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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mixed reinforcement'
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1
Scopes, Peter D. "Automated mixed resolution acyclic tiling in reinforcement learning." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16279/.
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This thesis presents novel work on how to automatically alter a Tile Coding whilst simultaneously learning to improve both the quality of an agent’s policy and its speed of learning. It also identifies the detrimental effects of transition cycles in an MDP to Reinforcement Learning and Tile Coding. Reinforcement Learning (RL) (Sutton and Barto 1998) is a popular and widely-studied ma- chine learning technique, where an agent learns a policy through continual interactions with an environment, based on performing actions and observing their rewards. In the basic RL formulation, in order to guarantee learning an optimal policy, an agent needs to visit each state in the environment at least once (and often repeatedly). For this reason the speed of learning does not scale well to complex environments with large state spaces. Tile Coding (TC) (Albus 1981) is a popular value function approximation method that is able to reduce the size of a state space through approximation. In this approach, values from one or more state features are grouped into exhaustive partitions called tiles. However, as the state space becomes more granular, there is an increase of potential reduction in the precision and quality of the policy the agent is learning. As a rule of thumb, the larger the tiles are in a tiling, the faster the agent arrives at its final policy but the lower its quality; the smaller the tiles are in a tiling, the slower the agent arrives at its final policy but the higher its quality. Furthermore, using multiple, offset tilings can improve performance without the need for smaller tiles. The guarantees that surround common RL algorithms revolve around being able to visit every state in the environment at least once. However, many implementations of these algorithms use episode roll outs and can find themselves looping through a cycle of state-action pairs. This thesis theoretically and empirically shows that if the reward of each state-action pair in this transition cycle is identical then it is possible for the agent to temporarily diverge from learning the optimal policy. These detrimental effects of transition cycles can occur at any point of learning and, therefore, RL algorithms must heed them or risk sudden, temporary lacklustre performance. Furthermore, we consider the use of TC in conjunction with RL and find that it aggravates the detrimental effects of transition cycles to learning. This is caused by tiles inducing transition cycles. Tile Coding is still an effective and efficient method of approximation when the detrimental impacts of transition cycles are avoided. This motivates us to create a novel strategy for manual tile placement called Mixed Resolution Acyclic Tiling (MRAT). MRAT is based on heuristics derived from theoretical work and empirical studies conducted in this thesis. MRAT is empirically demonstrated to be a very effective way of improving the speed and quality of learning by using a non-uniform tile placement. MRAT is then automated and is empirically shown to outperform the state-of-the-art competitors and fixed TC. Automated MRAT (AMRAT) does not require parameter tuning and therefore has no hidden costs for its use unlike its competitors.
2
Reile, Phyllis A. Barker Lewis. "Effects of D-amphetamine on choice behavior under mixed concurrent schedules." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%2002-04-08/REILE_PHYLLIS_48.pdf.
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3
Abdel-Jalil, Awab. "Stimulus Control Effects of Changes in Schedules of Reinforcement." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707360/.
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Sometimes, changes in consequences are accompanied by a clear stimulus change explicitly arranged by the experimenter. Other times when new consequences are in effect, there is little or no accompanying stimulus change explicitly arranged by the experimenter. These differences can be seen in the laboratory as multiple (signaled) schedules and mixed (unsignaled) schedules. The current study used college students and a single-subject design to examine the effects of introducing signaled and unsignaled schedules, and the transitions between them. In one phase, a card was flipped from purple to white every time the schedule was switched from VR-3 to FT-10. In another phase, the schedule still changed periodically, but the card always remained on the purple side. Results showed that the participants' responding was controlled by the schedule of reinforcement, by the color of the card, or both. These results suggest that changes in patterns of reinforcement lead to changes in stimulus control. In addition, the stimulus control for a behavior can come from several different sources. During teaching, it may facilitate the development of stimulus control to change the environment when a new behavior is required.
4
Andrade-Plaza, Roberto. "Using Contingency Maps to Teach Requests for Information." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7259.
Full textAbstract:
Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by social, behavioral, and communicative deficits. Although there is no known cure for autism, there are many research-based interventions that aid in strengthening such deficits, especially those associated with failures of stimulus control One way to address such failures is to provide additional stimuli that enhance or override information provided by naturally occurring stimuli. Contingency maps are one such example. This study uses an observing response (i.e., hand-raising) to allow the subjects to request contingency maps. The purpose of this study is to identify if contingency maps function as reinforcers and if requests for information can be acquired using an observing-response paradigm. Major findings of the present study indicate that requests for information can be acquired and maintained by access to CMs.
