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Journal articles on the topic 'Mixed reactant'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Comyns, Alan E. "Mixed reactant fuel cells." Focus on Catalysts 2007, no. 5 (May 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1351-4180(07)70248-9.

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2

Priestnall, Michael A., Vega P. Kotzeva, Deborah J. Fish, and Eva M. Nilsson. "Compact mixed-reactant fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 106, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(01)01068-0.

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3

Shukla, A. K., R. K. Raman, and K. Scott. "Advances in Mixed-Reactant Fuel Cells." Fuel Cells 5, no. 4 (December 2005): 436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200400075.

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4

Riess, Ilan. "Selectivity and mixed reactant fuel cells." Functional Materials Letters 08, no. 04 (August 2015): 1540010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179360471540010x.

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Mixed reactant fuel cells (MR-FCs), are aimed at using a uniform mixture of fuel and oxygen applied to both the anode and the cathode. This allows redesign of fuel cells with a significantly simpler construction, having potentially a higher power density, better fuel utilization and be less expensive. The challenge in realizing MR-FCs is finding selective electrodes that can enhance oxygen reduction at the cathode, fuel oxidation at the anode while inhibiting the chemical reaction between the fuel and oxygen in the gas mixture. This task is in particular challenging in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), as they operate at elevated temperatures, where many reactions are easily activated and selectivity is difficult to achieve. As a result no true MR-FC of the SOFC type were reported while some were found for low temperature fuel cells (FCs). The so-called single-chamber-SOFC are not true MR-FCs as they do not contain two selective electrodes, as required. We shall discuss potential ways to search for and develop selective anodes and cathodes for SOFC type MR-FCs. We first consider material properties which should contribute to that goal. This refers to electronic properties of the bulk, band banding under adsorbed specie, point defects in the bulk and on the surface. We then proceed to show how cell design, in particular electrode structure, can contribute to selectivity. Finally operation conditions are considered and it is shown that they also can contribute to selectivity. The operation condition considered are gas mixture composition, gas mixture residence time in the hot zone, hence gas flow rate, current density and temperature. The topics discussed hold for all FC types but are crucial for the SOFC type because of the difficulty to achieve selectivity at elevated temperatures. It is suggested that a concerted effort taking advantage of all those options should allow development of a true SOFC type MR-FC.
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5

WATANABE, TOMOAKI, YASUHIKO SAKAI, KOUJI NAGATA, OSAMU TERASHIMA, HIROKI SUZUKI, TOSHIYUKI HAYASE, and YASUMASA ITO. "VISUALIZATION OF TURBULENT REACTIVE JET BY USING DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 04, supp01 (August 2013): 1341001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962313410018.

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Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent planar jet with a second-order chemical reaction (A + B → R) is performed to investigate the processes of mixing and chemical reactions in spatially developing turbulent free shear flows. Reactant A is premixed into the jet flow, and reactant B is premixed into the ambient flow. DNS is performed at three different Damköhler numbers (Da = 0.1,1, and 10). Damköhler number is a ratio of a time scale of a flow to that of chemical reactions, and in this study, the large Da means a fast chemical reaction, and the small Da means a slow chemical reaction. The visualization of velocity field shows that the jet flow is developed by entraining the ambient fluid. The visualization of concentration of reactant A shows that concentration of reactant A for Da = 1 and 10 becomes very small in the downstream region because the chemical reaction consumes the reactants and reactant A is diffused with the jet development. By comparison of the profiles of chemical reaction rate and concentration of product R, it is found that product R for Da = 10 is produced by the chemical reaction at the interface between the jet and the ambient fluids and is diffused into the jet flow, whereas product R for Da = 0.1 is produced in the jet flow after reactants A and B are well mixed.
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6

Riess, Ilan. "Selective Electrodes for Mixed Reactant Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 77, no. 10 (May 3, 2017): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07710.0111ecst.

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7

RIESS, ILAN. "CATALYTIC REQUIREMENTS FOR MIXED REACTANT FUEL CELLS." Functional Materials Letters 01, no. 02 (September 2008): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604708000198.

