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Journal articles on the topic 'MMWAVE PROPAGATION'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 October 2023

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Al-Saman, Ahmed, Michael Cheffena, Olakunle Elijah, Yousef A. Al-Gumaei, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Tawfik Al-Hadhrami. "Survey of Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Models in Indoor Environments." Electronics 10, no. 14 (2021): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141653.

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The millimeter-wave (mmWave) is expected to deliver a huge bandwidth to address the future demands for higher data rate transmissions. However, one of the major challenges in the mmWave band is the increase in signal loss as the operating frequency increases. This has attracted several research interests both from academia and the industry for indoor and outdoor mmWave operations. This paper focuses on the works that have been carried out in the study of the mmWave channel measurement in indoor environments. A survey of the measurement techniques, prominent path loss models, analysis of path l

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Pattem, Anjaneyulu. "Guaranteed Open-loop Channel Estimation for mmWave Hybrid MIMO Communications, Using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) Algorithm." International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 12, no. 1 (2025): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20251201.15.

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Channel estimation for millimeter wave (mmWave) hybrid MIMO communications, is challenging because of the complexities associated with the large antenna arrays at the transceivers and with the higher propagation lossess of the mmWaves. However, with open-loop training and exploiting the inherent sparse nature of the mmWave channel, it becomes easier by formulating the channel estimation problem in compressive sensing (CS) theory, and solving the problem using orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. In the CS theory, coherence and restricted isometry property (RIP) of sensing matrices, and

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Liu, Baobao, Pan Tang, Jianhua Zhang, Yue Yin, Guangyi Liu, and Liang Xia. "Propagation Characteristics Comparisons between mmWave and Visible Light Bands in the Conference Scenario." Photonics 9, no. 4 (2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9040228.

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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications and visible light communications (VLC) are proposed to form hybrid mmWave/VLC systems. Furthermore, channel modeling is the foundation of system design and optimization. In this paper, we compare the propagation characteristics, including path loss, root mean square (RMS) delay spread (DS), K-factor, and cluster characteristics, between mmWave and VLC bands based on a measurement campaign and ray tracing simulation in a conference room. We find that the optical path loss (OPL) of VLC channels is highly dependent on the physical size of the photodetectors

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Rodríguez-Corbo, Fidel, Leyre Azpilicueta, Mikel Celaya-Echarri, et al. "Millimeter Wave Spatial Channel Characterization for Vehicular Communications." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06562.

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With the growing demand of vehicle-mounted sensors over the last years, the amount of critical data communications has increased significantly. Developing applications such as autonomous vehicles, drones or real-time high-definition entertainment requires high data-rates in the order of multiple Gbps. In the next generation of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks, a wider bandwidth will be needed, as well as more precise localization capabilities and lower transmission latencies than current vehicular communication systems due to safety application requirements; 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) tec

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Farhad, E. Mahmood, and Y. Abdullah Fawaz. "Modeling and analysis of millimeter-wave propagation in dusty environments." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control) 20, no. 4 (2022): 715–21. https://doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v20i4.23245.

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In the fifth generation of wireless communication systems (5G), the millimeter wave (mmWave) signal can be affected by many challenges in irregular environments such as dust and sand storms. In this paper, we investigate the attenuation that faces a mmWave link signal in a dusty environment for different sizes of dust particles. Further, we derive a model to calculate the total attenuation in mobile communication systems and/or internet of things (IoT) in different base stations highnesses. The obtained results show that in a dusty environment it is better to have high base station transmitter

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Gulfam, Sardar, Syed Nawaz, Konstantinos Baltzis, Abrar Ahmed, and Noor Khan. "Characterization of Fading Statistics of mmWave (28 GHz and 38 GHz) Outdoor and Indoor Radio Propagation Channels." Technologies 7, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7010009.

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Extension of usable frequency spectrum from microwave to millimeter-wave (mmWave) is one of the key research directions in addressing the capacity demands of emerging 5th-generation communication networks. This paper presents a thorough analysis on the azimuthal multipath shape factors and second-order fading statistics (SOFS) of outdoor and indoor mmWave radio propagation channels. The well-established analytical relationship of plain angular statistics of a radio propagation channel with the channel’s fading statistics is used to study the channel’s fading characteristics. The plain angle-of

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Rodríguez-Corbo, Fidel Alejandro, Leyre Azpilicueta, Mikel Celaya-Echarri, Peio Lopez-Iturri, Ana V. Alejos, and Francisco Falcone. "Deterministic Propagation Approach for Millimeter-Wave Outdoor Smart Parking Solution Deployment." Engineering Proceedings 2, no. 1 (2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-7-08231.

