at higher levels such as being coaches and competitors; participants coming to share an identity as martial artists which is irrespective of sexual difference; and ultimately training being integrated as much as possible, particularly with regard to the more intensely physical, combative aspects, such as sparring. The participants indicated that under these conditions they were able to conceive of and practice their gender differently, in ways which portrayed little or no hierarchal distinction between the sexes, and as such is considered subversive . Following these findings, the thesis ultimately concludes with a brief outline of some recommendations for good practice in martial arts clubs. In this way, the thesis contributes towards feminist understandings of the body and of physical culture, by highlighting one possible way in which to conceive of the sexed body differently from the prevailing norms of hierarchal sexual differentiation.

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Wu, Andley (I-Ta). "Exploring the relationship between mindfulness and the abilities of mixed martial arts fighters: A cognitive approach." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/58584.

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As mindfulness is often synonymous with equanimity, the intensity of competitive mixed martial arts serves as an ideal domain in exploring the underlying cognitive process of mindfulness in enhancing performance. Within the past two decades, interest has peaked in the positive outcomes that mindfulness produces in alleviating negative symptoms in health and clinical settings. Little research exists however in exploring the cognitive processes involved in producing the potential benefits of performance enhancement. The aim of the study was to gain a better understanding of the underlying cognitive processes involved in the workings of mindfulness; exploring whether increased levels of mindfulness would be positively correlated with increased martial arts ability. Using correlational analysis and standard multivariate regression, the participating fighters’ (n=46) levels of mindfulness were analysed in relation to their mixed martial artist’s ability. Results from correlational analysis showed that overall mindfulness was positively correlated with mixed martial arts ability, as a result confirming the study’s primary hypothesis. Results from standard multivariate regression further identified a fighter’s age as being a significant predictor for mixed martial arts ability.
Mini dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria 2016.
Psychology
MA
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Camilo, Juliana Aparecida de Oliveira. "Trabalhador, ídolo, sobrevivente, casca-grossa e humano: um estudo sobre versões de atletas de Mixed Martial Arts." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17141.

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The purpose of this research was to identify the versions of MMA athletes who circulated in spaces where this mode is performaned. Our guiding athletes were considered professionals in the sport, linked to national and international events. In order to do so, we elected two MMA gyms located in the city of São Paulo where we lived during 2014. To support this research, we adopted a theoretical and methodological approach to the actor-network theory in dialogue with the Social Psychology. The methodology followed the assumptions of ethnography, with interactions in different practices in which athletes were involved: training, group meetings, various procedures for weight loss, activity on the day of the fight and subsequent conversations with the struggle. The descriptions of the two researched academies suggested that in one of them (gym B), an athlete deserve protection, support and care, and performing as an employee and in the second (gym A), as an idol, having importance while offering the opportunity to act in such way in different situations. Whereas at the camp, we accompanied a gym B fighter, it was possible to identify the fighter versions: a) worker who is precarious (training); b) idol (week of fighting); c) survivor (weighing); d) "tough guy" (day of the fight) and; e) "human" (post-fight). The thesis is that there is a specific type of fighter, or different perspectives on it, but it's multiple. These athletes are made in different practices, yet somehow related to each other. The complexity presented here opens up the possibility of other modes of operation, less essentialits human fighting MMA, claiming the weakening totalizing versions, exploring only one version of these fighters
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar as versões de atletas de MMA que circularam em espaços onde esta modalidade é performanda. Nosso fio condutor foram os atletas, considerados profissionais na modalidade, vinculados a eventos nacionais e internacionais. Para isso, elegemos duas academias de MMA localizadas na cidade de São Paulo, na qual convivi durante o ano de 2014. Para sustentar esta pesquisa, adotei uma aproximação teórico-metodológica com a teoria ator-rede, em diálogo com a Psicologia Social. A metodologia seguiu os pressupostos da etnografia, com interações nas diferentes práticas em que os atletas se envolviam: treinamentos, reuniões de grupo, procedimentos diversos para perder peso, atividades no dia da luta e conversas posteriores às lutas. As descrições das duas academias pesquisadas sugeriram que, em uma delas (Academia B), um atleta merecia proteção, apoio e cuidados, performado como trabalhador e, na segunda (Academia A), como ídolo, tendo importância enquanto oferecia a possibilidade de apresentar-se desse modo em diferentes situações. Já nas fases de um camp, acompanhei um lutador da Academia B, em que foi possível identificar as versões de lutador como: a) trabalhador que é precarizado (treinamentos); b) ídolo (semana da luta); c) sobrevivente (pesagem); d) casca-grossa (dia da luta); e e) humano (pós-luta). A tese é que não há um tipo específico de lutador, ou perspectivas diferentes sobre ele, mas sim, que ele é múltiplo. Esses atletas são feitos em diferentes práticas, ainda que de algum modo relacionados entre si. A complexidade aqui apresentada nos abre a possibilidade de outros modos de atuação, menos essencializadores, dos humanos que lutam MMA, pleiteando o enfraquecimento de versões totalizadoras, que exploram apenas um modo de ser desses atletas

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Sel, Levent. "Elitutövares erfarenheter och upplevelser av skador, riskfaktorer för skador och skadeförebyggande träning inom kampsporten, Mixed martial arts." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fysioterapi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-337356.

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NIMANI, GEZIM, and JOAKIM PERSSON. "Ett företag i det socialt oacceptabla." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20770.

