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Mazalov, Vladimir, Andrey Lukyanenko, and Andrei Gurtov. "Location–Price Competition in Mobile Operator Market." International Game Theory Review 21, no. 03 (2019): 1850015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198918500159.
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In this paper, we propose a game-theoretic model of the mobile network market. The market is presented by three sides: primary mobile network operators (MNO), mobile virtual network operators (MVNO) and consumers of the services. MVNO are mobile operators without their own infrastructure. They buy resources from MNO and compete with other MVNO for the consumers selling a service in the mobile network market. We construct a two-stage game. In the first stage, MVNO (players) select the MNO, one or several, and then announce the price for their service for the consumers in this MNO. After the profile of prices is determined, the consumers are distributed among MVNOs following the logistic function. The equilibrium in this two-stage game is constructed. For identical consumers, the analytic formulas for the solution are derived.
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Ekanoye, Femi, Temitope Olokunde, Victor Mbarika, and Philip Musa. "An Exploration of Relationships Between Mobile Network Operators (MNO) and Mobile Virtual Network Operations (MVNO) in Nigeria." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 10, no. 2 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2018040101.
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Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) are of immense value to the mobile telecommunications industry as they provide services at an affordable rate to customers and work with Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) who own the telecommunication infrastructure. This is because Mobile Network Operators sell airtime at wholesale rates to Mobile Virtual Network Operators. The Mobile Virtual Network Operators retain their brand name whilst having an arrangement with their host who is the Mobile Network Operator (MNO). This article therefore identifies the bottlenecks experienced by MNOs in establishing relationships with MVNOs in Nigeria. The article also covers the various forms of MVNO business models available in the industry and the types of policies that support the MVNO success and sustainability.
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Sacoto Cabrera, Erwin, Luis Guijarro, and Patrick Maillé. "Game Theoretical Analysis of a Multi-MNO MVNO Business Model in 5G Networks." Electronics 9, no. 6 (2020): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9060933.
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This paper analyzes the economic feasibility of a business model for multi-Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) and Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs), which is an envisioned scenario in mobile telecommunications markets supported by 5G networks. A business model for the provision of service to end-users through an MVNO using the infrastructure support of two MNOs is proposed. We analyze the proposal though a model that captures both system and economic features. As regards the systems features, an MVNO provides service to final users using the infrastructure support of two MNOs. The agreement between MVNO and MNOs is such that the MVNO will split the network traffic between the two MNOs and will pay to each MNO for the traffic served through its infrastructure. As regards the economic features, the incentives are modelled through the user utilities and the operators’ profits; and game theory is used to model the strategic interaction between the users’ subscription decision and the MNO network capacities decision. We conclude that such a model is feasible from an economic point of view for all the actors.
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Zonouzirad, Mahmoud, Ghasemali Bazaei, and Peyman Adl. "Critical Success Factors of Mobile Virtual Network Operators." Journal of Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 4, no. 02 (2019): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jrset.vol4iss02pp17-20.
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“Mobile Virtual Network Operator”;(MVNO) is a provider of wireless communications services who doesn’t own the wireless network infrastructure.MVNO provide services on the “Mobile Network Operator’s”;(MNO)’s infrastructure. An MVNO enters into a business agreement with a mobile network operator (MNO) to utilize its unused capacity and provides various servicesto obtain it’sportion ofmarket. An MVNO join in an agreement/contract with a mobile network operator (MNO) enabling its unused capacity to provide various services and gain its portion of market. An MVNO may use its own customer service, billing support systems, marketing and sales personnel or it may employ the services of a “mobile virtual network enabler”(MVNE). The Goal of this research/article is to identify and prioritize the “Critical Success Factors” (CSF*) of Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) in Iran. To touch this goal; most famous MVNO’s and their critical success factorsfrom all over the world are main pattern of our viewpoint. For data gathering point of view in this research I have created a questionaries’ with 40 questions, and have used online questionnaire tool in Google website named “Google Drive”. For implementing this research;As a sample of statistical society, I have been selected 93/125 senior expertise and managers of different departments of Rightel“The first Iranian 3G Mobile Operator”based on Cochran's formulas. The research’s variables are Brand, Distribution System, Innovation, Financial status, Quality of service, Network generation and proper price and tariff as CSF’s for implementing MVNO’s.In this statistics research questionnaire, Cronbach'sα(alpha) is a coefficient of internal consistency and reliability. It is commonly used as an estimate of the reliability of a psychometric test for a sample of examinees Cronbach’s Alpha which is .91 of all of the questionnaire in this research. For validity of questionnaireI asked some of senior managers and university PhD level instructors,for analyzing the results of this research we have used one sample T-test method and for more reliability, used 2nd grade sentence test as well. The result of this research was the all mentioned variables are identified as CSF of MVNO’s and ranking of CSF’s are: 1- Quality of service, 2- Innovation, 3- proper price and tariff, 4- Distribution System, 5- Network generation, 6- Brand, 7- Financial status.
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Martínez, Ricardo, Arturo Mayoral, Ricardo Vilalta, et al. "Integrated SDN/NFV Orchestration for the Dynamic Deployment of Mobile Virtual Backhaul Networks over a Multi-layer (Packet/Optical) Aggregation Infrastructure [Invited]." Optical Communications and Networks 9, no. 2 (2017): A135 — A142. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.9.00A135.
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Future 5G networks will bring important challenges to network operators, such as the traffic load increase mainly due to the proliferation of mobile broadband communications. This will force mobile network operators (MNOs) redesigning and investing in their infrastructures [e.g., new equipment for radio access network (RAN), backhaul] to cope with such data growth. Aiming at lowering both capital expenditures and operational expenditures, current networking trends on network virtualization, software-defined networking (SDN), and network function virtualization (NFV) provide an appealing scenario to flexibly deal with the increase in traffic for MNOs without overdimensioning the deployed network resources. To this end, we rely on an implemented SDN/NFV orchestrator that automatically serves MNO capacity requests by computing and allocating virtual backhaul tenants. Such backhaul tenants are built over a common physical aggregation network, formed by heterogeneous technologies (e.g., packet and optical) that may be owned by different infrastructure providers. MNO RAN traffic is transported toward a mobile core network [i.e., evolved packet core (EPC)], where required backhaul resources are tailored to the capacity needs. The EPC functions are virtualized within the cloud (vEPC), leveraging the NFV advantages. This increases MNO flexibility where cloud resources are instantiated according to EPC needs. The goal of the SDN/NFV orchestrator is to jointly allocate both network and cloud resources, deploying virtual backhaul tenants and vEPC instances for a number of MNOs with different service and capacity requirements. Each MNO’s backhaul is isolated and controlled independently via a virtualized SDN (vSDN) controller deployed in the cloud. The SDN/NFV orchestrator architecture is detailed and experimentally validated in a setup provided by the Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya and ADVA Optical Networking. Specifically, upon an MNO request, the orchestrator instantiates the vEPC and vSDN functions in the cloud and then composes the MNO’s backhaul tenant over a multilayer (packet and optical) aggregation network.
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Singh, N. P. "Operational Strategies of Ethnic Mobile Virtual Network Operators." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 4, no. 1 (2012): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2012010101.
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An MVNO that targets a specific community is called an ethnic MVNOs. It operates in highly saturated telecom markets with sizable expat population. Its basic objective is to further enhance competition in saturated mobile telecom markets. It is becoming popular among expat/migrant communities due to the low cost services of MVNOs in their native language. The paper presents an analysis of sixteen ethnic MVNOs with respect to their operating and marketing strategies, areas of operations, targeted communities, and their MNO partners. Further, the paper presents customer relation management strategies of ethnic MVNOs. The author also discusses a distant possibility of ethnic MVNO scenario in India with the introduction of MVNO regulation by government.
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Zhang, Nan, Heikki Hämmäinen, and Hannu Flinck. "Cost efficiency of SDN-enabled service function chaining." info 18, no. 5 (2016): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-03-2016-0011.