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Impact factor as an indicator of efficiency or sustainability is entirely correlated with the continuous development of the smart city concept technology application. Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and particularly autonomous vehicles are expected to play an important role in this challenging environment. Fast and secure connections will be pivotal in order to achieve this new vehicular communications’ application era. The use of millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency range is the most promising approach to allow these real-time, high-demand applications that require higher bandwidth wi

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Rahayu, Ismalia, and Ahmad Firdausi. "5G Channel Model for Frequencies 28 GHz, 73 GHz and 4 GHz with Influence of Temperature in Bandung." Jurnal Teknologi Elektro 13, no. 2 (2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jte.2022.v13i2.006.

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The 5G channel model is the latest research on future cellular communication by considering the proposed millimeter wave (mmwave) as an enabling technology for the realization of connectivity in the 5G era. However, mmwave signal propagation suffers a high propagation loss to sensitivity to delay, resulting in a high probability and a low signal to signal ratio (SNR). This can take into account the potential for millimeter wave (mmwave) frequencies of 28, 73 and 4 GHz which are capable of meeting wide bandwidth requirements and data rates of up to Gbps for various scenarios such as Urban Micro

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Yao, H., X. Wang, H. Qi, and X. Liang. "TIGHTLY COUPLED INDOOR POSITIONING USING UWB/MMWAVE RADAR/IMU." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-3/W1-2022 (May 5, 2022): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-3-w1-2022-323-2022.

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Abstract. The ultra-wideband (UWB)-based positioning has a wide internet of things applications such as smart medical and smart logistics, due to its high positioning accuracy. However, non-line-of-sight radio propagation degrades UWB positioning accuracy. The inertial measurement unit (IMU) can achieve positioning with high accuracy in a short time. In addition, the millimeter wave (mmWave) radar can work well in scenes such as fog, smoke, dust, and other small particles due to the longer wavelength of mmWave Radar, but the drift error of IMU and mmWave radar are all increased rapidly over ti

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Jiang, Ting, Maozhong Song, Xiaorong Zhu, and Xu Liu. "Channel Estimation for Broadband Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems Based on High-Order PARALIND Model." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (November 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6408442.

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Channel state information (CSI) is important to improve the performance of wireless transmission. However, the problems of high propagation path loss, multipath, and frequency selective fading make it difficult to obtain the CSI in broadband millimeter-wave (mmWave) system. Based on the inherent multidimensional structure of mmWave multipath channels and the correlation between channel dimensions, mmWave multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels are modelled as high-order parallel profiles with linear dependence (PARALIND) model in this paper, and a new PARALIND-based channel estimation a

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Sun, Jiaqing, Chunxiao Li, Junfeng Wei, and Jiajun Shen. "A Strategy for Improving Millimeter Wave Communication Reliability by Hybrid Network Considering Rainfall Attenuation." Symmetry 17, no. 7 (2025): 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071054.

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With the rapid development of smart connected vehicles, vehicle network communications demand high-speed data transmission to support advanced automotive services. Millimeter Wave (mmWave) communication offers fast data rates, strong anti-interference capabilities, high precision localization and low-latency, making it suitable for high-speed in-vehicle communications. However, mmWave communication performance in vehicular networks is hindered by high path loss and frequent beam alignment updates, significantly degrading the coverage and connectivity of vehicle nodes (VNs). In addition, atmosp

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Mahdi, Asraa Kadhim. "Discovering Millimeter Wave Technology forNext-Generation (5g) Communication: A Review." Al-Furat Journal of Innovations in Electronics and Computer Engineering 3, no. 2 (2024): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46649/fjiece.v3.2.26a.5.6.2024.

