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Journal articles on the topic 'Mn doped with KCl'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Talebi, M., M. Zahedifar, and E. Sadeghi. "UVC dosimetry properties of Mn and Ce doped KCl thermoluminescent phosphor produced by co-precipitation method." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 458 (November 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.08.008.

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2

Tu, S., and G. J. Racz. "Effect of KCl on bioavailability of manganese." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss94-012.

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Studies were conducted to determine whether KCl application alone or in combination with Mn fertilizer would increase the bioavailability of indigenous and applied Mn and to study the mechanisms by which KCl could enhance Mn uptake by crops. The effect of rates of application (0, 50, 100 and 300 μg K g−1) of two KCl carriers (fertilizer grade and reagent grade KCl), as well as the effects of various salts (KCl, MnSO4, K2SO4, K2CO3, KCl + MnSO4, and KCl + MnSO4 + KI) on Mn uptake by wheat were examined. The effect of KCl on the solubility of soil Mn and applied Mn and the effect of K2SO4 on solubility of soil Mn were examined in calcareous and noncalcareous soils.The two KCl carriers behaved similarly in affecting Mn uptake by wheat. On the calcareous soil only the highest rate of KCl significantly enhanced Mn uptake, whereas on the slightly acidic soil both 100 and 300 μg K g−1 treatments significantly increased Mn uptake. Different salts differed significantly in affecting Mn uptake by wheat, and their effect was observed in the order KCl > K2SO4 > > K2CO3 in both soils, with Mn uptake with K2CO3 being less than in the control. Application of KCl alone, at the higher rates, was as effective as MnSO4 alone in increasing Mn uptake by wheat. Mn uptake by wheat with dual application of MnSO4 and KCl was greater than with separate applications of MnSO4 or KCl. Addition of KCl to MnSO4 fertilizer bands increased amounts of water-soluble Mn in the fertilizer bands. K2SO4 was almost as effective as KCl in increasing water-soluble Mn in MnSO4 fertilizer bands but only for short periods of time (1–3 d). In contrast, KCl increased Mn solubility in the MnSO4 bands for periods up to 56 d. Key words: KCl fertilizer, KCl-enhanced Mn uptake, Mn availability, Mn solubility

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3

Krishnamurti, G. S. R., and P. M. Huang. "Kinetics of potassium chloride-induced Mn release from selected Mn-toxic soils of Indonesia and the United States of America." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss94-005.

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The Mn release by M KCl from two Oxisols from Indonesia and one Inceptisol from Oregon, USA was studied at different temperatures (25, 35 and 45 °C) to understand the kinetics and mechanism of Mn release from these soils, which were reported to have a Mn toxicity problem. The Mn release by M KCl continued to increase with time up to at least 772 h without reaching equilibrium. The kinetics of Mn release followed a parabolic diffusion model during the 0.25–772 h reaction period. The activation energy of Mn release, calculated from the overall diffusion coefficients, varied from 34 to 47 kJ mol−1. Even after removing the exchangeable Mn from the soils with M calcium nitrate, significant amounts of Mn were released by M KCl. Data presented indicate that ionic strength effect coupled with Cl complexation was the main mechanism governing the KCl-induced Mn release. The Mn release from the soils during the initial reaction period (0.25 h) was fast and accounted for 34–39% of the total amount of Mn released during the 772 h reaction period. The significantly high Mn release during the initial 0.25 h reaction time, the high overall diffusion coefficients of Mn release, and the high values of the pre-exponential factor (calculated from the Arrhenius equation) of Mn release from Mn-toxic soils apparently contributed to the KCl-induced Mn toxicity in these soils. Key words: Potassium chloride-induced Mn toxicity, pre-exponential factor, ionic strength, complexation

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4

Enss, C., M. Gaukler, M. Nullmeier, R. Weis, and A. Würger. "Novel Dielectric Relaxation inLi+doped KCl." Physical Review Letters 78, no. 2 (January 13, 1997): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.78.370.

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5

Tornow, M., R. Weis, G. Weiss, C. Enss, and S. Hunklinger. "Dielectric measurements on Li+ doped KCl." Physica B: Condensed Matter 194-196 (February 1994): 1063–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)90861-3.

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6

Zhang, Y., C. H. Cheng, X. S. Yang, C. Ke, and Y. Zhao. "Superconductivity and ferromagnetism in Mn-doped La0.84PrSr0.16CuO4 and Mn-doped LaPr0.88Ce0.12CuO4." Physics Procedia 27 (2012): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.404.

