Academic literature on the topic 'MKKKs'

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades contain a trio of kinases, MAPK kinase kinase (MKKK) → MAPK kinase (MKK) → MAPK, that mediate a variety of cellular responses to different signals including hypertonicity. The signaling response to hypertonicity is conserved across evolution from yeast to mammals in that it involves activation of p38/SAPK. However, very little is known about which upstream protein kinases mediate activation of p38 by hypertonicity in mammals. The MKKKs, MEKK3 and MEKK4, are upstream regulators of p38 in many cells. To investigate these signaling proteins as potential activators of p38 in the hypertonicity response, we generated stably transfected MDCK cells that express activated versions of MEKK3 or MEKK4, utilized RNA interference to deplete MEKK3, and employed pharmacological inhibition of p38 kinase. MEKK3-transfected cells demonstrated increased betaine transporter (BGT1) mRNA levels and upregulated tonicity enhancer (TonE)-driven luciferase activity under isotonic (basal) and hypertonic conditions compared with empty vector-transfected controls; small-interference RNA-mediated depletion of MEKK3 downregulated the activity of p38 kinase and decreased the expression of BGT1 mRNA. p38 Kinase inhibition abolished the effects of MEKK3 activation on BGT1 induction. In contrast, the response to hypertonicity in MEKK4-kA-transfected cells was similar to that observed in empty vector-transfected controls. Our data are consistent with the existence of an input from MEKK3 →→ p38 kinase →→ TonE.

Apathy about teacher performance in schools is one reality. The fact of the tendency of doubt about the performance of the teacher could have been caused by the absence of the development of knowledge and skills related to the four teacher competencies. On the other hand, there is still a problem regarding the lack of systematic management of school performance programs that are not managed systematically and are not in accordance with the education calendar that has been formulated and established so that in daily implementation the school is always changing, disrupting the learning process that has been determined. To overcome these obstacles a place for teachers and principals is needed that aims to gather various new information and experiences in the industrial era 4.0. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Subject Teachers' Consultation and School Principal Working Groups simultaneously on Improving Teacher Performance in Kutai Kartanegara District. This type of research is a field research with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques in this study used a questionnaire and documentation. Data validity test uses validity test, normality test and classic assumption test. Data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression test. Based on the results of the study note that there is no simultaneous effect between the Subject Teachers' Deliberation Program and the Principal Working Group Conference on Improving Teacher Performance in Kutai Kartanegara District. The absence of this influence is due to the the Subject Teachers' Deliberation Program and School Principal Working Groups in Kutai Kartanegara Regency which are considered not working properly according to the planned program. Whereas on the other hand it is considered a lack of support from stakeholders in the area, in this case the government which oversees the Subject Teachers' Deliberation Program and School Principal Working Groups. So based on data between the Subject Teachers' Deliberation Program and School Principal Working Groups, they have not synergized well.

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) genes encode proteins that regulate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants through signaling cascades comprised of three major subfamilies: MAP Kinase (MPK), MAPK Kinase (MKK), and MAPKK Kinase (MKKK). The main objectives of this research were to conduct genome-wide identification of MAPK genes in Helianthus annuus and examine functional divergence of these genes in relation to those in nine other plant species (Amborella trichopoda, Aquilegia coerulea, Arabidopsis thaliana, Daucus carota, Glycine max, Oryza sativa, Solanum lycopersicum, Sphagnum fallax, and Vitis vinifera), representing diverse taxonomic groups of the Plant Kingdom. A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profile of the MAPK genes utilized reference sequences from A. thaliana and G. max, yielding a total of 96 MPKs and 37 MKKs in the genomes of A. trichopoda, A. coerulea, C. reinhardtii, D. carota, H. annuus, S. lycopersicum, and S. fallax. Among them, 28 MPKs and eight MKKs were confirmed in H. annuus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed four clades within each subfamily. Transcriptomic analyses showed that at least 19 HaMPK and seven HaMKK genes were induced in response to salicylic acid (SA), sodium chloride (NaCl), and polyethylene glycol (Peg) in leaves and roots. Of the seven published sunflower microRNAs, five microRNA families are involved in targeting eight MPKs. Additionally, we discussed the need for using MAP Kinase nomenclature guidelines across plant species. Our identification and characterization of MAP Kinase genes would have implications in sunflower crop improvement, and in advancing our knowledge of the diversity and evolution of MAPK genes in the Plant Kingdom.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan deskripsi relevansi materi dan pemetaan sekuen antara materi mata kuliah fisika dan kimia teknik dengan materi mata kuliah keahlian bidang studi (MKKBS). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif analitik dengan teknik pengumpulan data dokumentasi, wawancara, dan angket. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada MKKBS yang memerlukan dukungan seluruh materi mata kuliah fisika dan kimia teknik. Ada MKKBS yang sama sekali tidak memerlukan dukungan materi mata kuliah fisika dan kimia teknik. Materi mata kuliah fisika dan kimia teknik yang tidak diperlukan pada MKKBS bukan berarti harus dihilangkan, melainkan harus tetap ada untuk mendukung MKKBS lainnya. Mata kuliah fisika teknik belum sepenuhnya mendukung seluruh materi yang diperlukan oleh MKKBS. Materi mata kuliah kimia teknik sudah sepenuhnya mendukung materi yang diperlukan oleh MKKBS. Diperoleh dokumen pemetaan sekuen relevansi materi mata kuliah fisika teknik dan kimia teknik dengan materi MKKBS.