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Millimeter Wave (mmWave) frequencies, a factor of the electromagnetic spectrum, provide a varied array of frequency bands that can be connected for the development of 5G mobile communication technologies. These frequency bands proposal a substantial view for advancing data transfer rates and network capacity inside the area of wireless communication. However, the employment of mmWave technology faces numerous challenges and obstacles that must be fixed. One of the key challenges relates to propagation losses, which have the possible to disturb the effectiveness of signal propagation over unlim

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Dos Anjos, Andre Antonio, Tiago Reis Rufino Marins, Carlos Rafael Nogueira Da Silva, et al. "Higher Order Statistics in a mmWave Propagation Environment." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 103876–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2930931.

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Idan, Hayder R., Basim K. AL-Shammari, and Hasan F. Khazal. "mmWave Compound Link Budget Model of Dust and Humidity Effect." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 11, no. 1 (2023): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol11.iss1.323.

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mmWave Path Loss (PL) Link Budget (LB) modeling considerations are based on many different factors. For instance, the third generation partnership project (3GPP) model is mainly based on the distance from an Access Point (AP) and the frequency of transmission as well as the transmission link budget situation. Furthermore, there are certain interesting models about the effects of dust and humidity on the mmWave propagation. These models had introduced the consequences of the humid and dusty environments without consideration for the additional mmWave transmission LB parameters. First of all, th

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Rodríguez-Corbo, Fidel Alejandro, Leyre Azpilicueta, Mikel Celaya-Echarri, et al. "Deterministic 3D Ray-Launching Millimeter Wave Channel Characterization for Vehicular Communications in Urban Environments." Sensors 20, no. 18 (2020): 5284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185284.

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The increasing demand for more sensors inside vehicles pursues the intention of making vehicles more “intelligent”. In this context, the vision of fully connected and autonomous cars is becoming more tangible and will turn into a reality in the coming years. The use of these intelligent transport systems will allow the integration of efficient performance in terms of route control, fuel consumption, and traffic administration, among others. Future vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication will require a wider bandwidth as well as lower latencies than current technologies can offer, to support

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Azpilicueta, Leyre, Peio Lopez-Iturri, Jaime Zuñiga-Mejia, et al. "Fifth-Generation (5G) mmWave Spatial Channel Characterization for Urban Environments’ System Analysis." Sensors 20, no. 18 (2020): 5360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185360.

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In this work, the channel characterization in terms of large-scale propagation, small-scale propagation, statistical and interference analysis of Fifth-Generation (5G) Millimeter Wave (mmWave) bands for wireless networks for 28, 30 and 60 GHz is presented in both an outdoor urban complex scenario and an indoor scenario, in order to consider a multi-functional, large node-density 5G network operation. An in-house deterministic Three-Dimensional Ray-Launching (3D-RL) code has been used for that purpose, considering all the material properties of the obstacles within the scenario at the frequency

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Antonescu, Bogdan, Miead Tehrani Moayyed, and Stefano Basagni. "Clustering Algorithms and Validation Indices for a Wide mmWave Spectrum." Information 10, no. 9 (2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10090287.

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Radio channel propagation models for the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum are extremely important for planning future 5G wireless communication systems. Transmitted radio signals are received as clusters of multipath rays. Identifying these clusters provides better spatial and temporal characteristics of the mmWave channel. This paper deals with the clustering process and its validation across a wide range of frequencies in the mmWave spectrum below 100 GHz. By way of simulations, we show that in outdoor communication scenarios clustering of received rays is influenced by the frequency of the

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Kei Sakaguchi, Takumi Yoneda, Masashi Iwabuchi, and Tomoki Murakami. "mmWave massive analog relay MIMO." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 2, no. 6 (2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/wzof2275.

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Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) communications are a key technology to realize ultra-high data rate and ultra-low latency wireless communications. Compared with conventional communication systems in the microwave band such as 4G/LTE, mmWave communications employ a higher frequency band which allows a wider bandwidth and is suitable for large capacity communications. It is expected to be applied to various use cases such as mmWave cellular networks and vehicular networks. However, due to the strong diffraction loss and the path loss in the mmWave band, it is difficult or even impossible to achieve hig

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Attiah, Mothana L., Azmi Awang Md Isa, Zahriladha Zakaria, Nor Fadzilah Abdullah, Mahamod Ismail, and Rosdiadee Nordin. "Adaptive Multi-state Millimeter Wave Cell Selection Scheme for 5G communication." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (2018): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2967-2978.

