Journal articles: 'Mixed reinforcement'

1

Alaee, Pooya, Yoshiharu Sato, and Bing Li. "Drift capacity of high-strength concrete columns with mixed-grade longitudinal reinforcements." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 2 (August 16, 2018): 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218794270.

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A unique reinforced concrete column design method which aims to improve the ductile behavior of reinforced concrete columns by utilizing various steel grades for longitudinal reinforcements is evaluated in this article. Six large-scale reinforced concrete columns were tested, with the columns subjected to axial load and cyclic forces under reversed bending. The parameters varied in the test program including the axial loading level and the ratio and strength of longitudinal steel reinforcement. It was found from the test results that utilizing longitudinal high-strength steel reinforcement by the ratio of 30%, 50%, and 100% of the total longitudinal reinforcement in a column section will increase the lateral loading drift capacity by 18%, 26%, and 55% on average, respectively. Parametric studies via nonlinear finite-element approach were performed to study the influence of various design parameters on the ultimate drift capacity of reinforced concrete columns. The correlation between the ultimate drift capacity and the confinement level, the axial loading level, and the ratio and grade of longitudinal high-strength reinforcing bars was investigated. Design charts for various ultimate drift levels in terms of other design parameters were developed.

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Ovalı, İsmail, Cemal Esen, Sevda Albayrak, and Halil Karakoç. "Effect of Gr Contents on Wear Properties of Al2024/MgO/Al2O3/Gr Hybrid Composites." MATEC Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816702010.

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In the present study, hybrid metal matrix composites, Al2024/10Al2O3, Al2024/10Al2O3/3MgO, Al2024/10Al2O3/6MgO, Al2024/10Al2O3/3MgO/1.5 Gr, Al2024/10Al2O3/3MgO/3Gr, and reinforcement samples (AA 2024) produced with powder metallurgy process. AA 2024 and reinforcement powders were determined mixture rations and separately mixed during 30 minutes in a three-dimensional Turbula mixer. The mixed compositions were pressed at 300 MPa and sintered at 550°C during 1 h. After that, three materials were extruded at the same temperature. Experimental results show that hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) a better wear resistance than the reinforcement samples because of higher hardness. Gr behave as a lubricant during wear process. The wear resistance of HMMCs can be optimized with controlling of the reinforcement content and type.

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3

Chen, Gang, Shuai Yuan, Yu Bo Peng, and Wei Jun Yang. "Study of the Combined Effect of Steel Reinforcement and Expansion Agent on the Crack Resistance of Ready-Mixed Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1159.

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The objective of this work is to find the law of combined effect of steel reinforcement and expansion agent (EA) on the crack resistance of ready-mixed concrete by doing flat-plate method experimental study on the crack resistance of ready-mixed concrete with EA, also with EA and steel reinforcement, with a deep analysis of the mechanism of reinforcement and EA on ready-mixed concrete. The paper comes to the role of ready-mixed concrete cracking performance which is influenced by reinforcement steel and EA.

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Zhou, Jun Long, Zhong Wen Ou, Qiao Chen, and Yun Chen. "The Influence of Admixtures on the Corrosion Protection Afforded Steel Reinforcement in Seawater-and-Seasand Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.81.

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It is inevitable for steel reinforcement to be corroded when mixed with seawater-and-seasand concrete. In order to improve steel corrosion protection properties of seawater-and-seasand concrete, reduce the chloride ion’s attack on steel reinforcement in structural concrete and lengthen the steel reinforcement’s service time, this paper presents an experimental study on whether admixtures like fly ash, slag and metakaolin in the seawater-and-seasand could retard the corrosion to steel reinforcement and provide protection to steel reinforcement in seawater-and-seasand concrete. The results indicated that metakaolin had a significant anti-corrosion effect and greatly enhanced the steel corrosion protection properties of seawater-and-seasand concrete whereas both fly ash and slag did not appear to have any obvious influence on curbing the corrosion of steel reinforcement.

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5

MAKIUCHI, Katsuhiko, Kunio MINEGISHI, and In Ho CHOI. "Reinforcement Effects of Soil mixed with Fibers." Proceedings of geosynthetics symposium 11 (1996): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5030/jcigsjournal1995.11.37.

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6

Alsop, Brent, and Michael Davison. "PREFERENCE FOR MULTIPLE VERSUS MIXED SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 45, no. 1 (January 1986): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1986.45-33.

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7

Steinhauer, Gene D. "Behavioral Contrast on Mixed Schedules." Psychological Reports 78, no. 2 (April 1996): 673–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.673.

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Keypecking by 4 pigeons was studied on mixed schedules of reinforcement. Positive behavioral contrast was found when the schedule was shifted from Mixed VI VI to Mixed VI Extinction only when the VI schedule value was small relative to the component duration.

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8

Keehn, J. D., and Emoke Stoyanov. "Adjunctive Drinking in a Mixed Reinforcement Schedule: Effect of Reinforcement Magnitude on Schedule-Induced Polydipsia." Psychological Record 36, no. 4 (October 1986): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03394973.

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9

Bova, Y., and O. Kashoyida. "METHOD OF CALCULATION HOLLOW (CAISSON) SLABS WITH MIXED REINFORCEMENT." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 2 (March 30, 2018): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.2.2018.92-98.