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Den svenska MMA marknaden är idag under hård kritik. Många människor menar att det endast är kriminella som håller på med kamsport och att de tävlingar som arrangeras är ren brutalitet. Trots det här så har vi idag väldigt stora aktörer på den svenska marknaden som inte bara klarar sig utan även växer. Men organisationerna har fortfarande den allmänna opinionen emot sig. Företagen försöker att framstå som så sportsliga och godartade som möjligt och de menar att MMA inte är våld utan en idrott. Organisationerna vill alltså bygga en god företagsimage i allmänhetens ögon. Fenomenet är väldigt intressant, Hur bygger ett företag en god image i en bransch som inte är socialt accepterad?Syftet med undersökningen är att fördjupa oss i hur företag skapar en god image i en marknad som är fylld med normer. Det är ett problem som inte har något riktigt svar och som vi inte kan lösa. Den marknad som vi har valt att undersöka är MMA branschen, eller rättare sagt tre av Sveriges största arrangörer av MMA galor. Vi har ställt dessa tre mot den teori som vi har om fenomenet för att komma fram till vissa sanningar kring problemet. Då vi inte har någon kunskap om fenomenet så har vi utforskat det under forskningens gång.Det vi kan konstatera utifrån vår undersökning är att framtiden för de olika organisationerna verkar ljus trots de hårda motgångar som företagen möter tack vare de sociala normerna. Det är även långt ifrån omöjligt att vända på en dålig situation om en organisation befinner sig på en sådan marknad som inte är socialt accepterad.

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Khatib, Ali. "A Comparison of Brain Trauma Characteristics from Head Impacts for Lightweight and Heavyweight Fighters in Professional Mixed Martial Arts." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39712.

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Athletes competing in the unarmed combat sport of mixed martial arts (MMA) are at an increased risk for long-term neurological consequences due to repetitive head trauma. Mass differentials as well as reported differences in fight styles between Lightweight and Heavyweight fighters in MMA may affect head impact kinematics creating different levels of head injury risk. Factors that influence the risk for head injury include the frequency, magnitude and interval of head impacts. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in frequency, frequency distribution of impact magnitudes, and time interval between head impacts per match between Lightweight and Heavyweight fighters in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Head impacts of 60 fighters were documented from 15 Lightweight and 15 Heavyweight MMA fight videos. Impact type, frequency, and interval were recorded for each fighter, followed by the reconstruction of 345 exemplar impacts in the laboratory using a Hybrid III headform and finite element modeling to determine impact magnitudes. Next, head impacts (punches, kicks, knees and elbows) from fight videos were visually estimated to determine their corresponding magnitude range and establish the frequency distribution of impact magnitudes. The study revealed no significant differences in overall impact frequency and interval between Lightweight and Heavyweight fighters. The frequency distribution of different impact magnitudes was significantly different, with Lightweights sustaining significantly more Very Low, and High magnitude impacts. Overall, both Lightweight and Heavyweight MMA fighters sustain similar impact characteristics as other high-risk athletes including professional boxers and football players. Understanding the different factors that create brain trauma allows for the monitoring, identification, and protection of higher-risk athletes within these two weight classes.

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Jones, Nathan. "Subtitling: An Analysis of the Process of Creating Swedish Subtitles for a National Geographic Documentary about Mixed Martial Arts." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21580.

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This study is an analysis of the process of creating subtitles for the National Geographic documentary Fight Science: Mixed Martial Arts. The difficulties encountered during this project have included the translation of subject-specific terminology, the handling of source-text mistakes and the process of deciding how to condense the spoken dialogue when writing the subtitles. By studying these issues, certain conclusion can be drawn about the difficulties encountered when creating subtitles and translating texts with subject-specific terminology. The study is primarily based on the theories of Runo Ingo (2007), Vinay & Darbelnet (1977) and Chesterman & Wagner (2002). To find appropriate translations for subject-specific terminology, it is important to understand which translation device should be used (for example a loan or literal translation) through the examination of parallel texts and it is important that the translator be familiar with this terminology. How to properly handle mistakes in the source material depends greatly on the situation, the text concerned and the translator’s judgment. Decisions about which information can be omitted can be based on the information’s importance to the overall understanding of the show or the implicit nature of the information. The science of translation can be considered vague, but there exist theories and principles to aid translators when making such touch decisions as those encountered during this project.

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Gustin, Anton. "“Beautiful Power Shield!” vs. “Explosive Superman Punch!” : A Comparative Analysis of Promotional Metadiscursive Language in eSports and Mixed Martial Arts Sports Commentaries." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-77776.

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Sports commentary is an essential part of live broadcasted sports as well as eSports and is a task that requires that the caster be verbally proficient and can maintain a high tempo when speaking, especially in more fast-paced sports. This study aims to analyze this promotional language sportscasters use by approaching it from the linguistic phenomenon of metadiscourse. This will be achieved by utilizing a theoretical framework adapted from previous research on eSports commentaries. By comparing a traditional sport, in this case mixed martial arts, with that of the eSport of Super Smash Bros. Melee, the aim is to see what differences can be found between the two sports’ commentaries and their use of metadiscursive promotional language. After comparing these two sets of commentaries, the results show that there are some differences in how promotional language is used to enhance the understanding and excitement of their respective sports. The major differences found are in how the two sets of commentaries use metaphors as well as that the eSport casters show a pattern of using evaluative adjectives in a more varied and colorful way.
Sportkommentatorer är en väsentlig del av live-sänd idrott såväl som eSport och är en uppgift som kräver att kommentatorn är muntligt skicklig och kan hålla ett högt tempo när hen talar, särskilt i sporter med högre tempo. Denna studie syftar till att analysera det promotionsbefrämjande språk som sportkommentatorer använder genom att närma sig det från det lingvistiska fenomenet metadiskurs. Detta kommer att uppnås genom att använda sig av ett teoretiskt ramverk som anpassats från tidigare forskning om eSports kommentarer. Genom att jämföra det med en traditionell sport, i detta fall mixed martial arts, med eSporten Super Smash Bros. Melee, är målet att se vilka skillnader som kan hittas mellan dem två sporternas kommentarer och deras användning av metadiskursivt promotionellt språk. Efter att ha jämfört dem två kommentarerna så visar resultaten att det finns vissa skillnader i hur promotionsbefrämjande språk används för att förstärka förståelsen och spänningen i deras respektive sporter. De största skillnaderna som fanns är i hur de två kommentarerna använder metaforer samt att eSports-kommentatorerna visar ett mönster av att använda evaluerande adjektiv i ett mer varierat och färgrikt sätt.