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Purpose This paper models the cost efficiency of service function chaining (SFC) in software-defined LTE networks and compares it with traditional LTE networks. Design/methodology/approach Both the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) of the SFC are quantified using an average Finnish mobile network in 2015 as a reference. The modeling inputs are gathered through semi-structured interviews with Finnish mobile network operators (MNO) and network infrastructure vendors operating in the Finnish market. Findings The modeling shows that software-defined networking (SDN) can reduce SFC-related CAPEX and OPEX significantly for an average Finnish MNO in 2015. The analysis on different types of MNOs implies that a MNO without deep packet inspection sees the biggest cost savings compared to other MNO types. Practical implications Service function investments typically amount to 5-20 per cent of the overall MNO network investments, and savings in SFC may impact highly on the cost structure of a MNO. In addition, SFC acts as both a business interface, which connects the local MNOs with global internet service providers, and as a technical interface, where the 3GPP and IETF standards meet. Thus, the cost efficient operation of SFC may bring competitive advantages to the MNO. Originality/value The results show solid basis of network-related cost savings in SFC and contributes to MNOs making cost conscious investment decisions. In addition, the results act as a baseline scenario for further studies that combine SDN with virtualization to re-optimize network service functions.
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Khan, Kamran, and Ather Mujitaba. "Development and validation of brand strategies evaluation scale for mobile network users." ESIC Market 54, no. 1 (2023): e291. http://dx.doi.org/10.7200/esicm.53.291.
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Purpose: Mobile network operators (MNO) use a variety of brand strategies in the Pakistani telecommunication market to entice mobile network users (MNU), but there was no standardized measure available that provides a fixed set of criteria for their brand strategies. To fill this knowledge gap, the primary goal of the current study is to design, develop and validate the Branding Strategies Evaluation Scale (BSES). Design/methodology/approach: The mixed-methods model of scale development and validation was employed in various phases by splitting into two studies. In study 1, after piloting factorial validity of 23 items were surveyed on the sample of 150 conveniently available participants (90= male, 60= female) between ages ranging 16 to 52 years, of different mobile network users Findings: Exploratory factor analysis unfolded five sub-factors of brand strategies with a high-reliability coefficient and internal consistency, including offer and services, competitive features, advertising strategies, brand identity and facilitation with money matters. The mean gender difference was observed only on the subscale of facilitation with money matters. In Study 2, the convergent validity of BSES was found significant by weighing its positive association with the Customer-Based Brand Equity Questionnaire (CBEQ). While the Customer Switching Intention Scale (CSIS) was used to determine BSES's discriminant validity, which revealed a significant negative correlation between the two measures. However, this is the first study intended to develop a standardized instrument for brand strategy evaluation of MNO. Practical implications: The results of this research enable Mobile network operators (MNO) to understand what kind of branding strategies are useful and effective for customers. This measure will provide authentic understanding to local MNO about the effectiveness of their brand strategies from consumer perspectives. Likewise, for academics, current research provides a gateway to asses customers' choices in a broader way in different regions for brand preferences and branding strategies used by different cellular companies.
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Abbasian, Ezzatollah, and Ali Mohebbi. "Transformation Toward Technology Company (Techco), a Framework for Mobile Network Operators in Iran." Journal of Investment, Banking and Finance 2, no. 1 (2024): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/jibf.02.01.13.
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Sharing, outsourcing, and partnership are shown as solutions to increase efficiency. Mobile Network Operators (MNO), used to outsource some functions and make partnerships, but the sharing perspective is still not clear. This paper aims to provide a framework in which MNOs share and utilize their resources more efficiently. Qualitative research was done through the analysis of website reports, documents, and interviews to find MNOs' current and future strategic focus as well as the dimensions of a united network. The MNOs' two main strategies are enhancing core business and developing digital services. The article found an overall paradigm of the sharing resources (network and frequency) as well as some signals for business model evolution. It introduces a two-component framework in which a United Network is created to enhance core business and a new business model to develop digital services. It bolds the importance of network efficiency and the barriers, needs, and motivations of the United Network. To increase efficiency, the industry needs a coopetition framework in which a trust company that is a subsidiary of MNOs, maintains and develops a united network, and the Techcos compete to develop digital services.
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Saha, Rony Kumer. "Countrywide Mobile Spectrum Sharing with Small Indoor Cells for Massive Spectral and Energy Efficiencies in 5G and Beyond Mobile Networks." Energies 12, no. 20 (2019): 3825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203825.
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In this paper, we propose a technique to share the licensed spectrums of all mobile network operators (MNOs) of a country with in-building small cells per MNO by exploiting the external wall penetration loss of a building and introducing the time-domain eICIC technique. The proposed technique considers allocating the dedicated spectrum Bop per MNO only its to outdoor macro UEs, whereas the total spectrum of all MNOs of the country Bco to its small cells indoor per building such that technically any small indoor cell of an MNO can have access to Bco instead of merely Bop assigned only to the MNO itself. We develop an interference management strategy as well as an algorithm for the proposed technique. System-level capacity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency performance metrics are derived, and a generic model for energy efficiency is presented. An optimal amount of small indoor cell density in terms of the number of buildings L carrying these small cells per MNO to trade-off the spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency is derived. With the system-level numerical and simulation results, we define an optimal value of L for a dense deployment of small indoor cells of an MNO and show that the proposed spectrum sharing technique can achieve massive indoor capacity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency for the MNO. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed spectrum sharing technique could meet both the spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency requirements for 5G mobile networks for numerous traffic arrival rates to small indoor cells per building of an MNO.
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Lorincz, Josip, Amar Kukuruzović, and Zoran Blažević. "A Comprehensive Overview of Network Slicing for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Fifth-Generation Networks." Sensors 24, no. 10 (2024): 3242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24103242.
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The introduction of fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks leads to an increase in energy consumption and higher operational costs for mobile network operators (MNOs). Consequently, the optimization of 5G networks’ energy efficiency is crucial, both in terms of reducing MNO costs and in terms of the negative environmental impact. However, many aspects of the 5G mobile network technology itself have been standardized, including the 5G network slicing concept. This enables the creation of multiple independent logical 5G networks within the same physical infrastructure. Since the only necessary resources in 5G networks need to be used for the realization of a specific 5G network slice, the question of whether the implementation of 5G network slicing can contribute to the improvement of 5G and future sixth-generation networks’ energy efficiency arises. To tackle this question, this review paper analyzes 5G network slicing and the energy demand of different network slicing use cases and mobile virtual network operator realizations based on network slicing. The paper also overviews standardized key performance indicators for the assessment of 5G network slices’ energy efficiency and discusses energy efficiency in 5G network slicing lifecycle management. In particular, to show how efficient network slicing can optimize the energy consumption of 5G networks, versatile 5G network slicing use case scenarios, approaches, and resource allocation concepts in the space, time, and frequency domains have been discussed, including artificial intelligence-based implementations of network slicing. The results of the comprehensive discussion indicate that the different implementations and approaches to network slicing pave the way for possible further reductions in 5G MNO energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions in the future.
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Chmieliauskas, Darius. "FDD LTE MIMO CLOSED-LOOP VS OPEN-LOOP PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN COMMERCIAL NETWORK." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 13 (August 19, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2021.15176.
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With a growing network traffic Mobile Network Operators (MNO) looking for ways to increase network capacity and improve customer experience. One of the ways is to find the best parameters from the set defined by 3GPP. In the study, closed-loop MIMO was compared to open-loop MIMO on the LTE FDD network. Network performance was evaluated in 3 different scenarios: slow and fast-moving UE under different SINR levels and large scale on 2T2R and 4T4R cells. The result shows gains of using closed-loop and it is recommended to use it commercial LTE networks.
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Zeydan, Engin, and Ahmet Yildirim. "Reliability comparisons of mobile network operators: An experimental case." Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences 28, no. 1 (2020): 380–93. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1904-143.
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It is of great interest for Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) to know how well their network infrastructure performance behaves in dierent geographical regions of their operating country compared to their horizontal competitors. However, traditional network monitoring and measurement methods of network infrastructure use limited numbers of measurement points that are insucient for detailed analysis and expensive to scale using an internal workforce. On the other hand, the abundance of crowdsourced content can engender various unforeseen opportunities for MNOs to cope with this scaling problem. This paper investigates end-to-end reliability and packet loss (PL) performance comparisons of MNOs using a previously collected real-world proprietary crowdsourced dataset from a user application for 13 months’ duration in Turkey. More particularly, a unied crowdsourced data-aided statistical MNO comparison framework is proposed, which consists of data collection and network performance analysis steps. Our results are statistically supported using condence interval analysis for the mean dierence of PL ratios and reliability levels of MNOs using unpaired number of observations statistical analysis. The network performance results indicate that signicant performance dierences in MNOs depending on dierent regions of the country exist. Moreover, we observe that the overall comparative ordered list of MNOs’ reliability performance does not dier when both PL and latency requirements vary
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Umoh, V. B., U. S. Ukommi, and U. M. Ekpe. "A comparative study of user experienced mobile broadband performance." Nigerian Journal of Technology 41, no. 3 (2022): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v41i3.16.