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10

孔, 恒. "Study on Indoor Reinforcement Treatment of Waste Mixed Soil." Hans Journal of Civil Engineering 08, no. 04 (2019): 872–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjce.2019.84101.

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11

Wang, Yilei, Guoyu Yang, Tao Li, Lifeng Zhang, Yanli Wang, Lishan Ke, Yi Dou, Shouzhe Li, and Xiaomei Yu. "Optimal mixed block withholding attacks based on reinforcement learning." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 35, no. 12 (September 2020): 2032–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.22282.

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12

Gros, Sebastien, and Mario Zanon. "Reinforcement Learning for mixed-integer problems based on MPC." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 5219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.1196.

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13

Zhang, Su Xia, Q. F. Li, M. K. Ho, Siew Fei Pook, M. Chandra, and M. S. Yong. "Microstructural Investigation of Particulate Reinforced Ti-Sn Metal Matrix Composites." Solid State Phenomena 111 (April 2006): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.111.35.

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Titanium alloy is an attractive material for aerospace and automobile applications due to its lightweight and high strength. Titanium metal matrix composite (MMCs) is one of the promising materials which could be employed to enhance stiffness and wear resistance of titanium alloy. In this study, reinforcement of in-situ and ex-situ particulates has been investigated. The experimental results show that a dense microstructure with uniformly distributed in-situ TiB reinforcement phase in the Ti+B+Sn system could be obtained. It is present in either needle or blocky shape. This process involved warm pressing of mixed powder in semi-solid stage followed by sintering, which eliminated costly CIP and HIP processes. However, it is found that the ex-situ particulates in the titanium metal matrix are not suitable as reinforcements in Ti-Sn metal matrix as they either reacted with titanium during sintering process or generated a void at the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix.

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14

Mussi, R. G. S., Tetsuichi Motegi, Fumi Tanabe, H. Kawamura, K. Anzai, D. Shiba, and M. Suganuma. "Influence of an Inclined Cooling Plate on the Production of A356/CNF and A356/SiC MMC by Compocasting." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.609.

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The influence of an inclined cooling plate utilized as a modification in the compocasting process of aluminum alloy is studied in this paper. Based on the crystal separation theory, molten A356 is poured on the inclined copper plate in order to produce solidification nuclei inside the fluid metal, which is, then, mechanically stirred while reinforcement is added through its surface. Carbon nano fibers (CNF) and particulate SiC were utilized as reinforcement, in quantities varying from 0.5 to 15vol%. Dispersion of the reinforcements was observed by macro and microstructure analysis. For CNF, addition of quantities up to 1vol% resulted in homogeneous dispersion through the matrix, although SEM analysis showed the presence of clusters of up to 50μm in some points of the samples. SiC was properly mixed into matrix until 10vol%. Globular crystals were obtained, but some coarsening occurred, especially for small quantities of reinforcement. Utilization of the inclined cooling plate produced good inclusion and homogenization for two different reinforcements through an A356 matrix. The best results were obtained for a 180mm cooling plate, with inclination of 60o. The pouring temperature utilized was 10oC over the melting point of the alloy, and temperature of the tundish was kept around 598oC during stirring.

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15

Mailyan, Dmitry R., and Liya D. Mailyan. "Conditions of Maximum Economic Efficiency and Environmental Safety of Reinforced Concrete Columns with Precompressed Reinforcement." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.269.

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The efficiency of reinforced concrete columns with precompressed reinforcement is shown. It was proved that in the elements with mixed reinforcement, up to 50% from the total steel consumption can be economized.

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16

Krivenko, Pavlo, Igor Rudenko, Oleksandr Konstantynovskyi, and Olha Boiko. "Prevention of steel reinforcement corrosion in alkali-activated slag cement concrete mixed with seawater." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128007004.

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Concretes mixed with seawater are characterised by enhanced performances, but action of chlorides and sulfates ensures the risk of reinforcement corrosion. Application of high consistency fresh concretes ensures changes in hardened concrete structure that causes the problem of steel reinforcement passive state ensuring. Thus mixing of plasticized concretes by seawater actualizes the search for means of steel corrosion prevention. Alkali-activated slag cements (further, AASC’s) reduce effect of ions Cl− and SO42− on steel reinforcement in concrete due to their exchange for ions OH− in the structure of zeolite-like alkaline hydroaluminosilicates. Complex additive «portland cement - calcium aluminate cement - clinoptilolite» was proposed to enhance the protective properties of AASC concretes to steel reinforcement. The results of DTA, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, microprobe analysis show that complex additive ensures to prevent steel reinforcement corrosion in AASC concrete mixed with seawater due to binding Cl− and SO42− ions in Kuzel’s salt in AASC hydration products and exchange of these aggressive ions with OH− ions in the structure of clinoptilolite. This effect of complex additive confirmed by surface state and the absence of mass loss of steel rebars embedded in plasticized AASC fine concrete mixed with seawater after 90 d of hardening.

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17

Yang, Wei Jun, Shuai Yuan, and Yu Bo Peng. "Experimental Research on the Influence of Steel Reinforcement on the Crack Resistance of Ready-Mixed Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3677.

