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1
Schlegel, Petr, and Adam Křehký. "Physiological Aspects and Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 59, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2019-0001.
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Summary Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has become an independent sport discipline with its own distinctive aspects. It can no longer be perceived as before, as a compilation of other martial arts. MMA shows originality in training methods, health aspects, performance requirements or even moral-volitional qualities. The aim of the paper is to analyse the physiological aspects of MMA in both training and combat loads, to discuss the issue of injuries in MMA and to provide a comparison with other martial arts. Studies focusing directly on MMA wrestlers have been selected. These have included both amateur and professional athletes. The databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scholar were used as sources. MMA ranks among sports with high-intensity workload, wrestlers achieve high levels of lactate and other metabolic markers. They need above-average aerobic capacity and perform well in upper body strength tests. Injury rates in MMA do not differ significantly from those in professional-level martial arts. Most injuries are associated with lacerations on the head. The requirements of extensive workload during performance must be reflected in training. Encouragement of aerobic and anaerobic endurance abilities in conjunction with optimum strength training seems crucial. It is essential to include prophylaxis as regards head concussions and strive for maximum safety of the sportsman during combat. Further research is required to confirm some of the conclusions, the limitations of which are due to the number and quality of the selected studies.
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Rosenwanger, Mariam, Eva Lee, and Susanne Ravn. "Mixed Martial Arts og det totale engagement." Forum for Idræt 31 (December 1, 2015): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ffi.v31i0.109041.
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Mixed Martial Arts is a relatively new staging of the ultimate battle between two practitioners fighting in a cage. With it’s brutality it challenges the practitioner’s physical limits and mental barriers. In this article we go behind – or maybe rather before – the fight and describe the training practices of American MMA practitioners. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to describe the community of practices which MMA practitioners are part of – ‘backstage’ – when preparing for their fight(s).
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Latyshev, Sergii, Mykola Latyshev, Irina Tsarevskaya, Natalia Krivtsova, Nikolay Ryzhin, and Elena Nemceva. "Determination of model characteristics of martial mixed arts fighters." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 09035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127309035.
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The popularity of mixed martial arts(MMA) has been growing steadily and now this sport is the most striking and spectacular of martial arts. Worth millions royalties’ of top fighters stimulate talented athletes to change one types of martial arts for MMA, which significantly increase the competition among athletes and qualitatively change the competitive activity. A need arises to optimize the training process in accordance with modern trends in competitive activity. The process of training will be effective only if it is built on the basis of data on the model characteristics of today's top athletes. The article defined and calculated values of the model characteristics of Top MMA fighters of Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). These characteristics are divided into four groups: age-anthropometric, rating, kicks performance and defense, takedowns performance and defense. The obtained data can be used when planning the training process both for young and qualified sportsmen.
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Jensen, Andrew R., Robert C. Maciel, Frank A. Petrigliano, John P. Rodriguez, and Adam G. Brooks. "Injuries Sustained by the Mixed Martial Arts Athlete." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 1 (August 20, 2016): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116664860.
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Context: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is rapidly growing in popularity in the United States and abroad. This combat sport joins athletes from a wide variety of martial art disciplines, each with characteristic and distinguishing injury profiles, together in competition. Because of increasing participation by professionals and amateurs alike, injuries sustained by MMA athletes have been on the rise. Evidence Acquisition: A review of relevant publications using the search term mixed martial arts and each of its component combat sports (eg, Muay Thai, Brazilian jiu-jitsu) from 1980 through 2015 was completed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: The majority of studies on MMA injuries evaluate those sustained during competition, which range in incidence from 22.9 to 28.6 per 100 fight-participations. Striking-predominant disciplines such as boxing, karate, and Muay Thai have high rates of head and facial injuries, whereas submission-predominant disciplines such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and wrestling have high rates of joint injuries. Conclusion: Numerous studies have evaluated injuries in athletes who participate in MMA and its component disciplines during competition but much remains to be discovered about injuries sustained during training and in specific patient populations such as adolescents and women.
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Greenwell, T. Christopher, Dustin Thorn, and Jason Simmons. "Is violence used to promote Mixed Martial Arts?" International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 16, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-16-04-2015-b003.
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This study examines how Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) events are marketed in order to understand the role of violence in promoting events. Researchers examined 134 pieces of promotional artwork and 57 promotional news releases by MMA organisations across North America, Asia and Europe and found that 18 (13.4%) pieces of promotional artwork used violent text or imagery. Violent text was found in 12 (21%) of the 57 news releases. Violence was typically limited to smaller or European organisations. Results illustrate an evolution of the sport, suggesting violence may no longer be necessary to promote events.
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Andrade, Alexandro, Rodrigo Batalha Silva, and Fábio Hech Dominski. "Application of sport psychology to mixed martial arts." Kinesiology 52, no. 1 (2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.52.1.12.
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This study, through a systematic review, analyzed scientific production concerning sport psychology in mixed martial arts. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, and the search was performed using the S ciELO, ScienceDirect, PsycInfo, and Web of Science databases. Of the 79 studies screened, eight satisfied the eligibility criteria, with explicit addressal of the topics of fear, aggression, emotional control, confidence, mental toughness, motivation, arousal, coping, rational emotive behavioral therapy for MMA athletes, fighting experience and MMA competition. Consequently, the scarce scientific production was found to evidence the need for further research in this modality. It is suggested that studies that investigate other variables of sport psychology such as mood, anxiety, and burnout.
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Acevedo, William, and Mei Cheung. "Una visión histórica de las artes marciales mixtas en China." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 6, no. 2 (May 27, 2012): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v6i2.6.
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Mixed martial arts (MMA) has become one of the fastest-growing combat sports in the twenty-first century, drawing millions of Pay-Per-View spectators since the inception of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993. Popular conceptions have credited the creation of MMA to Bruce Lee, a Chinese-American actor and martial artist who became an icon in the 1970s and who is still considered by many as a revolutionary figure in the field. This paper will present, in chronological order, examples of ancient Chinese martial arts concepts preceding the creation of modern MMA.
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Zembura, Paweł. "Success of Mixed Martial Arts Video Topics on YouTube." Sport Science Review 22, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2013): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2013-0007.
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The purpose of this study was to identify if the YouTube viewership is related to a subject of mixed martial arts (MMA) videos. To do so passive and active viewership were featured, based on Checchinato, Disegna & Gazolla (2009) work. Content analysis was used as the method and the sample consisted of 200 most popular videos gathered from supreme canals belonging to MMA organizations. Over half of the videos were classified into previews and whole fights categories. The robust least square regression explained 27% of passive viewership, and whole fights were the predictor of highest passive attention. Just two categories were found significant as the predictors of active viewership in the logit regression. Whole fights generated more active response in contrary to previews. Pure sport-related videos were generally found to generate higher interest among YouTube MMA spectators.
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Hutchison, Michael, Michael Cusimano, David Lawrence, and Tanveer Singh. "Comprehensive analysis of ‘knockouts’ in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 5 (March 11, 2013): e1.33-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-092101.39.
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Tropin, Y., M. Latyshev, A. Pylypet`s, and V. Ponomaryov. "Indicators of competitive activity of the strongest female fighters of mixed martial arts MMA." Єдиноборства, no. 3(21) (June 1, 2021): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2021-3.07.