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<p>Millimeter wave bands have been introduced as one of the most promising solutions to alleviate the spectrum secrecy in the upcoming future cellular technology (5G) due the enormous amount of raw bandwidth available in these bands. However, the inherent propagation characteristics of mmWave frequencies could impose new challenges i.e. higher path loss, atmospheric absorption, and rain attenuation which in turn increase the outage probability and hence, degrading the overall system performance. Therefore, in this paper, a novel flexible scheme is proposed namely Adaptive Multi-State MmW

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Mothana, L. Attiah, Awang Md Isa Azmi, Zakaria Zahriladha, Fadzilah Abdullah Nor, Ismail Mahamod, and Nordin Rosdiadee. "Adaptive Multi-state Millimeter Wave Cell Selection Scheme for 5G communications." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (2018): 2967–78. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2967-2978.

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Millimeter wave bands have been introduced as one of the most promising solutions to alleviate the spectrum secrecy in the upcoming future cellular technology (5G) due the enormous amount of raw bandwidth available in these bands. However, the inherent propagation characteristics of mmWave frequencies could impose new challenges i.e. higher path loss, atmospheric absorption, and rain attenuation which in turn increase the outage probability and hence, degrading the overall system performance. Therefore, in this paper, a novel flexible scheme is proposed namely Adaptive Multi-State MmWave Cell

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Li, Yifa, Wei Fan, Huaqiang Gao, and Fengchun Zhang. "Experimental Validation and Applications of mm-Wave 8 × 8 Antenna-in-Package (AiP) Array Platform." Electronics 11, no. 23 (2022): 4055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11234055.

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Phased array antennas play an indispensable role in millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications. The Antenna-in-package (AiP) system combines advanced antenna and packaging technology, making it highly valuable for various cellular, radar and automative applications. The benefits it brings in terms of small size, low development costs, low power consumption and fast beam-steering capability further drive the vast deployment of phased array antennas in mmWave systems. In this paper, an 8 × 8 AiP experimental platform is presented and its operating performance is measured and analyzed. Further, two

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Meng, Xi, Liyuan Zhong, Dong Zhou, and Dacheng Yang. "Co-Channel Coexistence Analysis between 5G IoT System and Fixed-Satellite Service at 40 GHz." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9790219.

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It is a promising way to successfully operate the fifth generation (5G) system with Internet of Things (IoT) in potential mmWave spectrum bands. This paper investigates the intelligent co-channel coexistence between the 5G IoT system and the fixed-satellite service (FSS) system at 40 GHz. The key issue, as identified, is the accurate estimation of interference based on mmWave propagation characteristics. Our simulation results reveal that interference from the 5G IoT system into the FSS ground stations can be kept below the protection threshold by considering different deployment parameters, s

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Researcher. "DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING ALGORITHMS FOR HIGH-SPEED DATA TRANSMISSION IN MILLIMETER-WAVE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (IJECEG) 2, no. 1 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14748575.

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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication systems offer a promising solution for high-speed data transmission due to their wide bandwidth availability. However, the propagation characteristics of mmWave signals, including high path loss and susceptibility to obstacles, necessitate advanced beamforming techniques to ensure reliable communication. This paper explores the development of adaptive beamforming algorithms designed for dynamic environments to optimize data throughput and system performance. The study reviews existing methodologies, identifies challenges, and proposes innovative

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Liang, Yiqun, Hui Li, Yuan Tian, Yi Li, and Wenhua Wang. "SDR-Based 28 GHz mmWave Channel Modeling of Railway Marshaling Yard." Sensors 23, no. 19 (2023): 8108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23198108.

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Compared with railway communication service requirements on the mainline, requirements in hotspots such as stations and yards are more complicated in terms of service types as well as bandwidth, of which railway-dedicated mobile communication systems such as 5G-R facilitated with dedicated frequency support cannot meet the entire communication requirements. Therefore, other radio-communication technologies need to be adopted as a supplement, among which the mmWave communication system is a promising technology, especially for large bandwidth communication between train and trackside. However,

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Rubio, Lorenzo, Vicent M. Rodrigo Peñarrocha, Marta Cabedo-Fabres, et al. "Millimeter-Wave Channel Measurements and Path Loss Characterization in a Typical Indoor Office Environment." Electronics 12, no. 4 (2023): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040844.

