Academic literature on the topic 'Mixed variables'

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Journal articles on the topic "Mixed variables"

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Daudin, J. J. "Selection of Variables in Mixed-Variable Discriminant Analysis." Biometrics 42, no. 3 (1986): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2531198.

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ARAKAWA, Masao, Takaharu Shirai, Hitomi Kono, Hirotaka NAKAYAMA, and Hiroshi ISHIKAWA. "Approximate Optimization Using RBF : Mixed variable Optimization with Discrete Variables." Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference 2003.13 (2003): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedsd.2003.13.108.

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Vagabov, A. I., and A. H. Abud. "Variable separation method in solving multidimensional mixed problems with separable variables." Doklady Mathematics 89, no. 3 (2014): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064562414030053.

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Hamid, Hashibah, Nor Idayu Mahat, and Safwati Ibrahim. "ADAPTIVE VARIABLE EXTRACTIONS WITH LDA FOR CLASSIFICATION OF MIXED VARIABLES, AND APPLICATIONS TO MEDICAL DATA." Journal of Information and Communication Technology 20, Number 3 (2021): 305–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jict2021.20.3.2.

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The strategy surrounding the extraction of a number of mixed variables is examined in this paper in building a model for Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Two methods for extracting crucial variables from a dataset with categorical and continuous variables were employed, namely, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). However, in this case, direct use of either MCA or PCA on mixed variables is impossible due to restrictions on the structure of data that each method could handle. Therefore, this paper executes some adjustments including a strategy for ma
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Galicer, Daniel, Martín Mansilla, and Santiago Muro. "Mixed Bohr radius in several variables." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 373, no. 2 (2019): 777–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/tran/7870.

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Saracco, J., and M. Chavent. "Clustering of Variables for Mixed Data." EAS Publications Series 77 (2016): 121–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/1677007.

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Andrews, Bryan, Joseph Ramsey, and Gregory F. Cooper. "Scoring Bayesian networks of mixed variables." International Journal of Data Science and Analytics 6, no. 1 (2018): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41060-017-0085-7.

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Lijie, Cui, Lü Zhenzhou, and Li Guijie. "Reliability Analysis in Presence of Random Variables and Fuzzy Variables." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/365051.

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For mixed uncertainties of random variables and fuzzy variables in engineering, three indices, that is, interval reliability index, mean reliability index, and numerical reliability index, are proposed to measure safety of structure. Comparing to the reliability membership function for measuring the safety in case of mixed uncertainties, the proposed indices are more intuitive and easier to represent the safety degree of the engineering structure, and they are more suitable for the reliability design in the case of the mixed uncertainties. The differences and relations among three proposed ind
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Lee, Min Ho. "Mixed Jacobi-like forms of several variables." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2006 (2006): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijmms/2006/31542.

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We study mixed Jacobi-like forms of several variables associated to equivariant maps of the Poincaré upper half-plane in connection with usual Jacobi-like forms, Hilbert modular forms, and mixed automorphic forms. We also construct a lifting of a mixed automorphic form to such a mixed Jacobi-like form.
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Shim, Jooyong. "Kernel Poisson regression for mixed input variables." Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society 23, no. 6 (2012): 1231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2012.23.6.1231.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mixed variables"

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Moustaki, Irini. "Latent variable models for mixed manifest variables." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/78/.

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Latent variable models are widely used in social sciences in which interest is centred on entities such as attitudes, beliefs or abilities for which there e)dst no direct measuring instruments. Latent modelling tries to extract these entities, here described as latent (unobserved) variables, from measurements on related manifest (observed) variables. Methodology already exists for fitting a latent variable model to manifest data that is either categorical (latent trait and latent class analysis) or continuous (factor analysis and latent profile analysis). In this thesis a latent trait and a la
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Chang, Soong Uk. "Clustering with mixed variables /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19086.pdf.

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Mahat, Nor Idayu. "Some investigations in discriminant analysis with mixed variables." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432783.

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The location model is a potential basis for discriminating between groups of objects with mixed types of variables. The model specifies a parametric form for the conditional distribution of the continuous variables given each pattern of values of the categorical variables, thus leading to a theoretical discriminant function between the groups. To conduct a practical discriminant analysis, the objects must first be sorted into the cells of a multinomial table generated from the categorical values, and the model parameters must then be estimated from the data. However, in many practical situatio
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Pelamatti, Julien. "Mixed-variable Bayesian optimization : application to aerospace system design." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I003.