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Purpose: to establish indicators of competitive activity of the strongest female fighters of mixed martial arts MMA with TOP-10 regardless of weight. Material and methods. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of scientific and methodological information and Internet sources; generalization of best practices; analysis of protocols and videos of competitive activities of women fighters in the TOP-10, regardless of weight; methods of mathematical statistics. The initial data of the performances of the strongest female fighters in mixed martial arts MMA are taken from the UFC website. Results: analysis of scientific and methodological information, Internet sources and generalization of best practices allowed to establish that the popularity of mixed martial arts MMA in the world and the sharp increase in competition among fighters require timely study of competitive activities of leading athletes to make changes in training and preparation for competitions. The analysis of the rating of the TOP-10 best women fighters regardless of weight showed that it includes four athletes of the lightest and minimum weight category and two women fighters of the lightest weight category. The TOP-10 strongest female mixed martial arts MMA fighters, regardless of weight, include four representatives of the United States, two athletes from Brazil and one fighter from Kyrgyzstan, China, Poland and the Netherlands. Conclusions. The results of the analysis of the competitive activity of the TOP-10 strongest female fighters in mixed martial arts MMA, regardless of weight, showed that the fighters strike more blows per minute (from 2,80 to 6,55) than they miss (from 2,12 to 5,28). The largest number of blows is carried out in the rack (from 48 % to 85 % of the total number of blows), then in the clinch (from 4 % to 43 %) and in the ground (from 1 % to 40 %). Most blows occur in the head (from 41 % to 82 %), then on the body (from 13 % to 38 %) and on the legs (from 3 % to 33 %). The strongest female fighters defend against downdowns more effectively (from 63 % to 100 %) than from blows (from 47 % to 67 %). Attempts to take takedowns in 15 minutes more (from 0,50 to 3,21) than the implementation of submission in 15 minutes (from 0,08 to 1,71). Keywords: mixed martial arts MMA, competitive activity, the strongest female fighters.
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Ruiz Barquín, Roberto, Carlos Gutiérrez García, and Adrián Plura Maldonado. "Psychological characteristics of developing excellence in mixed martial arts athletes." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 14, no. 2s (November 18, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v14i2s.6005.
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<div><p>The aim of this study was to describe the perception of sports talent and excellence development in a sample of MMA fighters, and compare the obtained results with those of previous studies. A total of 42 adult (male and female) MMA athletes of several levels (amateur, semi-professional and professional) participated in the study. A socio-demographic questionnaire and the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire – PCDEQ were used for collecting data. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and student’s <em>t-</em>test for means comparison. In general, MMA athletes obtained higher scores than those reported by samples of other sports in previous studies, and more specifically in factors I - Support for long-term success, II - Imagery use during practice and competition, and IV - Ability to organise and engage in quality practice. This can be explained due to the higher average age of our sample and the professional or semi-professional level already achieved by many of the MMA fighters. The study also revealed that MMA fighters may need specific psychological training related to factor III - Coping with performance and developmental pressures.</p></div>
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Mierzwinski, Mark, Philippa Velija, and Dominic Malcolm. "Women’s Experiences in the Mixed Martial Arts: A Quest for Excitement?" Sociology of Sport Journal 31, no. 1 (March 2014): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2013-0125.
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Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), like the majority of relatively violent sports, has mainly been organized around the capabilities of the male body. However various indices suggest that women’s engagement with MMA is growing. The purpose of this paper is to offer an analysis of women’s involvement in MMA using a figurational sociological approach. In doing so, we draw on interview data with “elite” female mixed martial artists to explore the extent to which females within MMA experience a specifically gendered “quest for excitement.” The paper further illustrates how the notion of “civilized bodies” can be used to interpret the distinctly gendered experiences of shame in relation to fighting in combat sports, the physical markings incurred as a consequence, and perceptions of sexual intimacy in the close physical contact of bodies. In so doing this paper provides the first figurationally-informed study of female sport involvement to focus explicitly on the role of violence in mediating social relations, while refining aspects of the figurational sociological approach to provide a more adequate framework for the analysis of gender relations.
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Silva, Grasiela Oliveira Santana da, Angelita Alice Jaeger, and Paula Silva. "SPORT STUDENT TEACHERS’ DISCOURSES ABOUT FEMALE ATHLETES IN MIXED MARTIAL ARTS." Movimento (ESEFID/UFRGS) 27 (July 12, 2021): e27037. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.103726.
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O processo histórico-cultural do esporte foi influenciado pelos (e influenciador dos) espaços que homens e mulheres foram ocupando na sociedade ao reafirmar normas e também provocar fissuras. E assim, o corpo feminino adentra no Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). O estudo analisa discursos acerca da participação das mulheres atletas no MMA. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa através de grupos focais com estudantes (16 homens e nove mulheres) da licenciatura em Desporto de uma instituição do norte de Portugal. Fizemos a análise de conteúdo com apoio do software QSRNvivo 12 Pro. Há uma desassociação do MMA enquanto esporte, reconhecendo-o como prática nociva à saúde das lutadoras, embora seja identificado como uma conquista das mulheres. A inserção e a crescente presença de lutadoras no MMA caracterizam uma vitória e configura novas relações com seus corpos e feminilidades.
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Ross, Austin J., Bailey J. Ross, Tyler C. Zeoli, Symone M. Brown, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "Injury Profile of Mixed Martial Arts Competitions in the United States." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 232596712199156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121991560.
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Background: The popularity of mixed martial arts (MMA) continues to grow in the United States. Although prior work has provided valuable insight concerning injuries in the sport, much of the available literature is limited by factors such as small sample sizes, varying athlete demographics, and inconsistent data collection methods. Purpose: To report injury rates and types in MMA and analyze potential variance between competition and match variables. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of injuries sustained by fighters during MMA contests between 2018 and 2019 using ringside physician postmatch injury reports from Wisconsin and Arizona. The prevalence of overall injuries and specific injury types was compared by location (Arizona vs Wisconsin), competition level (amateur vs professional), match result (decisions vs any other result), and match winners versus losers. Results: In 503 contests, 285 (57%) had at least 1 injury. In these 285 matches, participants experienced 401 injuries: 197 (49%) in professional bouts and 204 (51%) in amateur bouts. The match injury rate was higher in professional bouts than in amateur contests (68% vs 51%; P < .001). Amateur fighters had more contusions and hematomas (31% vs 22%; P < .001), while professional fighters had more lacerations (39% vs 23%; P < .001). Losers exhibited a higher match injury rate than winners (48% vs 24%; P < .001). Winners experienced a higher proportion of fractures (19% vs 9%; P = .005), and losers experienced more concussions (17% vs 2%; P < .001). Conclusion: Professional fighters and losers of MMA bouts exhibited higher injury rates relative to amateurs and winners. The prevalence of specific injury types varied by competition level, match result, and match winners versus losers. The results of this study may be used to better understand the current injury profile in MMA and to develop targeted strategies for injury prevention.
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Hishinuma, Earl S., Karen N. Umemoto, Toan Gia Nguyen, Janice Y. Chang, and Randy Paul M. Bautista. "Epidemiology of Mixed Martial Arts and Youth Violence in an Ethnically Diverse Sample." Violence and Victims 27, no. 1 (2012): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.1.43.