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Significant advantage could be achieved if mixed reactant fuel cells, MR-FC, were functioning. These cells are intended to operate on a mixture of air and fuel introduced into both the cathode and anode compartment. Symmetry is broken by using different electrode materials exhibiting special and different catalytic properties. No high temperature fuel cell was reported to date to function as a true MR-FC and only one, low temperature type, did function properly. We discuss the required catalytic properties which are unique in that they promote electrochemical reactions and suppress chemical ones as well as possible ways to search for them. The chemical reaction which has to be suppressed is the direct reaction of fuel and oxygen as the two components are premixed and the mixture is then introduced into the fuel cell at both electrode compartments. The electrochemical reactions that should be promoted are the reduction of oxygen at the cathode and the oxidation of fuel at the anode only by oxygen ions that emerge from the solid electrolyte. Conditions to promote this selectivity are discussed. These are derived from the theory of chemisorption as applied to heterogeneous catalysis.
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8

Barton, S. Calabrese, T. Patterson, E. Wang, T. F. Fuller, and A. C. West. "Mixed-reactant, strip-cell direct methanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 96, no. 2 (June 2001): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(00)00663-7.

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9

Barton, S. C. "Mixed-reactant, strip-cell direct methanol fuel cells." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 43, no. 4 (July 2002): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(02)86300-7.

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10

TURCHI, C. "Mixed reactant photocatalysis: Intermediates and mutual rate inhibition." Journal of Catalysis 119, no. 2 (October 1989): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(89)90176-0.

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11

Sedigallage, Annesley Peiris, and Gordon R. Freeman. "Solvent structure effects on solvated electron reactions in mixed solvents: Negative ions in 1-propanol–water and 2-propanol–water." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-133.

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In models of the kinetics of chemical reactions in solution the solvent is commonly assumed to be a uniform continuum. An example is the Smoluchowski–Debye–Stokes–Einstein equation for the rate constant k2 of a bimolecular reaction between charged or polar species: k2 = κRTfrr/1.5ηrd where κ = probability that a reactant encounter pair will react, R = gas constant, T = temperature, f = Coulombic interaction factor, rr = effective radius for reaction, η = solvent viscosity, and rd = effective radius for mutual diffusion. The equation is useful in evaluating effects of bulk-fluid properties on reaction rates. Residual effects are attributed to more specific solvent behaviour. Rate constants and activation energies E2 of reactions of solvated electrons [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ions vary with the composition of 1-propanol–water and 2-propanol–water mixed solvents. Plots of k2η/fT against solvent composition are nonlinear and change with solvent pair and with reactant pair. Measured molar conductivities Λ0(Li+, [Formula: see text]) and Λ0(2Li+, [Formula: see text]) indicate the solvent dependence of rd for the mutual diffusion of Li+ and [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. The liquid structure influences both the rate of diffusion of the reactants and the probability of reaction of a reactant encounter pair.
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12

Peiris, Sedigallage A., and Gordon R. Freeman. "Solvent structure effects on solvated electron reactions in mixed solvents: positive ions in 1-propanol/water and 2-propanol/water." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-025.

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In models of the kinetics of chemical reactions in solution the solvent is commonly assumed to be a uniform continuum. An example is the Smoluchowski–Debye–Stokes–Einstein equation for the rate constant k2 of a bimolecular reaction between charged or polar species:[Formula: see text]where κ is the probability that a reactant encounter pair will react, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature, f is a factor that reflects the effect of electrostatic interaction between the reactants on their probability of attaining the closeness of approach rr at which reaction occurs, η is the solvent viscosity, and rd is the effective radius of the reactant entities for mutual diffusion. The equation is useful in evaluating effects of bulk fluid properties on reaction rates. Residual effects are attributed to more specific solvent behaviour.Rate constants k2, activation energies E2, and pre-exponential factors A2 of reactions of solvated electrons [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ions vary with the composition of 1-propanol/water and 2-propanol/water mixed solvents. Plots of k2η/fT against solvent composition are nonlinear and change with the solvent pair and with reactant pair. Measured molar conductivities [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] indicate that the values of rd for the mutual diffusion of the cations and anions have a minimum near 90 mol% water, and that the values in pure propanol-1 or −2 (150–190 pm) are larger than those in pure water solvent (26 pm for [Formula: see text] 70 pm for the metal ions). The liquid structure influences both the rate of diffusion and the probability of reaction of a reactant encounter pair. Key words: alcohol/water mixed solvents, positive ions, reaction kinetics, solvated electron, solvent effects.
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13

Aziznia, Amin, Colin W. Oloman, and Előd L. Gyenge. "A Swiss-roll liquid–gas mixed-reactant fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 212 (August 2012): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.03.047.