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In this paper, a path loss characterization at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies is performed in a typical indoor office environment. Path loss results were derived from propagation channel measurements collected in the 25–40 GHz frequency band, in both line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-LOS (OLOS) propagation conditions. The channel measurements were performed using a frequency-domain channel sounder, which integrates an amplified radio over fiber (RoF) link to avoid the high losses at mmWave. The path loss was analyzed in the 26 GHz, 28 GHz, 33 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands through the c

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Manhal, Alhilali, Ghanim Mustafa, Din Jafri, and Yin Lam Hong. "A methodology for precise estimation of rain attenuation on terrestrial millimetre wave links from raindrop size distribution measurements." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 17, no. 5 (2019): 2139–46. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i5.12798.

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Attenuation by atmospheric rain is the most significant impairment in millimetre wave frequencies (mmWave). Modern instruments could provide detailed measurements of rain, such as raindrop size distributions (DSDs). The analysis of DSDs could estimate their effects on past or co-located links measurements. This study presents propagation analysis in the mmWave bands using measurements of two terrestrial links working at 26 GHz and 38 GHz carried out in Johor, Malaysia. Statistics obtained have been analysed in detail to extract any excess attenuation. The DSDs provided by a disdrometer have be

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Begishev, Vyacheslav, Dmitri Moltchanov, Anna Gaidamaka, and Konstantin Samouylov. "Closed-Form UAV LoS Blockage Probability in Mixed Ground- and Rooftop-Mounted Urban mmWave NR Deployments." Sensors 22, no. 3 (2022): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030977.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are envisioned to become one of the new types of fifth/sixth generation (5G/6G) network users. To support advanced services for UAVs such as video monitoring, one of the prospective options is to utilize recently standardized New Radio (NR) technology operating in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band. However, blockage of propagation paths between NR base stations (BS) and UAV by buildings may lead to frequent outage situations. In our study, we use the tools of integral geometry to characterize connectivity properties of UAVs in terrestrial urban deployme

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Zhong, Zhimeng, Jianyao Zhao, and Chao Li. "Outdoor-to-Indoor Channel Measurement and Coverage Analysis for 5G Typical Spectrums." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (September 16, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3981678.

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The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications system will adopt the millimeter wave (mmWave) band for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) coverage to achieve ultrahigh data rate. However, it is a challenging task because of the large path loss and almost total blocking by building walls. In this work, we performed extensive measurements on the O2I propagation at 3.5, 4.9, and 28 GHz simultaneously by using a multiband channel sounder. We captured the path loss distribution and angular power arrival profiles. We also measured the penetration loss at 28 GHz through different kinds of glass windows. The wi

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Zhao, Lou, Yuliang Zhang, Minjie Zhang, and Chunshan Liu. "Intra-Beam Interference Mitigation for the Downlink Transmission of the RIS-Assisted Hybrid Millimeter Wave System." Entropy 26, no. 3 (2024): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26030253.

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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems leverage the directional beamforming capabilities of antenna arrays equipped at the base stations (BS) to counteract the inherent high propagation path loss characteristic of mmWave channels. In downlink mmWave transmissions, i.e., from the BS to users, distinguishing users within the same beam direction poses a significant challenge. Additionally, digital baseband precoding techniques are limited in their ability to mitigate inter-user interference within identical beam directions, representing a fundamental constraint in mmWave downlink transmis

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Masaoka, Ryunosuke, Gia Khanh Tran, Jin Nakazato, and Kei Sakaguchi. "The Future of Flying Base Stations: Empirical and Numerical Investigations of mmWave-Enabled UAVs." Future Internet 16, no. 1 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi16010005.

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Nowadays, wireless communications are ubiquitously available. However, as pervasive as this technology is, there are distinct situations, such as during substantial public events, catastrophic disasters, or unexpected malfunctions of base stations (BSs), where the reliability of these communications might be jeopardized. Such scenarios highlight the vulnerabilities inherent in our current infrastructure. As a result, there is growing interest in establishing temporary networks that offer high-capacity communications and can adaptively shift service locations. To address this gap, this paper in

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Md Jizat, Noorlindawaty, Zubaida Yusoff, Azah Syafiah Mohd Marzuki, Norsiha Zainudin, and Yoshihide Yamada. "Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz." Sensors 22, no. 5 (2022): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051850.