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Mixed martial arts’ (MMAs) growing international popularity has rekindled the discussion on the advantages (e.g., exercise) and disadvantages (e.g., possible injury) of contact sports. This study was the first of its kind to examine the psychosocial aspects of MMA and youth violence using an epidemiologic approach with an Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) adolescent sample (N = 881). The results were consistent with the increased popularity of MMA with 52% (adolescent males = 73%, adolescent females = 39%) enjoying watching MMA and 24% (adolescent males = 39%, adolescent females = 13%) practicing professional fight moves with friends. Although statistically significant ethnic differences were found for the two MMA items on a bivariate level, these findings were not statistically significant when considering other variables in the model. The bivariate results revealed a cluster of risk-protective factors. Regarding the multiple regression findings, although enjoying watching MMA remained associated with positive attitudes toward violence and practicing fight moves remained associated with negative out-group orientation, the MMA items were not associated with unique variances of youth violence perpetration and victimization. Implications included the need for further research that includes other diverse samples, more comprehensive and objective MMA and violence measures, and observational and intervention longitudinal studies.
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Kirk, Christopher. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND DIVISIONAL RANK IN PROFESSIONAL MIXED MARTIAL ARTS." Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport 16, no. 1 (July 24, 2018): 073. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fupes180329007k.
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Physiological changes brought about by a person’s aging process are known to negatively affect elite sports performance, but this may be delayed by skill mastery brought about by continued training. The intersection of these two separate processes causes a potential ‘peak performance window’ in many sports. Within MMA it has been shown that older competitors are more likely to lose individual bouts, especially due to strikes, and when they win it is most likely to be due to a decision. It has not been determined whether age has a long-term effect on success in MMA. This study divided the top 100 competitors in each MMA weight division into 5 ranking groups (RG) and used Bayesian ANOVA (BF10), 95% credible interval plots and Bayesian Kendall’s Tau (BF10) to determine if competitor rankings are affected by their age, and if each division displays a different age profile. The results found that whilst there is a general pattern of older participants being ranked higher, middleweight was the only division where this was statistically relevant. It was found, however, that the heavier the mass limit of the division, the older the participants are across each RG. These results suggest that skill mastery may be of more short-term importance to successful performance in MMA than physiological ability, particularly in the heavier divisions, but physiological decrements effect lighter competitors earlier in their chronological age. This is potentially due to differing performance requirements between the different divisions.
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Dronyakina, N. V., and D. A. Starykh. "Word-formative Nomination in the English Terminology of the Mixed Martial Arts." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-1-226-233.
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The research featured the English terms related to the sphere of mixed martial arts (MMA) and their word-formation. A detailed analysis of the structure of MMA terms made it possible to distinguish one-, two-, three-, four-, and polycomponential terminological units. One-componential terms were represented by linguistic units expressed by a word with different morphemic composition. Two-componential terms were represented by word-combinations with a noun, an adjective, or a verb (or its forms) as their core elements. Via complex contraction, three- and four-componential terminological units could be transformed into abbreviations. The polycomponential terminological units were few and expressed by gerund word-combinations. The research also revealed related principles of nomination and formation: semantic, morphological, and syntactical. The semantic way was realized via indirect nomination, i.e. metaphor and metonymy. The morphological way was represented by affixation, compounding, and abbreviation. The syntactic way was used to coin the MMA terms expressed by word combinations and gerund word-combinations. The paper focuses on the dominant models and the key types of terminological word-combination, e.g. substantive and attributive
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Santos, Carla A., Scott Tainsky, K. Alexander Schmidt, and Changsup Shim. "Framing the Octagon: An Analysis of News-Media Coverage of Mixed Martial Arts." International Journal of Sport Communication 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.6.1.66.
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To date, scholarly attention to mixed martial arts (MMA) and the Ultimate Fighting Championship organization has been limited. This study sought to address this gap in literature by focusing on the news media’s framing of public officials’ discourse concerning MMA. In so doing, the study addressed the entanglement of news media, sport, and contemporary political maneuvering. Overall, findings suggest two dominant media frames: leveraging of sociopolitical capital to protect societal values and leveraging of sociopolitical capital to advocate for legislation. Specifically, the authors propose that news media have framed and reframed MMA as a succession of moral threats and reassurances that are given voice by public officials in the name of protecting the citizenry.
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Hillier, Mathew, Louise Sutton, Lewis James, Dara Mojtahedi, Nicola Keay, and Karen Hind. "High Prevalence and Magnitude of Rapid Weight Loss in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0393.
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The practice of rapid weight loss (RWL) in mixed martial arts (MMA) is an increasing concern but data remain scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, magnitude, methods, and influencers of RWL in professional and amateur MMA athletes. MMA athletes (N = 314; 287 men and 27 women) across nine weight categories (strawweight to heavyweight), completed a validated questionnaire adapted for this sport. Sex-specific data were analyzed, and subgroup comparisons were made between athletes competing at professional and amateur levels. Most athletes purposefully reduced body weight for competition (men: 97.2%; women: 100%). The magnitude of RWL in 1 week prior to weigh-in was significantly greater for professional athletes compared with those competing at amateur level (men: 5.9% vs. 4.2%; women: 5.0% vs. 2.1% of body weight; p < .05). In the 24 hr preceding weigh-in, the magnitude of RWL was greater at professional than amateur level in men (3.7% vs. 2.5% of body weight; p < .05). Most athletes “always” or “sometimes” used water loading (72.9%), restricting fluid intake (71.3%), and sweat suits (55.4%) for RWL. Coaches were cited as the primary source of influence on RWL practices (men: 29.3%; women: 48.1%). There is a high reported prevalence of RWL in MMA, at professional and amateur levels. Our findings, constituting the largest inquiry to date, call for urgent action from MMA organizations to safeguard the health and well-being of athletes competing in this sport.
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Gift, Paul. "Performance Bonuses and Effort: Evidence from Fight Night Awards in Mixed Martial Arts." International Journal of Financial Studies 7, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs7010013.
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This paper investigates the role of fight night bonus awards on fighter behavior in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and World Extreme Cage (WEC) fighting mixed martial arts (MMA) promotions. Behavior is analyzed using detailed fighter performance statistics, exploiting variation in bonus size across events and over time. Findings suggest that fighters are not meaningfully influenced by bonus levels within the range observed in the sample period and possible explanations are discussed. Fight night bonuses appear to serve as a lottery compensation mechanism to ex post reward performances consistent with an MMA promotion’s desires rather than ex ante incentivize such performances. Findings have implications for strategic MMA promoter decisions and contribute more broadly to the personnel economics literature on incentives and compensation.
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Spanias, Charalampos, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Anthropometric and Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Art Athletes: A Brief Review." Sports 7, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7060146.