5
Guo, Yi. "Connected and Automated Traffic Control at Signalized Intersections under Mixed-autonomy Environments." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613752599541812.
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6
Cherryholmes, Lauren A. "Immediate and subsequent effects of response-independent food delivery on problem behavior maintained by food." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6125/.
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The immediate and subsequent effects of response-independent food delivery on problem behavior maintained by food were investigated. A functional analysis indicated that the participant's problem behavior was maintained by tangible (food) reinforcement. In a subsequent analysis, each occurrence of problem behavior produced a bite of wafer in the first and third components of mixed and multiple schedules, while either response-independent food or extinction was presented in the second component. Dense and lean schedules of food delivery were assessed. Results indicated that a very dense schedule of food nearly eliminated problem behavior, a very lean schedule of food and extinction produced substantial decreases in problem behavior, and intermediate schedules did not decrease problem behavior. Response patterns were differentiated across mixed and multiple schedule arrangements, with signaled changes in the schedules (multiple schedule) generally showing more immediate and sustained effects throughout the intervention component. Implications for interpretations of the effects of the intervention are discussed.
7
Weiland, Silvio, and Manfred Curbach. "Interaktion gemischter Bewehrungen bei der Verstärkung von Stahlbeton mit textilbewehrtem Beton." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244051366655-25294.
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Textile Bewehrungen stellen eine hervorragende Alternative zu bisherigen Verstärkungsmethoden dar. Die Wirksamkeit von Textilbetonverstärkungen konnte bereits eindrucksvoll nachgewiesen werden. Um sowohl die vorhandene Bausubstanz, als auch die Verstärkung optimal auszulasten, ist es erforderlich, das Zusammenwirken beider Bewehrungsarten unter Berücksichtigung der unterschiedlichen Verbundeigenschaften zu beschreiben. In diesem Beitrag wird das gemeinsamen Tragverhalten von Betonstahl und textiler Bewehrung eingehend erläutert. Zur Veranschaulichung wird daher vor allem die Verbundtragwirkung und deren Einfluss auf gerissene Zugglieder genauer untersucht.
8
Gratclová, Kamila. "Vývoj kompozitního materiálového systému se zaměřením na matrici pro extrémní podmínky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240388.
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The thesis deals with composite systems, with a focus on matrix resistant to extreme conditions. The aim of this work was to research and development matrix, resistant to high temperatures, typical in case of fire. Used theoretical knowledge were realized with subsequent laboratory research. Attention was paid matrices based binder mixed with any alkali activation of alternative raw materials and geopolymers. Scattered reinforcement featured polypropylene fibers. The subject of the practical part of the two alternatives, including a matrix based on basic ingredients - cement, alternative raw materials - high fly ash, blast furnace slag, geopolymer and polymeric components incl. combinations thereof. Laboratory research conducted by determining the fundamental material properties such as density, strengths, etc., after heat exposure. The developed materials were subjected to a temperature 1400 ° C. The conclusion was selected several recipes that were based on the resulting values found to be optimal.
9
Ferroni, Nicola. "Exact Combinatorial Optimization with Graph Convolutional Neural Networks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17502/.
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Combinatorial optimization problems are typically tackled by the branch-and-bound paradigm. We propose to learn a variable selection policy for branch-and-bound in mixed-integer linear programming, by imitation learning on a diversified variant of the strong branching expert rule. We encode states as bipartite graphs and parameterize the policy as a graph convolutional neural network. Experiments on a series of synthetic problems demonstrate that our approach produces policies that can improve upon expert-designed branching rules on large problems, and generalize to instances significantly larger than seen during training.
10
Weiland, Silvio. "Interaktion von Betonstahl und textiler Bewehrung bei der Biegeverstärkung mit textilbewehrtem Beton." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-37944.