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Even though the proliferation of handheld mobile communication devices has deepened Internet and broadband penetration in Nigeria, users of such services may not have detailed quantitative performance comparison between the services provided by different network operators. The study here reported is therefore an attempt to bridge the information gap. A measurement testbed based on the Raspberry Pi platform was developed to autonomously measure the mobile broadband performance of third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G) broadband networks of the four major mobile network operators in the country. Under static access conditions, the system was set up to measure the upload throughput, download throughput and latency from a user-centric perspective. The measurements were taken by simultaneously sampling the networks of four mobile broadband service providers (9Mobile, Airtel, Globacom and MTN) over a period of three weeks in the city of Uyo, Nigeria. The results obtained revealed that Airtel achieved the highest peak download rate for 3G throughput, and this was only 1.41 Mbps higher than the least performing MNO. Also, it was found that MTN’s download rate peaked at 35.06 Mbps, and this was over 300% of the rate achieved by the fourth rated network in terms of the 4G download throughput metric. The measurement results also revealed that peak usage periods, defined as the hours between 7pm and 11pm, witnessed higher variability in throughput rates than other periods.
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Zeydan, Engin, Ömer Dedeoglu, and Yekta Türk. "Real-time measurements and performance analysis of closed-loop MIMO service for mobile operators." Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences 29 (January 1, 2021): 276–90. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1912-81.
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As fifth generation (5G) networks are starting to become commercial, user expectations in terms of new services become high as well. This signifies that mobile communications service providers need to build robust 5G new services as quickly and cost-efficiently as possible. Many new technologies rely on closed-loop (CL) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technologies due to emerging cooperation between nodes in next generation networks. In this paper, we first compare different multiantenna transmission modes namely: transmit diversity, open-loop (OL), and CL MIMO spatial multiplexing strategies to provide mobile network operator (MNO) services in terms of their characteristics, ,limitations and benefits. Later we investigate how launching a large-scale CL MIMO deployment strategy can affect the various key performance indicators (KPIs) of the existing services provided by Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in real-operational network infrastructure in Turkey. Our practical experimental results indicate that, compared to OL MIMO system, CL MIMO can achieve large performance on a practical setup, where up to 3% improvement in cell average throughput, 9% in user throughput, 6% in spectrum efficiency, and 9% in channel quality indicator (CQI) and modulation coding scheme (MCS) are obtained, while reduction by 25% and 17% on sum delay and initial block error rates (IBLER) are observed.
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Sitompul, Asril. "MASALAH HUKUM DALAM PENGGUNAAN SPEKTRUM FREKUENSI RADIO DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 2, no. 3 (2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.2.3.2013.405-426.
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Meanwhile there are nine telecommunications operators in Indonesia have the license to use radio frequency spectrum (Mobile Network Operator – MNO) and some operators that did not have the license. With the increase of the cellular and fixed wireless operators and the increase of users of the internet provided by Internet Service Provider (―ISP‖) through wireless networks using radio frequency spectrum, then the need of Radio frequency spectrum also increased. The effort to overcome the rare radio frequency spectrum conducted by development of radio frequency spectrum technology, among others by using multiple access system. This system may be conducted by division of time, frequency, or code. Other system is by using the concept of Mobile Virtual Network Operator (―MVNO‖) by relationship between the licensed and unlicensed operators, i.e. by leasing of the spectrum. In Indonesia, there was no regulation regarding MVNO, so there was a question about whether the MVNOs include in the category of radio frequency spectrum users and whether or not the MVNO required to have license and pay the BHP for the use of frequency. Therefore it is necessary to have a change in the existing regulations to make clear the status and the existence of the unlicensed users of radio frequency spectrum as the MVNOs. Keyword: Spectrum, users, utilization, MVNO, regulation
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Shah, Shashi, Somsak Kittipiyakul, Yuto Lim, and Yasuo Tan. "Collaborative Resource Management for Negotiable Multi-Operator Small Cell Networks." Sensors 19, no. 16 (2019): 3550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163550.
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The ubiquitous coverage/connectivity requirement of wireless cellular networks has shifted mobile network operators’ (MNOs) interest toward dense deployment of small cells with coverage areas that are much smaller as compared to macrocell base stations (MBSs). Multi-operator small cells could provide virtualization of network resources (infrastructure and spectrum) and enable its efficient utilization, i.e., uninterrupted coverage and connectivity to subscribers, and an opportunity to avoid under-utilization of the network resources. However, a MNO with exclusive ownership to network resources would have little incentive to utilize its precious resources to serve users of other MNOs, since MNOs differentiate among others based on their ownership of the licensed spectrum. Thus, considering network resources scarcity and under-utilization, this paper proposes a mechanism for multi-operator small cells collaboration through negotiation that establishes a mutual agreement acceptable to all involved parties, i.e., a win–win situation for the collaborating MNOs. It enables subscribers of a MNO to utilize other MNOs’ network resources, and allows MNOs to offer small cells “as a service” to users with ubiquitous access to wireless coverage/connectivity, maximize the use of an existing network resources by serving additional users from a market share, and enhance per-user data rate. We validated and evaluated the proposed mechanism through simulations considering various performance metrics.
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Oikonomakou, Maria, Angelos Antonopoulos, Luis Alonso, and Christos Verikoukis. "Evaluating Cost Allocation Imposed by Cooperative Switching Off in Multi-Operator Shared HetNets." IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology 66, no. 12 (2017): 11352–65. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2017.2719404.
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The anticipated explosion in the total data traffic load will impose to mobile network operators (MNOs) the necessity to densify their networks to provide coverage. At the same time, since MNOs plan their networks according to their high-peak traffic load, base station (BS) underutilization during the low traffic hours raises the issue of unnecessary power consumption and excessive cost. In this paper, we plan to study the energy and cost efficiency of a heterogeneous network (HetNet) that is a cooperation result of many MNOs. Each MNO is owner of a HetNet, composed of eNodeBs and small cells and they cooperate by sharing their infrastructure and by switching off a part of it. BS type and traffic load constitute switching off criteria and a roaming-cost-based user association scheme is used to roam traffic to neighboring BSs. We assess the cost alterations created by the possible MNO coalitions and we propose a bankruptcy game to allocate the obtained cost to the cooperative MNOs and to motivate them thus to maintain their sharing agreement instead of following a non-cooperative tactic. The bankruptcy game uses Shapley Value to portray each MNO's contribution to cost savings. The MNOs' satisfaction from their payoffs (i.e., the allocated cost) and the overall fairness of the method are evaluated. According to the extracted results, the proposed switching off scheme achieves significant improvement of energy efficiency for the studied network, while the proposed bankruptcy game achieves a balanced and satisfactory cost allocation for different MNO traffic loads.
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Hafiza, Lia, Reni Dyah Wahyuningrum, and Yudiansyah Yudiansyah. "Studies on the Use of Spectrum Sharing for Mobile Network Operator in Indonesia." Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (JICT) 5, no. 1 (2023): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52661/j_ict.v5i1.186.
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Since telecom businesses have already reached their peak level of revenue, their future is expected to get worse. To save as much money as possible, greater than sixty percent of mobile network operators (MNO) in the worldwide implemented Radio Access Network-Sharing or RAN-Sharing. Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) pressure and the limited availability of the frequency spectrum are two factors that propel. Spectrum sharing can be one solution to reduce Capital Expenditure and Operational Expenditure operator costs, address spectrum shortages and promote development across the region in Indonesia. With different coverage of underserved areas, the number of assets in the form of BTS and license of frequency spectrum usage are owned by each operator. Research on business impacts for operators needs to be assessed to be able to determine business strategy.
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Elbasheir, Mohammed S., Rashid A. Saeed, and Salaheldin Edam. "Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure." Sensors 23, no. 3 (2023): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031588.