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14

Forysinski, Piotr, Colin Oloman, Sona Kazemi, Tirdad Nickchi, and Ashwin Usgaocar. "Development and use of a mixed-reactant fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 414 (February 2019): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.12.081.

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15

Dowd, E. Thomas, Susan D. Trutt, and C. Edward Watkins. "Interpretation Style and Reactance in Counselor's Social Influence." Psychological Reports 70, no. 1 (February 1992): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.247.

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This study compared two different interpretation styles (tentative and absolute), two levels of subjects' reactance (high and low), and gender on the counselor's social influence, willingness to see the counselor, willingness to help, ability to help, and subjects' anger. No significant main effects or interaction were found for the counselor's social influence, but men in contrast to women perceived the counselor as more willing to help and indicated that they were more willing to see the portrayed counselor. Highly reactant subjects were more willing to see the counselor when absolute interpretations were used; they also thought the counselor was more willing to help when absolute interpretations were used, whereas low reactant subjects thought the counselor was more willing to help when tentative interpretations were used. Mixed results were found for subjects' anger.
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16

Meng, H., M. Wu, X. X. Hu, M. Nie, Z. D. Wei, and P. K. Shen. "Selective Cathode Catalysts for Mixed-reactant Alkaline Alcohol Fuel Cells." Fuel Cells 6, no. 6 (December 2006): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200600007.

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17

GAZI, HARUN AL RASID, and RANJIT BISWAS. "Excited state charge transfer reaction in (mixed solvent + electrolyte) systems: Role of reactant–solvent and reactant–ion interactions." Journal of Chemical Sciences 123, no. 3 (May 2011): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12039-011-0076-5.

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18

Akhtar, N., S. P. Decent, D. Loghin, and K. Kendall. "Mixed-reactant, micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells: An experimental study." Journal of Power Sources 193, no. 1 (August 2009): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.032.

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19

Aziznia, Amin, Colin W. Oloman, and Előd L. Gyenge. "Platinum- and Membrane-Free Swiss-Roll Mixed-Reactant Alkaline Fuel Cell." ChemSusChem 6, no. 5 (April 15, 2013): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201300127.

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20

Grazia, L., A. Lolli, F. Folco, Y. Zhang, S. Albonetti, and F. Cavani. "Gas-phase cascade upgrading of furfural to 2-methylfuran using methanol as a H-transfer reactant and MgO based catalysts." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 12 (2016): 4418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy02021b.

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21

Yamada, Osamu, Yoshinari Miyamoto, and Mitsue Koizumi. "Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of the SiC." Journal of Materials Research 1, no. 2 (April 1986): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1986.0275.

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Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), also called combustion synthesis, is useful for fabricating numerous ceramics. In the case of SiC, heat released from the exothermic reaction is not sufficient to completely convert the mixed reactants of constituent elements into SiC in the usual nonadiabatic experimental system. This disadvantage could be overcome by a new ignition process called, the “direct passing method of electric current.” By using this method, stoichiometric fine SiC powder could be obtained rapidly and efficiently with low electric power. This paper also involves the effect of particle size of Si and C initial reactant powders on conversion efficiency into SiC and also on particle size of SiC powder fabricated by this method.
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22

Zuria, Alonso Moreno, Juan Carlos Abrego-Martinez, Shuhui Sun, and Mohamed Mohamedi. "Prospects of membraneless mixed-reactant microfluidic fuel cells: Evolution through numerical simulation." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 134 (December 2020): 110045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110045.

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23

Zeng, Rong, and Pei Kang Shen. "Selective membrane electrode assemblies for bipolar plate-free mixed-reactant fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 170, no. 2 (July 2007): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.045.