Full textAbstract:
Textilbewehrter Beton zur Verstärkung von Stahlbetonbauteilen ist neben den klassischen und etablierten Verfahren eine äußerst interessante Alternative, die die Vorteile der leichten Kohlenstofffaserklebeverstärkungen mit denen von Spritzbeton mit Bewehrung verbindet. Aus den theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen in dieser Arbeit können wichtige Erkenntnisse zum gemeinsamen Tragverhalten von Betonstahl und textiler Bewehrung sowie zu den Auswirkungen der verbundbedingten Unterschiede abgeleitet werden. Mit den theoretischen Betrachtungen werden das gemeinsame Tragverhalten und der Einfluss des unterschiedlichen Verbundverhaltens auf die Zugkraftaufteilung gezeigt und qualifiziert. Die Behandlung der verbundbedingten Unterschiede bei gemischt mit Betonstahl und Textil bewehrten Zuggliedern ist analog dem Vorgehen bei gemischter Beton- und Spannstahlbewehrung bzw. Klebebewehrung mit Verbundbeiwerten darstellbar. Zur Ableitung entsprechender Kennwerte werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten diskutiert. Zudem wird eine vereinfachte Bemessung vorgeschlagen. Insgesamt sind die Ergebnisse ein wesentlicher Schritt auf dem Weg zur baupraktischen Anwendung von Textilbetonverstärkungen und ermutigen bereits zum umsichtigen Einsatz unter Beachtung der Sicherheitsaspekte. Noch offene Fragen und notwendiger Klärungsbedarf sollten die Wissbegier anregen und vertiefende Forschungsvorhaben und weitere experimentelle Untersuchungen ermöglichenTextile reinforcement represents an excellent alternative to existing techniques for strengthening of concrete structures, combining the benefits of lightweight fiber reinforced polymer strengthening with those of shotcrete with reinforcement. The theoretical and experimental studies in this thesis provide essential insights into the common load bearing behaviour of reinforcing steel and textile reinforcements as well as on the impact of the different bond characteristics of both types of rein-forcement. With the theoretical investigations, the combined load bearing behaviour and the influence of the different bond characteristics on distribution of the forces could be shown and qualified. The inter-action of both reinforcement types, taking into account the different bond characteristics, can be represented by bond coefficients analogous to the approach to mixed steel and pre-stressing-steel reinforcements. So as to derive the appropriate parameters, several options were discussed. Moreover, a simplified approach to design a TRC-strengthening-layer was proposed. Overall, the results are an essential step towards the practical application of textile reinforced con-crete for the strengthening of concrete structures and should already be encouraging the prudent use while considering the necessary safety aspects. Remaining issues and necessary clarifications should stimulate curiosity and in-depth research projects and allow further experimental studies
11
Lindström, Hannes. "Modelling how sound engineers counter global gain rise in live mixes to evaluate possible implementations of automatic gain adjustments." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Medier, ljudteknik och teater, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79098.
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Smart tools for audio production have been making its way into modern audio production and is getting more popular in studio and postproduction work. In live sound however, there is few alternatives that exist. In this study live sound engineers experienced in live music sound reinforcement were interviewed about how they use gain and what considerations they make when adjusting gain. The aim of this study was to use their answers to create the foundation of a framework to an algorithm that can adjust gain automatically. The interviews were semi-structured, and the transcriptions were analysed using grounded theory. From the transcripts five categories were created and further divided into subcategories for deeper analysis. The study showed that the data in the study could not easily be proceduralized but instead two alternative ways of implementing this in practice, one that monitors the input signals and passes the information to the engineer. And another that adds a control layer to the monitoring where the parameter can be selected based on mixing strategy and the algorithms control can be switched on or off.
12
Gabriel, Jan. "Obytný soubor Nový Žižkov - stavebně technologický projekt." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392137.
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The subject of this diploma thesis is the elaboration of a construction technological project for the construction of a residential complex Nový Žižkov in Poděbrady, where I will focus on the technological stage of the gross building of the main building SO-01 apartment building – section BI+BII (56 dwelling units). The supporting system of the building is composed of a combination of monolithic reinforced concrete structures and ceramic blocks. The foundation of a residential building is designed as a reinforced concrete basin with reinforcing ribs. The diploma thesis contains a text and attachment part.
13
Lin, Shih-che, and 林世哲. "A synergetic model for operant behavior under fixed-interval and mixed fixed-interval reinforcement schedules." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17870896404094925172.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
心理學所
96
Issues about operant behavior of organisms have been studied for many years. Researchers used temporal operant methods (e.g. FI, VI, mixed-FI) to investigate interval timing and behavior variations in animals. For example, in fixed-interval (FI) reinforcement schedule organisms exhibit a temporal control of responding. The response rate increases as a function of time elapsed since the delivery of the previous reinforcement. This type of responding dynamics can be seen in a cumulative record as a concave-upward curve, which is called the “scalloped-curve”. Several theoretical timing models, e.g. the SET (Gibbon, 1977), the BeT (Killen and Fetterman, 1988), and the LeT (Machado, 1997), have been developed to describe the temporal patterns of behaviors. However, these models merely simulated the averaged responses acquired across multiple trials in one session. They didn’t touch the issue about the real time dynamics of the lever-pressing responses in reinforcement schedules. In the present study, a nonlinear dynamic model based on the synergetic concepts is proposed. The synergetic model is applied to simulate not only the averaged response numbers in the FI and mixed-FI schedules, but also produce some typical types of behavioral dynamics seen in a kind of phase space reconstruction, the extended return map (ERM). The simulation of the synergetic model is compared with the performance of the LeT. It is found that the synergetic model not only can reproduce the averaged response curve in both schedules, but also is capable of simulating the dynamics of FI and mixed-FI responding revealed in the ERM-patterns.