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The objective of this work is to find the way of diameter and ratio of steel reinforcement impacting upon crack resistance of ready-mixed concrete. By analyzing the bonding theory of steel and ready-mixed concrete, as well as making an experimental study of plate cracking performance, it comes to the best reinforcement ratio. The conclusions are based on physical reasoning and available experimental dates, which can provide the user with references.

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18

Polikutin, Aleksei E., Yuri B. Potapov, and Artem V. Levchenko. "The Influence of the Height of Fiber Reinforcement Zone on the Crack Resistance of Rubcon Beams with Mixed Reinforcement." Materials Science Forum 974 (December 2019): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.974.627.

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In order to research on the influence of the height of the fiber reinforcement zone on the normal sections crack resistance, we produced and tested rubcon beams of rectangular cross section with mixed reinforcement; our studies showed that the height of the fiber reinforcement zone has a similar effect on the normal sections crack resistance with the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement. It is important to note that the arrangement of fiber reinforcement at 3/4 of the section height greatly complicates the process of manufacturing the beam while not increasing the strength of the tensile zone compared to the beams with the location of the fiber over the entire height of the section.

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19

Grzes, Marek, and Daniel Kudenko. "Reinforcement Learning with Reward Shaping and Mixed Resolution Function Approximation." International Journal of Agent Technologies and Systems 1, no. 2 (April 2009): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jats.2009040103.

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20

Navon, Tal, and David Peleg. "Mixed fault tolerance in server assignment: Combining reinforcement and backup." Theoretical Computer Science 836 (October 2020): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2020.06.033.

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21

Paydar, S., A. Jafari, M. E. Bahrololoom, and V. Mozafari. "Enhancing Ni electroplated matrix through mixed boron nitride–carbide reinforcement." Vacuum 92 (June 2013): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2012.10.014.

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22

Vara Prasad, Vemu, and Tanna Eswara Rao. "A Review on Mechanical and Acoustic Emission Behavior of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Composites." Advanced Materials Research 1148 (June 2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1148.37.

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Now a day’s eco-friendly natural fiber used as the reinforcement for the fabrication of the light weight, lower cost and biodegradable polymer matrix composites. One of such available natural reinforcement for the composite material is basalt fiber. The present paper gives a review on how the basalt fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite behave when they are adhesively, riveted and hybrid joined with other reinforcements such as aluminum, which is used for the particular or other applications and which joint gives better efficiency , suited for given application were discussed and the three joining techniques were investigated. Behavior of basalt fiber reinforced composites for the frequencies at which frequencies the failures like adhesive failure, light fiber tear, and mixed failure modes will occur. These three types of failure modes are investigated with the help of acoustic emission monitoring system.

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23

Marçal, Régis, Paulo César Lodi, Natália de Souza Correia, Heraldo Luiz Giacheti, Roger Augusto Rodrigues, and John S. McCartney. "Reinforcing Effect of Polypropylene Waste Strips on Compacted Lateritic Soils." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229572.

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This study evaluated the strength properties of compacted lateritic soils reinforced with polypropylene (PP) waste strips cut from recycled plastic packing with the goal of promoting sustainability through using local materials for engineering work and reusing waste materials as low-cost reinforcements. Waste PP strips with widths of 15 mm and different lengths were uniformly mixed with clayey sand (SC) and clay (CL) soils with the goal of using these materials as low-cost fiber reinforcements. The impact of different PP strip contents (0.25% to 2.0%) and lengths (10, 15, 20, and 30 mm) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the soils revealed an optimum combination of PP strip content and length. Statistical analysis showed that PP strip content has a greater effect than the PP strip length on the UCS for both soils. Results led to the definition of an empirical equation to estimate the UCS of strip-reinforced soils. The results from direct shear tests indicate that the SC soil showed an increase in both apparent cohesion and friction angle after reinforcement, while the CL soil only showed an increase in friction angle after reinforcement. California bearing ratio (CBR) tests indicate that the SC soil experienced a 70% increase in CBR after reinforcement, while the CBR of the CL soil was not affected by strip inclusion.

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MacNaul, Hannah L., and Leslie C. Neely. "Systematic Review of Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Without Extinction for Individuals With Autism." Behavior Modification 42, no. 3 (November 8, 2017): 398–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445517740321.

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The purpose of this article is to review the literature on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior procedures without extinction for individuals with autism. Using predetermined inclusion criteria, a total of 10 studies were included and summarized in terms of the following: (a) participant characteristics (e.g., sex, age, and diagnosis), (b) treatment setting, (c) problem behavior, (d) function, (e) alternative behavior, (f) intervention, (g) outcomes, and (h) conclusiveness of evidence. Of the 10 studies, nine demonstrated positive effects and one mixed effects. Five studies successfully reduced problem behavior by manipulating different reinforcement parameters (magnitude, immediacy, and quality) and four manipulated the schedule of reinforcement. One study had mixed results with two of the three participants requiring extinction. The findings of this review suggest that variations of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior interventions without an extinction component may be considered promising practices for the treatment of challenging behavior in individuals with autism.