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Fifth generation (5G) technology aims to provide high peak data rates, increased bandwidth, and supports a 1 millisecond roundtrip latency at millimeter wave (mmWave). However, higher frequency bands in mmWave comes with challenges including poor propagation characteristics and lossy structure. The beamforming Butler matrix (BM) is an alternative design intended to overcome these limitations by controlling the phase and amplitude of the signal, which reduces the path loss and penetration losses. At the mmWave, the wavelength becomes smaller, and the BM planar structure is intricate and faces i

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Qamar, Faizan, Syed Hussain Ali Kazmi, Maraj Uddin Ahmed Siddiqui, Rosilah Hassan, and Khairul Akram Zainol Ariffin. "Federated learning for millimeter-wave spectrum in 6G networks: applications, challenges, way forward and open research issues." PeerJ Computer Science 10 (October 9, 2024): e2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2360.

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The emergence of 6G networks promises ultra-high data rates and unprecedented connectivity. However, the effective utilization of the millimeter-wave (mmWave) as a critical enabler of foreseen potential in 6G, poses significant challenges due to its unique propagation characteristics and security concerns. Deep learning (DL)/machine learning (ML) based approaches emerged as potential solutions; however, DL/ML contains centralization and data privacy issues. Therefore, federated learning (FL), an innovative decentralized DL/ML paradigm, offers a promising avenue to tackle these challenges by en

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Khawaja, Wahab, Ozgur Ozdemir, and Ismail Guvenc. "Channel Prediction for mmWave Ground-to-Air Propagation Under Blockage." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 20, no. 8 (2021): 1364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2021.3078268.

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Qamar, Faizan, Mhd Nour Hindia, Tharek Abd Rahman, Rosilah Hassan, Kaharudin Dimyati, and Quang Ngoc Nguyen. "Propagation Characterization and Analysis for 5G mmWave Through Field Experiments." Computers, Materials & Continua 68, no. 2 (2021): 2249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.017198.

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He, Danping, Bo Ai, Ke Guan, et al. "Influence of Typical Railway Objects in a mmWave Propagation Channel." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 67, no. 4 (2018): 2880–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2017.2782268.

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Bedda Zekri, Abdelbasset, and Riadh Ajgou. "Towards 5G: A study of the impact of antenna polarization on statistical channel modeling." Sustainable Engineering and Innovation 4, no. 1 (2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/sei.v4i1.id168.

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The millimetre wave (mmWave) is alleged as an important element invention to respond to the rapid increase in wireless demand for mobile traffic using its huge bandwidth. However, channel modeling remains difficult due to its high dependence on weather conditions and the positioning of the antenna for communication in direct visibility line-of-sight (LOS). Co-polarization and cross-polarization (X-pol) are two main events in the direction of the radiation element for wave transmission; where the wanted direction of wave transmission denotes the co-pol and the orthogonal propagation of the inte

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Domingo, Mari Carmen. "Power Allocation and Energy Cooperation for UAV-Enabled MmWave Networks: A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach." Sensors 22, no. 1 (2021): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010270.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-assisted cellular networks over the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band can meet the requirements of a high data rate and flexible coverage in next-generation communication networks. However, higher propagation loss and the use of a large number of antennas in mmWave networks give rise to high energy consumption and UAVs are constrained by their low-capacity onboard battery. Energy harvesting (EH) is a viable solution to reduce the energy cost of UAV-enabled mmWave networks. However, the random nature of renewable energy makes it challenging to maintain robust

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Obeidat, Huthaifa. "Investigations on Millimeter-Wave Indoor Channel Simulations for 5G Networks." Applied Sciences 14, no. 19 (2024): 8972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14198972.