McKusick–Kaufman syndrome (MKKS) is a recessively inherited human genetic disease characterized by several developmental anomalies. Mutations in the MKKS gene also cause Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS), a genetically heterogeneous disorder with pleiotropic symptoms. However, little is known about how MKKS mutations lead to disease. Here, we show that disease-causing mutants of MKKS are rapidly degraded via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway in a manner dependent on HSC70 interacting protein (CHIP), a chaperone-dependent ubiquitin ligase. Although wild-type MKKS quickly shuttles between the centrosome and cytosol in living cells, the rapidly degraded mutants often fail to localize to the centrosome. Inhibition of proteasome functions causes MKKS mutants to form insoluble structures at the centrosome. CHIP and partner chaperones, including heat-shock protein (HSP)70/heat-shock cognate 70 and HSP90, strongly recognize MKKS mutants. Modest knockdown of CHIP by RNA interference moderately inhibited the degradation of MKKS mutants. These results indicate that the MKKS mutants have an abnormal conformation and that chaperone-dependent degradation mediated by CHIP is a key feature of MKKS/BBS diseases.

Resumen. Antecedentes: El karate es un deporte intervalado de alta-intensidad con características aeróbicas y anaeróbicas, la velocidad y la fuerza explosiva son habilidades físicas determinantes para los atletas de karate durante el combate. Problema y objetivo: El principal objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación del Movement change in karate position Test “MKUKS” con el rendimiento neuromuscular medido a través de pruebas de salto en atletas de karate categoría junior. Métodos: Una muestra de 10 atletas de karate, distribuidos en 4 hombres (edad:17.3 ± 2.1 años; masa corporal: 69.0 ± 15.8 kg; talla: 1.74 ± 0.04 m) y 6 mujeres (edad: 17.3 ± 1.6 años; masa corporal: 57.9 ± 2.5 kg; talla: 1.59 ± 0.04 m), pertenecientes a la selección chilena categoría junior fue evaluada. Resultados: Observamos una correlación entre el MKUKS con el salto largo bilateral (r = -.68, p = .03), squat jump (r = -.65, p = .04), el salto contramovimiento (r = -.70, p = .02), y salto contramovimiento con brazos (r = -.68, p = .03). Conclusiones: La prueba MKUKS se relaciona significativamente con el rendimiento neuromuscular en atletas de karate. Abstract. Background: Karate is a high intensity interval sport with aerobic and anaerobic characteristics, velocity and explosive strength are crucial physical abilities for karate athletes during the combat. Problem and Aim: The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship of the Movement change in karate position Test “MKUKS” with the neuromuscular performance measured through jump tests in karate athletes junior category Methods: A team of 10 karate athletes, distributed in 4 men (age: 17.3 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 69.0 ± 15.8 kg; height: 1.74 ± 0.04 m) and 6 women (age: 17.3 ± 1.6 years; body mass: 57.9 ± 2.5 kg; height: 1.59 ± 0.04 m), belonging to the Chilean national junior team was evaluated. Results: We observed a correlation between the MKUKS with the bilateral long jump (r = -.68, p = .03), squat jump (r = -.65, p = .04), countermovement jump (r = -. 70, p = .02), and countermovement jump with arms (r = -.68, p = .03). Conclusions: MKUKS is significantly related to neuromuscular performance in karate athletes.