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The aim of this review was to analyze the existing knowledge of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of MMA (mixed martial arts). A computerized search was performed in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for English-language, peer-reviewed investigations using the term “mixed martial arts” or “MMA” alone and in combination with “physiological characteristics”, “physiological profile”, “body composition”, “strength”, “power”, “endurance”, “aerobic”, and “anaerobic”. The main findings of this review suggested an overall profile of low body fat, high flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and anaerobic power, and average cardiovascular endurance. Nevertheless, no differences in anthropometric and physiological characteristics by performance level of the athletes were observed. Based on the studies analyzed in this review, several limitations were reported. First, the subjects in each paper were limited in number, as is MMA literature itself, and it is impossible to make a generalization regarding the anthropometric and physiological profile for male athletes. Second, no studies included female MMA athletes; therefore, there was no evidence for what their profiles might be. Last, the majority of the above-mentioned studies used different tests, or the same tests with different protocols, and as a result, it is difficult to compare their results. The similarity observed between the levels of the athletes might be a result of the different tests and protocols used by the researchers or might be evidence that the anthropometric and physiological profile of an MMA athlete did not vary among high-level athletes. Considering the increasing number of those engaging in MMA training and sport events, the findings of the present study provided strength and conditioning trainers working with MMA athletes a valuable tool for monitoring training and performance.
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Lim, Lucas, Roger Ho, and Cyrus Ho. "Dangers of Mixed Martial Arts in the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020254.
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Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was first discovered in professional boxers after they exhibited memory impairments, mood and behavioral changes after years of boxing. However, there is now a growing acceptance that CTE can develop in athletes of other sports due to the repetitive head trauma they receive. We present a case of a middle-aged male who presented with worsening memory, poor concentration, and behavioral changes for a year. On further cognitive testing, it was revealed that he had difficulties with short-term memory and processing speed as well as difficulties in organizing and multitasking. He had been practicing mixed martial arts (MMA) for 10 years, and later was an instructor of the sport. Through a detailed examination of his history, it was discovered that he sustained recurrent minor head concussions due to his line of work. To date, there has been limited large-scale research on head trauma in MMA. There is thus an urgent need for more studies in this area as CTE can be a chronic and debilitating illness with incapacitating neuropsychiatric sequelae. This case highlights the importance of public awareness of the risks of MMA and the dangers it poses to the brain, especially with more young people being attracted to this sport.
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홍진환 and 이유환. "Marketing of MMA(Mixed Martial Arts): Focusing on the Case of UFC." Journal of Product Research 31, no. 6 (December 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36345/kacst.2013.31.6.002.
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Barley, Oliver R., Dale W. Chapman, and Chris R. Abbiss. "Weight Loss Strategies in Combat Sports and Concerning Habits in Mixed Martial Arts." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 7 (August 1, 2018): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0715.
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Context: Combat sports are typically divided into weight classes, and body-mass manipulation to reach a weight class is commonplace. Previous research suggests that weight loss practices in mixed martial arts (MMA) may be more extreme than in other combat sports. Purpose: To investigate the magnitude of weight loss and the prevalence of weight loss strategies in different combat sports. Methods: Competitors (N = 637) from Brazilian jiu-jitsu, boxing, judo, MMA, Muay Thai/kickboxing, taekwondo, and wrestling completed an online questionnaire seeking information regarding their weight loss practices. Results: Body-mass manipulation was commonly undertaken by all combat-sport athletes, with a particularly high incidence of gradual dieting, increased exercise, and fluid restriction. Skipping meals was higher in taekwondo and wrestling (84%) compared with the other combat sports (∼58%), whereas training in heated rooms and forced oral fluid loss (spitting) was higher in wrestling (83% and 47%, respectively) compared with other combat sports (∼45% and ∼19%, respectively). MMA athletes reported the highest usage of sauna (76%) and water loading (67%) while also reporting the second-highest use of training in rubber/plastic suits (63%). Conclusions: Body-mass manipulation was present in all combat sports, with the prevalence and magnitude of acute weight loss greater in MMA. The incidence of and practices reported will help support staff be fully aware of the variety of methods these athletes and coaches may use to achieve weight loss. Additionally, the results could aid regulatory bodies in the further development of policies on weight cutting.
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Follmer, Bruno, Rodolfo Andre Dellagrana, and E. Paul Zehr. "Head Trauma Exposure in Mixed Martial Arts Varies According to Sex and Weight Class." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 11, no. 3 (February 15, 2019): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119827966.
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Background: Brain injury arising from head trauma is a major concern in mixed martial arts (MMA) because knockout (KO) and technical knockout (TKO) are frequent fight outcomes. Previous studies have shown a high incidence of matches ending due to strikes to the head but did not consider weight categories and female fights. This study aimed at analyzing match stoppages in MMA and the exposure to head trauma distinguished by sex and weight categories. Hypothesis: The heavier the weight class, the greater the risk and incidence of head trauma will be, regardless of sex. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Publicly available data of 167 MMA events from 1903 fights between 2014 and 2017 were assessed, comprising 8 male and 2 female weight categories. Results: The combined KO/TKO rates per 100 athlete-exposures in the middleweight (19.53), light heavyweight (20.8), and heavyweight (26.09) divisions were greater than previously reported for MMA. While stoppage via KO/TKO occurred in 7.9% of combats in the female strawweight division, it occurred in 52.1% of the male heavyweight fights. The male middleweight ( P = 0.001), light heavyweight ( P < 0.001), and heavyweight divisions ( P < 0.001) had an increased risk of KO/TKO due to strikes to the head by 80%, 100%, and 206%, respectively. The risk in the flyweight division decreased 62% ( P = 0.001). All categories were compared with the lightweight division. The female bantamweight category presented a 221% increased risk in matches ending due to KO/TKO compared with the strawweight division ( P = 0.012). Punches to the head were the major technique used to end a combat via KO/TKO, regardless of sex and weight class. Conclusion: Head injury risk and incidence varies considerably according to sex and weight category in MMA. Clinical Relevance: The analysis of head trauma exposure in MMA athletes should be distinguished according to sex and weight category.
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de Azevedo, Arthur, Mauro Guerra, Leonardo Caldas, and Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira. "Acute Caffeine Ingestion did not Enhance Punch Performance in Professional Mixed-Martial Arts Athletes." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061422.
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Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport where competitors utilize strikes (punches, kicks, knees, and elbows) and submission techniques to defeat opponents in a cage or ring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on punching performance by professional MMA athletes. The study used a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Eleven professional MMA competitors (27.6 ± 4.3 years and 83.5 ± 7.8 kg of body weight) ingested a dose of caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min prior to three sets of punching. Each set consisted of 15 s, at which participants were asked to perform straight punches with maximum strength and frequency with his dominant arm. After each set, a 45 s recovery time was applied. Using a force transducer attached to a cushioned plate, the punch frequency, and mean and maximal punch force was measured. The readiness to invest in both physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort was assessed prior to the protocol, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after. Caffeine ingestion did not result in increased punching frequency, mean and maximum punch force, RTIPE, RTIME, and RPE when compared to the placebo condition. Based on these results, acute caffeine ingestion did not improve punching performance in professional MMA athletes.
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Greve, Justine. "Jesus Didn't Tap: Masculinity, Theology, and Ideology in Christian Mixed Martial Arts." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 24, no. 2 (2014): 141–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2014.24.2.141.