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24

Hasni, M., J. Rouchaud, P. Grange, M. Devillers, and S. Delsarte. "Jasminaldehyde Synthesis Catalyzed by Al(Ga)PON Oxynitrides: Influence of the Reaction Conditions." Materials Science Forum 554 (August 2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.554.37.

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Nitridation of amorphous aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) and mixed aluminium gallium phosphate (Al0.5Ga0.5PO4) under ammonia flow allows preparing “AlPON” and “AlGaPON” bifunctional acid-base heterogeneous catalysts. Their acid-base bi-functional character allows their use as selective catalysts for the production of jasminaldehyde through the cross-condensation of heptanal and benzaldehyde, followed by the dehydration of the aldol intermediate product. Three parameters enabling to maximize the jasminaldehyde yields in a batch reactor operated at 125°C were investigated: the catalyst composition (Al/Ga and O/N ratio), the reactant concentration and the amount of catalyst in the reactor. Maximum jasminaldehyde selectivities were obtained for intermediate nitrogen contents (7-10 wt.%). Maximum reaction rates were obtained using pure reactants and a catalysts weight equal to 10% of the total reagent weight.
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25

Cheng, H., W. Yuan, and K. Scott. "A liquid–gas phase mixed-reactant fuel cell with a RuSeW cathode electrocatalyst." Journal of Power Sources 183, no. 2 (September 2008): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.05.023.

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26

Ilicic, Alan B., David P. Wilkinson, and Khalid Fatih. "Advancing Direct Liquid Redox Fuel Cells: Mixed-Reactant and In Situ Regeneration Opportunities." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 157, no. 4 (2010): B529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3308569.

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27

Górski, Waldemar, and Zbigniew Galus. "Reactant solvation and kinetics of simple charge-transfer electrode reactions in mixed solvents." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 312, no. 1-2 (August 1991): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(91)85142-c.

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28

Abrego-Martínez, J. C., Youling Wang, L. H. Mendoza-Huizar, J. Ledesma-Garcia, F. M. Cuevas-Muñiz, M. Mohamedi, and L. G. Arriaga. "Mixed-reactant ethanol fuel cell using an electrochemically deposited Ag@Pt tolerant cathode." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 48 (December 2016): 23417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.032.

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29

Rachuri, Yadagiri, Sreevalsa Subhagan, Bhavesh Parmar, Kamal Kumar Bisht, and Eringathodi Suresh. "Selective and reversible adsorption of cationic dyes by mixed ligand Zn(ii) coordination polymers synthesized by reactant ratio modulation." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 3 (2018): 898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt03667a.

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2D/3D luminescent Zn(ii)-based coordination polymers CP1 and CP2 have been synthesized by reactant ratio modulation. Photoluminescence studies of both CPs; selective and reversible adsorption/separation of cationic dyes by CP1 in the aqueous medium has been investigated.
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30

Jayee, Bhumika, and William L. Hase. "Nonstatistical Reaction Dynamics." Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 71, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 289–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-112519-110208.

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Nonstatistical dynamics is important for many chemical reactions. The Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory of unimolecular kinetics assumes a reactant molecule maintains a statistical microcanonical ensemble of vibrational states during its dissociation so that its unimolecular dynamics are time independent. Such dynamics results when the reactant's atomic motion is chaotic or irregular. Intrinsic non-RRKM dynamics occurs when part of the reactant's phase space consists of quasiperiodic/regular motion and a bottleneck exists, so that the unimolecular rate constant is time dependent. Nonrandom excitation of a molecule may result in short-time apparent non-RRKM dynamics. For rotational activation, the 2J + 1 K levels for a particular J may be highly mixed, making K an active degree of freedom, or K may be a good quantum number and an adiabatic degree of freedom. Nonstatistical dynamics is often important for bimolecular reactions and their intermediates and for product-energy partitioning of bimolecular and unimolecular reactions. Post–transition state dynamics is often highly complex and nonstatistical.
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31

Chatterjee, Maya, Abhijit Chatterjee, Mitsunori Kitta, and Hajime Kawanami. "Selectivity controlled transformation of carbon dioxide into a versatile bi-functional multi-carbon oxygenate using a physically mixed ruthenium–iridium catalyst." Catalysis Science & Technology 11, no. 14 (2021): 4719–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cy00149c.