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Due to the extensively accessible bandwidth of many tens of GHz, millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sub-terahertz (THz) frequencies are anticipated to play a significant role in 5G and 6G wireless networks and beyond. This paper presents investigations on mmWave bands within the indoor environment based on extensive simulations; the study considers the behavior of the omnidirectional and directional propagation characteristics, including path loss exponents (PLE) delay spread (DS), the number of clusters, and the number of rays per cluster at different frequencies (28 GHz, 39 GHz, 60 GHz and 73 GHz)

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Abdulwahid, Maan M., and Noraldeen B. Mohammed Wasel. "Optimum AP Estimation Location for the communication of different mmWave bands." Informatica : Journal of Applied Machines Electrical Electronics Computer Science and Communication Systems 01, no. 01 (2020): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47812/ijamecs2010107.

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Millimeter wave (mmWave) has been known to be the most promising technology for the future of wireless communication. It uses directional antenna for both transmitters and receivers to minimize its higher attenuation characteristics. Different localization approaches take the advantages of these directionality features in mmWave frequencies for different indoor environment. As a result, understanding the best position for AP's implementation has a huge effect on enhancing certain areas of network activity, maintenance, and coverage. In addition, establish the behavioral features of the wireles

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Sarker, Md Abdul Latif, Woosung Son, and Dong Seog Han. "RIS-Assisted Hybrid Beamforming and Connected User Vehicle Localization for Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems." Sensors 23, no. 7 (2023): 3713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073713.

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A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a type of metasurface that can dynamically control the reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, by changing its physical properties. Recently, RISs have played an important role in intelligently reshaping wireless propagation environments to improve the received signal gain as well as spectral efficiency performance. In this paper, we consider a millimeter wave (mmWave) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system in which, an RIS is deployed to aid downlink V2V data transmission. In partic

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Ren, Ming-Hao, Xi Liao, Jihua Zhou, et al. "Diffuse Scattering Directive Model Parameterization Method for Construction Materials at mmWave Frequencies." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (December 22, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1583854.

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The determination for diffuse scattering model parameters is of critical importance to improve the accuracy of prediction and analysis for millimeter-wave radio propagation. In this paper, a reliable parameterization method with a simplified tuning procedure for a diffuse scattering model is proposed and validated based on measurements and ray-tracing simulations. Typical construction materials are measured from 40 GHz to 50 GHz, and the complex permittivity is estimated by the propagation coefficients match method. The directive model, which can better characterize the scattering patterns of

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Prosvirov, Vladislav, Amjad Ali, Abdukodir Khakimov, and Yevgeni Koucheryavy. "Spatio-Temporal Coherence of mmWave/THz Channel Characteristics and Their Forecasting Using Video Frame Prediction Techniques." Mathematics 11, no. 17 (2023): 3634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11173634.

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Channel state information in millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) communications systems is vital for various tasks ranging from planning the optimal locations of BSs to efficient beam tracking mechanisms to handover design. Due to the use of large-scale phased antenna arrays and high sensitivity to environmental geometry and materials, precise propagation models for these bands are obtained via ray-tracing modeling. However, the propagation conditions in mmWave/THz systems may theoretically change at very small distances, that is, 1 mm–1 μm, which requires extreme computational effort

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De Beelde, Brecht, Mike Vantorre, German Castellanos, Mario Pickavet, and Wout Joseph. "MmWave Physical Layer Network Modeling and Planning for Fixed Wireless Access Applications." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042280.

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The large bandwidths that are available at millimeter-wave frequencies enable fixed wireless access (FWA) applications, in which fixed point-to-point wireless links are used to provide internet connectivity. In FWA networks, a wireless mesh is created and data are routed from the customer premises equipment (CPE) towards the point of presence (POP), which is the interface with the wired internet infrastructure. The performance of the wireless links depends on the radio propagation characteristics, as well as the wireless technology that is used. The radio propagation characteristics depend on

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Celaya-Echarri, Mikel, Leyre Azpilicueta, Fidel Alejandro Rodríguez-Corbo, et al. "Towards Environmental RF-EMF Assessment of mmWave High-Node Density Complex Heterogeneous Environments." Sensors 21, no. 24 (2021): 8419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248419.