14
Thevarajah, Dhushan. "Neural Processes Involved in Action Selection During a Mixed-Strategy Game." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1690.
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Game theory outlines optimal response strategies during mixed-strategy competitions in which available actions are selected probabilistically. The neural processes involved in choosing individual strategic actions, however, remain poorly understood. Here, actions need to be selected (1) in the absence of sensory instruction or reward cues and (2) independent of previous events. This thesis examines the neural processes involved in action selection during mixed-strategy competition. To do so, we both measured and manipulated presaccadic activity in the primate superior colliculus (SC), a structure involved in the generation of orienting saccadic eye movements, during a strategic game.
The first study tested whether the SC is involved in choosing saccades under strategic conditions. Monkeys were free to choose either of two saccade targets as they competed against a computer opponent during the mixed-strategy game ‘matching-pennies’. The accuracy with which pre-saccadic SC activity predicted upcoming choice gradually increased in the time leading up to the saccade. Probing the SC with supra-threshold stimulation demonstrated that these evolving signals were functionally involved in preparing strategic saccades. Finally, sub-threshold stimulation of the SC increased the likelihood that contralateral saccades were selected.
In the second study, we compared the influence of previous actions and rewards on updating premotor activity in the SC in the strategic condition where eliciting stochastic responses was optimal and in a non-strategic condition where stochastic responses were also elicited but through explicit instruction. To avoid exploitation by opponents during mixed-strategy competitions one should select behaviors unpredictably, that is, independent of previous choices and their outcomes. The iterative updating of neural processes involved in selecting actions to produce mixed-strategy behaviors, however, remain poorly understood In both tasks, premotor activity and behavior were shaped by past actions and rewards with more recent events exerting the largest influence. Importantly, these sequential effects were attenuated under strategic conditions suggesting that updating of selection processes is not entirely automatic but can be tailored to different decision-making contexts. Together our results highlight the active role played by the brain in choosing strategic actions.Thesis (Master, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2009-01-30 17:11:21.002
15
Hoque, Mohammad M. "3D nonlinear mixed finite-element analysis of RC beams and plates with and without FRP reinforcement." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/236.
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Three 3D nonlinear finite-element (FE) models are developed to study the behavior of concrete beams and plates with and without externally reinforcement of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Ramtekkar’s mixed layer-wise 3 dimensional (3D) 18-node FE model (108 degrees-of-freedom, DOFs) is modified to accommodate the nonlinear concrete and elasto-plastic steel behaviour. Saenz’s stress-strain equation is used for material nonlinearity of concrete. As in any 3D mixed FE analysis, the run time using the model can be computationally expensive. Two additional layer-wise 18-node FE models: Displacement FE model (54 DOF) and transitional FE model (81 DOF) are developed. The displacement FE model is based on purely displacement field, i.e. only displacement components are enforced throughout the thickness of the structures. The transitional FE model has six DOF (three displacement components in the coordinate axis direction and three transverse stress components - where z is the thickness direction) per node in the upper surface and only three DOF (three displacement components in the coordinate axis direction) per node in the bottom surface.The analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) beam strengthened with FRP and composite plate using these models are verified against the experimental results and the results from the commercial software, ANSYS respectively. Several parametric studies are done on composite RC beam and composite plate.May 2006
16
Kalia, Aditi. "Comparative Effects of a D2 and Mixed D1-D2 Dopamine Antagonist on Gambling Reinforcement in Pathological Gamblers and Healthy Controls." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/31270.
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Pathological Gambling (PG) is an impulse control disorder with lifetime prevalence of 1-3%. Available treatments are limited by uncertain classification and complexity of implicated neurotransmitter systems. Dopamine (DA), a key neurotransmitter implicated in addictive behavior and reward is elevated in response to gambling and psychostimulants. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that the D2 blocker, haloperidol (HAL), will enhance slot machine reinforcement in PG but not in Healthy Controls (HC). If this increase reflects preferential stimulation of D1 receptors and group differences in D1 sensitivity, D1-D2 blocker (fluphenazine, FLU) should offset increase in reinforcement seen with HAL in PG subjects. In line with DA's implicated role in 'wanting' vs. 'liking' of the addictive reinforcer, the results suggest that DA release mediated partial D1 activation under FLU led to clear differentiation between groups with increased 'wanting' seen in controls but not in gamblers. DA's role in 'liking' however remains elusive.