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7

Enss, C., M. Gaukler, S. Hunklinger, M. Tornow, R. Weis, and A. Würger. "Low-frequency dielectric susceptibility ofLi+-doped KCl." Physical Review B 53, no. 18 (May 1, 1996): 12094–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.53.12094.

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8

Heynderickx, I., E. Goovaerts, S. V. Nistor, and D. Schoemaker. "Site-switchedTl0atoms inTl+-doped NaCl and KCl." Physical Review B 33, no. 3 (February 1, 1986): 1559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.33.1559.

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9

Sato, K., G. A. Medvedkin, T. Ishibashi, S. Mitani, K. Takanashi, Y. Ishida, D. D. Sarma, et al. "Novel Mn-doped chalcopyrites." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 64, no. 9-10 (September 2003): 1461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(03)00101-x.

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10

Zhai, Q., J. Li, J. S. Lewis, K. A. Waldrip, K. Jones, P. H. Holloway, M. Davidson, and N. Evans. "Microstructure and electroluminescence of ZnS:Mn doped with KCl." Thin Solid Films 414, no. 1 (July 2002): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(02)00435-2.

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11

Yamada, Tomoharu, Junji Ozaki, and Toshihiko Kataoka. "Electroplastic effect in Ca2+-doped KCl single crystals." Philosophical Magazine A 58, no. 2 (August 1988): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418618808209932.

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12

Firstov, S. V., M. Zhao, L. Su, Q. Yang, L. D. Iskhakova, E. G. Firstova, S. V. Alyshev, K. E. Riumkin, and E. M. Dianov. "Optical properties of bismuth-doped KCl and SrF2crystals." Laser Physics 26, no. 9 (August 5, 2016): 096201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660x/26/9/096201.

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13

Borisenko, E. B., and B. A. Gnesin. "Recrystallization of pure and strontium-doped KCl crystals." Physics of the Solid State 41, no. 2 (February 1999): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1130758.

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14

Sokólska, I. "On the Photoluminescence of Mn2+ Doped KCl Crystals." physica status solidi (b) 172, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): K33—K36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221720148.

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15

Cywiński, R. "Fluorescence in Doubly Doped KCl: Eu2+, Sm2+ Crystals." physica status solidi (b) 186, no. 2 (December 1, 1994): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221860226.

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16

Lifante, G., P. Silfsten, F. Cussó, and F. Jaque. "(F2+)H-Centre Production in Molecule-Doped KCl." physica status solidi (b) 159, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): K37—K42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221590242.

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17

Reddy, B. Jagan Mohan, Shareefuddin, M. Narasimha Chary, and Katta Narasimha Reddy. "Ionic Conductivity Studies in Yttrium-doped KCl Crystals." Crystal Research and Technology 28, no. 1 (1993): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170280115.

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18

Weis, Robert, and Christian Enss. "High-frequency dielectric susceptibility of Li+ doped KCl." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 46, S5 (May 1996): 2557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02570265.

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19

Pradeep, K. R., and Ranjani Viswanatha. "Doped or not doped? Importance of the local structure of Mn (II) in Mn doped perovskite nanocrystals." Materials Research Bulletin 141 (September 2021): 111374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111374.

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20

Jiang, Xueyue, Fufang Wu, and Hongtao Wang. "Yb-Doped BaCeO3 and Its Composite Electrolyte for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Materials 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2019): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050739.

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BaCe0.9Yb0.1O3−α was prepared via the sol-gel method using zirconium nitrate, ytterbium trioxide, cerium nitrate and barium acetate as raw materials. Subsequently, it reacted with the binary NaCl~KCl salt to obtain BaCe0.9Yb0.1O3−α-NaCl~KCl composite electrolyte. The structure, morphology, conductivity and fuel cell performance of the obtained samples were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that BaCe0.9Yb0.1O3−α and NaCl~KCl combined with each other to form a homogeneous 3-D reticulated structure. The highest power density and conductivity of BaCe0.9Yb0.1O3−α-NaCl~KCl was 393 mW·cm−2 and 3.0 × 10−1 S·cm−1 at 700 °C, respectively.

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21

Cui, Yumin, Ruijuan Shi, Junlong Liu, Hongtao Wang, and Huiquan Li. "Yb2O3 Doped Zr0.92Y0.08O2-α(8YSZ) and Its Composite Electrolyte for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Materials 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101824.