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Ek, David, and Linus Hultkrantz. "Mixed Martial Arts, ett slag för svensk idrott : En kvanitativ studie om en banbrytande produkt och dess förutsättningar för att lyckas i Sverige." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-24543.

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SAMMANFATTNINGEN

Uppsatsens titel:

Mixed Martial Arts, ett slag för svensk idrott.
Nivå:
Kandidatexamen i ekonomi på Handelshögskolan, Umeå universitet
Författare:
David Ek och Linus Hultkrantz
Handledare:
Håkan Boter
Nyckelord:
(UFC), Marknadsmixen, Segmentering, Integrated Marketing Concept (IMC), SWOT, Event
Marknadsföring, Virus Marknadsföring och Gerilla Marknadsföring
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), Kampsport, Ultimate Figthing Championship
Syfte:
(MMA) i Sverige och vilka marknadsföringskanaler som ger den största genomslagskraften
samt att se vilket påverkan UFC har haft på de svenska åskådarna av MMA.
Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns en marknad för Mixed Martial Arts
Tillvägagångssätt:
Sverige för MMA var att genomföra en undersökning i form av en enkät utdelat till studenter
vid Umeå universitet. De studenter som efterfrågades var mellan 18-40 år och vilket gav en
representativ bild av befolkningen i Sverige.
Studiens tillvägagångssätt för att observera om det fanns en marknad i
Empiri:
dataprogrammet i SPSS, för att kunna visa med grafer hur sambanden mellan kön, fakultet,
ålder och hemort relaterar till preferenser och om MMA är en attraktiv produkt eller inte.
Det empiriska materialet insamlat från respondenterna sammanställdes i
Analys:
Genom att studera de svaren kunde tendenser urskiljas om vilka potentiella målgrupper som
fanns. Vidare beskrevs vilka marknadsföringskanaler som var mest effektiva och vart
målgruppen var belägen.
Materialet som sammanställdes i empirin diskuteras mer djupgående i analysen.
Slutsatser:
var mer positivt inställda till kampsport och MMA. I förhållandet mellan fakulteterna var det
den samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten och den teknisk- naturvetenskapliga som var mest
benägna att vara potentiella konsumenter av produkten. De respondenter som ansåg att
kampsport och bollsporter var mest underhållande tyckte i större utsträckning att kampsport
var underhållande. Vidare kan det urskiljas att det var flesta av deltagarna i undersökningen
kom från norra delarna i Sverige och det leder oss till slutsatsen om att det definitivt finns en
marknad i norra Sverige men sannolikt även i övriga Sverige.
En annan slutsats är att det mest effektiva sättet att attackera marknaden på är att använda sig
av Internet, då yngre generationer i större utsträckning brukar Internet för att inhämta
information gemfört med andra medier som TV och tryckta tidningar.
Av ovannämnda kan konstateras att det mest attraktiva segmentet är män i åldrarna 18 till 29
år med samhällsvetenskaplig eller teknisk- naturvetenskaplig utbildning och bor i norra
Sverige samt tycker om att se på bollsporter och kampsporter.
Av det insamlade materialet kan vi konstatera att män i åldrarna 18-29 år generellt

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Salvini, Leila. "A luta como "ofício do corpo" : entre a delimitação do subcampo e a construção de um habitus do Mixed Martial Arts em mulheres lutadoras." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/47346.

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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Wanderley Marchi Junior
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física. Defesa: Curitiba, 23/02/2017
Inclui referências : f. 256-277
Área de concentração: Exercício e esporte
Resumo: A presença de mulheres nos diversos espaços sociais cuja predominância -e dominância -é de homens, possibilita uma série de análises com foco na compreensão da organização da sociedade. É partindo do entendimento da potencialidade do esporte de reprodução das estruturas sociais em tempo e espaço delimitados que propomos essa tese, a qual tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias de funcionamento do subcampo do Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) frente ao campo esportivo a partir da posição que as mulheres lutadoras ocupam nessa estrutura. Embasando-nos em entrevistas com agentes que vivenciam o MMA na cidade de Curitiba e informações de áudio, vídeo, matérias veiculadas em websites especializados, além da inserção a campo, organizamos as informações coletadas em cinco capítulos. Destacamos para esse momento três: a delimitação do subcampo do MMA a partir de informações históricas que mapearam agentes e estruturas que atuaram e atuam no MMA na cidade de Curitiba nos últimos 16 anos, com ênfase na presença das mulheres lutadoras e dos grandes eventos como o UFC que modificaram o formato desse esporte lhe conferindo uma "nova roupagem". A identificação das relações travadas no interior das academias de lutas, o processo de controle das emoções e das representações alçadas nos momentos que antecedem uma luta. Evidenciamos também vas motivações para a entrada das mulheres no MMA e as suas estratégias de manutenção da atuação nesse esporte. O terceiro e último momento, consiste em relacionar o subcampo do MMA e suas disputas com a constituição de um habitus próprio dessa modalidade esportiva. Ainda nesse contexto, evidenciamos que o habitus do MMA em mulheres manifesta-se de maneira diferenciada do que nos homens, especialmente no que diz respeito à possibilidade de ampliação de sua difusão midiática e angariamento de patrocínios. Essa diferença reside no capital corporal apresentado em conformidade às normativas do gênero feminino. Outro elemento inculcado do habitus do MMA tão importante quanto a incorporação das técnicas e das estratégias de jogo, é o controle e a tolerância aos episódios de dor, desencadeados tanto por lesão quanto pelos golpes proferidos em treinos e lutas. A partir da delimitação do subcampo do MMA identificamos que o UFC e seu formato de gestão após a década de 2010, incutiu nos consumidores esportivos uma espécie de aproximação e pertencimento. Com isso, o MMA passou a ser difundido midiaticamente movimentando montantes financeiros significativos. No entanto, mesmo com essa divulgação e até popularização, o MMA é um esporte recém-chegado e por isso assume características de esporte dominado no campo esportivo. Posição análoga é a das mulheres que, por sua vez, são recém-chegadas no subcampo do MMA e buscam por meio de estratégias de manutenção e subversão a legitimidade no interior desse subcampo. Palavras-chave: Subcampo do Mixed Martial Arts. Mulheres. Lutadoras. Habitus. Campo Esportivo. Curitiba. Brasil.
Abstract: The presence of women in the various social spaces whose predominance -and dominance -is of men, makes possible a series of analyzes focused on the understanding of the organization of society. It is based on the understanding of the potentiality of the sport of reproduction of social structures in time and space delimited that we propose this thesis, which has as objective to analyze the strategies of operation of the subfield of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) in front of the sports field from the position That female fighters occupy in this structure. Based on interviews with agents who experience MMA in the city of Curitiba and information about audio, video, material on specialized websites, and the insertion in the field, we organized the information collected in five chapters. We highlight for this moment three: the delimitation of the subfield of MMA from historical information that mapped agents and structures that have worked and performed in MMA in the city of Curitiba in the last 16 years, with emphasis on the presence of women fighters and major events such as UFC that changed the format of this sport giving it a "new outfit". The identification of the relationships locked inside the fighting academies, the process of control of the emotions and the representations raised in the moments that precede a fight. We also show motivations for the entry of women into the MMA and their strategies for maintaining their performance in this sport. The third and last moment, is to relate the subfield of the MMA and its disputes with the constitution of a habitus of this sports modality. Still in this context, we show that the MMA habitus in women manifests in a different way than in men, especially regarding the possibility of broadening their media coverage and raising sponsorship. This difference resides in the body capital presented in accordance with the regulations of the feminine gender. Another instilled element of the MMA habitus as important as the incorporation of techniques and game strategies is the control and tolerance of episodes of pain, triggered by both injury and blows in training and fighting. From the delimitation of the subfield of the MMA we identified that the UFC and its management format after the decade of 2010, instilled in the sports consumers a kind of approach and belonging. As a result, MMA began to be mediated by moving significant financial amounts. However, even with this disclosure and even popularization, MMA is a newcomer sport and therefore assumes sports characteristics dominated in the sports field. Analogous position is that of women who, in turn, are newcomers to the subfield of MMA and seek through legitimacy maintenance strategies and subversion within this subfield. Keywords: Mixed Martial Arts Subfield. Women. Fighters. Habitus. Sports field. Curitiba. Brazil.