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25

Nurbaiti, Nurbaiti, Mundzier Suparta, and Taufik Abdillah Syukur. "Character Building Through Reinforcement of Islamic Learning." TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society 6, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/tjems.v6i1.10984.

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AbstractThis research explores the effects of teacher’s pedagogical competence and student’s achievement to student’s character building. The research method used is mixed method. Data collected by test, questionnaire, interview and observation. Data analyzed by bivariate correlation and Triangulation. The result of this study proved that character building through reinforcement of Islamic learning is effected by the teacher’s pedagogical competence and student’s achievement.AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana kompetensi pedagogik guru dan prestasi belajar siswa mempengaruhi pembentukan karakter siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian campuran (Mixed Method). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tes, angket, wawancara dan pengamatan (observasi). Analisis data dilakukan dengan korelasi ganda dan triangulasi. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa pendidikan karakter siswa dipengaruhi oleh kompetensi pedagogik guru dan prestasi belajar siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. How to Cite : Nurbaiti, Suparta, M., Syukur, T. A. (2019). Character Building Through Reinforcement of Islamic Learning. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 6(1), 36-45. doi:10.15408/tjems.v6i1.10984.

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26

Bol, Linda, and Gene D. Steinhauer. "Decreases in Behavior in Vicarious Reinforcement Procedures." Psychological Reports 66, no. 2 (April 1990): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.583.

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Results of past research on vicarious reinforcement are mixed. Some researchers have reported an increase in the frequency of modeled behavior, others have reported no change, and still others have reported a decrease. If a subject imitates a model whose behavior is reinforced, and the subject's behavior is not then followed by reinforcement, the procedure is extinction. In the present study kindergarten children who received direct reinforcement following working on a picture puzzle increased their rate of correct placement of puzzle pieces. 10 of 12 observer-subjects, also working on picture puzzles, showed a decrease in their rate of correct placement of puzzle pieces. Observer-subjects also had a significantly higher rate of verbal behaviors classified as attention getting, complaints, and aggression, than the subjects whose behavior was directly reinforced. These results support the hypothesis that nonreinforcement of the vicariously reinforced subject's behavior helps account for the mixed results described in previous research.

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27

Wong, W. L. Eugene, and Manoj Gupta. "Effect of Hybrid Length Scales (Micro + Nano) of SiC Reinforcement on the Properties of Magnesium." Solid State Phenomena 111 (April 2006): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.111.91.

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In this study, pure magnesium reinforced with micron, nano and micron + nano-size SiC particulates was synthesized using powder metallurgy technique coupled with a novel microwave assisted rapid sintering. The sintered billets were subsequently extruded and characterization studies were performed on the extruded specimens to assess the microstructural, physical and mechanical properties of the composites. Microstructural characterization revealed good interfacial integrity between the matrix and reinforcements. Results of thermal mechanical analysis indicate most significant decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion of the magnesium matrix with the use of hybrid reinforcements. Mechanical characterization revealed that composite samples exhibited an increase in microhardness of the matrix and strength over that of pure magnesium while ductility was adversely affected. An attempt is made to correlate the effect of single length scale and mixed length scales of SiC reinforcement on the properties exhibited by pure magnesium.

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28

BORKAR, V. S. "REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IN MARKOVIAN EVOLUTIONARY GAMES." Advances in Complex Systems 05, no. 01 (March 2002): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525902000535.

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A population of agents plays a stochastic dynamic game wherein there is an underlying state process with a Markovian dynamics that also affects their costs. A learning mechanism is proposed which takes into account intertemporal effects and incorporates an explicit process of expectation formation. The agents use this scheme to update their mixed strategies incrementally. The asymptotic behavior of this scheme is captured by an associated ordinary differential equation. Both the formulation and the analysis of the scheme draw upon the theory of reinforcement learning in artificial intelligence.

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29

Le, Hieu Giang, Shyh Chour Huang, Van Son Nguyen, and Thanh Phong Dao. "Reinforcement of Polypropylene Using Micro-Fillers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1321.

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This paper focuses on the effect the ratio of filler (Na10MB3A) on the tensile strength of polypropylene (PP). This filler has been added to PP in various ratios and mixed evenly before injecting. The tensile strength of PP increases gradually when the ratio of filler increases. Tensile strength reaches its maximum value with a certain ratio of filler, and thereafter the strength decreases as the ratio of fillers is increased. This research revealed that the tensile strength of PP can rise by approximately 13.5% with the addition of Na10MB3A at a ratio of 3%.

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Li, Xing. "Experimental Studies on GFRP Reinforced Concrete Mixed with Sea Sand and Sea Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.803.

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The development of marine economy brings with it a need for marine buildings and port structures that require concrete. If these buildings were built with sea sand concrete mixed with sea water instead of traditional concrete and replaced FRP reinforced steel, raw materials can be procured locally, saving time and cost. Based on the above considerations, 8 GFRP reinforced SS-concrete (concrete with sea sand and sea water) beams were prepared to understand their workability and strength as their reinforcement ratio increases. Results show that an increase in reinforcement percentage, leads to an increase in strength and decrease in bonding property. Based on these experimental results it is assumed that only the horizontal sections are feasible. Although GFRP reinforced SS-concrete failure is primarily due to brittleness, obvious signs such as fully developed cracks and large deflections can be seen prior to the failure. So in the design, the ductility of the GFRP reinforced concrete with sea sand and sea water can be assured through controlled load and reinforcement rates.