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In recent years, the development of wireless technologies has led to fast growth in mobile networks, especially with the rise of 5G New Radio (5G NR). A huge number of base stations (BSs) are mandatory to serve the growth of mobile services, which has led to concerns about the increase in electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exposure levels. To control the overall power emitted by EMF transmitters, international bodies have set maximum exposure limits. This paper investigates the compliance distances (CDs) of shared sites by a group of Mobile Network Operators (MNO) as multi-operators operating with multi-technology and sharing the same tower. The study investigated the CDs of the most two commonly used types of sharing sites, macro and indoor-Based solution sites (IBS). In addition, the study analyzed the power densities and total exposure ratios for the general public and occupational workers in each sharing scenario. The results showed that, compared with a single MNO, the CD increased by 41% in the case of two MNOs, 73% for three MNOs, and 100% for four MNOs. The EMF site sharing scale-up formula was used to estimate the increase in CDs for N number of MNOs assuming that all MNOs use the same site configuration. In addition, the results showed that 5G has the highest contribution to the total exposure ratio (TER) at the CD in the main direction of the antennae.
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Mei, Xiaowei, Hsing Kenneth Cheng, Subhajyoti Bandyopadhyay, Liangfei Qiu, and Lai Wei. "Sponsored Data: Smarter Data Pricing with Incomplete Information." Information Systems Research 33, no. 1 (2022): 362–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.1063.
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With the development of data-intensive internet services, the world has witnessed explosive growth in mobile data consumption during the last couple of years. The upcoming generation of 5G-capable phones and networks will continue and even accelerate that process. At the same time, consumers are becoming more conscious about their data consumption because their monthly caps of mobile data plans can be easily exhausted by premium content, such as high-definition videos and virtual-reality games. In response, the mobile network operators (MNOs) have proposed a new business model, the so-called sponsored data plans, to subsidize consumers by transferring at least part of the data bills from consumers to content providers. Although industry practitioners claim that sponsored data plans increase consumer welfare, our analysis reveals that the impact of sponsored data on consumer surplus depends crucially on whether the MNO has complete information of the consumers’ valuation of mobile data. Our analysis helps provide a clearer picture of the impact of sponsored data on consumer surplus while reconciling the conflicting views from scholars, digital rights groups, and the network carriers.
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Zmysłowski, Dariusz, and Jan M. Kelner. "Mobile Network Operators’ Assessment Based on Drive-Test Campaign in Urban Area for iPerf Scenario." Applied Sciences 14, no. 3 (2024): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14031268.
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The development of new telecommunication services requires the implementation of advanced technologies and the next generations of networks. Currently, the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a widely used standard. On the other hand, more and more mobile network operators (MNOs) are implementing the fifth-generation (5G) New Radio standard in their networks. It allows for increasing throughput, spectral, and energy efficiency and maximizing coverage, while reducing latency. The effectiveness of the introduced changes is measured by assessing the quality of service (QoS) in mobile networks. The paper presents the result evaluation of the QoS measurement campaign carried out using the drive test method in an urban area for four MNOs. We analyze the data transmission scenario, which is the basis of most modern telecommunications services. The result comparison provides an assessment of the 5G service implementation advancement by MNOs. In this analysis, we consider many QoS metrics (e.g., session time, throughput, and round-trip time) and parameters defining the radio signal quality (i.e., reference signal received power, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio). Our work also included searching for relationships between these parameters, using a correlation analysis. It allows for the selection of uncorrelated parameters to assess the quality of network, i.e., MNO evaluation, in terms of the provided QoS.
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Singh, Raman, Zeeshan Pervez, and Hitesh Tewari. "Blockchain-Enabled NextGen Service Architecture for Mobile Internet Offload." Future Internet 15, no. 5 (2023): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15050173.
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The amalgamation of heterogeneous generations of mobile cellular networks around the globe has resulted in diverse data speed experiences for end users. At present, there are no defined mechanisms in place for subscribers of a mobile network operator (MNO) to use the services of third-party WiFi providers. MNOs also have no standardized procedures to securely interact with each other, and allow their subscribers to use third-party services on a pay-as-you-go basis. This paper proposes a blockchain-enabled offloading framework that allows a subscriber of a mobile operator to temporarily use another MNO or WiFi provider’s higher-speed network. A smart contract is employed to allow diverse entities, such as MNOs, brokers and WiFi providers, to automatically execute mutual agreements, to enable the utilization of third-party infrastructure in a secure and controlled manner. The proposed framework is tested using Ethereum’s testnet on the Goerli network using Alchemy and Hardhat. The analysis of the results obtained shows that the proposed technique helps mobile operators to offer improved user experience in the form of average speed and latency. The experiments show that the average time taken to deliver a 500 MB file is reduced from 10.23 s to 0.91 s for the global average scenario, from 6.09 s to 0.50 s for 5G, from 13.50 s to 0.50 s for 4G-LTE, from 41.11 s to 0.49 s for 4G, and from 339.11 s to 0.49 s for the 3G scenario. The results also show that, with WiFi offloading, users from all cellular generations can enjoy a similar quality of services, because delivery time ranges from 0.49 s to 0.91 s for offloaded experiments whereas for the non-offloaded scenario it ranges from 6.09 s to 339.11 s.
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Nwankwo, Cosmas Anayochukwu, MacDonald Isaac Kanyangale, and James Okechukwu Abugu. "The Basics of a Mobile Money-Based Financial Service: Perceptions of University Students in Nigeria." Foundations of Management 13, no. 1 (2021): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fman-2021-0016.
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Abstract The purpose of this quantitative research was to investigate the basis and perception of mobile money (MM) service among Nigerian university students. The paper adopted a positivistic ontology and descriptive survey design. Two hundred and fifty students from five universities in the southeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria were sampled. Results showed that perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), perceived credibility (PCRED), and perceived risk (PR) had significant and positive relationship with behavioral intention. Given the results, these four fundamental issues must be central to inclusive mobile money-based financial service for Nigerian university students. The adoption of the technology acceptance model (TAM) by mobile network operators (MNO) and banks is critical to ensure acceptance of innovative and inclusive mobile-based financial service and success in the university student market.
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Efunogbon, Abimbola, Enjie Liu, Renxie Qiu, and Taiwo Efunogbon. "Optimal 5G Network Sub-Slicing Orchestration in a Fully Virtualised Smart Company Using Machine Learning." Future Internet 17, no. 2 (2025): 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17020069.
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This paper introduces Optimal 5G Network Sub-Slicing Orchestration (ONSSO), a novel machine learning framework for dynamic and autonomous 5G network slice orchestration. The framework leverages the LazyPredict module to automatically select optimal supervised learning algorithms based on real-time network conditions and historical data. We propose Enhanced Sub-Slice (eSS), a machine learning pipeline that enables granular resource allocation through network sub-slicing, reducing service denial risks and enhancing user experience. This leads to the introduction of Company Network as a Service (CNaaS), a new enterprise service model for mobile network operators (MNOs). The framework was evaluated using Google Colab for machine learning implementation and MATLAB/Simulink for dynamic testing. The results demonstrate that ONSSO improves MNO collaboration through real-time resource information sharing, reducing orchestration delays and advancing adaptive 5G network management solutions.
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Gedel, Ibrahim Alhassan, and Nnamdi I. Nwulu. "Low Latency 5G Distributed Wireless Network Architecture: A Techno-Economic Comparison." Inventions 6, no. 1 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010011.
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The most profound requirements of fifth-generation (5G) technology implementations are the architecture design and the radio base station technology to capably run applications such as device-to-device, machine-to machine and internet of things at a reduced latency. Owing to these requirements, the implementation of 5G technology is very expensive to mobile network operators (MNO). In this study we modified the existing 4G network to form a distributed wireless network architecture (DWNA); the picocell and distributed antenna system were modified to support the enabling technology of 5G technology were a multi-edge computer (MEC), software-defined networking (SDN), massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO), ultra-dense network (UDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and device-to-device (D2D) communication at a reduced cost of ownership, improved coverage and capacity. We present a mathematical model for operational expenditure, capital expenditure and total cost of ownership (TCO) for the DWNA. A mathematical model for DWNA capacity and throughput was presented. Result shows that it is very economical for MNO to rent the space of the tower infrastructure from tower companies. The sensitivity analysis also shows a significant reduction in TCO for both the modified picocell and modified distributed antenna systems.
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Tomaszewski, Lechosław, Robert Kołakowski, Piotr Dybiec, and Sławomir Kukliński. "Mobile Networks’ Support for Large-Scale UAV Services." Energies 15, no. 14 (2022): 4974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15144974.