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Ramirez, Yann. "Du Free Fight aux Arts Martiaux Mixtes : sportivisation, violence et réception d'un sport de combat extrême." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30007/document.

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Véritable phénomène de société, le mixed martial arts ou MMA est l'un des sports qui connaît actuellement le plus grand essor. Dans la traduction française, le terme d'arts martiaux mixtes revient fréquemment. Sport contemporain par excellence, le MMA est né et s'est développé au cours du XXème siècle où il est resté très marginalisé, pour connaître son aspect formalisé et médiatisé seulement dans les années 1990. Cette discipline qui a connu un processus de sportivisation inversée, est marquée par une réception difficile de la part des autorités, des fédérations sportives olympiques et de l'opinion publique : la cage qui accueille les combats, le sang et les frappes sur un homme au sol posent des problèmes d'acceptation. Ces éléments négatifs se retrouvent dans les représentations sociales et individuelles, chez les réponses des enquêtés qu'ils soient initiés ou non-initiés aux pratiques de combat hybride. En France, la compétition de MMA n'est pas autorisée alors que les clubs l'enseignent auprès de pratiquants de plus en plus nombreux. Les arts martiaux mixtes réunissent les contraires : une altérité fondée sur l'utilisation de l'agression instrumentale potentiellement destructrice, une réciprocité violente, mais socialisatrice et un sport « viril » capitaliste qui se nourrit du libéralisme et du débridement du pouvoir étatique. Pris dans un contexte post-moral, l'extériorisation d'une violence dans le MMA est à contre-courant du processus de pacification que la société connaît, associé à la quête de sécurité. Enfin, l'engagement corporel intense de ce sport ne correspond pas au culte du corps en bonne santé qui prédomine désormais. De ce fait, cette discipline questionne sur la place des sports-spectacles violents au sein d'une société pacifiée
Nowadays MMA is truly a phenomenon of society, it is among the fastest-growing sports of our time. The French translation frequently uses the words: arts martiaux mixtes. Contemporary sport par excellence, MMA was born and expanded during the late 20th century where it remained very marginalized. Its expansion came in the 1990s thanks to media coverage. This sport experienced an inversed process of sportivization. It is characterized by a hesitant reception from authorities, Olympic sport federations and public opinion: the cage, blood and hitting a grounded opponent pose problems for many observers. These negative aspects may be found in the social and individual representations in the answers of surveyed individuals, both initiated and non-initiated to hybrid combat sports. Mixed Martial Arts competition is not allowed in France, while athletes are more and more numerous within French MMA academies and gyms. This sport combines opposing concepts: otherness based on the utilization of instrumental, potentially destructive aggression, a violent but socializing reciprocity and a manly, capitalist sport which is based on liberalism and a stripping of state power. Taken in a post-moral context, the violence acts out against the process of pacification. This process is associated with a search for security and peace. Finally, the intensive bodily engagement of MMA does not correspond with the healthy body cult which predominates nowadays. Therefore, this practice questions the role of sport entertainment within a peaceful society

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Grespan, Carla Lisboa. "Mulheres no octógono : performatividades de corpos e de sexualidades." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/107263.