Background Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved with signal transduction in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. The evolutionary analysis of MAPKs and MKKs in individual or entire plant species has been reported, but the evolutionary patterns in the diverse inbred lines of Brachypodium distachyon are still unclear. Results We conducted the systematical molecular evolutionary analysis of B. distachyon. A total of 799 MAPKs and 618 MKKs were identified from 53 B. distachyon inbred lines. Remarkably, only three inbred lines had 16 MPKs and most of those inbred lines lacked MPK7-2 members, whereas 12 MKKs existed in almost all B. distachyon inbred lines. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that MAPKs and MKKs were divided into four groups as previously reported, grouping them in the same branch as corresponding members. MPK21-2 was the exception and fell into two groups, which may be due to their exon-intron patterns, especially the untranslated regions (UTRs). We also found that differential evolution patterns of MKK10 paralogues from ancient tandem duplicates may have undergone functional divergence. Expression analyses suggested that MAPKs and MKKs likely played different roles in different genetic contexts within various tissues and with abiotic stresses. Conclusion Our study revealed that UTRs affected the structure and evolution of MPK21-2 genes and the differential evolution of MKK10 paralogues with ancient tandem duplication might have functional divergences. Our findings provide new insights into the functional evolution of genes in closely inbred lines.

Endocytosis via rafts has attracted considerable recent interest, but the molecular mediators remain incompletely characterized. Here, we focused on the syndecan-1 heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a highly conserved, multifunctional receptor that we previously showed to undergo raft-dependent endocytosis upon clustering. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of three to five consecutive cytoplasmic residues at a time revealed that a conserved juxtamembrane motif, MKKK, was the only region required for efficient endocytosis after clustering. Endocytosis of clustered syndecan-1 occurs in two phases, each requiring a kinase and a corresponding cytoskeletal partner. In the initial phase, ligands trigger rapid MKKK-dependent activation of ERK and the localization of syndecan-1 into rafts. Activation of ERK drives the dissociation of syndecan-1 from α-tubulin, a molecule that may act as an anchor for syndecan-1 at the plasma membrane in the basal state. In the second phase, Src family kinases phosphorylate tyrosyl residues within the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of syndecan-1, a process that also requires MKKK. Tyrosine phosphorylation of syndecan-1 triggers the robust recruitment of cortactin, which we found to be an essential mediator of efficient actin-dependent endocytosis. These findings represent the first detailed characterization of the molecular events that drive endocytosis of a raft-dependent receptor and identify a novel endocytic motif, MKKK. Moreover, the results provide new tools to study syndecan function and regulation during uptake of its biologically and medically important ligands, such as HIV-1, atherogenic postprandial remnant lipoproteins, and molecules implicated in Alzheimer disease.