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The densification of multiple wireless communication systems that coexist nowadays, as well as the 5G new generation cellular systems advent towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, give rise to complex context-aware scenarios with high-node density heterogeneous networks. In this work, a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure assessment from an empirical and modeling approach for a large, complex indoor setting with high node density and traffic is presented. For that purpose, an intensive and comprehensive in-depth RF-EMF E-field characterization study is provide

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Iyoloma, Collins Iyaminapu, and Tamunotonye Sotonye Ibanibo. "Adaptive User Association through Signal and Power Threshold Adjustments between Sub-6 GHz and MmWave Bands." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 2 (2025): 15–19. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2025.9.2.697.

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In order to satisfy the various coverage and capacity needs of next-generation wireless networks, the sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands must be integrated. However, because of their different propagation characteristics, it is still difficult to ensure effective user association between various bands. In order to dynamically balance users across sub-6 GHz and mmWave tiers, this article suggests an adaptive user association approach based on Signal and Power Threshold Adjustments (SPTA). The suggested approach maximizes network performance and minimizes service delays by op

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Ibwe, Kwame S. "Joint Modeling for MC-TDMA and Beamforming in mmWave Communications." Tanzania Journal of Science 51, no. 1 (2025): 115–34. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v51i1.9.

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The increasing demand for ultra-high data rates and low-latency communication in next-generation wireless networks has led to the exploration of millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands. These frequency bands offer significant bandwidth but are challenged by severe path loss, high susceptibility to blockage, and complex channel conditions. To address these challenges, a joint system modeling framework that integrates multicarrier time-division multiple access (MC-TDMA) with beamforming techniques is introduced. This study presents an analytical model that combines MC-TDMA’s flexible time-slot

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Kamboh, Usman Rauf, Muhammad Rehman Shahid, Hamza Aldabbas, et al. "Radio Network Forensic with mmWave Using the Dominant Path Algorithm." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (January 12, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9692892.

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For the last two decades, cybercrimes are growing on a daily basis. To track down cybercrimes and radio network crimes, digital forensic for radio networks provides foundations. The data transfer rate for the next-generation wireless networks would be much greater than today’s network in the coming years. The fifth-generation wireless systems are considering bands beyond 6 GHz. The network design of the next-generation wireless systems depends on propagation characteristics, frequency reuse, and bandwidth variation. This article declares the channel’s propagation characteristics of both line o

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Comisso, Massimiliano, Giulia Buttazzoni, Stefano Pastore, Francesca Vatta, and Fulvio Babich. "3D Poisson-Based Neighborhood Capacity Analysis for Millimeter Wave Communications." Sensors 22, no. 6 (2022): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062098.

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This paper proposes a theoretical model for evaluating the capacity of a millimeter wave (mmWave) source destination link when the nodes are distributed according to a three-dimensional (3D) homogeneous Poisson point process. In the presented analysis, different from the existing approaches, the destination lies in an arbitrary location with respect to the source; thus, the link performance can be evaluated for a neighbor of any order. Moreover, the developed model relies on a realistic propagation environment, characterized by path loss attenuation and shadowing in line of sight (LoS), non-Lo

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Suarez del Valle, Ricardo, Abdulkadir Kose, and Haeyoung Lee. "Context-Aware Beam Selection for IRS-Assisted mmWave V2I Communications." Sensors 25, no. 13 (2025): 3924. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25133924.

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Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology, with its ultra-high bandwidth and low latency, holds significant promise for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. However, it faces challenges such as high propagation losses and limited coverage in dense urban vehicular environments. Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs) help address these issues by enhancing mmWave signal paths around obstacles, thereby maintaining reliable communication. This paper introduces a novel Contextual Multi-Armed Bandit (C-MAB) algorithm designed to dynamically adapt beam and IRS selections based on real-time environmen

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Aisha, Chauhan, Singh Sarvjit, and Gupta Preeti. "NYUSIM-based Millimeter Wave Propagation Channel Model in 5G." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 12 (2023): 1802–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7542564.

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This paper represents experimentally determined large-scale and small-scale channel model parameters for 28 GHz and 73 GHz that describe the typical temporal and angular characteristics of multipath components for 5G communication. New York University researchers created a statistical spatial channel model for broadband millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication systems, which served as the foundation for NYUSIM (NYU). The simulator works with a variety of carrier frequencies (500 MHz to 100 GHz). We display the 32x32 graphs between the transceivers using the NYUSIM. Performance demonstra

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