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Dans le cadre de la conception de systèmes complexes, tels que les aéronefs et les lanceurs, la présence de fonctions d'objectifs et/ou de contraintes à forte intensité de calcul (e.g., modèles d'éléments finis) couplée à la dépendance de choix de conception technologique discrets et non ordonnés entraîne des problèmes d'optimisation difficiles. De plus, une partie de ces choix technologiques est associée à un certain nombre de variables de conception continues et discrètes spécifiques qui ne doivent être prises en considération que si des choix technologiques spécifiques sont faits. Par consé
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Lazare, Arnaud. "Global optimization of polynomial programs with mixed-integer variables." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLY011.

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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude des programmes polynomiaux, c'est à dire les problème d'optimisation dont la fonction objectif et/ou les contraintes font intervenir des polynômes de plusieurs variables. Ces problèmes ont de nombreuses applications pratiques et constituent actuellement un champ de recherche très actif. Différentes méthodes permettent de les résoudre de façon exacte ou approchée, en utilisant par exemple des relaxationssemidéfinies positives du type "moments-somme de carrés". Mais ces problèmes restent très difficiles et on ne sait résoudre en toute généralité
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Bonnet, Anna. "Heritability Estimation in High-dimensional Mixed Models : Theory and Applications." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS498/document.

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Nous nous intéressons à desméthodes statistiques pour estimer l'héritabilitéd'un caractère biologique, qui correspond à lapart des variations de ce caractère qui peut êtreattribuée à des facteurs génétiques. Nousproposons dans un premier temps d'étudierl'héritabilité de traits biologiques continus àl'aide de modèles linéaires mixtes parcimonieuxen grande dimension. Nous avons recherché lespropriétés théoriques de l'estimateur du maximumde vraisemblance de l'héritabilité : nousavons montré que cet estimateur était consistantet vérifiait un théorème central limite avec unevariance asymptotique q
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Adamec, Vaclav. "The Effect of Maternal and Fetal Inbreeding on Dystocia, Calf Survival, Days to First Service and Non-Return Performance in U.S. Dairy Cattle." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25999.

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Intensive selection for increased milk production over many generations has led to growing genetic similarity and increased relationships in dairy population. In the current study, inbreeding depression was estimated for number of days to first service, summit milk, conception by 70 days non-return, and calving rate with a linear mixed model (LMM) approach and for calving difficulty, calf mortality with a Bayesian threshold model (BTM) for categorical traits. Effectiveness of classical and unknown parentage group procedures to estimate inbreeding coefficients was evaluated depending on complet
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Fernández, Villegas Renzo. "A beta inflated mean regression model with mixed effects for fractional response variables." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/8847.

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In this article we propose a new mixed effects regression model for fractional bounded response variables. Our model allows us to incorporate covariates directly to the expected value, so we can quantify exactly the influence of these covariates in the mean of the variable of interest rather than to the conditional mean. Estimation is carried out from a Bayesian perspective and due to the complexity of the augmented posterior distribution we use a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm, the No-U-Turn sampler, implemented using Stan software. A simulation study for comparison, in terms of bias and
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Dahito, Marie-Ange. "Constrained mixed-variable blackbox optimization with applications in the automotive industry." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAS017.

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Bon nombre de problèmes d'optimisation rencontrés dans l'industrie font appel à des systèmes complexes et n'ont pas de formulation analytique explicite : ce sont des problèmes d'optimisation de type boîte noire (ou blackbox en anglais). Ils peuvent être dits “mixtes”, auquel cas ils impliquent des variables de différentes natures (continues et discrètes), et avoir de nombreuses contraintes à satisfaire. De plus, les évaluations de l'objectif et des contraintes peuvent être numériquement coûteuses.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions des méthodes de résolution de tels problèmes complexes, à savoir d
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Mohd, Isa Khadijah. "Corporate taxpayers’ compliance variables under the self-assessment system in Malaysia : a mixed methods approach." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1796.

