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Journal articles on the topic 'Mob lynching'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Tolnay, Stewart E., and E. M. Beck. "“Racialized Terrorism” in the American South: Do Completed Lynchings Tell an Accurate Story?" Social Science History 42, no. 4 (2018): 677–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.22.

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Past empirical research into the history of racially motivated mob violence in the American South has relied almost exclusively on the record of completed lynchings. In this article, we propose that a better definition of “racialized terrorism” would also include the record of lynching threats. Using a newly available confirmed inventory of lynching threats for 11 Southern states from 1880 to 1929, we demonstrate that the total quantum of racialized terrorism nearly doubles when completed lynchings and lynching threats are combined, with some states and decades affected more than others. Parallel analyses suggest that previous conclusions regarding important environmental predictors of Southern mob violence, such as agricultural specialty, political party strength, and racial population composition, are robust to an expansion of racialized terrorism to include threatened lynchings. However, sufficient differences are found between the predictors of completed and threatened lynchings to suggest the need for future researchers to consider broadening the measurement of racialized terrorism.

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2

Patel, Avanish Bhai. "Is Mob Lynching a Contemporary Social Problem in India?" International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 9 (July 7, 2020): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.30.

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The cases of mob lynching against the vulnerable groups are the matter of grave concern in contemporary Indian Society which is the worst form of crime against humanity. Today, people belong to vulnerable groups such as minorities and Dalits are seriously attacked and assaulted to death by a mob of people of a particular community. These cases of mob lynching definitely affect the way of life and sense of well-being of minorities and Dalits to a large extent causing a fracture in their social and personal status in society which they have got as a human being. The objectives of the study are to understand the nature of mob lynching in the socio-cultural context of India and to examine the linkage between social media and mob lynching. The present study employs content analysis for the study of mob lynching. The data have been collected from lynching affected regions of the country through various Newspapers (Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express and The Times of India etc., Delhi Edition) and monthly magazines (India Today and Economic Political Weekly etc.). The cases of mob lynching have been collected from March, 2013 to September, 2019. The study has found that the cases of lynching are committed against minorities and Dalits due to suspicion of beef consuming, cow slaughtering, skinning of dead cows child lifting, and theft. The study also indicates that most of cases of mob lynching are committed due to fake news, rumors and hate speeches which are circulated on social media platforms.

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3

Seger, Maria. "Deferred Lynching and the Moral High Ground in Charles W. Chesnutt’s The Marrow of Tradition." Nineteenth-Century Literature 73, no. 1 (2018): 94–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2018.73.1.94.

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Maria Seger, “Deferred Lynching and the Moral High Ground in Charles W. Chesnutt’s The Marrow of Tradition” (pp. 94–118) As a literary trope, deferred lynching can attempt to establish lynching as a moral act: the deferral implies that mobs never lynch innocent men or that they always allow the law to take its course under normal (unexceptional) circumstances. But in some canonical literature at the end of the nineteenth century, the deferred lynching instead serves to critique this alleged morality of lynching. Throughout these texts, the persistent underlying threat of extralegal violence is revealed to undergird a system of exploitation on which racial capitalism depends. Taken together, then, this body of work featuring deferred lynching suggests how racial capitalism has managed to escape blame for extralegal violence for so long: by constructing its own generosity as the reason for lynching’s deferment rather than recognizing its structural role in inspiring and profiting from lynching violence. In Charles W. Chesnutt’s The Marrow of Tradition (1901), the deferred lynching of a black servant, brokered through a gentlemen’s agreement between elite white men, demonstrates that the forces encouraging the mob are not motivated by doing the right thing but instead by economic and political gain. But by deferring the lynching instead of executing it, the white elite maintains its claim to the moral high ground while still reaping the economic and political benefits that executed lynchings provided. In exposing the paradoxical rhetoric of lynching in this way, Chesnutt’s novel attends to the parallels between the white elite’s justification of lynching and the defense of unequal personhood and uneven risk under racial capitalism.

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Dr. Ganesh Dubey and Anchit Verma. "Mob Lynching: Socio-legal Morality." Legal Research Development: An International Refereed e-Journal 3, no. III (2019): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v3n3.02.