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Bielak, Jan, Maximilian Schmidt, Josef Hegger, and Frank Jesse. "Structural Behavior of Large-Scale I-Beams with Combined Textile and CFRP Reinforcement." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 4625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134625.

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With the innovative composite material carbon-reinforced concrete, thin-walled, high-performance components can be realized. A combination of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and non-metallic textile grids is advantageous as it exploits the full potential of the high-performance materials to reduce dead loads, increases durability, and extends lifespan. For new components with such mixed reinforcement, applicable design concepts and engineering rules are necessary to accurately determine the structural and deformation behavior. To validate models and detailing rules previously developed, three large carbon reinforced concrete I-beams were designed and tested to failure with a realistic line load. CFRP bars served as principal bending reinforcement, whereas shear and flange reinforcement consisted of textile grids. Results showed that existing models for bending using variation of strain distribution as well as non-linear finite-element analysis predicted the flexural behavior of structural components with mixed reinforcement in ultimate limit state (ULS) appropriately. Yet, calculation of shear capacity requires further studies to determine textile reinforcement contribution and estimate reduction for concrete strength in reinforced compression struts. For serviceability limit state (SLS), three methods for determination of deflection delivered good results. In future, a rethinking is required with regard to the ductility and robustness of CFRP-reinforced concrete components. In this respect, pronounced cracking as well as the large ultimate strain and deflection compensate for the lacking yield capacity of the reinforcement.

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Karpasand, Farshid, Mohammad Ardestani, and Alireza Abbasi. "The effect of powder addition manner and volume fraction of reinforcement on tribological behavior of Al7075/B4C surface composite produced by friction stir processing." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 21 (February 6, 2020): 2873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320904143.

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Al7075/B4C surface composites were fabricated by friction stir processing using four passes. The B4C powders were added into the prepared grooves with 1 and 2 mm width at the surface of Al7075 alloy in two different manners. In the first one, the B4C powders were added prior to the four consecutive passes in one stage. In the second manner, the powders were added in two stages, prior to the first pass and following the second one. The microstructural evaluations showed that the increase in the volume fraction of reinforcement significantly reduced the matrix grain size. Meanwhile, the reinforcement had a more homogeneous and uniform distribution in the samples processed through four consecutive passes. The maximum hardness and wear resistance was achieved in the one-stage powder-added samples, containing higher volume fraction of the reinforcement. A direct relationship was observed between the wear resistance and the composite layer hardness. The wear mechanism in the Al7075 substrate and the non-reinforced friction stir processed sample was the delamination of unstable aluminum oxide tribolayer. However, in the composite samples, a mechanically mixed layer, containing aluminum, chromium, and iron mixed oxides was formed along with B4C on the worn surface. In the two-stage powder-added samples, containing lower amounts of reinforcement, the detachment of mechanically mixed layer resulted in three-body abrasive wear condition and high friction coefficient. However, the most stable mechanically mixed layer was formed on the surface of the one-stage powder-added sample containing higher amounts of B4C.

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Seo, H., D. J. Barraclough, and D. Lee. "Lateral Intraparietal Cortex and Reinforcement Learning during a Mixed-Strategy Game." Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 22 (June 3, 2009): 7278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1479-09.2009.

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34

Moreira, G. C., J. M. L. Reis, U. Rohan, C. A. P. Soares, and H. S. da Costa Mattos. "Effect of fiber reinforcement on mixed-mode fracture of polymer mortars." Composite Structures 141 (May 2016): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.059.

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Tan, Zhiping, and Kangshun Li. "Differential evolution with mixed mutation strategy based on deep reinforcement learning." Applied Soft Computing 111 (November 2021): 107678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107678.

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36

Dannenberg, E. M. "Bound Rubber and Carbon Black Reinforcement." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 512–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538213.

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Abstract The first description of the bound rubber phenomenon was by Twiss in 1925, who made the observation that the resistance of carbon black-natural rubber mixes to solvents was related to improved mechanical properties. Boiry studied many of the factors influencing the insolubilization of NR by fillers including type and amount of fillers, and mixing and testing variables. In 1937 J. H. Fielding of Goodyear developed a so-called “bound rubber” test because of his interest in the possibility of chemical bond formation between fillers and rubber. During the start of the U.S. synthetic rubber program, Baker and Walker reported in 1945 an insolubilization of SBR when mixed with carbon black significantly greater than the amount of normal gel in the unfilled elastomer. They were also the first to report that the amount of gel increased with increasing molecular weight and that a selective adsorption of high molecular weight material occurred. Since that time, many investigations have confirmed these findings with other elastomers, and theories of “bound rubber” formation have been based on these observations. The early concept that “bound rubber” is a gel of carbon black particles held together in a three-dimensional lattice by longer interparticle polymer molecules is still valid. The nature of the segmental attachments of the polymer molecules to the filler surfaces now appears to be both physical and chemical, depending upon filler surface activity and chemical functionality, and the chemical composition and functionality of the elastomer. Regardless of the type of interaction, the bonding is essentially permanent and can only be disrupted by extraction with good solvents at high temperatures.