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Esta dissertação tematiza as mulheres que praticam esportes socialmente considerados masculinos, com foco na inserção das lutadoras do Mixed Martial Arts profissional ou Artes Marciais Mistas (MMA) e no Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Tem como objetivo analisar se as performatividades dos corpos e das sexualidades reiteram e/ou subvertem os discursos sobre as relações de gênero que permeiam as práticas corporais e esportivas. Os pressupostos teóricos utilizados para dialogar com os dados empíricos são as Teorias Pós-Estruturalistas e, sobretudo, Estudos de Gênero e Queer, por possibilitarem maior visibilidade acadêmica a temas como as transformações sociais e biotecnológicas do corpo; assim como questões relacionadas ao gênero e as sexualidades. Dentro desta perspectiva, a pesquisa investiga a articulação dos discursos midiáticos veiculados nas reportagens e comentários postados pel@s usuári@s de dois sites específicos: Combate e Tatame. E tem como recorte temporal o período entre a contratação de mulheres pelo UFC, que vai de dezembro de 2012 até a última luta da temporada em dezembro de 2013. O “Mapa Empírico” foi composto por 331 reportagens e 4174 comentários, pesquisados nestes sites, sistematizados através da Análise de Conteúdo dos quais emergiram categorias de análise como: o discurso biologicista – que valoriza as representações macho/fêmea, homem/mulher, masculino/feminino, baseado nas características anatômicas corporais, legitimando atitudes arbitrárias na produção dos corpos generificados pelas práticas sociais; e a heteronormatividade, compreendida como o processo normativo das práticas que regulamentam e ditam uma suposta verdade sobre o sexo e o gênero ao conectar os termos sexo, gênero e desejo, construindo uma “matriz de inteligibilidade”. No âmbito do MMA, foi possível identificar que os argumentos d@s usuári@s em relação à mudança na ordem da “normalidade” e da “naturalidade”, como a potencialização dos corpos, a virilização e a masculinização das atletas, atravessam as categorias de análise. Desta forma, a análise visibilizou o quanto o acesso das mulheres ao MMA é permeado por restrições. Em grande medida, estão relacionadas à presença de seu corpo, a uma representação normatizada de feminilidade e a heteronormatividade. Os comentários que circulam em grande parte dos posts analisados contemplam argumentos sexistas e misóginos que ao mesmo tempo erotizam a performance esportiva das lutadoras e também as desqualificam. De outro modo, há uma série de publicações de caráter lesbofóbico e transfóbico que insistem em representar as lutadoras a partir da centralidade de seus corpos que são considerados abjetos e que suas presenças no octógono maculam esta prática esportiva. Estes argumentos deslegitimam reconhecimento às diferenças, às multiplicidades e à equidade de oportunidades nesta prática esportiva.
This dissertation thematizes women who play sports socially considered masculine, focusing on inclusion of professional fighters in the Mixed Martial Arts and Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). It aims to analyze whether performativities of the bodies and sexualities reiterate and / or subvert the discourses on gender relations which permeate the body and sports practices. The theoretical assumptions used to dialogue with the empirical data are the Post-Structuralist theories and, above all, Gender Studies and Queer, since they offer higher academic visibility to issues of social and biotechnological transformation of the body, as well as issues related to gender and sexuality. Within this perspective, the research investigates the articulation of media discourse in the news and comments posted by members of two specific websites: Combate and Tatame. It has the time frame period between hiring women for the UFC, which runs from December 2012 until the last fight of the season in December 2013. The “Map Empirical” was composed of 331 stories and 4174 comments, surveyed on these sites was systematized through Content Analysis and emerged as categories of analysis: the biologicist discourse - that values the representations male / female, man / woman, masculine / feminine based on body anatomical features legitimizing arbitrary attitudes in the production of gendered bodies through social practices; and heteronormativity, understood as the process of normative practices that regulate and dictate a supposed truth about sex and gender to connect the terms sex, gender and desire, building a "matrix of intelligibility." Under the MMA, we found that the arguments of users in relation to the change in the order of "normality" and "naturalness" as the enhancement of the bodies, virilization and masculinization of athletes, cross categories of analysis. Therefore, the analysis visualized how women's access to MMA is permeated by restrictions. Largely relate to the presence of his body, a standardized representation of femininity and heteronormativity. The comments on most posts analyzed include sexist and misogynistic arguments that at the same time eroticize sports performance of the fighters and also disqualify them. Otherwise, there are a number of publications and transphobic lesbophobic character that insist on representing the fighters from the centrality of their bodies which are considered abject and that their presence in the octagon tarnish this sport. These arguments delegitimize recognition of differences, the multiplicities and equity opportunities in this sport.

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Guimarães, Felipe Chaves. "Práticas sociais do consumo pelo êxtase: artes marciais mistas, masculinidade e o novo esporte-entretenimento." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1360.

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Over the past five years, Brazil has seen rapid growth establish the production and consumption of a movement called mixed martial arts, popularly known as "MMA". The consuming public of MMA integrates the productive process of developing such a practice as an option for leisure and sport. The production of this new entertainment offering consists of symbolic goods that convert people into consumers, a social relation mediated by the media, advertising and consumption ranging from dietary supplements goods, passing through components of male and female clothing, even to the toys for children. With the recent growth of MMA in Brazil, either through the interest of the population practicing this new sport, either by increasing viewers of fighting through television, position ourselves in front of a relevant research: the research of the formation and consolidation of a specific category of consumers. This dissertation addresses the consolidation of a new "sport-entertainment" through the relationship between individuals and the symbolic practices immersed in an extremely excited society. The dimension of wellness will be presented here in the midst of a symbolic logic that potentiates the social construction of masculinity, where questions about the body and the masculinizing practices become important keys to understanding the formation of the habitus that consumer. In this context, the configuration of the consumption practices of MMA shows us a society whose habitus favors the search for ecstasy.
Nos últimos cinco anos o Brasil viu se estabelecer um vertiginoso crescimento da produção e do consumo de um movimento denominado artes marciais mistas, popularmente conhecido como “MMA” (que em inglês significa mixed martial arts). O público consumidor do MMA integra o processo produtivo de desenvolvimento de tal prática como opção de lazer e de esporte. A produção desta nova oferta de entretenimento é composta por bens simbólicos que convertem indivíduos em consumidores, numa relação social mediada pela mídia, campanhas publicitárias e bens de consumo que vão desde suplementos alimentares, passando por componentes do vestuário masculino e feminino, chegando até mesmo a brinquedos para crianças. Com o recente crescimento do MMA no Brasil, seja por meio do interesse da população em praticar este novo esporte, seja pelo número cada vez maior de espectadores dos combates por meio da televisão, posicionamo-nos diante da oportunidade de uma pesquisa relevante: a investigação da formação e consolidação de uma categoria específica de consumidores. A presente dissertação aborda a consolidação de um novo esporte-entretenimento por meio da relação dos indivíduos com as práticas simbólicas imersas numa sociedade extremamente excitada. A dimensão do bem-estar será aqui apresentada em meio a uma lógica simbólica que potencializa a construção social da masculinidade, onde questões referentes ao corpo e às práticas masculinizantes se tornam importantes chaves para compreendermos a formação do habitus desse consumidor. Neste contexto, a configuração das práticas de consumo do MMA nos mostra uma sociedade cujo habitus favorece a busca pelo êxtase.