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AbstractThis essay analyzes blogs, sermons, videos, and published interviews to examine the religious rhetoric of Christian practitioners of mixed martial arts as well as pastors who promote or reference the sport in their sermons. In the tradition of muscular Christianity (the Bible-based manhood movement of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries), these fighters and pastors argue that MMA teaches Christian virtues such as discipline and self-control. Linking a healthy physical body with a healthy mind and spirit, they suggest that athletes enact and embody Christian values and ideals of manliness. Some scholars (such as Tony Ladd and James Mathisen) have argued that modern incarnations of muscular Christianity preach a mere “folk theology”—that is, essentially a locker-room pep talk with a touch of Jesus thrown in. Drawing on the field of lived religion, however, I argue that practitioners of Christian MMA experience a close connection between the sport and their religious beliefs. Though the theology may take the language of the “folk,” certain values (discipline and self-sacrifice), theological positions (premillennialism, life as a struggle, Jesus as the focus of religion), and social agendas (addressing masculine aggression and religious and cultural effeminacy) characterize both turn-of-the-century muscular Christianity and Christian MMA today. Athletes strive to imitate Christ and embody Christian values—aided, perhaps, by the bodily practice of their sport. Their focus on Jesus at the expense of doctrine does not indicate a lack of theology. Rather, the image of a manly Christ who will not give up represents a strong, assertive, masculine ideal that fits clearly into an evangelical worldview.
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James, Lachlan P., Emma M. Beckman, Vincent G. Kelly, and G. Gregory Haff. "The Neuromuscular Qualities of Higher- and Lower-Level Mixed-Martial-Arts Competitors." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 5 (May 2017): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0373.
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Purpose:To determine whether the maximal strength, impulse, and power characteristics of competitive mixed-martial-arts (MMA) athletes differ according to competition level.Methods:Twenty-nine male semiprofessional and amateur MMA competitors were stratified into either higher-level (HL) or lower-level (LL) performers on the basis of competition grade and success. The 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) squat was used to assess lower-body dynamic strength, and a spectrum of impulse, power, force, and velocity variables were evaluated during an incremental-load jump squat. In addition, participants performed an isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and 1RM bench press to determine whole-body isometric force and upper-body dynamic strength capabilities, respectively. All force and power variables were expressed relative to body mass (BM).Results:The HL competitors produced significantly superior values across a multitude of measures. These included 1RM squat strength (1.84 ± 0.23 vs 1.56 ± 0.24 kg BM; P = .003), in addition to performance in the incremental-load jump squat that revealed greater peak power (P = .005–.002), force (P = .002–.004), and velocity (P = .002–.03) at each load. Higher measures of impulse (P = .01–.04) were noted in a number of conditions. Average power (P = .002–.02) and velocity (P = .01–.04) at all loads in addition to a series of rate-dependent measures were also superior in the HL group (P = .005–.02). The HL competitors’ 1RM bench-press values approached significantly greater levels (P = .056) than the LL group’s, but IMTP performance did not differ between groups.Conclusions:Maximal lower-body neuromuscular capabilities are key attributes distinguishing HL from LL MMA competitors. This information can be used to inform evidenced-based training and performance-monitoring practices.
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Peacock, Corey, Mauricio Mena, Gabriel Sanders, Tobin Silver, Douglas Kalman, and Jose Antonio. "Sleep Data, Physical Performance, and Injuries in Preparation for Professional Mixed Martial Arts." Sports 7, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7010001.
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The purpose of this investigation is to present observational data regarding sleep variables in professional Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes. These sleep performance measures were related to physical performance and injury in MMA athletes. Eight professional athletes were placed into a quasi-controlled, multivariable fight-camp environment for a six-week period in preparation for fight competition. Throughout a six-week fight camp environment, athletes were continuously monitored for sleep performance measures (sleep latency, sleep efficiency, onset, and wake variances) via validated wearable sleep monitoring technology. Athletes were tested seven days prior to competition on measures of physical performance (vertical jump, VO2max, heart rate recovery, prowler sled push, and pull-ups). Multiple correlational analyses were utilized to assess relationships between all sleep and physical performance measures. There were significant (P < 0.05) correlations between sleep latency and VO2max, heart rate recovery, prowler sled push, vertical jump, and missed practice sessions. There were also significant (P < 0.05) correlations between average fall asleep time and heart rate recovery. Lastly, there were significant (P < 0.05) correlations between sleep efficiency, heart rate recovery, and missed practice sessions. MMA athletes who exhibited consistency in sleep demonstrated stronger relationships with performance testing during the fight-camp period.
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Hamilton, Justen. "Undoing Gender or Overdoing Gender? Women MMA Athletes’ Intimate Partnering and the Relational Maintenance of Femininity." Sociology of Sport Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2019-0132.
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Recent scholarship suggests that women in martial arts and combat sports have increasingly begun to undo gender by challenging gender norms and constructing new femininities. Most of this research, however, has focused on gender dynamics within martial arts and combat sports settings, rather than outside of them. For this study, I conducted semistructured interviews with 40 professional women’s mixed martial arts athletes to examine the extent to which these women challenged gender norms in their intimate relationships. My data revealed that because they possess traits that are traditionally interpreted as masculine, many of the heterosexual women in my sample actually oversubscribe to gender norms in their intimate relationships to combat feelings of feminine insecurity. I argue, therefore, that rather than undoing gender, these women overdo gender in their intimate relationships. This study provides a cautionary tale to the celebrations of undoing gender for women combat sports athletes.
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Xin, Chen, and Guodong Zhang. "The Past, Present and Future Situation of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) in China." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 11, no. 2s (September 29, 2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v11i2s.4207.
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Santos, Rafaela Barbosa Ferreira dos, João Guilherme Barbosa de Amorim, Flavia d`Albergaria Freitas, and Victor Manoel Cunha de Almeida. "Team Nogueira: Invasão do Mixed Martial Arts no Universo Fitness." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 22, no. 5 (October 2018): 786–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2018170225.
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Resumo Este caso para ensino descreve o desafio de Sergio Lyra, CEO da Team Nogueira, rede de academias de ginástica fundada pelos irmãos Rodrigo e Rogério Nogueira, dois dos maiores lutadores da história do Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) mundial, que haviam transformado seu centro de treinamento em uma academia e, posteriormente, em uma rede de franquias. Em 2015, a Team Nogueira contava com mais de trinta academias por todo o Brasil, no entanto, a desaceleração da popularização da modalidade, aliada à crise econômica que assolava o país e à aposentadoria dos irmãos que davam nome à rede, criavam um cenário de incertezas e preocupações. Esse caso serve de pano de fundo para a discussão sobre a aplicação do marketing no contexto esportivo, permitindo a discussão sobre os desafios relacionados ao alinhamento entre segmentação, seleção do mercado-alvo e posicionamento. Portanto, o caso é recomendado para a disciplina de Fundamentos de Marketing ou Marketing Esportivo em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação, nas sessões dedicadas à discussão sobre segmentação, posicionamento competitivo ou estratégia de marketing.
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Pereira, Adriana Bernardes. "Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Muito além das artes marciais, uma contribuição da Psicologia Social do Esporte." Psicologia Revista 26, no. 2 (November 15, 2017): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2594-3871.2017v26i2p.421-423.
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Bartsch, Adam J., Edward C. Benzel, Vincent J. Miele, Douglas R. Morr, and Vikas Prakash. "Boxing and mixed martial arts: preliminary traumatic neuromechanical injury risk analyses from laboratory impact dosage data." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 5 (May 2012): 1070–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.12.jns111478.