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Ahmed, Mazin Abdul Imam, Jawad Kadhim Mures, and Aqeel Hatem Chkheiwer. "Torsional Behavior of High Strength Concrete Members Strengthened by Mixed Steel Fibers." Journal of Engineering 2021 (July 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5539623.

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Twelve mixing steel fibers-reinforced high strength concrete beams were experimentally tested under pure torsion to investigating the concrete member torsional behavior. The first cracking torque, ultimate torsional resistance, crack patterns, effect of steel fiber ratio, effects of shape and size of hollow cross-section, and effect of stirrups reinforcement were discussed. The ratio of mixing steel fiber, different shape and size of hollow cross-section, and ratio of stirrups reinforcement were considers as major parameters. The results are shown that the width of cracks decreases and the cracks number increases with mixing steel fibers ratio increased. The first cracking torque and ultimate torsion load increased with decrease in the hollow cross-section area of high strength concrete members strengthened by steel fibers.

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Wang, Jin Xiang, Rui Jin Zhao, and Xiao Li Zhang. "Mechanical Properties and Reinforcement Mechanism of Amorphous Particles Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 87 (August 2011): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.87.38.

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The metallic glass particles reinforced aluminum matrix composites without obvious defects were obtained successfully by explosive compaction of mixed powders. The quasi-static compressive mechanical properties of the composites with the reinforcement matrix mass fraction 10%, 15% and 20% respectively were researched recur to universal testing machine of Instron 3367 and self-consistent theory. Finally, reinforcement mechanism of the metallic glass particles on the matrix was analyzed by numerical simulation recur to LS-DYNA program. The results show that the mechanical properties obtained by self-consistent theory are well accord with the experimental results; compared with pure aluminum, the yield stress of the composites with metallic glass particles reinforcement of the mass fraction 20% enhances 46.8 percent; the main reinforcement mechanism is the amorphous particles can undertake higher loading, the combined quality of the reinforcement particles with the matrix and the distribute uniformity of the reinforcement particles are important factors which will affect the reinforcement effects.

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Azuwa, Solahuddin, and Fadzil Mat Yahaya. "Structural Behaviour of Shredded Waste Paper Reinforced Concrete Beam." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.7.1.2020.1007.

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Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water and reinforcing bar are the materials to make a reinforced concrete beam. The waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind mill or landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as an addition in reinforced concrete beam production will reduce environmental pollutions. This research is conducted to investigate the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beam containing 10% shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper as additions in concrete with three types of reinforcements such as full shear reinforcement with stirrup spacing (SS=100 mm) and reduced shear reinforcements with stirrup spacing (SS=150 mm) and (SS=200 mm). All specimens are subjected to air curing at 28 days. The results of load-deflection behaviour and ultimate load-bearing capacity are better with 10% shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper at 28 days of air curing with full and reduced shear reinforcements. The finding shows that reinforced concrete beam with full and reduced shear reinforcements containing 10% addition of shredded cardboard waste paper in concrete exhibits the highest load at yield (Py), ultimate load (Pu), maximum load (Pmax) representing the load-carrying capacity, load at first crack (P1) and the lowest yield deflection (δy), ultimate deflection (δu), maximum deflection (δmax) compared to 10% SCPWP and 0%. This study indicates that shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper can be used as additional materials in reinforced concrete beam production.

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M.Sa’don, Norazzlina, Abdul Razak Abdul Karim, Siti Noor Linda Taib, and Mahshuri Yusof. "Strength Properties of Reinforced Peat Using Fiber-Polyester and Shredded Rubber-Crumb as Reinforcement Material." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.18 (August 2, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.18.16667.

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This paper presents an investigation of the strength improvement of reinforced peat by using the fiber reinforcement techniques of the lightweight waste material, i.e., tire-waste disposal. The fiber-polyester and shredded rubber crumb are extracted and process for the collected tire-waste disposal. In this study, the fiber-polyester and shredded rubber-crumb are mixed with peat (Pt), with undrained shear strength, cu of <10 kPa and 5 % cement content, which act as a binder. The peat samples are mixed at various percentages of fiber-polyester and shredded rubber-crumb. The compacted fiber-reinforced peat samples were prepared at optimum moisture content, mixes thoroughly to a uniform condition by laboratory mixer and air cured for 7 and 28 days in a single batch. The strength improvement of undrained shear strength, cu of >100 kPa is targeted at minimal percentages of cement added. The Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests are performed for determination of the engineering properties of fiber-reinforced peat. Based on the results obtained, one can be seen that both fiber-polyester and shredded rubber crumb shows an increment in unconfined compressive strength value of 214 kPa and 55 kPa, respectively. In summary, the study shown that, the inclusion of fiber-polyester and shredded rubber-crumb from tire-waste disposal increased the effective contact area between reinforced material and peat, which then improved the strength significantly, and the used of tire-waste disposal for the construction may not only provide the alternative mean of recycling and reusing, however, it also addressed economic and environmental concerns and reduce construction cost by making the best use of locally available materials.