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Yb3+ and Y3+ double doped ZrO2 (8YSZ+4Yb2O3) samples were synthesized by a solid state reaction method. Moreover, 8YSZ+4Yb2O3-NaCl/KCl composites were also successfully produced at different temperatures. The 8YSZ+4Yb2O3, 8YSZ+4Yb2O3-NaCl/KCl (800 °C), and 8YSZ+4Yb2O3-NaCl/KCl (1000 °C) samples were characterized by x–ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that a dense composite electrolyte was formed at a low temperature of 800 °C. The maximum conductivities of 4.7 × 10−2 S·cm−1, 6.1 × 10−1 S·cm−1, and 3.8 × 10−1 S·cm−1 were achieved for the 8YSZ+4Yb2O3, 8YSZ+4Yb2O3-NaCl/KCl (800 °C), and 8YSZ+4Yb2O3-NaCl/KCl (1000 °C) samples at 700 °C, respectively. The logσ~log (pO2) plot result showed that the 8YSZ+4Yb2O3-NaCl/KCl (800 °C) composite electrolyte is a virtually pure ionic conductor. An excellent performance of the 8YSZ+4Yb2O3-NaCl/KCl (800 °C) composite was obtained with a maximum power density of 364 mW·cm−2 at 700 °C.

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22

PODDER, JIBAN, RICHARD WILLIAM EVITTS, and ROBERT WILLIAM BESANT. "EFFECT OF LEAD CHLORIDE ON THE GROWTH AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CRYSTALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS." Surface Review and Letters 21, no. 04 (August 2014): 1450044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x14500449.

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Pure potassium chloride ( KCl ) and lead chloride ( PbCl 2)-doped KCl crystals were grown from saturated aqueous solutions by a solvent evaporation process. The effects of Pb 2+ on the surface morphology, structural and mechanical properties of KCl crystal were investigated. The surface morphology of the cubic structured crystals was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and the elemental mappings at the microstructural level were determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The mass growth rate was found to decrease when the Pb 2+ ions were present and the volume growth flux was also found to decrease with time and initial concentration of impurity. A Vickers micro-hardness study shows that Pb -doped KCl crystals are harder than pure KCl crystals.

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23

Xiu, Faxian. "Magnetic Mn-Doped Ge Nanostructures." ISRN Condensed Matter Physics 2012 (May 7, 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/198590.

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With the seemly limit of scaling on CMOS microelectronics fast approaching, spintronics has received enormous attention as it promises next-generation nanometric magnetoelectronic devices; particularly, the electric field control of ferromagnetic transition in dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) systems offers the magnetoelectronic devices a potential for low power consumption and low variability. Special attention has been given to technologically important group IV semiconductor based DMSs, with a prominent position for Mn doped Ge. In this paper, we will first review the current theoretical understanding on the ferromagnetism in MnxGe1−x DMS, pointing out the possible physics models underlying the complicated ferromagnetic behavior of MnxGe1−x. Then we carry out detailed analysis of MnxGe1−x thin films and nanostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We show that with zero and one dimension quantum structures, superior magnetic properties of MnxGe1−x compared with bulk films can be obtained. More importantly, with MnxGe1−x nanostructures, such as quantum dots, we demonstrate a field controlled ferromagnetism up to 100 K. Finally we provide a prospective of the future development of ferromagnetic field effect transistors and magnetic tunneling junctions/memories using dilute and metallic MnxGe1−x dots, respectively. We also point out the bottleneck problems in these fields and rendering possible solutions to realize practical spintronic devices.

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24

Zhang, F. M., Y. Zeng, J. Gao, X. C. Liu, X. S. Wu, and Y. W. Du. "Ferromagnetism in Mn-doped silicon." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 282 (November 2004): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.04.049.

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25

Novotortsev, V. M., G. G. Shabunina, L. I. Koroleva, T. G. Aminov, R. V. Demin, and S. V. Boichuk. "Superparamagnetism in Mn-doped CuGaTe2." Inorganic Materials 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168507010049.

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26

Jimenez, E., L. Arizmendi, and J. M. Cabrera. "Luminescence of Mn-doped Bi4Ge3O12." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 21, no. 7 (March 10, 1988): 1299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/21/7/017.