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Now a day’s mob lynching is becoming huge problem in our society, ‘social clashes and intolerance are the triggers to fire,’ ‘bullet of such lynching.’ In this research paper backdrop and categories of mob lynching discussed along with its effect and statutory provisions in India. Reasons, suggestions and solutions are the main focus of this research paper.

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5

Nabanita, Baruah. "Mob Lynching in India: A Threat to Mankind." Annual International Journal on Analysis of Contemporary Legal Affairs 1 (February 10, 2021): 409–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4884777.

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<strong><em>In recent years, the surge in mob lynching incidents has been the talk of the town which is a matter of grave concern. India being a democratic country has been facing this unfavorable form of crime against humanity, due to fake news, rumors, hate speeches, lack of awareness, etc. This form of crime is generally committed against vulnerable and marginalized groups. Mob lynching is a threat to mankind and its way of life. The objectives of this essay are to understand the nature, effects, and solutions of this heinous crime. Lynching has not been yet characterized under the Indian legal system and there are no codified laws in respect of lynching. However, the Apex Court in the Poonawalla case issued certain guidelines and also recommended that there has to be an enactment of a special law on mob lynching as it is high time. This essay gives a content analysis of the sudden rise in mob lynching incidents in India, its various causes, and solutions with examples and judgments.</em></strong>

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6

Sharma, Nirbhay Kumar, and Vibha Shrivastva. "The Role of Political Parties in Mob Lynching- A Comprehensive Analysis." International Journal of Research 12, no. 2 (2025): 744–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15486719.

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<em>This research paper aims to explore and analyze the role of political parties in the occurrence and perpetuation of mob lynching incidents. Mob lynching refers to the act of a group of people taking the law into their own hands, resulting in the extrajudicial killing of an individual or group. The study investigates the factors that contribute to mob lynching incidents and examines the influence of political parties on shaping public sentiment, promoting polarization, and exacerbating social divisions. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the complex interplay between political parties, socio-political dynamics, and mob violence, emphasizing the need for effective policy measures and social awareness campaigns to address this grave issue.</em>

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7

Priyansh Samadhiya and Dr. Mamta Mishra. "Mob Lynching: A New Form of Collective Violence." Legal Research Development 7, no. IV (2023): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v7n4.5.

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Mob violence has become a grave concern in the socio-political landscape of India. Lynching is a planned extra-legal killing by a gathering. It is most frequently used to describe an informal public a supposed offender, or to threaten a gathering. Mob lynching is the point at which an uncivilized crowd endeavors to assume control over equity, as opposed to following legitimate fair treatment. India has observed a strange expansion in wrongdoing connected with crowd viciousness, for the sake of religion, capturing, and so on however, the plague spread as careful against cow butcher, later spread to hijacking and different kinds of wrongdoing. This article suggests that judicial intervention is most effectively understood through the lens of mob violence and hate crimes. In recent times, India has seen a surge in incidents of mob lynching, with minority groups, notably Muslims and Dalits, being the primary targets. This research article examines the consistent trends in such group-led aggression and emphasizes the urgent need for a clear law that classifies mob lynching and prescribes its consequences.

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8

Nirbhay, Kumar Sharma, and Vibha Shrivastva Dr. "VICTIM COMPENSATION & SUPPORT MECHANISM IN CASES OF MOB LYNCHING: A HUMAN RIGHTS PROSPECTIVE." Indian Journal of Law and Society II, no. 2 (2024): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11115737.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <em>Mob lynching is a heinous form of violence in which a group of people takes the law into their own hands and perpetrates brutal acts against individuals they suspect of committing a crime, often based on misinformation or prejudice. This research paper examines the victim compensation and support mechanisms available to victims of mob lynching. It delves into the existing legal framework, challenges faced by victims in seeking justice, and the role of various stakeholders in providing assistance and support to the affected individuals and their families. </em> <strong>Keywords</strong>- Mob lynching, Heinous, Prejudice, Mechanisms etc.