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The services based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have started to be used in many countries but not on a large scale yet. The paper describes the present status of UAV services and a concept of a solution for large-scale deployment of safe and reliable UAV services that use the 5G network for communication with UAVs. Based on the Standards Developing Organizations and related industry fora activities, unmanned traffic and airspace regulations, especially the commonly supported concept of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM), UAV-related communication requirements and 5G System (5GS) features, we have developed an alternative approach to the integration of UAV and 5GS. The proposed concept includes a set of enablers that can be provided by Mobile Network Operators in order to not only support but also leverage UAV services. As work on many items is still in progress, we identify a list of open issues and challenges and present them at the end of the paper with the main focus on the MNO–UTM provider relationship and safe flights.
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Turk, Yekta, Engin Zeydan, and Cemal Alp Akbulut. "Experimental Performance Evaluations of CoMP and CA in Centralized Radio Access Networks." Springer Telecommunication Systems 72, no. 1 (2019): 115–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-019-00553-z.
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According to International Mobile Telecommunication’s requirements for 2020, next generation cellular networks such as 5G need to meet certain Key Performance Indicator targets. Centralized-Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) is a novel technique that can address growing capacity needs of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) due to ever increasing demands of their users. In order to meet stringent requirements of next generation cellular networks, C-RAN enabled techniques have attracted a lot attention due to their efficient spectrum (band, bandwidth) utilization [e.g. via carrier aggregation (CA)], spectrum efficiency (e.g. via Inter-Cell Interference Co-ordination and cancellation using Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) Transmission/Reception). In this paper, we investigate three different CA scenarios along with their benefits and limitations from the perspective of MNO. Additionally, we analyze inter-Baseband Unit (BBU) uplink (UL) CoMP feature as a real-world experimental C-RAN implementation in an operational suburban site of Istanbul in Turkey. Quantitative CA performance measurements demonstrate performance comparison of the considered three CA scenarios, and depending on each MNO’s strategy, different CA gains are observed (e.g. LTE 1800 Mhz MNOs can benefit more from L800 umbrella coverage scenario). Our coordinated inter-BBU UL CoMP results indicate that around \(7\%\), \(9\%\) and \(6\%\) gains can be achieved in UL cell, user and cell-edge user throughput respectively.
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Kaltakis, Konstantinos, Alexandros Dimos, Ioannis Giannoulakis, Emmanouil Kafetzakis, and Charalampos Skianis. "A Reinforcement Learning-Based Reverse Auction Enforcing Smart Pricing Policies towards B5G Offloading Strategies." Electronics 13, no. 13 (2024): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13132488.
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In this paper, we present our work on developing a Smart Pricing Policies module specifically designed for individual users and Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). Our framework will operate in a multi-MNO blockchain radio access network (B-RAN) and is tasked with determining prices for resource sharing among users and MNOs. Our sophisticated adaptive pricing system can adjust to situations where User Equipment (UE) shifts out of the coverage area of their MNO by immediately sealing a contract with a different MNO to cover the users’ needs. This way, we aim to provide financial incentives to MNOs while ensuring continuous network optimization for all parties involved. Our system accomplishes that by utilizing deep reinforcement learning (DLR) to implement a reverse auction model. In our reinforcement learning scenario, the MNOs, acting as agents, enter a competition and try to bid the most appealing price based on the user’s request, and based on the reward system, agents that do not win in the current round will adjust their strategies in an attempt to secure a win in subsequent rounds. The findings indicated that combining DRL with reverse auction theory offers a more appropriate method for addressing the pricing and bid challenges, and additionally, administrators can utilize this strategy to gain a notable edge by dynamically selecting and adjusting their methods according to the individual network conditions and requirements.
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Forge, Simon, and Lara Srivastava. "ITU cost model and methodology to assist national regulatory authorities to engage with international mobile roaming." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 20, no. 2 (2018): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-06-2017-0033.
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Purpose Tariffs for international mobile roaming (IMR) are often viewed by governments as an additional tax on international trade and on tourism. IMR customer bills may appear to be arbitrary and sometimes excessive. The purpose of this paper is therefore to set out a pragmatic approach to assessing international charges for mobile roaming, making use of a realistic cost model of the international roaming process and its cost elements, at a level that is useful to regulatory authorities and operators. Design/methodology/approach The discussion presented is based on industry practices for handling voice calls and data sessions with the mobile network operators (MNOs) business model, based on industry sources. The basic mechanisms use two common constructs from business analysis – business processes and use-cases – to provide a simplified form of activity-based costing. This provides a model suitable for national regulatory authorities to move towards cost-based IMR tariffs. Findings Using a perspective on costs based on a bottom-up survey procedure for elucidating the key information, the paper presents the cost elements for the various IMR network components and business processes, with an approach suitable for analysing both wholesale and retail pricing. Research limitations/implications The method is specifically designed to overcome the key problem of such approaches, the limitations set by differences in network technologies, network topology, operational scale and the engineering, as well as MNO business model and accounting practices, which otherwise would preclude the method presented here from being vendor neutral. Practical implications Vendor and network engineering neutrality implies the approach can be used to compare different MNOs in terms of the validity of their IMR charges and whether they are cost based. Social implications Impacts on society of so-called “bill-shock” have become quite common, increasingly for data sessions. The cost model presented here was developed with the intention of improving the accountability and transparency of the mobile roaming market. It thus assists in the introduction of cost-based tariffs over an economic region, such the European Union. Originality/value The paper examines the practical implications of building large-scale cost models for assessing the real IMR costs, a modelling exercise that has not been seen elsewhere in terms of its approach and neutrality as to MNO structure and assets.
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López, Lorena Herrera. "A Closer Look at Direct Carrier Billing." International Journal of Online Marketing 10, no. 4 (2020): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2020100102.
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The impulse to digitalization by telecom operators requires the commercialization of over-the-top services (OTT) based on the fine understanding and prediction of customer behaviour through pattern recognition involving big data, resulting in an essential part of web analytics and digital marketing. The objective of this research is to analyse factors influencing the purchase and use of a mobile game commercialized by a mobile network operator (MNO), through different digital marketing channels and using direct carrier billing (DCB) as payment channel. The novelty contribution of this study is twofold. Firstly, it assesses determinants related to the purchase and use of a mobile service through the analysis of variables identified in the scientific literature's review. In addition, it also incorporates a set of variables based on data retrieved from big data analytics. Secondly, this research analyses the willingness of consumers to pay through DCB.
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Stella, I. Orakwue, and O. Asuelinmhen Peter. "Development of Web Application for Mobile Broadband Performance Measurement." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 9, no. 1 (2022): 6–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10643363.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <em>Broadband technologies have been available in Nigeria for long time, and have been utilized by over 40% of her population. But most of these consumers are unaware of the measure of the Quality of Service (QoS) received. This paper presents a test on the QoS received by the consumers. The Mobile broadband performance application (ISP-PERF) was developed using Hypertext Pre-processor (PHP), JavaScript, Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML), Cascaded Style sheets (CSS) and MySQL to measure, collect and store data relating to four quality of service (QoS) metrics – download and upload speeds, ping, jitter and user data such as mobile phone information, distance from server, and network information. Intensive measurements were taken using ISP-PERF and Ookla’s speedtest.net through drive and walk test techniques in three major areas of Port Harcourt on three mobile network operators (MNO). The analysed data gave insights into performance offered to customers by the MNOs in these major areas of interest. Based on results of the comparisons, less than 1% performance error was achieved which justifies that the developed application ISP-PERF is valid for mobile broadband measurement.</em>
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Mako, Serah, Shafrida Sahrani, Herman Kunsei, and Paul R. P. Hoole. "EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SIGNAL STRENGTH PATH LOSS IN A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT." Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 86, no. 6 (2024): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v86.21835.
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Conducting performance analysis can be a valuable tool for mobile network operators (MNO) in optimizing network performance, improving user experience, and ensuring services, such as voice calls, data transmission, and video streaming, as well as to adhere to quality standards. This approach facilitates capacity planning, resource allocation, and the prompt identification and resolution of network congestion, hardware failures, or security breaches. In this paper, the performance of three MNOs around Papua New Guinea University of Technology (PNGUoT) is examined. The downlink frequency signal was measured and collected using the MST207T spectrum analyzer. The allocated frequency spectrum for each mobile network evolution from 3G to 4G-LTE was analyzed and calculated for signal strength path loss utilizing Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) and the Cost 231 Hata Model methods. 5G is not discussed in this paper as the technology is awaiting PNG market entry approval. The findings indicate that Digicel towers exhibit a decrease in downlink signal intensity and quality in areas with poor signal reception. Certain technical issues were observed to be responsible for the identified poor performances, including overcrowding of base stations (BS). The signal strength qualities of Bmobile Vodafone and Telikom exhibit variations, suggesting a moderate to poor level of quality. The data results from the path loss calculation also show an increase in fading signal strength quality. The findings of this empirical study would provide valuable insights for enhancing the efficiency and coverage of mobile communication networks around PNGUoT.