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This thesis examines corporate taxpayers’ compliance variables and analyses the influence of business characteristics on compliance behaviour. A two-phase exploratory mixed methods approach was employed to explore participants’ views of corporate taxpayers’ compliance variables, with the intention of using this information to develop a survey instrument. The method comprised eight focus group interviews with 60 tax auditors from the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (IRBM), and a mixed-mode survey among selected Malaysian corporate taxpayers. Thematic analysis and descriptive and inferential an
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Books on the topic "Mixed variables"

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Jiang, Jiming. Robust Mixed Model Analysis. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2019.

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Fisher, S. A. Internal performance of a variable ramp mixed compression intake at Mach 3.05. Aeronautical Research Laboratories, 1985.

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1937-, Didion D. A., and Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, eds. A performance evaluation of a variable speed, mixed refrigerant heat pump: Project summary. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1992.

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Mikielewicz, Dariusz Przemysław. Comparative studies of turbulence models under conditions of mixed convectionwith variable properties in heated vertical tubes. University of Manchester, 1994.

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Alves, Trevor Darren. The performance of simple bioprocess models for state variable tracking and change detection in well-mixed bioreactors. University of Birmingham, 1997.

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Gatica, Gabriel N. Simple Introduction to the Mixed Finite Element Method: Theory and Applications. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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A Simple Introduction To The Mixed Finite Element Method Theory And Applications. Springer International Publishing AG, 2014.

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A Beginner's Guide to Generalized Additive Mixed Models with R. Highland Statistics Ltd, 2014.

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SOCHA, Krzysztof. Ant Colony Optimisation for Continuous and Mixed-Variable Domains. VDM Verlag, 2009.

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Prékopa, András, István Deák, János Mayer, Beáta Strazicky, and János Hoffer. Scheduling of Power Generation: A Large-Scale Mixed-Variable Model. Springer International Publishing AG, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mixed variables"

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Berry, Kenneth J., Janis E. Johnston, and Paul W. Mielke. "Mixed-Level Variables." In The Measurement of Association. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98926-6_8.

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Cartwright, Elizabeth, and Jerome Crowder. "Creating Visual Variables." In The Handbook of Teaching Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003213277-53.

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Salinas Ruíz, Josafhat, Osval Antonio Montesinos López, Gabriela Hernández Ramírez, and Jose Crossa Hiriart. "Generalized Linear Models." In Generalized Linear Mixed Models with Applications in Agriculture and Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32800-8_2.

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AbstractIn the generalized linear model (GLM) (which is not highly general) y = Xβ + ϵ, the response variables are normally distributed, with constant variance across the values of all the predictor variables, and are linear functions of the predictor variables. Transformations of data are used to try to force the data into a normal linear regression model or to find a non-normal-type response variable transformation (discrete, categorical, positive continuous scale, etc.) that is linearly related to the predictor variables; however, this is no longer necessary. Instead of using a normal distr
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Dunn, John C., and Michael L. Kalish. "Mixed Designs with Continuous Dependent Variables." In State-Trace Analysis. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73129-2_5.

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Laghi, Annalisa, and Laura Lizzani. "Projection Pursuit Regression with Mixed Variables." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60126-2_38.

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Zografos, Konstantinos. "Entropy and Divergence Measures for Mixed Variables." In Statistical Models and Methods for Biomedical and Technical Systems. Birkhäuser Boston, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-4619-6_36.

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Swiler, Laura P., Patricia D. Hough, Peter Qian, Xu Xu, Curtis Storlie, and Herbert Lee. "Surrogate Models for Mixed Discrete-Continuous Variables." In Constraint Programming and Decision Making. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04280-0_21.

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Johansson, Christer, and Per Olav Folgerø. "Unit 3 Lesson: Using Reaction Time and Mixed Models." In Neuroaesthetics. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42323-9_9.

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AbstractThis lesson will introduce some concepts related to empirical studies and statistical evaluation. The focus is on evaluating a specified model with controlled fixed factors and several control variables in the context that we have one continuous dependent variable, such as reaction time.
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Günlük, Oktay, Jon Lee, and Janny Leung. "A Polytope for a Product of Real Linear Functions in 0/1 Variables." In Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1927-3_18.

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Sugasawa, Shonosuke, and Tatsuya Kubokawa. "Small Area Models for Non-normal Response Variables." In Mixed-Effects Models and Small Area Estimation. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9486-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mixed variables"

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Rakic, Tina, and Lyudmila Gadasina. "Difficulties of Cluster Analysis on Mixed-Type Variables." In 2025 International Russian Smart Industry Conference (SmartIndustryCon). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/smartindustrycon65166.2025.10985999.