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9

Nargis, Choudhury. "Mob Lynching as a New Offence Emerging in India: A Study with a Special Reference to Assam." Annual International Journal on Analysis of Contemporary Legal Affairs 1 (February 10, 2021): 346–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4876468.

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<strong><em>In the 21<sup>st</sup> century, India has become a country where various heinous offences and incidents are increasing rapidly, without any fear of punishment. During the past few years, the cases of Mob lynching have been increased.  In the name of religion, kidnapping, child-lifters, witch hunting for the past few years, the nation has been witnessing an increase in offences like lynching incidents related to mob violence which is unusual. Lynching, a form of violence can be defined as informal mass executions in which a mob under administering justice without any trial, execute a presumed offender and punish them. In recent years, there have been many such incidents in India, especially in Assam, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Mumbai, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, etc. Cases have increased to an alarming extent where many people have lost their lives. Under the Indian Law, there is no legal specific provision for lynching. It is the need of the hour to have a special law or separate category of offence under the Indian Legal system to curb the incidents of lynching and mob violence.</em></strong>

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10

Dr. Neeraj Malik. "Mob Lynching and Vigilantism in India: Analyzing Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023." Indian Journal of Law 2, no. 4 (2024): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/ijl.v2.i4.37.

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Lynching in the US, especially after Reconstruction, symbolises racial injustice and white domination. Lynching was not limited to African Americans, although they were disproportionately targeted. Lynching began as frontier justice during the Revolutionary War but became a tool of racial terror and social manipulation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In lynching analysis, the "frustration-aggression" hypothesis suggests that economic hardship, demographic shifts, and political discontent may exacerbate mob violence. When people or organisations are irritated by perceived threats to their social or economic status, they may behave aggressively, including lynching. The term "lynching" comes from Revolutionary War Virginia colonel Charles Lynch. Lynch and other local landowners created an informal court system to combat governmental power breakdown and protect their communities from theft and other crimes. Under "Lynch's law," criminals were captured, prosecuted, and punished without due process. Lynch's law expanded to include other forms of extrajudicial vengeance in the US. Vigilance committees, popular in areas without strong law enforcement, sought to quickly impose extralegal vengeance.

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11

Smith, Reed W. "Southern Journalists and Lynching: The Statesboro Case Study." Journalism & Communication Monographs 7, no. 2 (2005): 51–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152263790500700201.

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Historians who have studied the rampant lynching era in the Southern United States that spanned the years between the 1880s and the 1930s have speculated that newspapers actually encouraged the atrocities. This study examines the coverage of one of the more infamous lynchings of this era to determine if such conjecture holds up under closer scrutiny. In 1904, a white mob burned two black men at the stake in Statesboro, Georgia, for allegedly murdering a white family. While some of the previous assessments of journalistic activity are confirmed, this examination reveals that the relationship between journalists and those who participated in lynchings was more complex than previously depicted. It appears there was an active debate taking place among Georgia editors and readers concerning not only the efficacy of lynchings, but also the role newspapers were playing in the deadly activity.

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12

Prasad, Dwarika, and Kuldeep Singh. "LYNCHING BY MOB IN INDIA: WHY?" REVIEW JOURNAL PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL SCIENCE 48, no. 2 (2023): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31995/rjpss.2023.v48i01.036.

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13

Uroko, Favour, and Chidinma Precious Ukeachusim. "Proportionality as a Moral Principle in Punishment: Examining the Issue of Lynching/Jungle Justice in Nigeria Through the Lens of I Kings 21:1-19." Perspectiva Teológica 57, no. 1 (2025): e05800. https://doi.org/10.20911/21768757v57n1e05800/2025.

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This study examines I Kings 21:1-19 and its significance to the increasing mob lynching across Nigeria. I Kings 21:1-19 records the narrative of Naboth, who was lynched on the basis of a false allegation against him. Naboth was lynched by stoning. Jungle justice is also known as lynching and arbitrary execution, and it is on the rise in Nigeria. In 2022, Nigeria recorded more than ten cases of jungle justice, with the killing and burning of a female college student on false allegations. The government also seems to be carefree with regard to the arrest and prosecution of those involved in jungle justice, which has given boldness to perpetrators. This study used literary analysis to engage the text and the context. This article argues that the themes presented in I Kings 21:1-15 advocates for both proactive and reactive measures to prevent the occurrence of jungle justice. Keywords: I Kings 21:1-19. Jungle Justice. Naboth. Lynching. Mob Action.