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Forkapa, Dan. "The Other Side of Fun." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1513106622529833.

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Lindsay, Angus John Chisholm. "Acute and chronic individualised psychophysiological stress assessment of elite athletes through non-invasive biochemical analysis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10737.

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Intense exercise is known to cause alterations in the psychophysiological status of an athlete. Monitoring the health and recovery of an athlete is imperative for the maintenance of performance and reduced fatigue and injury incidence. The physicality associated with select sports results in significant elevations and suppression of psychophysiological biomarkers that are often modulated by game-related impacts, intense training regimes and psychosocial aspects associated with the professional era. The aim of the studies outlined in this thesis were to determine the effectiveness of selected “stress” markers in several sports that result in significant “stress”, and quantify the level of acute and chronic “stress” following individual games and competitions to improve athlete management and recovery. Study one aimed at developing a new strong-cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (SCX-HPLC) method for the detection and quantification of urinary pterins and creatinine in a body-building cohort completing high intensity resistance training. The method had an intra- and inter-assay variability of 3.04 % and 5.42 % respectively, with visibly clear peaks and no tailing. Urinary neopterin (NP) and 7,8-dihydroneopterin during a week of competitive natural body-building did not significantly change indicating no alteration in immune system function and oxidative stress. It did provide evidence for the use of specific gravity as a similarly reliable method for urine volume correction following exercise. Study two focused on a playoff game of elite amateur rugby. The time course changes of NP, cortisol, salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and myoglobin in 11 elite amateur rugby players were measured up to 86 hours post-game. Cortisol increased 4-fold, myoglobin 2.85-fold, NP 1.75-fold and total NP 2.3-fold, all significant, whilst sIgA did not change. All markers returned to baseline within 17 hours providing valuable information for sample collection schedule optimization. Respiratory elastance was also measured by ventilation for the assessment of exercise induced lung inflammation/injury following the game (Chapter three). There was an increase in elastance in selected individuals that did not correlate with either global positioning system (GPS) or impact data. It was shown however, that a ventilator is capable of measuring respiratory changes in a conscious and healthy individual. Study three focused on the final three games of professional rugby in the 2013 ITM Cup. The acute and cumulative changes in the same four markers were analysed following three home games. There were significant increases in NP, total NP, cortisol and myoglobin along with significant suppression of sIgA (p < 0.05). Large intra- and inter-individual variation existed between players with changes associated with total impacts. Moreover, impact induced muscle damage may account for changes in oxidative status. Specific gravity (SG) was shown to be a more reliable marker for urine volume correction in comparison to creatinine; while some players showed signs of cumulative stress. Study four examined stress in a professional team throughout the 22 week 2014 Super 15 competition. Part one investigated changes in oxidative stress and muscle damage markers to solidify the muscle damage/oxidative status theory postulated in the previous study. Experimental evidence showed iron and myoglobin are separately capable of oxidizing 7,8-dihydroneopterin to NP in vitro. It was then identified that players who suffered the greatest muscle damage as a result of impacts also had the greatest change in oxidative status (NP). This evidence suggests rugby union induces significant alterations in oxidative status that may be exacerbated by the impact induced release of myoglobin. Part two measured urinary NT-proBNP during the last two consecutive home games to identify whether rugby union causes significant cardiovascular stress and if the pre to post-game change can be explained by GPS technology. Significant individualized elevations were observed in games one and two which did not correlate with any GPS measurements or impacts. Concentrations returned to normal ~ 36 hours post-game suggesting no permanent damage to cardiac muscle had occurred. The lack of correlation suggests GPS technology is not an accurate measure of cardiovascular stress in professional rugby union. Part three involved the measurement of cortisol, total NP and sIgA throughout the season to assess the degree of cumulative stress. Samples were taken at regular intervals ~ 36 hours post-game for 22 weeks. Extreme inter-individual variation was present. Select individuals showed continual elevation in immune system activation and psychophysiological stress, whilst others presented with a continual decline in immune system function. Collectively however, minor deviations from baseline in all markers were observed and participation in long distance travel did not significantly affect the psychophysiological status of the group. Together this suggests a season does not cause an accumulation in psychophysiological stress, although careful individual player analysis is warranted. Understanding rugby union positional demands is essential for training program specification and position specific development of players. Part four used GPS, video-analysis and biochemical analysis to identify positional demands in five regular season games. Forwards tended to be involved in more impacts and covered less distance, while backs covered more distance and carried the ball into contact more regularly. There was no difference in the psychophysiological status between positions indicating both aspects of stress (impacts and distance covered) may induce a similar response. Alternatively, individual biological variation may be solely responsible for this change suggesting careful consideration should be given when using traditional work-load measures such as GPS when quantifying “stress”. Part five assessed the effectiveness of varied recovery interventions. Total NP, cortisol, myoglobin and sIgA were measured pre- post- and ~ 36 hours post game to identify which intervention was most effective at returning players to a psychophysiological state that allowed for the resumption of normal training. Findings concluded the immediate post-game strategy employed by the team (cold bath, consumption of protein and carbohydrates, compression garments and eight hours sleep) seemed to provide the greatest psychophysiological improvement regardless of the “next-day” intervention. There was large inter-individual variation and players were still in a state of recovery ~ 36 hours post-game as indicated by the elevated total NP and sIgA concentrations. Study five had four aspects. Develop a new, cost-effective and simple reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method for the quantification of urinary myoglobin in a clinically relevant range, quantify the level of structural stress following a simulated mixed martial arts (MMA) contest, determine whether cold water immersion attenuates the level of inflammation and muscle damage following a contest, and whether this hypothesized attenuation may be explained by cryotherapy induced mononuclear cell activation suppression in vitro. The RP-HPLC method had an intra- and inter-assay variations from 0.32 - 2.94 %. Linearity was in the range of 5 – 1000 µg/mL which detected significant increases in urinary myoglobin following the MMA contest. Total NP was found to significantly increase following the contest and return to approximately pre-contest levels 24 hours later for the passive group only. Cold water immersion was further found to attenuate the total NP increase in the first two hours post-contest solidifying its use as a recovery technique following intense exercise, while cryotherapy significantly suppressed T-cell activation. This study provides a reliable and repeatable assay for muscle damage quantification in a clinically relevant range, evidence of the physicality associated with MMA, and indicates cold water immersion is a reliable recovery intervention that may impart its positive benefits through T-cell suppression. The data generated by these investigations highlights the necessity for individual physiological analysis. Group data often masks the extreme variation that exists in clinical and exercise trials where treatment and management of athletes is conducted for recovery and performance. Biochemical analysis provides an added sophistication of work-load and psychophysiological assessment that common technological methods cannot emulate. With a lack of correlation between the quantitative changes in specific non-overlapping biomarkers and GPS, video-analysis and questionnaires, it would seem pertinent to develop a non-invasive quantitative approach in elite sport to understand the level of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress for the precise management of athletes.