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27

Han, Doo Suk, Jeunghee Park, Kung Won Rhie, Soonkyu Kim, and Joonyeon Chang. "Ferromagnetic Mn-doped GaN nanowires." Applied Physics Letters 86, no. 3 (January 17, 2005): 032506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1852725.

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28

Yang, S. G., T. Li, B. X. Gu, Y. W. Du, H. Y. Sung, S. T. Hung, C. Y. Wong, and A. B. Pakhomov. "Ferromagnetism in Mn-doped CuO." Applied Physics Letters 83, no. 18 (November 3, 2003): 3746–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1623944.

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29

Luo, H., Q. Gibson, J. Krizan, and R. J. Cava. "Ferromagnetism in Mn-doped Sb2Te." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 26, no. 20 (May 1, 2014): 206002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/26/20/206002.

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30

Brzozowski, R., M. Wasiak, H. Piekarski, P. Sovak, P. Uznański, and M. E. Moneta. "Properties of Mn-doped FINEMET." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 470, no. 1-2 (February 2009): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.02.048.

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31

Agrawal, Khusboo, Banarji Behera, S. C. Sahoo, S. K. Rout, Ashok Kumar, and Piyush R. Das. "Mn doped multiferroic in Ga0.97Nd0.03FeO3electroceramics." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 536 (October 2021): 168121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168121.

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32

Kandalam, Anil K., Gang Chen, and Puru Jena. "Unique magnetic coupling between Mn doped stannaspherenes Mn@Sn12." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 14 (April 7, 2008): 143109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2896608.

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33

Liu, Shiyuan, and Lijun Wang. "Controlled Preparation of Different Proportions of Metal Fe-Mn from Waste Mn Ferrite by Molten Salt Electrolysis." Processes 8, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121647.

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A novel method for efficiently recovering Fe and Mn from waste Mn ferrite by molten salt electrolysis is firstly proposed. The electrolysis of molten salt (MnCl2 (1.06 wt%)-FeCl3 (2.69 wt%)-NaCl-KCl) was performed at 800 °C. The phase of product at 2.0 V was metal Fe while metal Fe and Mn were obtained by molten salt electrolysis at 2.3 V. The Fe/Mn mass ratio of electrodeposited products at 2.0 V and 2.3 V were 687 and 3.2, respectively. The different proportions of metal Fe-Mn were prepared by controlling the electrolytic voltages. This new method can realize direct transformation of waste Mn ferrite to Fe-Mn alloy.

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34

Oliveira, L., C. M. G. S. Cruz, M. A. P. Silva, and M. Siu Li. "Optical and structural characterizations of Cu+-doped KCl films." Thin Solid Films 250, no. 1-2 (October 1994): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(94)90197-x.

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35

Song, Xiaofeng, Qi Qi, Tong Zhang, and Ce Wang. "A humidity sensor based on KCl-doped SnO2 nanofibers." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 138, no. 1 (April 2009): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.02.027.

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36

Weiss, G., M. Hübner, and C. Enss. "Sound velocity and internal friction of Li-doped KCl." Physica B: Condensed Matter 263-264 (March 1999): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(98)01395-7.

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37

Kadono, R., R. F. Kiefl, W. A. MacFarlane, and S. R. Dunsiger. "Diffusion and localization of muonium in Na-doped KCl." Physical Review B 53, no. 6 (February 1, 1996): 3177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.53.3177.

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38

Kang, Jun-Gill, So-Kyung Ju, Seoung-Won Lee, and Youn-Doo Kim. "Luminescence of KCl single crystals doped with Ge atoms." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 7, no. 37 (September 11, 1995): 7387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/7/37/011.

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39

Nancheva, N. M., K. I. Terzijski, and P. L. Mishev. "Positron annihilation study in Ca2+ and Sr2+-doped KCl." Crystal Research and Technology 23, no. 3 (March 1988): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170230330.

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40

Hiromitsu, Ichiro, Shinobu Ohkubo, Jun Takeuchi, and Takashi Ito. "Antiferromagnetism of Iodine Doped AlPcF Film Deposited on KCl." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 233, no. 1 (September 1993): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259308054961.

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41

Nakaruk, A., C. Y. W. Lin, D. Channei, P. Koshy, and C. C. Sorrell. "Fe-doped and Mn-doped titanium dioxide thin films." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (October 18, 2011): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2607-4.

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42

Little, I. P. "The fate of nitrogen fertilisers added to red gradational soils at Batlow, New South Wales, and its implications with respect to soil acidity." Soil Research 35, no. 4 (1997): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96094.