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14

Sangai, Khurshid. "Mob Lynching in Pakistan: An Integrated Conceptual Model." Pakistan Social Sciences Review 4, no. I (2020): 688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-i)53.

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15

Atram, Vikrantshah. "LYNCHING CRIMES AND ITS EFFECTS ON INDIA." AGPE THE ROYAL GONDWANA RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY, SCIENCE, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 1, no. 1 (2020): 61–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4752265.

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AGPE The Royal Gondwana Research Journal  is Multidisciplinary | Annually | Printed | ISSN 2582:8800 | A Peer Reviewed.  Journal is devoted to Professors, Research Scholars, Students, Teachers, Educationists for the recent education & research.

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16

Minakashi, Kumawat. "IPC to BNS: A Leap Forward in Indian Criminal Justice – A Comparative Study." International Journal of Academic Research 11, no. 3 (2024): 103–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982920.

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<strong>Abstract: </strong>India has started a revolutionary journey by introducing The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, which repeals the criminal laws from the colonial era. The goal of this new law is to effectively solve the complex issues while also harmonizing with the core values of Indian society, thereby transforming the legal landscape. The controversial sedition legislation, which has frequently been used to suppress dissent and violate civil freedoms, is abolished along with the comprehensive reforms that especially target severe crimes like terrorism, organized crime, corruption, mob lynching, and mob lynching. By doing this, these laws uphold the dedication to defending democratic values and guaranteeing the impartial and open administration of justice. The new legislative framework improves the efficacy and efficiency of the justice system by using cutting-edge technologies. The law emphasizes several key points.

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17

Barton, John Cyril. "“Foul Abolition Calumny”: Reframing Racial Violence in William Wells Brown’s Clotel & the Antebellum Press." American Literary History 36, no. 2 (2024): 385–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajae036.

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Abstract By situating Brown within [gallows literature and anti-lynching activism] traditions, I argue that Clotel constitutes a critical inflection point: an early African American literary intervention in public discourses about criminalized Black people and white mob violence.

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18

Williams, K. E. "Lynching beyond Dixie: American Mob Violence outside the South." Journal of American History 101, no. 1 (2014): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jau338.

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19

Broussard. "New Perspectives on Lynching, Race Riots, and Mob Violence." Journal of American Ethnic History 30, no. 3 (2011): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.30.3.0071.

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20

MASON, PATRICK Q. "Lynching Beyond Dixie: American Mob Violence Outside the South." Utah Historical Quarterly 82, no. 2 (2014): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45062780.

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21

Dhaka, Komal. "Regulatory vacuum in area of mob lynching in India." International Journal of Political Science and Governance 7, no. 3 (2025): 95–97. https://doi.org/10.33545/26646021.2025.v7.i3b.467.

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22

Odartey-Wellington, Felix, Amin Alhassan, and Sarah MacRae. "‘Newsworthy victims’: The killing of Maxwell Mahama and the culture of lynching in Ghana." Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies 9, no. 3 (2020): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00015_1.

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Following the 2017 killing of Maxwell Adam Mahama by a lynch mob in Ghana, this article engages with the subject of lynching in Ghana through a content analysis of newsmedia items relating to the practice. While reactions to Mahama’s killing invite optimism that lynching as a form of instant (in)justice is being problematized in Ghana, this study leads to a less optimistic position. State, media and public responses to Mahama’s killing were compared vis-à-vis similar killings of two police officers ‐ Jerry Wornoo and Richard Owusu-Sekyere ‐ in 1998. Drawing on the relevant literature, this study concluded that a number of factors combined to make Mahama, Wornoo and Owusu-Sekyere ‘newsworthy victims’. In contrast, victims in several lynching cases reported by Ghanaian media between 1999 and May 2017 were not deemed newsworthy, thus attracting less attention. Consequently, there have been missed opportunities following the Wornoo and Owusu-Sekyere killings to make critical systemic interventions in Ghana to prevent lynching. Hence, it is argued, the mere sensationalization of Mahama’s lynching may not trigger the requisite systemic social change. Recommendations are made to harness the momentum from Mahama’s killing to address instant (in)justice.