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Object In spite of ample literature pointing to rotational and combined impact dosage being key contributors to head and neck injury, boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA) padding is still designed to primarily reduce cranium linear acceleration. The objects of this study were to quantify preliminary linear and rotational head impact dosage for selected boxing and MMA padding in response to hook punches; compute theoretical skull, brain, and neck injury risk metrics; and statistically compare the protective effect of various glove and head padding conditions. Methods An instrumented Hybrid III 50th percentile anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was struck in 54 pendulum impacts replicating hook punches at low (27–29 J) and high (54–58 J) energy. Five padding combinations were examined: unpadded (control), MMA glove–unpadded head, boxing glove–unpadded head, unpadded pendulum–boxing headgear, and boxing glove–boxing headgear. A total of 17 injury risk parameters were measured or calculated. Results All padding conditions reduced linear impact dosage. Other parameters significantly decreased, significantly increased, or were unaffected depending on padding condition. Of real-world conditions (MMA glove–bare head, boxing glove–bare head, and boxing glove–headgear), the boxing glove–headgear condition showed the most meaningful reduction in most of the parameters. In equivalent impacts, the MMA glove–bare head condition induced higher rotational dosage than the boxing glove–bare head condition. Finite element analysis indicated a risk of brain strain injury in spite of significant reduction of linear impact dosage. Conclusions In the replicated hook punch impacts, all padding conditions reduced linear but not rotational impact dosage. Head and neck dosage theoretically accumulates fastest in MMA and boxing bouts without use of protective headgear. The boxing glove–headgear condition provided the best overall reduction in impact dosage. More work is needed to develop improved protective padding to minimize linear and rotational impact dosage and develop next-generation standards for head and neck injury risk.
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Niewczas, Marta, Anna Grzywacz, Katarzyna Leźnicka, Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Jolanta Chmielowiec, Agnieszka Maciejewska-Skrendo, Pavel Ruzbarsky, Jolanta Masiak, Wojciech Czarny, and Paweł Cięszczyk. "Association between Polymorphism rs1799732 of DRD2 Dopamine Receptor Gene and Personality Traits among MMA Athletes." Genes 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081217.
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Four factors—namely, harm avoidance, novelty seeking, reward addiction and persistence—represent the nature of temperament that is not genetically determined in itself. It was shown in earlier studies that a strong propensity to look for novelty or a tendency to engage in risky behavior is correlated with genetic variants in the area of the genes encoding dopamine receptors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between personality traits and genetic variants in the area of the DRD2 dopamine receptor gene in MMA athletes. The participants consisted of 85 mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes and 284 healthy, non-MMA male participants. Their personality traits were measured using the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory. Blood was collected for genetic assays and all samples were genotyped using the real-time PCR method. We observed a statistically significant effect of a complex factor of the DRD2 rs1799732 genotype on MMA participants’ control and reward dependence. Engaging in high-risk sport may be associated with several personality characteristics. The DRD2 rs1799732 polymorphism may be associated with reduced harm avoidance in martial arts athletes, thereby modulating athletes’ predisposition to participate in high-risk sport.
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Gabrys, Tomasz Tytus, Arkadiusz Stanula, and Urszula Szmatlan-Gabryś. "A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR CALCULATING LACTATE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLDS IN JUDO AND MIXED MARTIAL ARTS ATHLETES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 25, 2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3183.
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The study aimed to determine the differences between exercise intensities at the anaerobic threshold values (VAT) calculated with methods of lactate curve analysis such as LTvisual, LTloglog, LT4.0, LTΔ1, and LTD-max, and to build regression equations that allow athletic training specialists to compare VAT values obtained from LTvisual, LTloglog, LTΔ1, LTD-max with that calculated with LT4.0. The sample analysed during the study consisted of 19 judoka and 22 MMA practitioners in a preparation period for competition. Each of the two disciplines has its own hierarchy of VAT values. The analysis aimed to determine the effect of the athletic discipline factor and of the method factor on VAT values. Results: The coefficient of variation (CV) values obtained indicate that the effective exercise intensities have bigger variation in judoka aerobic endurance training. VAT values assessed for judoka using different methods for analysing the blood lactate concentration curve are more consistent than in MMA competitors. Conclusions: Judo and MMA competitors have their specific hierarchies of running velocities at the anaerobic threshold, with both the athletic discipline factor and the method factor having an interaction effect on the VAT level. VAT levels assessed from the different methods used to analyse the blood lactate concentration curve are more consistent (ANOM) in judoka than in MMA practitioners.
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Sethi, N. "Acute unilateral foot drop as a result of direct blunt trauma to the peroneal nerve in a professional mixed marital arts bout: A case report." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 1 (October 24, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2017/v29i1a4260.
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As a result of its superficial location, the peroneal nerve is prone to compression injuries. This is a case report of an acute unilateral foot drop which occurred during a professional mixed martial arts (MMA) contest, specifically as a result of direct blunt trauma to the left peroneal nerve, without an accompanying fracture of the fibula.
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Coswig, Victor Silveira, David Hideyoshi Fukuda, and Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. "Rapid Weight Loss Elicits Harmful Biochemical and Hormonal Responses in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25, no. 5 (October 2015): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0267.
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The purpose of this study was to compare biochemical and hormonal responses between mixed martial arts (MMA) competitors with minimal prefight weight loss and those undergoing rapid weight loss (RWL). Blood samples were taken from 17 MMA athletes (Mean± SD; age: 27.4 ±5.3yr; body mass: 76.2 ± 12.4kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.05m and training experience: 39.4 ± 25 months) before and after each match, according to the official events rules. The no rapid weight loss (NWL, n = 12) group weighed in on the day of the event (~30 min prior fight) and athletes declared not having used RWL strategies, while the RWL group (n = 5) weighed in 24 hr before the event and the athletes claimed to have lost 7.4 ± 1.1kg, approximately 10% of their body mass in the week preceding the event. Results showed significant (p < .05) increases following fights, regardless of group, in lactate, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine, and cortisol for all athletes. With regard to group differences, NWL had significantly (p < .05) greater creatinine levels (Mean± SD; pre to post) (NWL= 101.6 ± 15–142.3 ± 22.9μmol/L and RWL= 68.9 ± 10.6–79.5 ± 15.9μmol/L), while RWL had higher LDH (median [interquartile range]; pre to post) (NWL= 211.5[183–236] to 231[203–258]U/L and RWL= 390[370.5–443.5] to 488[463.5–540.5]U/L) and AST (NWL= 30[22–37] to 32[22–41]U/L and 39[32.5–76.5] to 72[38.5–112.5] U/L) values (NWL versus RWL, p < .05). Post hoc analysis showed that AST significantly increased in only the RWL group, while creatinine increased in only the NWL group. The practice of rapid weight loss showed a negative impact on energy availability and increased both muscle damage markers and catabolic expression in MMA fighters.
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Frederick, Evan L., Galen E. Clavio, Lauren M. Burch, and Matthew H. Zimmerman. "Characteristics of Users of a Mixed- Martial-Arts Blog: A Case Study of Demographics and Usage Trends." International Journal of Sport Communication 5, no. 1 (March 2012): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.5.1.109.