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The efficiency of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as a reactant was successfully unfolded in the synthesis of a high-value C2+ oxygenate via hydrogenation and C–C bond formation under comparatively mild conditions.
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32

Ould Ahmedou, Sid'Ahmed, Jonathan Deseure, Olivier Doche, and Yann Bultel. "Numerical Approach of a Single-Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cell without Mixed Reactant Feeding." ECS Transactions 35, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3570084.

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33

Serov, Alexey, Amin Aziznia, Pooya H. Benhangi, Kateryna Artyushkova, Plamen Atanassov, and Elod Gyenge. "Borohydride-tolerant oxygen electroreduction catalyst for mixed-reactant Swiss-roll direct borohydride fuel cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 45 (2013): 14384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta13457a.

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34

Liu, Y., S. M. Li, and J. Liggio. "Technical Note: Application of positive matrix factor analysis in heterogeneous kinetics studies utilizing the mixed-phase relative rates technique." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 17 (September 8, 2014): 9201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9201-2014.

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Abstract. The mixed-phase relative rates approach for determining aerosol particle organic heterogeneous reaction kinetics is often performed utilizing mass spectral tracers as a proxy for particle-phase reactant concentration. However, this approach may be influenced by signal contamination from oxidation products during the experiment. In the current study, the mixed-phase relative rates technique has been improved by combining a positive matrix factor (PMF) analysis with electron ionization aerosol mass spectrometry (unit-mass resolution), thereby removing the influence of m / z fragments from reaction products on the reactant signals. To demonstrate the advantages of this approach, the heterogeneous reaction between OH radicals and citric acid (CA) was investigated using a photochemical flow tube coupled to a compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (C-ToF-AMS). The measured heterogeneous rate constant (k2) of citric acid toward OH was (3.31 ± 0.29) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K and (30 ± 3)% relative humidity (RH) and was several times greater than the results utilizing individual m / z fragments. This phenomenon was further evaluated for particulate-phase organophosphates (triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris-1,3-dichloro-2-propyl phosphate (TDCPP) and tris-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (TEHP)), leading to k2 values significantly larger than previously reported. The results suggest that heterogeneous kinetics can be significantly underestimated when the structure of the products is highly similar to the reactant and when a non-molecular tracer is measured with a unit-mass resolution aerosol mass spectrometer. The results also suggest that the heterogeneous lifetime of organic aerosol in models can be overestimated due to underestimated OH uptake coefficients. Finally, a comparison of reported rate constants implies that the heterogeneous oxidation of aerosols will be dependent upon a number of factors related to the reaction system, and that a single rate constant for one system cannot be universally applied under all conditions.
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35

Lin, Chun-Nan, and Shyan-Lung Chung. "Combustion synthesis method for synthesis of aluminum nitride powder using aluminum containers (II)." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 3037–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0400.

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A combustion synthesis method was developed for synthesis of AlN powder. Al powder and small amounts of urea were thoroughly mixed and placed in aluminum containers. A layer of AlN powder was placed on the top of the reactant powdersand in between the reactant powders and the container walls. The combustion reaction was ignited by heating the top surface of the powder stack and the aluminum container was converted completely to AlN during combustion reaction. High product yields (∼99.5%) were obtained under N2 pressures of 0.3–0.5 MPa. The product as synthesized is porous and loose and can be easily ground. A quenching technique was developed and formation of the various types of product morphology was investigated. Effects of several process parameters on the product yield were also studied. These results were reported and discussed.
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36

Tojo, Concha, David Buceta, and M. Arturo López-Quintela. "Core-Shell Nanocatalysts Obtained in Reverse Micelles: Structural and Kinetic Aspects." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/601617.