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23

Kloppe-SantamarÍa, Gema. "Deadly Rumors: Lynching, Hearsay, and Hierarchies of Credibility in Mexico." Journal of Social History 55, no. 1 (2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shab037.

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This article examines the role of rumors in the collectivization of violence in twentieth-century Mexico. By focusing on a series of cases of lynching driven by rumors of child theft and the stealing of children’s bodily fluids and organs, the article reveals the hierarchies of credibility that make rumors an effective tool to trigger and escalate violence. The article’s main argument is that rumors become deadly or “weaponized” in the form of lynchings in contexts where anxieties and fears regarding processes of modernization and economic exploitation intersect with citizens’ perception of the state as unable or unwilling to provide security and justice. In twentieth-century Mexico, what made rumors vectors of lethal violence was not only a context of collective fear and economic uncertainty, but also their credibility vis-à-vis other forms of knowledge. Such credibility was grounded on citizens’ keen sense of distrust in state authorities and on people’s belief that without recourse to lynching, crimes would go unpunished. Adding to the credibility of these rumors was also the lynched victim’s actual or perceived condition as foreign or external to the community where the lynching took place, a condition that made them more likely to be the subject of rumors involving the extraction and exploitation of local resources. Child-theft rumors occupy a central place in Mexico’s contemporary context of insecurity. This article provides a historical reflection on the connections between hearsay, mob violence, and citizens’ long-term experiences of exploitation, state neglect, and impunity.

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24

Alexander, Shawn Leigh. "Lynching Beyond Dixie: American Mob Violence Outside of the South." Annals of Iowa 73, no. 1 (2014): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12047.

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25

Wynn, Neil A. "Thurston (Robert W.), Lynching : American Mob Murder in Global Perspective." Crime, Histoire & Sociétés 16, no. 1 (2012): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chs.1338.

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26

Borah, Upasana. "Mob Lynching or Horde Lynching: A Threat to Rule of Law Along with Recent Supreme Court Guidelines." Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 3, no. 8 (2020): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2020.v03i08.001.

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27

Runstedtler, Theresa. "Review of Robert Thurston,Lynching: American Mob Murder in Global Perspective." Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 96, no. 1 (2012): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8314.2012.01292.x.

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28

Sagar Durrani, Shaziya, and Mohammad Hussain. "Understanding and Addressing Mob Lynching: Historical Perspectives, Legal Challenges, and Pathways for Reform in India." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 12 (2023): 932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr231208192941.

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29

Pfeifer, Michael James. "Iowa's Last Lynching: the Charles City Mob of 1907 and Iowa Progressivism." Annals of Iowa 53, no. 4 (1994): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9844.

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30

Mukherjee, Rahul. "Mobile witnessing on WhatsApp: Vigilante virality and the anatomy of mob lynching." South Asian Popular Culture 18, no. 1 (2020): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2020.1736810.

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31

Bhat, M. Mohsin Alam, Vidisha Bajaj, and Sanjana Arvind Kumar. "The crime vanishes: Mob lynching, hate crime, and police discretion in India." Jindal Global Law Review 11, no. 1 (2020): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41020-020-00115-4.

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32

SoRelle, James M. "Lynching and Leisure: Race and the Transformation of Mob Violence in Texas." Journal of American History 110, no. 2 (2023): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaad209.

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33

Kansaye PhD, Bouréma. "MOB JUSTICE IN WEST AFRICA: THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE SO-CALLED “ARTICLE 320” IN MALI." EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3, no. 2 (2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v3i2.44.

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This article deals with the lynching culture which has been developing in Mali since the 1991 democratic revolution. The phenomenon is growing continuously with the deepening social crises and the serious malfunctioning of the police and the judiciary. With the sense of justice it conveys, the application of the so-called article 320 is believed to be more effective in the fight against criminality than is any other institutional framework, despite the fact that it is being denounced somewhat by some citizens.