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Saha, Rony Kumer. "On Exploiting Millimeter-Wave Spectrum Trading in Countrywide Mobile Network Operators for High Spectral and Energy Efficiencies in 5G/6G Era." Sensors 20, no. 12 (2020): 3495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123495.
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In this paper, we propose a dynamic exclusive-use spectrum access (DESA) method to improve the overall licensed millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum utilization of all mobile network operators (MNOs) in a country. By exploiting secondary spectrum trading, the proposed DESA method shares partly and exclusively the licensed mmWave spectrum of one MNO to another in a dynamic and on-demand basis for a certain agreement term. We formulate the proposed DESA method for an arbitrary number of MNOs in a country. We then present an iterative algorithm to find the optimal amount of shared spectrum for each MNO, which is updated at each agreement term. We derive average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and cost efficiency performance metrics for all MNOs countrywide and present extensive numerical and simulation results and analyses for an example scenario of a country with four MNOs each assigned statically with an equal amount of 28-GHz mmWave spectrum. By applying DESA, we show that MNOs with a lack of minimum licensed spectra to serve their data traffic can lease at the cost of payment of the required additional spectra from other MNOs having unused or under-utilized licensed spectra. Moreover, it is shown that the overall countrywide average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and cost efficiency can be improved, respectively, by 25%, 25%, 17.5%, and 20%. Furthermore, we show that, by applying DESA to all MNOs countrywide, the expected spectral efficiency and energy efficiency requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile systems can be achieved by reusing the same mmWave spectrum to 20% fewer buildings of small cells. Finally, using the statistics of subscribers of all MNOs, we present a case study for fifth-generation (5G) networks to demonstrate the application of the proposed DESA method to an arbitrary country of four MNOs.
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Dienhart, Michael, and Qu Yanzhen. "Understanding the Predictive Relationship Between Wireless Network Experience and Customer Churn." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 2 (2025): 20–27. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2025.9.2.696.
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Wireless networks have transformed society, and their evolving capabilities support numerous economic and social goals. Continued investments in wireless technologies and network coverage by mobile network operators (MNOs) depends on their achieving a favorable return on investment. Retaining existing customers by reducing churn is the most financially efficient means to improve economic returns, however the causes of customer churn are not fully understood due to the lack of studies on the relationship between wireless network quality and customer churn. This quantitative study leveraged existing secondary data from one MNO containing nine network quality factors, which formed three network quality constructs in the model, measured in 646 counties for one month in combination with a partial least squares structural equation modeling methodology to evaluate the predictive value of the network quality factors on customer churn. The study further assessed the degree to which the predictive value varies based on the population density of each county. The surprising findings suggest that network quality does not predict a meaningful amount of customer churn (p < 0.001), but that the relationship between the network quality factors and customer churn differs meaningfully depending on population density. These findings suggest ways that MNOs may fine-tune their network investments to achieve improvements in customer churn and financial results.
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Mackay, Michael, Alessandro Raschella, and Ogeen Toma. "Modelling and Analysis of Performance Characteristics in a 60 Ghz 802.11ad Wireless Mesh Backhaul Network for an Urban 5G Deployment." Future Internet 14, no. 2 (2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14020034.
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With the widespread deployment of 5G gaining pace, there is increasing interest in deploying this technology beyond traditional Mobile Network Operators (MNO) into private and community scenarios. These deployments leverage the flexibility of 5G itself to support private networks that sit alongside or even on top of existing public 5G. By utilizing a range of virtualisation and slicing techniques in the 5G Core (5GC) and heterogeneous Radio Access Networks (RAN) at the edge, a wide variety of use cases can be supported by 5G. However, these non-typical deployments may experience different performance characteristics as they adapt to their specific scenario. In this paper we present the results of our work to model and predict the performance of millimeter wave (mmWave) backhaul links that were deployed as part of the Liverpool 5G network. Based on the properties of the 802.11ad protocol and the physical characteristics of the environment, we simulate how each link will perform with different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and Packet Error Rate (PER) values and verify them against real-world deployed links. Our results show good convergence between simulated and real results and provide a solid foundation for further network planning and optimization.
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Oikonomakou, Maria, Angelos Antonopoulos, Luis Alonso, and Christos Verikoukis. "Energy Sharing and Trading in Multi-Operator Heterogeneous Network Deployments." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, no. 5 (2019): 4975–88. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2019.2902925.
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With a view to the expected increased data traffic volume and energy consumption of the fifth generation networks, the use of renewable energy (RE) sources and infrastructure sharing have been embraced as energy and cost-saving technologies. Aiming at reducing cost and grid energy consumption, in the present paper, we study RE exchange (REE) possibilities in late-trend network deployments of energy harvesting (EH) macrocell and small cell base stations (EH-MBSs, EH-SBSs) that use an EH system, an energy storage system, and the smart grid as energy procurement sources. On this basis, we study a two-tier network composed of EH-MBSs that are passively shared among a set of mobile network operators (MNOs), and EH-SBSs that are provided to MNOs by an infrastructure provider (InP). Taking into consideration the infrastructure location and the variety of stakeholders involved in the network deployment, we propose as REE approaches 1) a cooperative RE sharing, based on bankruptcy theory, for the shared EH-MBSs and 2) a non-cooperative, aggregator-assisted RE trading, which uses double auctions to describe the REE acts among the InP provided EH-SBSs managed by different MNOs, after an initial internal REE among the ones managed by a single MNO. Our results display that our proposals outperform baseline approaches, providing a considerable reduction in SG energy utilization and costs, with satisfaction of the participant parties.
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Elle, Serge Messomo. "Mobile Network Operators’ Agency Banking Quality, Financial Inclusion Practices and the Sustainable Development Goals: Evidence from Cameroon." Journal of Sustainable Development 17, no. 2 (2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v17n2p96.
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The Sustainable Development Goals were launched by the United Nations in 2015. Empirical evidence suggests that despite the excitement at their launching by the international community and other stakeholders, their attainment by enterprises is still poor. Thus, using the technology of agency banking and mediated by financial inclusion practices, this study sought to determine the role played by Telecommunication Companies (MNO) in the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Cameroon. To attain this objective, the study mobilized the Baron and Kenny (1986) model in the analysis of partial mediation effect using Ordinary Least Squares Regression. The purposive sampling technique was used to engage 1,420 users of MNOs&rsquo; services from the Cameroon&rsquo;s 10 regional capitals in the study. The results showed that the effect of agency banking quality on Sustainable Development goals via the financial inclusion practices (Adjusted R2) is higher for the agents of Commercial banks and Micro, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) than Microfinance Institutions. Thus, we suggest that Cameroon&rsquo;s public authorities should focus more on Commercial banks and MSMEs than Microfinance Institutions to increase financial inclusion and ease the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Cameroon.
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Matz, Andreas Philipp, Jose-Angel Fernandez-Prieto, Joaquin Cañada-Bago, and Ulrich Birkel. "A Systematic Analysis of Narrowband IoT Quality of Service." Sensors 20, no. 6 (2020): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061636.
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Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is part of a novel group of access technologies referred to as Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), which provide energy-efficient and long-range network access to IoT devices. Although NB-IoT Release 13 has been deployed by Mobile Network Operators (MNO), detailed Quality of Service (QoS) evaluations in public networks are still rare. In this paper, systematic physical layer measurements are conducted, and the application layer performance is verified. Special consideration is given to the influence of the radio parameters on the application layer QoS. Additionally, NB-IoT is discussed in the context of typical smart metering use cases. The results indicate that NB-IoT meets most theoretical Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) design goals in a commercial deployment. NB-IoT provides a wide coverage by using signal repetitions, which improve the receiver sensitivity, but simultaneously increase the system latency. The maximum data rates are consistent over a wide range of coverage situations. Overall, NB-IoT is a reliable and flexible LPWAN technology for sensor applications even under challenging radio conditions. Four smart metering transmission categories are analyzed, and NB-IoT is verified to be appropriate for applications that are not latency sensitive.