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Ability to control the metal arrangement in bimetallic nanocatalysts is the key to improving their catalytic activity. To investigate how metal distribution in nanostructures can be modified, we developed a computer simulation model on the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles obtained in microemulsions by a one-pot method. The calculations allow predicting the metal arrangement in nanoparticle under different experimental conditions. We present results for two couples of metals, Au/Pt (Δε=0.26 V) and Au/Ag (Δε=0.19 V), but conclusions can be generalized to other bimetallic pairs with similar difference in standard reduction potentials. It was proved that both surface and interior compositions can be controlled at nanometer resolution easily by changing the initial reactant concentration inside micelles. Kinetic analysis demonstrates that the confinement of reactants inside micelles has a strong effect on the reaction rates of the metal precursors. As a result, the final nanocatalyst shows a more mixed core and a better defined shell as concentration is higher.
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37

Abrego-Martínez, J. C., A. Moreno-Zuria, F. M. Cuevas-Muñiz, L. G. Arriaga, Shuhui Sun, and Mohamed Mohamedi. "Design, fabrication and performance of a mixed-reactant membraneless micro direct methanol fuel cell stack." Journal of Power Sources 371 (December 2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.10.026.

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38

Ovando-Chacon, Guillermo E., S. L. Ovando-Chacon, Juan C. Prince-Avelino, A. Rodriguez-Leon, and C. Garcia-Arellano. "NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION OF DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE MIXED CONVECTION IN A RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURE WITH A REACTANT FLUID." Heat Transfer Research 48, no. 18 (2017): 1651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.2017016747.

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39

Shukla, A. K., C. L. Jackson, K. Scott, and G. Murgia. "A solid-polymer electrolyte direct methanol fuel cell with a mixed reactant and air anode." Journal of Power Sources 111, no. 1 (September 2002): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00232-x.

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40

Temu, A. K. "Biodiesel Production Using Mixed Solid Catalysts." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.451.

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One of the disadvantages of homogeneous base catalysts in biodiesel production is that they cannot be reused or regenerated because they are consumed in the reaction. Besides, homogeneous catalysed process is not environmentally friendly because a lot of waste water is produced in the separation step. Unlike homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts are environmentally benign, can be reused and regenerated, and could be operated in continuous processes, thus providing a promising option for biodiesel production. This paper presents catalytic activity of single and mixed solid catalysts in production of biodiesel from palm oil using methanol as well as ethanol at atmospheric pressure. The catalysts used are CaO, K2CO3, Al2O3, and CaO/K2CO3, CaO/Al2O3, K2CO3/Al2O3 mixtures. Results show that methanol is a better reactant with biodiesel yield ranging from 48 to 96.5% while ethanol gives yields ranging from 20 to 95.2%. The yield data for single catalysts range from 20 to 89.2% while that for mixed catalysts range from 52 to 96.5% indicating improvement in the activity by mixing the catalysts. The study also shows that biodiesel yield increases with catalyst loading which emphasizes the need for sufficient number of active sites. The properties of biodiesel produced compares well with ASTM D6751 and EN 14124 biodiesel standards.
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41

Friebel, Franz, and Amewu A. Mensah. "Aging aerosol in a well-mixed continuous-flow tank reactor: an introduction of the activation time distribution." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 2647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2647-2019.

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Abstract. Two approaches are commonly used to simulate atmospheric aging processes in the laboratory. The experiments are either performed in large aerosol chambers (several m3) in order to achieve extended observation times or in small chambers (< 1 m3), compensating for the short observation times by elevated reactant concentrations. We present an experimental approach that enables long observation times at atmospherically relevant reactant concentrations in small chamber volumes by operating the aerosol chamber as a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR). We developed a mathematical framework that allows the retrieval of data beyond calculating mean values, such as O3 exposure or equivalent atmospheric aging time, using the new metric, activation time (tact). This concept was developed and successfully tested to characterize the change in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of soot particles due to heterogeneous ozone oxidation. We found very good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. This experimental approach and data analysis concept can be applied for the investigation of any transition in aerosol particles properties that can be considered a binary system. Furthermore, we show how tact can be applied to the analysis of data originating from other reactor types such as oxidation flow reactors (OFRs), which are widely used in atmospheric sciences. The new tact concept significantly supports the understanding of data acquired in OFRs, especially those from deviating experimental results in intercomparison campaigns.
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42

Aziznia, Amin, Colin W. Oloman, and Előd L. Gyenge. "Experimental advances and preliminary mathematical modeling of the Swiss-roll mixed-reactant direct borohydride fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 265 (November 2014): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.037.