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A, Arun, Dr V.Sathiyamoorthy, Amirthalingam P, Manikandan A, Manikandan K, and Narendran R. "Heat Treatment and Analysis of Al- 7005 Alloys Reinforced with Sic Metal Composite." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.34 (September 1, 2018): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.19230.

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This paper deals with the 7005 aluminium alloy characterization which has similar physical properties to 6061 aluminium alloy, depending on the temper, may be slightly stronger. To increase their mechanical and physical properties silicon carbide had been introduced in it as reinforcement. Based on mass three different compositional were made and mixed thoroughly, and cast. Stir casting method is used for casting proportioned alloys. Heat treatment process is carried out after casting the alloy is mixed in the three proper compositions. Mechanical properties like hardness, Tensile strength and impact strength were conducted and analyzed. Properties can be altered in a better way using silicon carbide as an reinforcement in aluminium-7005.

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CHOI, JINMYUNG, SEULKI PARK, BONGGYU PARK, IKMIN PARK, YONGHO PARK, and YONGJIN KIM. "CHARACTERIZATION OF HYPEREUTECTIC Al-20wt%Si/TiCp METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209061159.

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Hypereutectic Al - Si alloys are one of the most interesting material for high strength structural components because they have low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) as well as high wear resistance and mechanical properties. However, Al -based alloys have lower hardness and wear resistance than ferrous alloys and these disadvantages restrict the use of al -based alloy. They could be overcome by making composite reinforced with ceramic particles. TiC was good candidate for the reinforcement of the alloy. Al -20 wt % Si was fabricated by gas atomization and 1, 3 and 5 wt % TiC were mixed to these powders by turbular mixer for 10h with 45rpm. The mixture was hot-pressed at 550℃C for 1h under 60MPa pressure. Relative density of the sintered samples was about 98% of theoretical density. The effect of reinforcements on mechanical properties and wear resistance of composite was investgated. Strength, hardness and wear resistance of the sintered sample were improved by the grain refinement and dispersion strengthening.

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Huang, Hongmeng, Lu Cui, and Wei Lu. "Mechanical Behavior and Calculation Method for RC Fifteen-Pile Cap of Mixed Passenger and Freight Railway Bridge." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 18, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8833256.

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The thickness, reinforcement, and concrete strength grade of railway caps in China are generally determined according to the force, yet the method for calculating the force is unclear. To date, there is no desirable calculation method for analyzing the caps. Based on the fifteen-pile thick cap of mixed passenger and freight railway, the influencing factors on cap bearing capacity were analyzed using finite element method (FEM). The variations of load-bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of thick cap were characterized by introducing rigid angle α. Results indicated that ultimate load-bearing value of the cap increased linearly with the increase of concrete strength grade, and an increasing load-bearing capacity of the reinforcement distributed in the pile diameter range was larger than that of the uniform reinforcement; when the reinforcement ratio was 0.15%, it increased by 9.3%. The cap showed punching failure when α < 45°. The reaction force at each pile top under vertical load was not equal; thereby, the cap was not absolutely rigid. The principal compressive stress trajectories in the concrete were distributed in the range of connecting the pile and the outer edge of the pier, and the effective tensile stresses in the reinforcement were mainly distributed in the diameter range of pile and pile connection, which is in accord with the stress mode of the ordinary spatial truss model. Based on this, a spatial truss model applicable to the design of railway caps is proposed, and a method for calculating reaction force at pile top and formulas for calculating the bearing capacity of strut and tie were presented. The feasibility of the proposed method was also verified by comparison with FEM results.

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Nanjan, Subramani, and Ganesh Murali Janakiram. "Characteristics of A6061/(Glass Fibre + AL2O3 + SiC + B4C) Reinforced Hybrid Composite Prepared through STIR Casting." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (November 29, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6104049.

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In this article, A6061 and its reinforcement particles like aluminium oxide/glass fibres/SiCp/B4C (4% and 5%) with mixed composite and aluminium oxide/SiCp/B4C mixed without glass fibre composite are produced with different proportions using the stir casting method. Here, some experimental study is carried out on the composite layer through scanning electron microscopy and XRD test to show the influence of the reinforcement on A6061, and the percentage of gold-silver-copper (AuAgCu), aluminium-zinc (ZA), and palladium deuteride is increased in this composition and justified through the graphical representation of the XRD image. Mechanical properties of the stir casting composites were evaluated through microhardness, wear test under 200 rpm and 300 rpm and 20 N and 50 N, and tensile tests. The results were compared with the properties of the base metal, with glass fibre reinforcement specimen and without adding glass fibre specimen; this will help us to check the strength and weakness of the glass fibres in A6061.

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Manocha, Lalit Mohan, Milan Mahendrabhai Vyas, Satish Manocha, and P. M. Ralole. "Microstructure and Properties of Three Phase Carbon and Ceramic Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 484 (July 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.484.1.