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Bakker, Wate T. "Variables Affecting Mixed Oxidant Corrosion of Stainless Steels in Gasifiers." In CORROSION 1999. NACE International, 1999. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1999-99065.

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Abstract This paper is the final installment of EPRI’s project on corrosion in syngas coolers of integrated coal gasification combined cycle plant. In previous papers we explored the effect of chloride species on mixed oxidant corrosion of stainless steels (Corrosion 97, Paper 134) and iron aluminides (Corrosion 98, Paper 185). It was found that the amount of chloride species in the gas and in deposits largely determined the rate of corrosion. Armed with this understanding the effect of a few common process variables is explored in this paper. It was found that corrosion rates decline at highe
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Han, Dongyun. "Investigating Human Perception Ability of Visual Variables on Tiled Wall-Sized Displays for Immersive Analytics." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar-adjunct64951.2024.00204.

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Hu, Wang, Zeyi Jiang, Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, and Jay A. Farrell. "Convex Reformulation of Information Constrained Linear State Estimation with Mixed-Binary Variables for Outlier Accommodation." In 2024 IEEE 63rd Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc56724.2024.10886080.

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Tsai, Meng-Lin, and Styliani Avraamidou. "Assessing Triviality in Random Mixed-Integer Bilevel Optimization Problems to Improve Problem Generators and Libraries." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.149474.

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While bilevel optimization is gaining prominence across various domains, the field lacks standardized tools for generating test problems that can effectively evaluate and guide the development of efficient solution algorithms. We define the term "trivial bilevel optimization problem" as a bilevel problem whose high-point relaxation solution is also feasible. These easy-to-solve problems frequently arise in na�ve implementations of random bilevel optimization problem generators, significantly impacting the evaluation of bilevel solution algorithms. However, this problem has not been addressed i
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Weld, Christopher, and Lawrence Leemis. "Modeling mixed type random variables." In 2017 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2017.8247900.

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Wang, Min, Maoyin Chen, and Donghua Zhou. "Anomaly Monitoring of Mixture Variables: When Continuous Variables are Mixed Guassian." In 2021 CAA Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision, and Safety for Technical Processes (SAFEPROCESS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/safeprocess52771.2021.9693668.

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Mukherjee, Subhankar, and Pallab Dasgupta. "Incorporating local variables in mixed-signal assertions." In TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2009.5396176.

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Benavoli, Alessio, and Cassio de Campos. "Bayesian Independence Test with Mixed-type Variables." In 2021 IEEE 8th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsaa53316.2021.9564124.

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Daxberger, Erik, Anastasia Makarova, Matteo Turchetta, and Andreas Krause. "Mixed-Variable Bayesian Optimization." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/365.

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The optimization of expensive to evaluate, black-box, mixed-variable functions, i.e. functions that have continuous and discrete inputs, is a difficult and yet pervasive problem in science and engineering. In Bayesian optimization (BO), special cases of this problem that consider fully continuous or fully discrete domains have been widely studied. However, few methods exist for mixed-variable domains and none of them can handle discrete constraints that arise in many real-world applications. In this paper, we introduce MiVaBo, a novel BO algorithm for the efficient optimization of mixed-variab
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Reports on the topic "Mixed variables"

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Swiler, Laura Painton, Patricia Diane Hough, Peter Qian, Xu Xu, Curtis B. Storlie, and Herbert K. H. Lee. Surrogate models for mixed discrete-continuous variables. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1055621.

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Goulet Coulombe, Philippe, Massimiliano Marcellino, and Dalibor Stevanovic. Panel Machine Learning with Mixed-Frequency Data: Monitoring State-Level Fiscal Variables. CIRANO, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54932/qgja3449.

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We study the nowcasting of U.S. state-level fiscal variables using machine learning (ML) models and mixed-frequency predictors within a panel framework. Neural networks with continuous and categorical embeddings consistently outperform both linear and nonlinear alternatives, especially when combined with pooled panel structures. These architectures flexibly capture differences across states while benefiting from shared patterns in the panel structure. Forecast gains are especially large for volatile variables like expenditures and deficits. Pooling enhances forecast stability, and ML models ar
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Manzano, Osmel, and José Luis Saboin. Investment Booms and Institutions: Implications for the Andean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004260.