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43

Sun, Ling Na, and Wen Wen Tang. "Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides Nanomaterails via the Anionic Surfactant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.907.

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Different Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterials had been synthesized using anion surfactant in the solution of mixed solvents. Using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) as morphology-controlling agent, different morphologies of Mg-Al LDHs are obtained successfully. The concentration of the reactant and the dosage of SDBS had significant effects on the morphology of the products. The morphologies of flower-like spheres, nanospheres, and micro-particles were efficiently obtained, respectively. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize these products.
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44

Rongsawat, Sukanya, Wannika Bunma, and Tawat Chanadee. "In Situ Combustion Synthesis in Air of Calcium Titanate Powders Using Minerals as a Calcium Source." Materials Science Forum 982 (March 2020): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.982.20.

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Calcium titanate (CaTiO3) was synthesized through combustion in air from calcium sources of raw minerals (lime-stone and calcite), anatase titanium dioxide (A-TiO2) and magnesium (Mg). The syntheses were divided into two reactant systems (lime-stone/A-TiO2/Mg and calcite/A-TiO2/Mg. Before synthesis, the raw minerals and A-TiO2 were high-energy milled for 30 min. These powders were then separately mixed with Mg by ball milling. After synthesis, the as-combusted products were leached with 2 M HCl solution to remove by-products and impurities. A sequential mechanism for the in-situ combustion was proposed by using data from simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) together with thermodynamic values calculated with HSC software. XRD results showed that the as-leached products from both reactant systems mainly contained CaTiO3. FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that the as-leached products had Ca-Ti-O and Ti-O functional groups. In addition, SEM observation of the as-leached products revealed cuboid-like crystals with a particle size of about 100 nm.
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45

Mestdagh, J. M., C. Alcaraz, J. Berlande, J. Cuvellier, T. Gustavsson, P. Meynadier, P. De Pujo, O. Sublemontier, and J. P. Visticot. "Reaction Dynamics of Electronically Excited Barium Atoms With Free Molecules and Molecular Clusters." Laser Chemistry 10, no. 5-6 (January 1, 1990): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1990/36585.

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In this review article we describe some recent results obtained in our laboratory. The successful combination of crossed molecular beam techniques and various laser excitation schemes has been used to study chemiluminescent reactions of ground and excited electronic states of barium with free molecules and molecular clusters. Studies include the identification of reaction products in cases where many chemiluminescent reaction channels are opened. The case of Ba(6sp1P1,​6s5d1D2,​6s5d3Dj) reacting with H20, methanol, ethanol, propanol-1, propanol-2, methyl-2, propanol-2, butanol-l, allyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether and diallyl ether is examined. A reaction mechanism is proposed which accounts for all these reactions. Studies reported in this review also include the unravelling of reaction dynamics where various forms of energy are mixed (electronic and kinetic energy). This is shown in studies of Ba(1D2​and​1P1)+O2 reactions. Finally the role of molecular clusters as reactant is examined. Evidence is provided that clusters of N20, H20 and CO2, in collision with Ba(1S0​and​1P1)+O2, do not lead efficiently to both reactive and non reactive luminescent exit channels.
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46

Petschacher, Barbara, and Bernd Nidetzky. "Engineering Candida tenuis Xylose Reductase for Improved Utilization of NADH: Antagonistic Effects of Multiple Side Chain Replacements and Performance of Site-Directed Mutants under Simulated In Vivo Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 6390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6390-6393.2005.

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ABSTRACT Six single- and multiple-site variants of Candida tenuis xylose reductase that were engineered to have side chain replacements in the coenzyme 2′-phosphate binding pocket were tested for NADPH versus NADH selectivity (R sel) in the presence of physiological reactant concentrations. The experimental R sel values agreed well with predictions from a kinetic mechanism describing mixed alternative coenzyme utilization. The Lys-274→Arg and Arg-280→His substitutions, which individually improved wild-type R sel 50- and 20-fold, respectively, had opposing structural effects when they were combined in a double mutant.
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47

Nehru, L. C., and C. Sanjeeviraja. "Microwave-Assisted Combustion Synthesis of Nanocrystalline ZnO Powders Using Zinc Nitrate and Various Amount of Organic Fuels as Reactants: Influence of Reactant Parameters - A Status Review." Nano Hybrids 6 (February 2014): 75–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nh.6.75.