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For this case study, an Internet-based survey was posted on a popular mixed-martial- arts (MMA) blog to ascertain its users’ demographics and usage trends. Data analysis revealed that users were predominantly White men between the ages of 23 and 39, with some college education and an annual income of $40,000–59,999. An exploratory factor analysis revealed 6 dimensions of gratification: evaluation, community, information gathering, knowledge demonstration, argumentation, and diversion. The most salient motivation statements were related to the speed of information access, the depth of information and coverage, and the availability of information not typically found through traditional media outlets. Most users spent 1–5 hr/wk watching MMA programming and 1–10 hr/wk on MMA blogs, making 1–20 comments per week. Findings indicated that users used this particular blog for both interactive and information-gathering purposes.
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Hutchison, Michael, Michael Cusimano, David Lawrence, and Tanveer Singh. "The development of an observational tool to code knockouts in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 5 (March 11, 2013): e1.31-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-092101.37.
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Bittencourt, João Batista De Menezes, and Felipe Chaves Guimarães. "DENTRO E FORA DO OCTÓGONO: corpo, consumo e êxtase nas tramas do MMA." REVISTA DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS - POLÍTICA & TRABALHO 1, no. 47 (March 7, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1517-5901.2017v1n47.36660.
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O presente artigo busca discutir o fenômeno social e esportivo conhecido como MMA (Mixed Martial Arts), a partir de uma reflexão sobre os usos dos corpos e as práticas de consumo dos espectadores e praticantes desse esporte na cidade de Maceió/AL. A pesquisa etnográfica foi realizada em três espaços distintos: um bar que reunia fãs e/ou adeptos do esporte, uma academia de musculação que oferecia treinos de MMA e um evento com lutadores profissionais chamado Coliseu Extreme Fight. Por intermédio da observação participante e entrevistas realizadas com espectadores e praticantes do MMA em Maceió, foi possível compreender os diferentes sentidos elaborados pelos consumidores desse esporte-entretenimento.
Palavras-chave: Corpo. Consumo. Êxtase. MMA.
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Kirk, Christopher, Carl Langan-Evans, David R. Clark, and James P. Morton. "Quantification of training load distribution in mixed martial arts athletes: A lack of periodisation and load management." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): e0251266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251266.
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The aim of this study was to quantify typical training load and periodisation practices of MMA athletes. MMA competitors (n = 14; age = 22.4 ± 4.4 years; body mass = 71.3 ± 7.7 kg; stature = 171 ±9.9 cm) were observed during training for 8 consecutive weeks without intervention. Seven athletes were training for competitive bouts whilst the remaining 7 were not. Daily training duration, intensity (RPE), load (sRPE and segRPE), fatigue (short questionnaire of fatigue) and body region soreness (CR10 scale) were recorded. Using Bayesian analyses (BF10≥3), data demonstrate that training duration (weekly mean range = 3.9–5.3 hours), sRPE (weekly mean range = 1,287–1,791 AU), strain (weekly mean range = 1,143–1,819 AU), monotony (weekly mean range = 0.63–0.83 AU), fatigue (weekly mean range = 16–20 AU) and soreness did not change within or between weeks. Between weeks monotony (2.3 ± 0.7 AU) supported little variance in weekly training load. There were no differences in any variable between participants who competed and those who did not with the except of the final week before the bout, where an abrupt step taper occurred leading to no between group differences in fatigue. Training intensity distribution corresponding to high, moderate and low was 20, 33 and 47%, respectively. Striking drills accounted for the largest portion of weekly training time (20–32%), with MMA sparring the least (2–7%). Only striking sparring and wrestling sparring displayed statistical weekly differences in duration or load. Athletes reported MMA sparring and wrestling sparring as high intensity (RPE≥7), BJJ sparring, striking sparring and wrestling drills as moderate intensity (RPE 5–6), and striking drills and BJJ drills as low intensity (RPE≤4). We conclude that periodisation of training load was largely absent in this cohort of MMA athletes, as is the case within and between weekly microcycles.
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Tota, Łukasz, Wanda Pilch, Anna Piotrowska, and Marcin Maciejczyk. "The Effects of Conditioning Training on Body Build, Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Elite Mixed Martial Arts Athletes." Journal of Human Kinetics 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0033.
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Abstract The aim of the study was: 1. to evaluate the effects of conditioning training on body build and physical fitness in elite mixed martial athletes, 2. to investigate the training load structure and assess body build as well as the physiological profile of mixed martial arts athletes. Fifteen MMA male athletes (body mass: 79.8 ± 3.9 kg; body height: 178.7 ± 7.9 cm; body fat: 13.4 ± 1.6%) were involved in the study. The average training experience of athletes equalled 11 ± 1.1 years. Body composition, upper limb peak anaerobic power and aerobic performance were assessed before and after the preparatory phase. During each evaluation, athletes underwent two stress tests: the Wingate test for the upper limbs (upper limb anaerobic peak power measurement) and the graded exercise test until volitional exhaustion (maximal oxygen uptake measurement and second ventilatory threshold determination). Training means were investigated for the workload type, intensity and exercise metabolism. In the follow-up, body fat mass decreased, while anaerobic peak power and aerobic performance improved. Improvement in the time to obtain and maintain peak power in the upper limbs was noted. Training periodization resulted in advantageous body composition changes and improved physical fitness of the MMA athletes.
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Fernandes Soares, João Paulo, Ludmila Mourão, and Vera Lúcia Ferreira Pinto Fernandes. "RESENHA DO LIVRO MULHERES NO OCTÓGONO: PERFORMATIVIDADES DE CORPOS, DE GÊNEROS E DE SEXUALIDADES." Movimento (ESEFID/UFRGS) 23, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.62624.
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Esta resenha trata do livro Mulheres no Octógono: performatividades de corpos, de gêneros e de sexualidade, da autora Carla Lisbôa Grespan. Fruto de sua dissertação de mestrado, a obra se situa nos estudos de gênero e sexualidade pós-estruturalistas e queer ligados à Educação Física e às práticas corporais esportivas, e traz relevantes reflexões sobre os modos de interdição discursiva, estigmatização e processos discriminatórios sofridos por mulheres atletas de Artes Marciais Mistas (Mixed Martial Arts - MMA), construídos do ciberespaço. A obra contribui ainda nos processos de visibilização e problematização das experiências dessas atletas no campo esportivo das lutas.
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Blomqvist Mickelsson, Tony, and Vince Shaw. "Performance increments without audience: paired data from mixed martial arts fighters during COVID-19." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 15, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v15i2.6294.
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During COVID-19, athletes have been forced to compete in the absence of audience. Athletic and cognitive performance have been shown to be both incremented and decremented when competing either with or without audience, something that has been termed ‘social facilitation’. The current study sought to investigate this effect in a naturalistic experiment due to the current pandemic, in a sport in which the effect has never been examined; mixed martial arts (MMA). A performance variable was constructed, and data from 86 fighters who competed during COVID-19 were collected and compared to previous competition history. In total, 586 bouts were analyzed. Data distribution and assumptions were explored in which non-normal distribution was found. Subsequently, a test of marginal homogeneity and a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test were performed. The results showed that MMA fighters who won their bout without audience displayed poorer performance’s in previous bouts, which were attended by audience. The current study further explores the notion of social facilitation effects and suggests there may be a need to pro-actively incorporate training alternatives that could mitigate performance decrements in fighters who are prone to negative effects due to external stimuli, such as an audience. However, due to the limited observations in the non-audience condition the study results should be interpreted cautiously and considered highly preliminary.