17
Tatone, Daniel. "Comparative Effects of a D2 and Mixed D1-D2 Dopamine Receptor Antagonist on Amphetamine Reinforcement in Pathological Gamblers and Healthy Controls." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33558.
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This study used the D2-preferring dopamine antagonist, haloperidol (3mg) and D1-D2 antagonist, fluphenazine (3mg) to investigate the roles of D1 and D2 receptors in d-amphetamine (20-mg) reinforcement in humans with (9 M; 7 F) and without (12 M; 4 F) an addictive disorder, in a placebo-controlled, between-within counterbalanced design. To preclude neurotoxicity, pathological gamblers served to evaluate effects of addiction status. Incentive motivation (e.g., Desire to Gamble), hedonic impact (e.g., Liking) and risky decision-making were assessed. Haloperidol reduced Desire to Gamble in controls, whereas fluphenazine reduced Desire in gamblers. Both antagonists reduced hedonic impact in both groups, with fluphenazine exhibiting stronger effects in gamblers. Both antagonists decreased risky decisions in controls but increased risky decisions in gamblers. Results suggest that D1 mediates amphetamine-induced motivation to gamble; D2 mediates amphetamine’s hedonic effects; D1 function is deficient in gamblers; and D2 blockade may reverse a restorative effect of amphetamine in addicted individuals.
18
Weiland, Silvio. "Interaktion von Betonstahl und textiler Bewehrung bei der Biegeverstärkung mit textilbewehrtem Beton." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25305.
Full textAbstract:
Textilbewehrter Beton zur Verstärkung von Stahlbetonbauteilen ist neben den klassischen und etablierten Verfahren eine äußerst interessante Alternative, die die Vorteile der leichten Kohlenstofffaserklebeverstärkungen mit denen von Spritzbeton mit Bewehrung verbindet. Aus den theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen in dieser Arbeit können wichtige Erkenntnisse zum gemeinsamen Tragverhalten von Betonstahl und textiler Bewehrung sowie zu den Auswirkungen der verbundbedingten Unterschiede abgeleitet werden.
Mit den theoretischen Betrachtungen werden das gemeinsame Tragverhalten und der Einfluss des unterschiedlichen Verbundverhaltens auf die Zugkraftaufteilung gezeigt und qualifiziert. Die Behandlung der verbundbedingten Unterschiede bei gemischt mit Betonstahl und Textil bewehrten Zuggliedern ist analog dem Vorgehen bei gemischter Beton- und Spannstahlbewehrung bzw. Klebebewehrung mit Verbundbeiwerten darstellbar. Zur Ableitung entsprechender Kennwerte werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten diskutiert. Zudem wird eine vereinfachte Bemessung vorgeschlagen.
Insgesamt sind die Ergebnisse ein wesentlicher Schritt auf dem Weg zur baupraktischen Anwendung von Textilbetonverstärkungen und ermutigen bereits zum umsichtigen Einsatz unter Beachtung der Sicherheitsaspekte. Noch offene Fragen und notwendiger Klärungsbedarf sollten die Wissbegier anregen und vertiefende Forschungsvorhaben und weitere experimentelle Untersuchungen ermöglichen.Textile reinforcement represents an excellent alternative to existing techniques for strengthening of concrete structures, combining the benefits of lightweight fiber reinforced polymer strengthening with those of shotcrete with reinforcement. The theoretical and experimental studies in this thesis provide essential insights into the common load bearing behaviour of reinforcing steel and textile reinforcements as well as on the impact of the different bond characteristics of both types of rein-forcement. With the theoretical investigations, the combined load bearing behaviour and the influence of the different bond characteristics on distribution of the forces could be shown and qualified. The inter-action of both reinforcement types, taking into account the different bond characteristics, can be represented by bond coefficients analogous to the approach to mixed steel and pre-stressing-steel reinforcements. So as to derive the appropriate parameters, several options were discussed. Moreover, a simplified approach to design a TRC-strengthening-layer was proposed. Overall, the results are an essential step towards the practical application of textile reinforced con-crete for the strengthening of concrete structures and should already be encouraging the prudent use while considering the necessary safety aspects. Remaining issues and necessary clarifications should stimulate curiosity and in-depth research projects and allow further experimental studies.