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Ali, Khurshid. "Social Marginalisation and Scapegoating: A Study of Mob Lynching in Pakistan and India." Pakistan Social Sciences Review 4, no. II (2020): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-ii)42.

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35

Ellis, Mark. "Joel Spingarn's “Constructive Programme” and the Wartime Antilynching Bill of 1918." Journal of Policy History 4, no. 2 (1992): 134–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006928.

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In the summer of 1918, the white chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Major Joel E. Spingarn, called for urgent congressional action on mob violence. He seized the opportunity of a post in the Military Intelligence Branch (MIB) of the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C., to put forward a “constructive programme,” the central idea of which was the passage of a bill to make lynching in wartime a federal offense. Attempting to exploit the peculiar circumstances of the national emergency and the expansion of federal powers during World War I, Spingarn also proposed a series of more modest initiatives designed to lessen discrimination and raise black morale. The official reaction to the arguments he advanced in support of his program sheds light on the reluctance of the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson to develop a policy on race relations. It also suggests some of the problems and hazards facing a would-be reformer working from within.

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Gregory, Anthony. "Policing Jim Crow America: Enforcers’ Agency and Structural Transformations." Law and History Review 40, no. 1 (2021): 91–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248021000456.

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This is a critical historiographical essay animated by the research question of how the decisions of police and sheriffs illuminated and drove the transformation of white supremacy through different forms from emancipation to the end of Jim Crow segregation. It situates this focus amidst current methodological trends that stress structural oppression and argues that law-enforcers’ agency could illuminate discussions among historians and other scholars about the relationship between formal and informal law alongside the rise of the modern criminological state. The historical importance of enforcers is accentuated in the story told in each section—the shifting demographics of enforcement during Reconstruction; the inequalities of policing alongside lynching in the last decades of the nineteenth century; the complex interplay between policing and segregation statutes, colorblind criminal law, and mob violence in the Jim Crow South; the concurrent modernization of racialized policing nationwide; and the displacement of informal mob law and formal racial caste by a national regime of extralegal police violence, unequal patterns of incarceration and execution, and federal protections of civil liberties and civil rights.

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Janken, Kenneth R. "Walter White and Passing." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2, no. 1 (2005): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x05050034.

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Walter White, the blond, blue-eyed Atlantan, was a voluntary Negro, that is, an African American who appears to be White but chooses to live in the Black world and identify with its experiences. He joined the NAACP national leadership in 1918 as assistant secretary and became secretary in 1931, serving at this post until his death in 1955. His tenure was marked by an effective public antilynching campaign and organizational stability and growth during the Depression years and by controversy over his leadership style. For him, posing as a Caucasian—and then telling all who would listen about his escapades—had three interrelated purposes. First, he developed inside information about mob psychology and mob violence, publicity of which was critical to the NAACP's campaign against lynching. Second, White hoped to show Whites in particular the fallacy of racial stereotyping and racial categorization. Third, by emphasizing the dangers he courted—and even embellishing on them—he enhanced his racial bona fides at key times when his Black critics called into question his leadership.

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Bhat, M. Mohsin Alam. "Mob, Murder, Motivation: The Emergence of Hate Crime Discourse in India." Socio-Legal Review 16, no. 1 (2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.55496/ynwa7584.

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Since 2015, various legal and civil society actors started highlighting the visible rise in media-recorded incidents of anti-Dalit and anti-Muslim violence in the country. These conversations were marked by diverse and competing ways of describing and legally addressing such events. One of the categories that the various actors came to deploy was hate crime. The hate crime concept is distinct from other alternatives like lynching, communal riots, and vigilantism due to its simultaneous focus on motivation and social hierarchy. In response to a set of petitions in 2018, the Supreme Court of India through a series of guidelines in Tehseen Poonawalla v Union of India, sought to introduce greater official accountability, procedural protection to victims and witnesses, and more stringent punishment for perpetrators. This article argues that the Court’s intervention is best interpreted in the light of the hate crime concept. This is evident when we situate the case in the longer trajectory of the media and public discourse, the framing of the legal arguments, and finally the Court’s order. Nevertheless, the article argues that while there is a definite emergence of the hate crime framework in the Indian legal and policy discourse, it continues to be inconsistently and contradictorily applied to the detriment of coherence and effectiveness. The article concludes that the most effective way to address these limitations is to foreground the conceptual and institutional resources of the hate crime concept.