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Tereso, Duarte Silva. "Does Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) fighters’ trash-talk go viral?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/22207.

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Since the beginning of the 2000s, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and, more specifically, the Ultimate Fighting Championship organization (UFC), have been experiencing exponential growth. In recent years, there have been some differences in what fans want to see, having fights with a lot of drama between the fighters generates large numbers of pay per view compared to fights between highly technical and dominant fighters, even if they are title fights. The purpose of our study is to understand if trash-talk between the fighters before the fight tends to attract more fans to the sport and what kind of sentiments does it generate in them. We extracted tweets from fans and answers from fighters and cross these data. We found that fights involving a lot of drama between the fighters are the ones that have the biggest pay per view numbers, 2 of them generating 2.5 times more pay per view than 7 fights between lower profile fighters. However, we did not find a direct influence of each fighter’s negative expressions used during the conference and the fans’ tweets but, we did find that the context of the event in itself plays a more significant role as the rivalry between fighters is expressed during the press conference. Regarding the engagement of fans’, while we found no evidence of a cause-effect relationship with the negative sentiment of the fighters, we confirmed that higher levels of profanity speech are associated with higher engagement, both on pay-per-view and on the number of tweets.
Desde o início dos anos 2000, as Artes Marciais Mistas (MMA) e, mais especificamente, a organização Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), têm tido um crescimento exponencial. Nos últimos anos, parece haver algumas diferenças no que os fãs querem ver, tendo combates que envolvem muito drama entre os lutadores gerado números de pay per view muito maiores do que combates entre lutadores altamente técnicos e dominantes, mesmo sendo estes combates pelo título. O objetivo do nosso estudo é entender se o trash-talk entre os lutadores antes da luta tende a atrair mais fãs para o desporto e que tipo de sentimentos provoca nestes fãs. Extraímos tweets dos fãs e respostas dos lutadores e cruzámos a informação. Os resultados mostram que os combates que envolvem muito drama entre os lutadores são os que têm os maiores números de pay per view, gerando 2 deles 2,5 vezes mais pay per view do que 7 combates entre lutadores com um perfil mais discreto. No entanto, não encontrámos uma influência direta das expressões negativas dos lutador nas conferência nos tweets dos seus fãs, mas descobrimos que o contexto do evento em si desempenha um papel mais significativo, pois a rivalidade entre os lutadores é expressa durante a conferência de imprensa do evento. Em relação ao envolvimento dos fãs, embora não tenhamos encontrado evidências de uma relação de causa-efeito com o sentimento negativo dos lutadores, verificámos que níveis mais altos de palavrões estão associados a um maior envolvimento, tanto no pay-per-view como no número de tweets.

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Steenkamp, Sanrie. "Exploring the marketing of mixed martial arts in South Africa / Sanrie Steenkamp." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/12017.

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The purpose of the study has been to identify the motivational factors prompting the South African MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) fan to attend events and how these factors are influencing their spending patterns and media consumption. With the growing popularity of Africa’s biggest MMA promoter and the production values and size of events, EFC (Extreme Fighting Championship) is taking the African market to a global level. To understand the South African MMA fan, marketers should differentiate strategies to meet these various customers’ satisfaction needs and demands. Media plays a big role in the growing of the sport, and Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and television broadcasts all contribute to fans gaining access to the MMA sport. The following motivational factors were used to measure the MMA fan: Aesthetic quality, Sports interest, Drama/Eustress, Socialising, Vicarious achievement, Fighter interest, Adoration/Hero, Violence, Escape, National Pride and Economic Factors. Participants who attended the local amateur MMA fights in the south of Johannesburg were requested to complete the online web questionnaire to establish the motivational factors of South African MMA fans. Aesthetic quality, Sports interest and Drama/Eustress were ranked as the highest motivators. There were some gender differences where females indicated that they were more interested in the Drama factor and the males in the Sports interest factor. It was clear from the results that most male fans were drawn to MMA by word-ofmouth, clubs or events. The female fans used the internet and television as their media consumption of MMA. Although the study was limited to a local MMA event, insights into the motivation of the South African MMA fan were discovered as well as how media is consumed differently by different genders.
MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

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Pihávková, Natálie. "Nejčastější způsoby ukončení zápasu v MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) v UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship)." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412331.