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Red gradational soils at Batlow, in New South Wales, which are used for apple growing, have acid subsoils with exchangeable aluminium (Al) frequently in excess of exchangeable calcium (Ca). There is often inadequate Ca in the fruit cortex of post-harvest apples to maintain good fruit quality and this can lead to losses in cool-store. It is possible that Al in these acid subsoils has interfered with Ca uptake by the trees. The excessive use of nitrogenous fertilisers leads to soil acidity, and it was thought likely that this was exacerbating the subsoil acidity common in the district. In October 1992, soil analysis detected considerable ammonium in the surface 0·3 m at orchard sites at Batlow monitored for mineral nitrogen (N). This probably came from heavy spring dressings of fertiliser. One site examined in detail showed that about half of the ammonium had disappeared by January 1993, but a large nitrate envelope appeared with a peak at 0·6 m which in turn disappeared by April that year. This establishes that heavy applications of ammonium are nitrified, leached into the subsoil, and lost. Under such a high N regime, orchard soil profiles should be more acid than adjacent forest soils. However, it was found that the acidity of the surface soil was less, and the exchangeable Ca greater in the orchard soils, compared with soil profiles in the adjacent eucalypt forest, although amelioration of the subsoils had not occurred. Samples taken from representative sites at Batlow, at the 0–0·1, 0·1–0·2, and 0·3–0·4 m depths, were dosed with ammonium sulfate and leached with water in the laboratory for 23 days in a free-draining environment. Nitrate and ammonium were determined in the leachates. At the end of the experiment, the pH and exchangeable Ca, Mg, and Mn were determined in the leached samples. Only the neutral surface soils were able to nitrify ammonium effectively and nitrification was positively correlated with pH, and with exchangeable Ca and Mg. From this it is argued that the acidity produced by the addition of ammonium sulfate or urea will be nitrified in the surface but the acidity produced will be neutralised, provided it is accompanied by an adequate dressing of lime. Ammonium tends to remain in the surface soil, but if leached, it will not be nitrified in the subsoil. Nitrate leached into the subsoil will not be acid-forming but, if denitrified, may help to reduce acidity. For this work, the soil pH was measured in 1 KCl. So that readers can refer this to the pH in 0·01 CaCl2, a relationship was established between the two measures.

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43

Zhu, Yonggang, Lifen Han, Lin Chen, Xinhui Zhang, and Jianhua Zhao. "Electron spin dynamics in heavily Mn-doped (Ga,Mn)As." Applied Physics Letters 97, no. 26 (December 27, 2010): 262109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3531754.

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44

Zampieri, G., M. Abbate, F. Prado, and A. Caneiro. "Mn-2p XPS spectra of differently hole-doped Mn perovskites." Solid State Communications 123, no. 1-2 (July 2002): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(02)00233-8.

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45

Xiao, Q. F., S. Kahwaji, T. L. Monchesky, R. A. Gordon, and E. D. Crozier. "Local environment of Mn in Mn delta-doped Si layers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 190 (November 1, 2009): 012101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/190/1/012101.

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46

SINGH, MAN, and HIDEKI MATSUOKA. "EFFECT OF IONIC SIZES OF HALIDE ANIONS OF POTASSIUM SALTS ON SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSIONS OF BENZENE AND WATER INTERFACES FOR MUTUAL MIXING." Surface Review and Letters 16, no. 05 (October 2009): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x09013219.

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Surface tension (γ, mN/m) of potassium halide salts with water and interfacial tension (IFT) (±0.01 mN/m) of benzene interfaces with water are reported at 298.15 K temperature. The 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mol kg-1 potassium fluoride ( KF ), chloride ( KCl ), bromide ( KBr ) and potassium iodide ( KI ) solutions were studied. The KCl, KBr, KF and KI increased the surface tension by 5.2, 4.0, 3.1 and 3.0%, respectively, with salt–water interaction influence by anionic sizes. The surface tension of water from air–water to benzene–water interfaces is decreased by 51% due to the benzene–water mutual interaction with dipolar and π-conjugation. The KI, KF, KCl and KBr salts decrease the IFT by 63, 61, 61 and 56%, respectively, because of larger differences in sizes of the anions and the K + with individual salt. The KI developed stronger interactions with an induced potential of a large sized I - anion that held the water engaged and integrated the aqueous phase with higher interfacial tension. The dipolar and π-conjugation interaction model is proposed with biphasic systems.