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Nanocrystalline ZnO powders have been synthesized by a novel and simple microwave-assisted combustion synthesis method using urea, glycine, carbohydrazine and citric acid as fuels and zinc nitrate as oxidant. The starting materials were directly mixed and a slurry precursor with high homogeneity was formed due to the hygroscopicity of the reactants. The precursor could be ignited at room temperature, resulting in dry, loose and voluminous ZnO powders. An interpretation based on an adiabatic flame temperature, amount of gases produced during reaction for various fuel-to-oxidizer molar ratios (ψ), has been proposed for the nature of combustion and its correlation with the characteristics of as-synthesized product. The variation of adiabatic flame temperature (Tad) with the ψ value was calculated theoretically according to the thermodynamic concept. The reaction process of the precursor was investigated by XRD techniques.
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48

Liu, Y., S. M. Li, and J. Liggio. "Application of positive matrix factor analysis in heterogeneous kinetics studies: an improvement to the mixed-phase relative rates technique." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 6 (March 31, 2014): 8695–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-8695-2014.

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Abstract. The mixed-phase relative rate approach for determining aerosol particle organic component heterogeneous reaction kinetics and OH uptake coefficients to particles is often performed utilizing mass spectral tracers as a proxy for particle phase reactant concentration. However, this approach may be influenced by signal contaminations from oxidation products during the experiment. In the current study, the mixed-phase relative rates technique has been improved by combining a Positive Matrix Factor (PMF) analysis with electron ionization Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, thereby removing the influence of m / z fragments from reaction products on the reactant signals. To demonstrate the advantages of this approach, the heterogeneous reaction between OH radicals and citric acid (CA) was investigated using a photochemical flow tube coupled to a compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (C-ToF-AMS). The measured heterogeneous rate constant (k2) of citric acid toward OH was (3.31 ± 0.29) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K and (30 ± 3)% RH and was ∼7.7 times greater than previously reported results utilizing individual m / z fragments. This phenomenon was further confirmed for particulate-phase organophosphates (TPhP, TDCPP, and TEHP), leading to k2 values significantly larger than previously reported. The results suggest that heterogeneous kinetics can be significantly underestimated when a non-molecular ion peak is used as the tracer. Finally, the results suggest that the heterogeneous lifetime of organic aerosol in models can be overestimated due to underestimated OH uptake coefficients, and that it may be necessary to revisit the heterogeneous kinetic data of organic aerosol components which were derived in the context of the relative rates technique.
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49

Yan, Xiao, Zizheng Sun, Shucai Li, Weimin Yang, and Yiming Zhang. "Evaluation of Effectiveness of CO2 Sequestration Using Portland Cement in Geological Reservoir Based on Unified Pipe-network Method." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020387.

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In this paper, we first recapitulate some basic notions of the CO 2 sequestration and numerical model. Next, a mixed model is employed into the CO 2 sequestration framework, for simulating CO 2 geological sequestration processes. The last part of the paper makes extensions to evaluation of the effectiveness of CO 2 sequestration with respect to atmospheric pressure, formation temperature, the initial reactant concentration, fracture aperture, and fracture dip. The results show that reactive Portland cement has a great impact on the effectiveness of CO 2 sequestration, while the proposed mixed model is robust in simulation.
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50

Schiener, Andreas, Soenke Seifert, and Andreas Magerl. "The stopped-drop method: a novel setup for containment-free and time-resolved measurements." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 2 (February 2, 2016): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515023826.

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A novel setup for containment-free time-resolved experiments at a free-hanging drop is reported. Within a dead-time of 100 ms a drop of mixed reactant solutions is formed and the time evolution of a reaction can be followed from thereon by various techniques. As an example, a small-angle X-ray scattering study on the formation mechanism of EDTA-stabilized CdS both at a synchrotron and a laboratory X-ray source is presented here. While the evolution can be followed with one drop only at a synchrotron source, a stroboscopic mode with many drops is preferable for the laboratory source.
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