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This paper provides evidence of a positive effect of institutions and reforms in initiating investment booms. We constructed an unbalanced panel of 178 countries for the period 19502019 that considered institutions and reforms at different levels and dimensions. We analyzed the effects of these variables on 159 carefully estimated investment boom episodes, controlling for the standard determinants of investment and using a battery of estimation techniques and robustness checks. Overall, marketoriented and democratic institutions favor the advent of investment booms. Structural reforms present
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Gao, Xin, Aiko Kikkawa, and Jong Woo Kang. Evaluating the Impact of Remittances on Human Capital Investment in the Kyrgyz Republic. Asian Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210189-2.

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Remittances from overseas can encourage human capital investment, but empirical studies have shown mixed evidence. This paper uses a 5-year panel dataset in the Kyrgyz Republic to examine the impact of remittances on the human capital formation of school-age children. After correcting for endogeneities with instrumental variables, the study finds that remittances have negative impacts on educational achievement. Extended hours of farm labor by children and increased expenditure on durable goods are identified among recipient households. To mitigate negative effects of remittances on children’s
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Galeano-Ramírez, Franky Juliano, Nicolás Martínez-Cortés, Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez, and Margaret Guerrero. Nowcasting Colombian Economic Activity: DFM and Factor-MIDAS approaches. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1168.

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Economic policy decision-making requires constantly assessing the state of economic activity. However, this is not an easy task: official figures have significant lags, and the timely information is usually partial and has different frequencies. This paper applies two types of short-term forecasting methodologies (Factor-MIDAS and DFM) for Colombian economic activity involving information with mixed frequencies. We present a heuristic process to select relevant variables, and we evaluate the proposed models' fits by comparing them with traditional forecasting methodologies. Overall, DFM and Fa
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Mesquita Moreira, Mauricio, and José Ernesto López Córdova. Regional Integration and Productivity: The Experiences of Brazil and Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011120.

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This paper discusses the impacts of integration on productivity, specifically within regional agreements. The paper focuses on the economies of Brazil and Mexico and on their performance in the manufacturing sector. The authors estimate firm-level productivity and test its casual links with trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) variables. The results suggest strong trade related gains, with import discipline emerging as the dominant effect. The results on learning-by-exporting were mixed, with gains restricted to Brazil's regional and worldwide exports. On FDI, foreign firms appear to have
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Temple, Brian Allen. Introduction to Mixed Variable Optimization (MVO). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1507314.

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Blaisdell, George L., Terry D. Melendy, and Marin N. Blaisdell. Ballistic protection using snow. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44360.

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Small (5.56 mm, 7.62 mm and 9 mm) and medium (12.7 mm) arms rounds were fired at snow-filled 1.5m cubic gabions in a mid-winter condition in Fairbanks, Alaska. The rounds were excavated and penetration by each ammunition type was measured. A distribution and average of penetration depth was determined. All 320 rounds fired were captured within 1.5m after entering the snow barrier. Comparison with published models of ballistics penetration of snow showed mixed results with several matching our data within 10% and all but one within 32%. However, most of these models are simplistic in that they
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Diakonova, Marina, Corinna Ghirelli, Luis Molina, and Javier J. Pérez. The economic impact of conflict-related and policy uncertainty shocks: the case of Russia. Banco de España, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/23707.

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We show how policy uncertainty and conflict-related shocks impact the dynamics of economic activity (GDP) in Russia. We use alternative indicators of “conflict”, relating to specific aspects of this general concept: geopolitical risk, social unrest, outbreaks of political violence and escalations into internal armed conflict. For policy uncertainty we employ the workhorse economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indicator. We use two distinct but complementary empirical approaches. The first is based on a time series mixed-frequency forecasting model. We show that the indicators provide useful inform
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Medina-Guce, Czarina, Lawrence Velasco, and Anne Marie Rey. Baseline Study on the State of Participation in Local Government Units: Participatory Governance Metrics for Local Development Councils. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2025.07.

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The Local Development Councils (LDCs) play a significant role in participatory governance for local policy development, as local government units (LGUs) are required to include members from civil society organizations (CSOs) in LDCs. While the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) monitors LDC functionality in accordance with the Local Government Code’s operational guidelines through the Seal of Good Local Governance, the effectiveness of LDCs—particularly the quality and substance of CSO participation—has not been reviewed. To address this, the DILG developed the Participator
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