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47

Little, IP. "An examination of some acid soils at Batlow, New-South-Wales." Soil Research 31, no. 4 (1993): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930437.

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This paper has two components. Firstly it evaluates a set of data for the apple-growing soils of the Batlow district. Secondly it makes some comments on the use of silver thiourea for the determination of exchangeable Al and Mn and the estimation of exchangeable Al by titration of 1 M KCl suspensions. A group of 21 profiles from soils used for apple-growing in the Batlow District were examined in the laboratory. It was found that many of the soils were very acidic, especially in the subsoil. Dilute CaCl2 extracted as much as 50 �g g-1 of Al and considerable exchangeable Al was extracted by silver thiourea. Exchangeable Ca levels were usually adequate for plant growth, hence low levels in apple fruit may reflect the adverse effect of Al on Ca uptake by the plant. Potassium levels were low and may be marginal in some cases and Mg tended to be low in the surface. Principal component analysis showed 77% of the variation in the data was accounted for by three independent components, one involving pH, exchangeable Ca and Al, one involving K and Mg and one involving exchangeable Mn. It was demonstrated that silver thiourea does not replace Al as effectively as the basic exchangeable cations. Also, thiourea reduces Mn so that low values will be obtained for exchangeable Al in soils with much easily reducible Mn because of the increase in pH that accompanies reduction. Silver thiourea appears to overestimate exchangeable Al in some soils with very low cation exchange capacity. Titration of clay suspensions in 1 M KCl is a satisfactory and reliable way of measuring exchangeable Al that also enables an assessment of pH-dependent charge. The method used by the USDA Soil Survey Staff, viz. equilibration of soil samples with 1 M KCl for 16 h, filtration, and determination of Al also gives reproducible results and is taken as the standard. Successive leaching with portions of 1 M KCl tends to give low values for exchangeable Al.

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Jafarian, M., A. Maleki, I. Danaee, F. Gobal, and M. G. Mahjani. "Electrodeposition of Al, Mn, and Al–Mn Alloy on aluminum electrodes from molten salt (AlCl3–NaCl–KCl)." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 39, no. 8 (January 30, 2009): 1297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9799-0.

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Abad, Antonio, Luis Estañ, Francisco J. Morales-Olivas, and Vicente Serra. "Reactivity of isolated human chorionic vessels: analysis of some influencing variables." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-119.

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The aim of the study was to determine whether 24 h of cold storage of samples, mode of delivery, and gestational age influenced in vitro human chorionic vascular reactivity (35 arteries and 34 veins). The following groups were compared: (i) fresh versus 24-h cold-stored (4 °C in Krebs–Henseleit solution) chorionic vascular rings from normal term placentas, (ii) fresh chorionic vascular rings from normal term placentas obtained after vaginal delivery versus those obtained after elective caesarean section, and (iii) fresh chorionic vascular rings from normal term placentas versus those obtained from preterm deliveries. Isometric recording of the concentration–response curve to KCl (5–120 mM) was assesed in each group. In vitro human chorionic vascular reactivity was influenced negatively by the 24-h cold storage of samples, with only 30% of stored samples being weakly reactive to KCl. Human chorionic vascular reactivity to KCl was unaffected by the mode of delivery. However, the response to KCl was gestational-age dependent. Thus, preterm vascular rings exhibited a significantly (P < 0.05) decreased response (Emax = 9.8 ± 0.0 mN; EC50 = 26.0 ± 1.3 mM) compared with term samples (Emax = 21.6 ± 2 mN; EC50 = 13.9 ± 1.6 mM). In conclusion, this study provides evidence that fresh term vascular rings are the tissues of choice for studying human chorionic vascular reactivity.Key words: human chorionic vessels, placenta, vascular reactivity.

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Swatsitang, Ekaphan, and A. Pimsawat. "Magnetic Properties of Mn Doped NiO." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.857.

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ABINIT program package based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) within the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) and plane wave basis set are used to calculate the magnetic properties of Mn doped NiO. It was found that the magnetic properties of Mn doped NiO were changed from anti-ferromagnetic (pure NiO) to ferromagnetism. Increasing the concentrations of Mn, the magnetization of Mn doped NiO were increased (Ni31MnO32 = 66.69 µB, Ni30Mn2O32 = 69.59 µB and Ni29Mn3O32 = 72.42 µB).

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