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Sharma, Nirmala, and Subarna Shakya. "5G Coverage Planning for Urban Area at Kathmandu City, Nepal." September 2022 4, no. 3 (2022): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2022.3.004.
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The excitement about the 5G wireless network has passed. Mobile network operators (MNO) have begun rolling out 5G networks alongside 4G cellular networks in lower frequency and mid-frequency bands (i.e., 3-6 GHz) all over the world. The mid-frequency band can greatly improve the performance of the current network (i.e., 50 MHz–100 MHz). All we know that the wider spectrum can be provided by the high frequency bands which is required to fulfill the greatest bitrates (20 Gb/s), lowest latencies, and constantly increasing capacity demands. The free space propagation loss rapidly increases as we move to higher frequency bands, that will reduce the individual cell site radius to 100 m for the high frequency band from various distances in 4G. To offer consistent 5G coverage, the MNOs will have significant challenges in precisely planning and acquiring these enormous numbers of new cell site locations. This paper describes about the signal characteristics at 800MHz, 1800MHz for 4G and at 700MHz, 2300MHz, 2600MHz, 3500MHz for 5G and the upgradation of 4G towards 5G in the test environment. The 5G Coverage Planning with three sector cells and its SINR Mapping in advance antenna array will be performed to provide better coverage in 5G environments.
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Kollias, Georgios, Ferran Adelantado, and Christos Verikoukis. "Spectral Efficient and Energy Aware Clustering in Cellular Networks." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 66, no. 10 (2017): 9263–74. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2017.2716387.
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The current and envisaged increase of cellular traffic poses new challenges to mobile network operators (MNO), who must densify their radio access networks (RAN) while maintaining low capital expenditure and operational expenditure to ensure long-term sustainability. In this context, this paper analyzes optimal clustering solutions based on device-to-device communications to mitigate partially or completely the need for MNOs to carry out extremely dense RAN deployments. Specifically, a low-complexity algorithm that enables the creation of spectral efficient clusters among users from different cells, denoted as enhanced clustering optimization for resources' efficiency is presented. Due to the imbalance between uplink and downlink traffic, a complementary algorithm, known as clustering algorithm for load balancing, is also proposed to create nonspectral efficient clusters when they result in a capacity increase. Finally, in order to alleviate the energy overconsumption suffered by cluster heads, the clustering energy efficient algorithm (CEEa) is also designed to manage the tradeoff between the capacity enhancement and the early battery drain of some users. Results show that the proposed algorithms increase the network capacity and outperform existing solutions, while, at the same time, CEEa is able to handle the cluster heads energy overconsumption.
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Ahamed, Md Maruf, and Saleh Faruque. "5G Network Coverage Planning and Analysis of the Deployment Challenges." Sensors 21, no. 19 (2021): 6608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196608.
Full textAbstract:
The 5G cellular network is no longer hype. Mobile network operators (MNO) around the world (e.g., Verizon and AT&T in the USA) started deploying 5G networks in mid-frequency bands (i.e., 3–6 GHz) with existing 4G cellular networks. The mid-frequency band can significantly boost the existing network performance additional spectrum (i.e., 50 MHz–100 MHz). However, the high-frequency bands (i.e., 24 GHz–100 GHz) can offer a wider spectrum (i.e., 400~800 MHz), which is needed to meet the ever-growing capacity demands, highest bitrates (~20 Gb/s), and lowest latencies. As we move to the higher frequency bands, the free space propagation loss increases significantly, which will limit the individual cell site radius to 100 m for the high-frequency band compared to several kilometers in 4G. Therefore, the MNOs will need to deploy hundreds of new small cells (e.g., 100 m cell radius) compared to one large cell site (e.g., Macrocell with several km in radius) to ensure 100% network coverage for the same area. It will be a big challenge for the MNOs to accurately plan and acquire these massive numbers of new cell site locations to provide uniform 5G coverage. This paper first describes the 5G coverage planning with a traditional three-sector cell. It then proposes an updated cell architecture with six sectors and an advanced antenna system that provides better 5G coverage. Finally, it describes the potential challenges of 5G network deployment with future research directions.
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Zelalem Jembre, Yalew, Woon-young Jung, Muhammad Attique, Rajib Paul, and Beomjoon Kim. "Mobile Broadband Performance Evaluation: Analysis of National Reports." Electronics 11, no. 3 (2022): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030485.
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Five decades have passed since the first bit was transmitted over the internet. Although the internet has improved our lives and led to the digital economy, currently only 51% of the world’s population have access to it. Currently, consumers mostly access the internet via mobile broadband, 2G, 3G, and 4G services. Regulatory bodies such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the US are responsible for ensuring that consumers receive an adequate service from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). Usually, regulators evaluate the performance of each MNO in terms of service quality yearly and publish a report. To evaluate performance, metrics such as coverage, download/upload speed, and the number of subscribers can be used. However, the evaluation process and the metrics used by each regulatory body are inconsistent, and this makes it hard to determine which nations are providing adequate services to their citizens. Furthermore, it is not clear as to which performance evaluation is the right path. In this case study, we analyzed the reports released from eight nations (United States of America, United Kingdom, France, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Australia) as of the year 2020. We then point out the advantages and the drawbacks of the current evaluation process and metrics. Furthermore, a discussion on why the current methods are not sufficient to evaluate 5G services is presented. Our findings indicate that there is a great need for a unified metric and that this process becomes more complex with the rollout of 5G.
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Ariansyah, Kasmad, and Chaikal Nuryakin. "Competition and Mobile Network Operator’s Investment Relationship: Empirical Evidence for Developing Countries." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 7, no. 4 (2019): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v7n4.205.
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Policymakers have reformed telecommunications market structure since several decades ago, from a monopoly to a more competitive market. They believed that the competitive market structure would be able to overcome the limitations of investment required to develop the industry and to provide equitable access. However, the advance of digital age has changed the competition landscape in telecommunication sector considerably. Telecommunication companies are also required to provide higher investment to further improve their networks quality as well as coverage. This study aims to reinvestigate effect of competition on investment under the current context. The empirical estimation results show the intensity of competition has a significant short-run impact on the investment behaviour of cellular telecommunications companies. The effect is not linear, but in the form of an inverted U curve. This points out the existence of a competition intensity that maximizes mobile network operator (MNO)'s investment. We find that the intensity is in the level of 0.61 or when a company has an EBITDA margin of 39%. This finding implies a different behaviour of MNOs having EBITDA margins of less and more than 39% in respond to the change in competition intensity. MNOs in the first groups will react to the increase of competition intensity by decreasing their investment. Meanwhile, the others will respond to the rise in competition intensity by increasing their investment. The empirical results also show the accumulative impact of the competition intensity on investment is 12,5 times of the short-run
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Ali, Guma, Mussa Ally Dida, and Anael Elikana Sam. "Evaluation of Key Security Issues Associated with Mobile Money Systems in Uganda." Information 11, no. 6 (2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11060309.
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Smartphone technology has improved access to mobile money services (MMS) and successful mobile money deployment has brought massive benefits to the unbanked population in both rural and urban areas of Uganda. Despite its enormous benefits, embracing the usage and acceptance of mobile money has mostly been low due to security issues and challenges associated with the system. As a result, there is a need to carry out a survey to evaluate the key security issues associated with mobile money systems in Uganda. The study employed a descriptive research design, and stratified random sampling technique to group the population. Krejcie and Morgan’s formula was used to determine the sample size for the study. The collection of data was through the administration of structured questionnaires, where 741 were filled by registered mobile money (MM) users, 447 registered MM agents, and 52 mobile network operators’ (MNOs) IT officers of the mobile money service providers (MMSPs) in Uganda. The collected data were analyzed using RStudio software. Statistical techniques like descriptive analysis and Pearson Chi-Square test was used in data analysis and mean (M) > 3.0 and p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The findings revealed that the key security issues are identity theft, authentication attack, phishing attack, vishing attack, SMiShing attack, personal identification number (PIN) sharing, and agent-driven fraud. Based on these findings, the use of better access controls, customer awareness campaigns, agent training on acceptable practices, strict measures against fraudsters, high-value transaction monitoring by the service providers, developing a comprehensive legal document to run mobile money service, were some of the proposed mitigation measures. This study, therefore, provides a baseline survey to help MNO and the government that would wish to implement secure mobile money systems.