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Littlejohn, Jeffrey L. "Lynching and Leisure: Race and the Transformation of Mob Violence in Texas by Terry Anne Scott." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 126, no. 4 (2023): 588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/swh.2023.0037.

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Balto, Simon. "Lynching and Leisure: Race and the Transformation of Mob Violence in Texas by Terry Anne Scott." Journal of Southern History 89, no. 2 (2023): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/soh.2023.0085.

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Srutakirti Panda, Madhubrata Mohanty. "Speech-Related Offences in India with Special Reference to Hate Speech: A Comparative Analysis." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 32, no. 9s (2025): 2558–74. https://doi.org/10.52783/cana.v32.4560.

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Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution grants citizens the right to freely express their views and opinions in the public interest. However, this freedom is often misused to demean individuals, groups, communities, and even the state through derogatory statements, defamatory speeches, offensive remarks, and provocative comments. Such misuse can incite violence, including rioting, mob lynching, and sedition. Many people are unaware of the legal boundaries protecting free speech and the consequences of overstepping them. This article compares India's laws on sedition, defamation, criticism, insults, and hate speech, arguing for the necessity of hate speech laws despite existing sedition and defamation regulations. The authors highlight how ambiguity in understanding these laws leads to societal issues, inconsistent legal application, and weakened law and order. The paper assesses the current state of these laws, identifies gaps, and offers suggestions for improvement.

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Paul, FayazA, Arif Ali, DanishwarR Dar, et al. "Knowledge, attitude, and perception towards mob lynching among the general population of India: A cross-sectional study." D Y Patil Journal of Health Sciences 11, no. 3 (2023): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/dypj.dypj_4_23.

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Rathore, Jayendra Singh. "Hate Crimes and Legal Protections: Efficacy of Anti-Discrimination Laws." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 17, no. 1 (2020): 724–28. https://doi.org/10.29070/kvk84721.

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A crime perpetrated against an individual, their property, or society with the intent to harm them because of their race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity or national origin. Even though it lacks binding legal force, this term has widespread acceptance. It's usually aggressive, although there are more nuanced kinds as well. When someone is assaulted because to their membership in a certain group, this kind of crime takes place. This is common in many countries throughout the globe. And the same holds true for India. There are many different types of hate crimes committed in India, the most common of which are those based on religion or caste. Although mob lynching is not explicitly forbidden by law, it is against the law to use hate speech or to incite animosity between groups. Sections153, 153-A, 295-A, and 298 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) contain the relevant legislation.

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Mishra, Dr Kaushik. "Media Literacy: Building Critical Media Awareness." Journal of Media,Culture and Communication, no. 25 (September 29, 2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jmcc25.11.17.

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The effect of media on society and the world at large is always under constant scrutiny. Researchers across the globe persistently studying the effect of media on the social, political, economic, and cultural discourse of our society. Due to rapid development of Communication Technologies and enhanced access to internet, the challenges posed by media have grown manifolds. To overcome those challenges researchers have been arguing since long about the importance of media literacy. Recent incidents of mob lynching, political turmoil, religion led clashes, etc. are testimonies to the lack of media awareness among the people. It has become crucial than ever for the audience/ consumers of media to understand the media content, its source and know how to utilize the received information. This study aims to discuss the meaning of media literacy in the present context and explore the significance of media literacy. An attempt has been made to highlight the contemporary challenges arising because of the upgradation in communication technologies and demonstrate how media literacy can play an instrumental role in overcoming these challenges.

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Siam, Mustansar. "POLITICS OF EXCLUSION IN INDIA: A THREAT TO LIBERAL DEMOCRACY AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, no. 02 (2023): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1147.