La phosphorylation des protéines constitue la modification post-traductionnelle la plus importante chez les eucaryotes. Réalisée par des protéines kinases, elle intervient dans plusieurs processus cellulaires et en particulier dans la signalisation. La grande famille des kinases est subdivisée en plusieurs groupes dont les MAPKs qui sont caractérisées par un relais de phosphorylation comprenant trois niveaux (MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK). Le rôle des MAPKs a été démontré chez un grand nombre d’organismes et est lié fonctionnellement à plusieurs processus biologiques. Dans ce projet, nous avons essayé de mettre en évidence la fonction de trois MAPKKK (MKKK19, MKKK20 et MKKK21) chez Arabidopsis thaliana, une plante modèle dont le génome a été entièrement séquencé en 2000. Ces trois kinases sont similaires aux kinases FRK1 et FRK2 qui sont impliquées dans le développement des gamètes mâles et femelles chez la pomme de terre sauvage Solanum chacoense. Les MKKK19-21 sont fortement exprimées au niveau de la fleur et plus précisément dans le pollen. L’analyse des lignées de plantes simples mutants pour ces trois kinases ne montre aucun défaut développemental évident en conditions normales suggérant fortement une redondance fonctionnelle entre ces gènes. Par contre, les plantes sous-exprimant les MKKK19-21 produisent un grand nombre de grains de pollen déformé et non viable. La croissance des tubes polliniques est aussi affectée dans ces mutants. Les observations microscopiques ont montré que c’est au stade tricellulaire de la microsporogenèse que ces lignées mutantes sont affectées. Ainsi, ces trois kinases joueraient un rôle important dans la phase tardive du développement pollinique chez Arabidopsis. De façon à déterminer les protéines pouvant agir tant en amont qu’en aval des MKKK19-21, un criblage par la méthode de double hybride chez la levure a été réalisé à partir d’une banque d’ADNc des transcrits d’A.thaliana. Ceci nous a permis d’identifier un grand nombre d’interactants, dont plusieurs protéines kinases pouvant former des voies de signalisation avec les trois MKKK19-21. C’est le cas de la MPK18 qui interagit spécifiquement avec la MKKK20 et pour laquelle un rôle dans la régulation des microtubules corticaux (MTC) avait été démontré. Les résultats de l’analyse des mutants MKKK20 ainsi que les essais kinases nous ont permis de placer la MKKK20 en amont de la MPK18 dans la régulation des MTC. De plus, nous avons pu montrer que la MKK3 interagit spécifiquement avec la MKKK20 parmi les dix MKKs d’Arabidopsis et que ces deux kinases peuvent former un module MAPK aussi lié fonctionnellement aux MTC. L’analyse des doubles mutants (mkkk20/mpk18 et mkk3/mpk18) ainsi que les essais kinases et les observations microscopiques des polymères microtubulaires nous ont permis de caractériser deux voies impliquées dans la régulation des MTC. La première voie, celle de la MKKK20 et de la MPK18 est non canonique, ne nécessitant pas la présence d’une MKK entre les deux, alors que la deuxième voie serait canonique et comprend la MKKK20, MKK3 et possiblement d’autre(s) MPK(s) en aval. Nos résultats suggèrent que ces deux voies sont indépendantes et non synergiques jouant un rôle dans l’instabilité dynamique des MT chez Arabidopsis.
Protein phosphorylation is the major post-translational molecular mechanism through which many eukaryotic proteins are regulated. Phosphorylation is involved in several biological processes and is carried out by kinase enzymes. The very large family of kinases is divided into many subgroups including MAPKs which function as a canonical module of three stepwise phosphorylation events (MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK). In this project, we aimed to study the function of three MAPKKK, MKKK19, 20 and 21 in Arabidopsis thaliana, as it has been shown that two of their potential orthologues, FRK1 and 2 in Solanum chacoense are involved in male (pollen) and female (embryo sac) gametophyte development. We found that the MKKK19-21 were highly expressed in reproductive organs, more specifically inside pollen grains. MKKK19-21 single mutants showed WT phenotype under normal conditions, suggesting a possible functional redundancy from these genes. To overcome this, down-regulation of endogenous MKKK19-21 expression via transformation of WT A. thaliana with an artificial microRNA (amiRNA) construct was made. This led to the production of plants exhibiting a high number of dead pollen grains, as well as with defects in pollen tube growth for the viable ones. Microscopic observations of microsporogenesis showed that pollen developmental defects occurred at the tricellular stage. Consequently, the three MKKK19-21 are functionally important for the late stage of pollen development in A. thaliana. In order to find proteins acting both upstream and downstream of MKKK20, a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed against an Arabidopsis cDNA library. This led to the identification of a large number of interacting proteins. These proteins belong to several functional categories with some that could act in signaling pathways with MKKK19-21. Among them, MAPK18 that was demonstrated to regulate cortical microtubules (CMT) and that was found to interact specifically with MKKK20. The results of MKKK20 mutant plants analyses and kinase assays indicate that MKKK20 would act upstream of MPK18 in regulating CMT. The MKK3 was also found from a directed Y2H screen, and was shown to specifically interact with MKKK20 among the 10 Arabidopsis MKKs. MKK3 mutant analysis showed that both kinases could form a MAPK signaling pathway functionally linked to CMT. Furthermore, double mutants (mkkk20/mpk18 and mkk3/mpk18) analysis and kinase assays as well as microscopic observations of microtubule polymers allowed us to postulate that two different signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of CMT. The first one, considered as non-canonical MAPK pathway consists of MKK20 and MPK18, bypassing the need of an MKK, while the second one is a canonical pathway that comprises MKKK20, MKK3 and possibly other MPK(s). We concluded from these results that the two pathways are independent and do not work synergistically in MT dynamic instability in Arabidopsis cells.