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Hafiza, Lia, and Marcia Rizky Hamdala. "STUDI TEKNO-EKONOMI IMPLEMENTASI SPECTRUM SHARING PADA MOBILE NETWORK OPERATOR DI KOTA BANDUNG." Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (JICT) 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52661/j_ict.v4i1.96.
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Spektrum frekuensi adalah sumber daya terbatas pada sektor telekomunikasi, oleh sebab itu penggunaan dan pengelolaannya diatur oleh Negara. Selain itu, Negara harus menjamin setiap warga negara memperoleh informasi dan dapat berkomunikasi sesuai dengan yang diatur oleh konstitusi. Dalam beberapa tahun kedepan, pendapatan sektor telekomunikasi diprediksikan akan menurun. Terdapat dua solusi dari permasalahan tersebut, pertama dengan penghematan, kedua adalah masuk ke dalam lini bisnis baru. Pada penelitian ini, kami akan membahas terkait salah satu dari solusi tersebut, yaitu menggunakan penghematan dengan cara spectrum sharing.
 Untuk melakukan penghematan, lebih dari 60% Mobile Network Operator (MNO) di dunia menggunakan Radio Access Network Sharing (RAN Sharing). RAN Sharing memiliki beberapa jenis teknologi, namun pada penelitian ini akan menggunakan Multi-Operator Core Network (MOCN). Keunggulan dari MOCN diantaranya adalah dapat digunakan untuk berbagi spektrum frekuensi yang menjadi solusi kelangkaan spektrum, menghemat biaya, dan mempercepat penggelaran jaringan ke daerah-daerah, serta dapat berdampak pada PDB di Indonesia.
 Terdapat beberapa aspek yang melingkupi penelitian yang kami lakukan, yaitu aspek teknis dan ekonomi. Pada aspek teknis, kami membatasi penelitian pada daerah perkotaan. Daerah perkotaan yang akan menjadi objek penelitian kami adalah Kota Bandung dengan menggunakan perhitungan capacity planning. Dalam aspek ekonomi, nilai perhitungan Net Present Value (NPV) dari skenario sharing dan non-sharing dipetakan dengan pendekatan game theory untuk menganalisis hasil perhitungan NPV.
 Hasil dari penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa, Multi-Operator Core Network (MOCN) kurang efektif apabila diimplementasikan pada daerah perkotaan, terkhususkan Kota Bandung. Hal ini diakibatkan, setelah menggunakan perhitungan capacity planning dan analisis game theory, cenderung tidak mendapatkan keuntungan jika spectrum sharing dilakukan antara Market Leader dengan para pesaing atau kompetitor.
 Keywords: Network sharing, Multi Operator Core Network, Spektrum Frekuensi, Industri Telekomunikasi
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Turk, Yekta, Engin Zeydan, and Cemal Alp Akbulut. "On Performance Analysis of Single Frequency Network with C-RAN." IEEE Access 7 (December 1, 2018): 1502–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2887005.
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Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) is an architectural trend that uses resource sharing and a set of interference mitigation techniques to reduce capital and operational expenditures for mobile network operators (MNOs). One of the technical enablers of a C-RAN solution is single frequency network (SFN) that curbs the interference and allows MNOs to transmit over single frequency across coordinated cells. One of the main advantages of SFN is that it reduces the number of handovers between neighboring cells while improving the overall system performance. In contrast to previous approaches that demonstrate some of the most prominent C-RAN features, in this paper, we first investigate two different SFN deployment scenarios’ characteristics, benefits, and limitations. Second, we perform a simulation analysis of non-SFN and SFN without joint scheduling to observe signal to interference ratio heatmap distribution of the experimental test-site using similar system configurations. Finally, we perform an experimental analysis of joint scheduling in SFN based on coordinated inter baseband units scenario using C-RAN in a realistic environment. The experimental results are tested on a real operating site of a major MNO’s infrastructure in Turkey. Through experimental results, we show overall performance gains of SFN feature in terms of different key performance indicators that are obtained from coordinating remote radio units in an SFN cell. Finally, we discuss about the main takeaways, lessons learned, and challenges of the considered SFN implementation.
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Masek, Pavel, Evgeny Mokrov, Krystof Zeman, et al. "A Practical Perspective on 5G-Ready Highly Dynamic Spectrum Management with LSA." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (September 2, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2103868.
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A diversity of wireless technologies will collaborate to support the fifth-generation (5G) communication networks with their demanding applications and services. Despite decisive progress in many enabling solutions, next-generation cellular deployments may still suffer from a glaring lack of bandwidth due to inefficient utilization of radio spectrum, which calls for immediate action. To this end, several capable frameworks have recently emerged to all help the mobile network operators (MNOs) leverage the abundant frequency bands that are utilized lightly by other incumbents. Along these lines, the recent Licensed Shared Access (LSA) regulatory framework allows for controlled sharing of spectrum between an incumbent and a licensee, such as the MNO, which coexist geographically. This powerful concept has been subject to several early technology demonstrations that confirm its implementation feasibility. However, the full potential of LSA-based spectrum management can only become available if it is empowered to operate dynamically and at high space-time-frequency granularity. Complementing the prior efforts, we in this work outline the functionality that is required by the LSA system to achieve the much needed flexible operation as well as report on the results of our respective live trial that employs a full-fledged commercial-grade cellular network deployment. Our practical results become instrumental to facilitate more dynamic bandwidth sharing and thus promise to advance on the degrees of spectrum utilization in future 5G systems without compromising the service quality of their users.
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Gerpott, Torsten J., Sebastian May, and Gokhan Nas. "National origin as a means of customer segmentation – an analysis of mobile communications users in a GCC country." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 19, no. 4 (2017): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-02-2017-0009.
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Purpose In the field of mobile communications services (MCS), it is of importance to segment MCS users to support operators in better tailoring their offers to the needs of specific customer groups. This paper analyzes the suitability of national origin of MCS subscribers to segment residential customers into groups with significantly diverging usage behaviors in a sample living in one of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states with a large share of expatriates in its population, particularly from South Asian countries. If MCS use patterns vary considerably between nationals, South Asian migrants and other foreign nationalities, it makes much sense to segment customers at least into these three groups. Design/methodology/approach The investigation applies discriminant and regression analysis on a sample of 4,892 residential postpaid MCS customers in a GCC country. The sample comprises individual usage data of 2,446 national citizens and an equal number of non-nationals between July 2014 and July 2015, living in the focal country. The data set was extracted from the billing and customer management systems of a collaborating mobile network operator (MNO). Findings The results imply that national origin is a highly significant predictor of individual MCS usage. Nationals and all expatriates primarily differ in international voice and SMS usage but not in established national MCS and mobile internet use intensity. Among expatriates, South Asians consume more national and international voice minutes than migrants originating from other foreign nations. Research limitations The analysis is based on objective MCS usage data retrieved from an MNO’s data warehouse. It lacks information on customer perceptions of the utility of various MNO service categories and on other individual characteristics, such as the customers’ level of education or language proficiency. To overcome this limitation, empirical research is needed that incorporates additional objective customer descriptors as well as subjective perceptual constructs. Practical implications MNOs are well advised to develop service bundles and tariff portfolios specifically designed for nationals and for different groups of expatriates. Originality/value The paper extends the literature on MCS usage behavior in Arab states in general and on customer MCS usage segmentation based on individuals’ national citizenship in particular.
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Zheng, Xiaoliang, Wenhao Lai, Hualiang Chen, Shen Fang, and Ziqiao Li. "A Study of Cellular Traffic Data Prediction by Kernel ELM with Parameter Optimization." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 3517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103517.
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Accurate and efficient prediction of mobile network traffic in a public setting with changing flow of people can not only ensure a stable network but also help operators make resource scheduling decisions before reasonably allocating resources. Therefore, this paper proposes a method based on kernel extreme learning machine (kELM) for traffic data prediction. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), multiverse optimizer (MVO), and moth–flame optimization (MFO) were adopted to optimize kELM parameters for finding the best solution. To verify the predictive performance of the kernel ELM model, backpropagation (BP) neural network, v-support vector regression (vSVR), and ELM were also applied to traffic prediction, and the results were compared with kELM. Experimental results showed that the smallest mean absolute percentage error in the test (11.150%) was achieved when kELM was optimized by MFO with Gaussian as the kernel function, that is, the prediction result of MFO-kELM was the best. This study can provide significant guidance for network stability and resource conservation.