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The basis of this diploma thesis is to find out the most common way to end MMA (mixed martial arts) matches in the UFC (Ultimate fighting championship) organization. The theoretical part is devoted to the description of MMA as such, history, rules with a larger description of possible ways to end the match and with a description of weight categories that are essential for us in this work. He also deals with the UFC organization and its history and MMA in the Czech Republic. The practical part is devoted to research, which focuses on ways to end the MMA match in the UFC in various men's weight categories. The same is done for weight categories in the Czech Republic. KEYWORDS MMA, the UFC, TKO, Submission

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Rýcová, Kristína. "Mediální obraz mužského a ženského MMA v České republice." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-448621.

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The diploma thesis presents a media image of one of the fastest growing sports in the world. Mixed Martial Arts, abbreviation MMA, has a history in the Czech Republic since the 1990s. The media portrayal of male and female Mixed Martial Arts represents one of the aspects that are not fully covered in the Czech Republic. With the help of qualitative and quantitative content analysis, articles from the four most read Czech printed periodicals are explored - Blesk, Mladá Fronta DNES, Právo and Sport and four Czech news websites - Blesk.cz, iDNES.cz, Sport.cz and iSport.cz. A total of 1331 articles are analyzed in the research. The main goal of the work was to map the media image of this sport and to point out possible differences in referring to female and male athletes. The results of the research showed that although the female MMA received significantly less media attention, there was no downplay on the abilities of the female athletes. The secondary goal of the work was to discover and analyze possible stereotypes that are associated with Mixed Martial Arts. Out of a total of 1331 articles, stereotypes were traced only in 34 cases. The analysis traced a stereotype associated with the characteristics and visage of female athletes and a stereotype called Bad Guys, which portrayed MMA as a brutal sport.

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Vesecká, Renata. "Profil úspěšného bojovníka MMA." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340031.

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Title: Profile of a successful MMA fighter Objectives: The main objective of this dissertation is to put together a profile of a successful MMA fighter of the prestigious organization UFC which brings together the most successful fighters of various styles from all around the world. The next objective was to determine which fighting style in today's prestigious matches is the most appropriate and efficient one to become successful. Methods: It is a theoretical descriptive dissertation. The used method was a research compilation study from several available literary and electronic resources. It presents fight statistics and their evaluation based upon the pragmatic importance. Results: It has been determined that the most successful style of the MMA matches in the UFC organization is wrestler and based upon the available information a profile of a successful MMA fighter has been put together. Keywords: MMA, UFC, combat sports. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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Hůrka, David. "Možnosti tréninku MMA v Praze." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329219.

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Title: The possibilities of MMA sports training in Prague Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to summarize the knowledge of the MMA sports training in Prague, the characteristics of MMA, its history, principles and types. Further to characterize the individual components of wrestlers' sports training in the Czech Republic in comparison with conditions abroad. Methods: The method of data collection was a study of available literature, mapping of Prague area focusing on all MMA training opportunities, interviews and personal comments of specific coaches. Results: We found out that the possibilities of sports training and the gyms' facilities are of the same level throughout the Czech Republic but there are significant differences in approach to training and opportunities in gyms when compared to a successful foreign club. Keywords: MMA, sports training, martial arts, gym

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Mallette, Thomas G. "The sparring instinct: diaries of mixed martial arts." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/12946.

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Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport where pugilists combine various martial art forms to compete in sanctioned bouts of hand-to-hand cage fighting. Through immersive ethnographic research at an MMA gym, this thesis presents a carnal sociology that investigates rigorous human sparring as a method of human liberation. Carnal sociology is a method of embodied inquiry where the sociologist uses their own body to investigate social phenomena of interest. Chapter 1 reveals connections between modern sparring encounters and early religious violence as described in Émile Durkheim’s sociology. I argue that human sparring is a form of violent and primitively religious prayer that allows the sparrer to extract originary feelings of human agency that are stored in the social energies of sparring intensity. Chapter 2 explores current debates regarding gender in modern mixed-sex martial arts gyms, arguing for a more patient approach to conceptualizing gender in sparring. Despite scholars depicting the history of sparring as being saturated with violent expressions of masculinity, modern sparring practices appear to present a novel space for men and women to enter into freer associations with gender on their own terms. In Chapter 3, I expand on Dale Spencer’s (2009) concept of body callusing, where instead, I argue that sparrers are primarily drawn to sparring to engage in existential callusing where the sparrer is driven towards a mastery of the non-body to overcome death anxiety. Drawing on participant diary entries, field notes, and immersive ethnography, this thesis argues that human sparring is best understood as a mechanism of human liberation that is undertaken by sparrers through a unique transcendental phenomenology. Sparring violence allows practitioners to overcome certain limitations embedded in everyday human thought by becoming intoxicated by especially altered states of consciousness as a means of accessing primary qualities of the human condition.
Graduate
2022-04-14

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Lo, Shun-Chang, and 羅舜璋. "The Engagement of Mixed Martial Arts - Violence or Force?" Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bzz2yf.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
社會學研究所
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Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport growing rapidly in recent years, which being regarded as an extreme violent and dangerous activity. This paper tries to answer questions below：1. Is MMA itself an extreme violent and dangerous activity? 2. Do the participants engage MMA due to the violence, which means enjoy hurting others? 3. Does engage in MMA made participants more violent, prone to resolve conflicts with violence? The study presents three discoveries. First, compare to other combat sports, MMA indeed appears more violent and dangerous. It is also the combat sport being view as real combat. Second, enjoying violence is not the reason those participate MMA. Due to its relatively high risk characteristic, MMA is being taken as a method to enhance body and mind. Finally, engaging in MMA will not let participants willing to solve conflicts with violence. Rather, it restrains the impulse to resort to violence. Participants only use its techniques to competition and self-defense. Based on these research findings, violence is not the core of MMA.

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