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This paper explores the politics of exclusion in India and the threats it poses to the country's liberal democracy and regional integration. Using a qualitative research methodology, the paper uncovers how exclusionary policies in India have created serious threats for democracy and regional integration under Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The paper argues that politics of exclusion is increasingly becoming a threat to liberal democracy in India, citing instances like the Citizenship Amendment Bill (2019), erasure of certain chapters on Mughal history from textbooks, National Register of Citizens in Assam, increasing mob lynching, and revocation of Article 370 and 35A related to Kashmir. Furthermore, paper argues that such events are a threat to regional integration by impacting cross-border migration, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. Overall, the paper suggests that India must address the challenges posed by the politics of exclusion and promote inclusivity and diversity in all aspects of society to foster a more harmonious relationship between India and its neighbors in South Asia. Keywords: Politics of exclusion, Liberal democracy, Regional integration.

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Madison, James H. "Robert W. Thurston . Lynching: American Mob Murder in Global Perspective . Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing Company. 2011. Pp. viii, 427. $99.95." American Historical Review 117, no. 2 (2012): 490–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.117.2.490.

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Ruff, Julius R. "Lynching: American Mob Murder in Global Perspective. By Robert W. Thurston. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2011. Pp. xiv, 427. $99.95.)." Historian 75, no. 2 (2013): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.12010_75.

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Howard, Ashley M. "LYNCHING AND MOB VIOLENCE: CHALLENGING THE DOMINANT NARRATIVESBruce E. Baker, This Mob Will Surely Take My Life: Lynching in the Carolinas, 1871–1947. London: Continuum Press, 2008. Pp. 242. Cloth $26.95.Rebecca N. Hill, Men, Mobs, and Law: Anti-lynching and Labor Defense in U.S. Radical History. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. Pp. 413. Paper $24.95." Journal of African American History 95, no. 2 (2010): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.2.0248.

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Cowan, Robert. "Dismembering Cominius: Political Violence and Iambic Aggression in Catullus 108." Antichthon 55 (2021): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2021.4.

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AbstractCarmen 108 is one of the most neglected and unloved in the Catullan corpus. When it is mentioned in scholarship, it is either as a distastefully extreme instance of iambic invective or the object of a prosopographical exercise in identifying the addressee, Cominius. Gnilka alone has tried to situate it in the context of late Republican political violence, in particularly public lynching. Instead of isolating these two aspects of the poem from each other, this article argues that c. 108 is a self-conscious exploration of the interaction between poetic form and hors-texte. The terms of the invective situate it firmly within the tradition of Archilochean and Hipponactean iambos and it may even allude directly to a fragment of the latter. Yet the threats of violence are transformed when recontextualized within the world of the late Republic, where such literary violence was very much a reality. The poem performs a symbolic dismemberment of Cominius’ body, but one that cannot be safely separated from acts of mob violence in the period. The pragmatics of Catullan iambos explores the limits of verbal violence as speech-act and the point at which hate-speech becomes indistinguishable from the violence it incites.

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Ivanov, P. "Hutu vs. Tutsi in Burundi: why local vigilantes are a threat to the future of the state?" Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 1 (2023): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2023-1-183-204.

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Burundi has a long history of political violence and vigilantism that were particularly widespread in the context of the 1993–2005 civil war. During this period, various armed groups and militias emerged and engaged in violent attacks against civilians, rival rebel groups, and even government forces for ethnic or political reasons. In the aftermath of the civil war, the government of Burundi has struggled to address the legacy of violence and establish a stable political system. Yet vigilantism remains a significant issue in Burundi, with reports of civilians taking the law into their own hands in response to perceived threats and injustices. In some areas, local communities have organized vigilante groups to protect themselves from different crimes, while police as the only legal law enforcement actor to fight crime remains unsuccessful in providing proper security. However, vigilante groups also engage in extrajudicial acts of violence, such as lynching, or mob justice, and can exacerbate existing ethnic tensions and conflicts. The article concludes that long-term interethnic antagonism, coupled with experience of mutual extermination, can become the main catalyst for vigilantism that presents a threat for the overall stability of political system.

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