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Zembura, Paweł, and Jolanta Żyśko. "An Examination of Mixed Martial Arts Spectators’ Motives and their Sports Media Consumption in Poland." Journal of Human Kinetics 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0048.
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AbstractThe study attempted to analyse the concept of spectators’ motives at mixed martial arts (MMA) events in Poland. In addition, we investigated the relation between motives and sports media consumption. The sample consisted of 273 people attending three similar, regional MMA events. Exploratory factor analysis was used to refine the structure of motives. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a reasonable fit of the obtained model (RMSEA = 0.41). Using ANOVA we found three significant differences in assessment of motives, based on gender. The factor of aesthetics and knowledge was ranked the highest for men and women. Men rated drama and violence, while women perceived socializing and crowd experience, and drama, as the following factors. Path analysis indicated that these motives explained 56% of variance in media consumption for men and 57% for women. The findings showed that the motive of vicarious achievement was the main predictor of media consumption for men, while aesthetics and knowledge were the key predictors for women. The results and ideas for further research are discussed.
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Connor, John, and Brendan Egan. "Prevalence, Magnitude and Methods of Rapid Weight Loss Reported by Male Mixed Martial Arts Athletes in Ireland." Sports 7, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7090206.
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Rapid weight loss (RWL) is frequently practiced in weight category sports, including Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). The aim of the present study was to describe self-reported methods of RWL in a sample of competitive MMA athletes comprising of both amateur and professional fighters. The previously-validated Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire, with the addition of questions on water loading and hot salt baths, was completed anonymously online by athletes (n = 30; all male, n = 15/15 professional/amateur) from MMA clubs around Dublin, Ireland. All but one (97%) of the athletes surveyed lost weight in order to compete, with the average weight loss being 7.9% ± 3.1% of habitual body mass. The RWL score (mean ± SD) for this sample was 37.9 ± 9.6, and a tendency for higher [6.0 (95%CI; −1.1, 13.1) (p = 0.093; d = 0.64)] RWL scores for professional (40.8 ± 8.9) compared to amateur (34.8 ± 9.6) athletes was observed. Frequencies of “always” or “sometimes” were reported as 90% for water loading, 76% for hot salt baths and 55% for 24 h of fasting. Fellow fighters (41%) and coaches/mentors (38%) were “very influential” on RWL practices of these athletes, with doctors (67%), dietitians (41%), and physical trainers (37%) said to be “not influential”. RWL is highly prevalent in MMA across both amateur and professional athletes, and RWL scores are higher than other combat sports. Water loading and hot salt baths are amongst the most commonly used methods of RWL despite little research on these methods for body mass reduction or effects on performance in weight category sports.
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Brito, Ciro José, Rayssa Lodi Moser, Erasmo Montes Assis de Bem, Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho, Andreia Cristiane Carrenho Queiroz, Fábio Dal Bello, Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto, and Bianca Miarka. "Exploratory study on illegal pharmacologic agents in mixed martial arts performance." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 20, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n3p269.
Full textAbstract:
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport that requires maximum physical effort during competitions. In this context, some athletes can use illicit substances in order to improve their performance. By means of paired analysis, the present study compared the motor actions of athletes who had failed an anti-doping test versus their performance in combat against a winner or loser without doping presence. For this, 267 rounds (male and female) were analyzed in professional matches. The rounds were paired by athletes in the conditions: doping, winning and losing. Motor actions were analyzed through a specific and previously-validated protocol. Of the substances detected, anabolic androgenic steroids represented 55% (p≤0.001). Doped athletes had lower pause time (83.4±68.3 vs. 131.7±95.2, p≤0.001) and longer time at high-intensity (85.2±86.6 vs. 51.2±73.3, p=0.002) compared to the losing condition. Regarding the technical-tactical analysis in standing combat, winning presented a higher mean compared to doping in all variables except for Knockdowns (p=0.08), single body strikes landed (p=0.15), single leg strikes landed (p=0.25) and single strike attempts (p=0.4). In conclusion, athletes who tested positive presented higher performance in the physical variables (effort and pause time) in comparison to the losing condition; however, doping did not reflect in better technical-tactical performance.
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Kirk, Christopher. "Does Stature or Wingspan Length Have a Positive Effect on Competitor Rankings or Attainment of World Title Bouts in International and Elite Mixed Martial Arts?" Sport Science Review 25, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2016): 334–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0018.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn this study the stature, wingspan and stature-to-wingspan ratio (S:W) was recorded for N = 474 elite and international mixed martial arts (MMA) competitors who appeared in televised bouts over the course of one calendar year. Each weight division was split into three or four ranking groups (RG) depending on division size, as well as into groups depending on if the competitors had won or competed for a world title (El) or had done neither (In). One-way ANOVA (≤0.05) found that shorter competitors are ranked higher in flyweight and in the middle in women’s strawweight. Independent t-tests (≤0.05) found that shorter competitors also have more chance of winning or competing for a world title in featherweight and flyweight. Independent t-tests (≤0.05) also found a significant difference between males and female for S:W. There was a weak, negative correlation and a moderate, negative correlation between stature and rank in lightweight and light heavyweight respectively and a moderate, negative correlation between S:W and rank in featherweight. There were no other significant differences found. Overall, whilst MMA competitors have a S:W of 1:1.024, due to the paucity of significant differences found, it was determined that anthropometrical measurements cannot be used to predict success in elite and international mixed martial arts.
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Lindsay, Angus, Sam Carr, Sean Cross, Carl Petersen, John G. Lewis, and Steven P. Gieseg. "The physiological response to cold-water immersion following a mixed martial arts training session." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, no. 5 (May 2017): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0582.
Full textAbstract:
Combative sport is one of the most physically intense forms of exercise, yet the effect of recovery interventions has been largely unexplored. We investigated the effect of cold-water immersion on structural, inflammatory, and physiological stress biomarkers following a mixed martial arts (MMA) contest preparation training session in comparison with passive recovery. Semiprofessional MMA competitors (n = 15) were randomly assigned to a cold-water immersion (15 min at 10 °C) or passive recovery protocol (ambient air) completed immediately following a contest preparation training session. Markers of muscle damage (urinary myoglobin), inflammation/oxidative stress (urinary neopterin + total neopterin (neopterin + 7,8-dihydroneopterin)), and hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HPA) activation (saliva cortisol) were determined before, immediately after, and 1, 2, and 24 h postsession. Ratings of perceived soreness and fatigue, counter movement jump, and gastrointestinal temperature were also measured. Concentrations of all biomarkers increased significantly (p < 0.05) postsession. Cold water immersion attenuated increases in urinary neopterin (p < 0.05, d = 0.58), total neopterin (p < 0.05, d = 0.89), and saliva cortisol after 2 h (p < 0.05, d = 0.68) and urinary neopterin again at 24 h (p < 0.01, d = 0.57) in comparison with passive recovery. Perceived soreness, fatigue, and gastrointestinal temperatures were also lower for the cold-water immersion group at several time points postsession whilst counter movement jump did not differ. Combative sport athletes who are subjected to impact-induced stress may benefit from immediate cold-water immersion as a simple recovery intervention that reduces delayed onset muscle soreness as well as macrophage and HPA activation whilst not impairing functional performance.