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Sol-Gel technology was used to develop carbon, silicon and oxygen based ceramics as well as their composites with Carbon fiber and nano siliconcarbide as reinforcements. Gels with different composition were prepared from TEOS, HMDSO and DEDMS. Dried gels were post-cured in air and pyrolyzed at 1000oC in nitrogen atmosphere. Each step of sol-gel process was characterized for density, thermal behaviour and functionality. Composites were prepared using different sols (derived from TEOS, HDMSO and DEDMS) as matrix precursors and carbon fabric as reinforcement. To some composites another phase of solid, micro/nano powder precursor of SiC was added to decrease number of impregnation cycles. Latter composites resulted in higher density. Green composites were post-cured and pyrolyzed. These composites were characterized for density and microstructure. It revealed that the resulting matrix was solid glasses and addition of SiC powder facilitated the rapid densification. Composites prepared with SiC nanparticles as well as Carbon fabric as reinforcement exhibit higher flexural strength than those made without nanoparticles. The fracture behaviour is also seen to be of mixed mode failure type.

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Tisserat, Brent, Erik Larson, David Gray, Nathaniel Dexter, Carl Meunier, Lena Moore, and Luke Haverhals. "Ionic Liquid-Facilitated Preparation of Lignocellulosic Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/181097.

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Lignocellulosic composites (LCs) were prepared by partially dissolving cotton along with steam exploded Aspen wood and burlap fabric reinforcements utilizing an ionic liquid (IL) solvent. Two methods of preparation were employed. In the first method, a controlled amount of IL was added to preassembled dry matrix of cotton and Aspen wood with a burlap weave reinforcement. In the second method, IL solvent, cotton, and Aspen wood were mixed to produce a thick paste matrix that was subsequently pressed into the burlap weave reinforcement. The IL-based solvent was removed via water soaking, and the flexural and tensile properties of the LCs were examined. In this study, the matrix paste method produced a superior LC. Variables such as processing time (IL interaction time) and fabric weaves were found to influence the mechanical properties of the LCs. Although significant process optimization can still be realized, the mechanical properties of several of the LCs fabricated in this study were comparable to injection molded test specimens of neat high density polyethylene or neat polypropylene.

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Pfennig, Karin S., and Amber M. Rice. "Reinforcement generates reproductive isolation between neighbouring conspecific populations of spadefoot toads." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1789 (August 22, 2014): 20140949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0949.

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Reproductive character displacement is the adaptive evolution of traits that minimize deleterious reproductive interactions between species. When arising from selection to avoid hybridization, this process is referred to as reinforcement. Reproductive character displacement generates divergence not only between interacting species, but also between conspecific populations that are sympatric with heterospecifics versus those that are allopatric. Consequently, such conspecific populations can become reproductively isolated. We compared female mate preferences in, and evaluated gene flow between, neighbouring populations of spadefoot toads that did and did not occur with heterospecifics (mixed- and pure-species populations, respectively). We found that in mixed-species populations females significantly preferred conspecifics. Such females also tended to prefer a conspecific call character that was dissimilar from heterospecifics. By contrast, females from pure-species populations did not discriminate conspecific from heterospecific calls. They also preferred a more exaggerated conspecific call character that resembles heterospecific males. Moreover, gene flow was significantly reduced between mixed- and pure-species population types. Thus, character displacement (and, more specifically, reinforcement) may initiate reproductive isolation between conspecific populations that differ in interactions with heterospecifics.

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Zhao, Shao Wei, Kun Yuan, and Rong Guo. "Experimental Study on the Damaged RC Frame Structure Strengthened by Composite Reinforcement of CFRP and Steel Plate under Low-Cycle Repeated Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1437.

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We take low frequency cyclic reverse tests to three RC frames made with the same dimension. One of frames is not reinforced for reference; the others are loaded to steel yield and then completely uninstalled. One of injury RC frames is strengthened by CFRP, and we use CFRP and steel plate mixed to strengthen the other one. Then experiment under low-cycle repeated load for strengthened frames have done again, and two seismic reinforcement methods are compared by the test performance of the framework. The results show that compared to CFRP, mixed reinforcement can improve the structural bearing capacity more effectively. The frame strengthened by CFRP reflects better energy dissipation and ductility than another.

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Tanahashi, H., S. Osanai, M. Shigekuni, K. Murakami, Y. Ikeda, and S. Kohjiya. "Reinforcement of Acrylonitrile—Butadiene Rubber by Silica Generated in situ." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538470.

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Abstract In situ silica reinforcement was applied to the acrylonitrile—butadiene rubber (NBR) vulcanizates. The amount of in situ silica introduced in the NBR vulcanizates was limited due to the high polarity of NBR. The presence of γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) in the NBR vulcanizate increased the conversion of TEOS in the sol-gel reaction and resulted in the higher amount of in situ silica, compared to the system without γ-MPS. The obtained silica was very fine and dispersed very homogeneously. In situ sol-gel reaction of TEOS in the NBR vulcanizates mixed with a conventional silica (VN-3) was also carried out. The reinforcement efficiency in this system increased with the increase of the amount of mechanically mixed conventional silica. Interestingly, the hysteresis loss decreased by the in situ filling of silica.

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Spetch, Marcia L., and Roger Dunn. "CHOICE BETWEEN RELIABLE AND UNRELIABLE OUTCOMES: MIXED PERCENTAGE-REINFORCEMENT IN CONCURRENT CHAINS." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 47, no. 1 (January 1987): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1987.47-57.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mixed reinforcement'

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