Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mobile radio networks / Journal articles
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Mobile radio networks.

Journal articles on the topic 'Mobile radio networks'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Mobile radio networks.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Gozalvez, Javier. "Heterogeneous Wireless Networks [Mobile Radio]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 6, no. 2 (June 2011): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2011.941495.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Saha, Debashis. "Handbook of Mobile Radio Networks." Computer Communications 25, no. 3 (February 2002): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-3664(01)00344-9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Divitskyi, Andriy, Serhii Salnyk, Vladyslav Hol, Pavlo Sydorkin, and Anton Storchak. "Development of a model of a subsystem for forecasting changes in data transmission routes in special purpose mobile radio networks." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 9(111) (July 1, 2021): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.235609.

Full text
Abstract:
This research addressed the issue of improving the quality of service for the control system of mobile radio networks. The analysis of the forecasting sphere concerning the methods of service quality of mobile radio networks for special purposes, in particular, forecasting the time of congestion of data transmission routes is carried out. It is found that these methods are used in wired and computer networks operating at the network and data link levels. The basic parameters of the protocols of the channel and network layers of mobile radio networks are highlighted. Forecasting methods are analyzed: temporal extrapolation, causality, expert, and the main disadvantages are indicated. A model of a control system for mobile radio networks with a forecasting subsystem is shown. The features of mobile radio networks, which form the requirements for routing methods, are described. A lot of requirements have been put forward for the model of a control system for mobile radio networks. The structure of a model of a control system for mobile radio networks with an improved forecasting subsystem is proposed. On the basis of genetic algorithms, the tasks that arise in the process of identification, training and forecasting in the forecasting subsystem are solved. The operation of the processes consists in building a base of rules aimed at identifying significant dependencies in a time series based on the use of a genetic algorithm. It is based on the use of evolutionary principles to find the optimal solution. Application of the proposed model will allow real-time identification and will significantly improve the quality of service for mobile radio networks. It will increase the speed and volume of data processed during training, improve the quality and reliability of predicting changes in data transmission routes
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Типаков, Василий, Vasily Sergeevich Tipakov, Тимур Яковлев, and Timur Aleksandrovich Yakovlev. "Problems of constructing broadband radio access systems of mobile radio communication." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University 2019, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2019-2-24-3.

Full text
Abstract:
The article is focused on the problem of degrading the signals of broadband 3G / 4G mobile radio access systems in places of subscribers clustering and in so-called “dead zones”. The analysis of the actual principles of building mobile networks has been carried out, the main disadvantages of the approaches to the development of cellular networks have been identified. The current trend of building macro cells in the urban environment has lost its effectiveness due to the increasing frequencies used; it has to be replaced by a fundamentally new way of planning mobile networks. A new principle of providing access to mobile communications “from inside to outside” is proposed, which takes into account the needs of a large number of subscribers in the premises. It is based on setting the maximum number of internal base stations fully meeting the needs of internal network users. Such a distinction will positively affect all subscribers and improve the experience from using the high-quality services of the mobile operators, which will result in increasing the economic performance
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Patkar, Ankit. "5G Wireless Technology." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40930.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract: After the up rise of 4G wireless mobile technology takes place; researchers, mobile operator industries representative, academic institutions have started to look into the advancement (technological) towards 5G communication networks due to some main demands that are meliorated data rates, better capacity, minimized latency and better QoS (Quality of Service). To established the 5G mobile communication technological foundation, various research works or projects entailing main mobile infrastructure manufacturers, academia and international mobile network operators have been introduced recently. Nevertheless, 5G mobile services to be made available for use, their architecture, and their performance have not been evidently explicated. In this paper, we represent thorough overview of 5G the next generation mobile technology. We mainly throws light on 5G network architecture, 5G radio spectrum, ultra-dense radio access networks (UDRAN), traffic offloading of mobile, cognitive radio (CR), software defined radio (SDR), software defined networking (SDN), mixed infrastructure, and 5G network impact on the society. Keywords: 5G wireless technology, evolution from 4G to 5G
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

R, Valanarasu, and Christy A. "COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF WIRELESS COGNITIVE AND 5G NETWORKS." Journal of Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies 01, no. 01 (September 13, 2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jucct.2019.1.003.

Full text
Abstract:
The tremendous progress in the wireless mobile communication devices and the continuous growth in the data rates and the usage with the entailment of enhanced performance in the network in the terms of the throughput, delay, energy utilization, data capacity, bandwidth utilization and the cost have led to the emergence of the 5G networks. The flexible transmission empowered by the cognitive radio networks make them prominent in the transmission of the applications that are significant and sensitive to latency. The paper surveys the details of the 5G network, the cognitive radio networks and the impacts in the network by having the cognitive radio in the 5G mobile wireless networks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Salnyk, Serhii. "Networks method of hybrid construction and support of data transmission routes in programmed tools of mobile radio communication based on neural networks." Collection "Information Technology and Security" 11, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2411-1031.2023.11.2.293815.

Full text
Abstract:
The article proposes a method of hybrid construction and support of data transmission routes in programmable means of mobile radio communication based on neural networks. Taking into account the peculiarities of the operation of mobile radio communication networks and means of communication, the article proposes to intellectualize the processes of managing data flows by using knowledge processing technologies in the construction of a control system. The construction of the control system is based on the use of neural networks, the methodology proposes three main steps of its construction, namely the method of hybrid construction of data transmission routes, the method of maintaining data transmission routes and modeling the process of construction and maintenance of data transmission routes in the network using neural networks. Unlike similar methods, which: are used in stationary communication networks with a small number of end nodes, without the possibility of monitoring the functions of data transmission routes; which are characterized by the absence of a clear decision-making hierarchy and the presence of unpredictability when applied in data transmission systems of mobile radio communication networks; do not take into account the peculiarities of the functioning of mobile radio communications. The proposed technique is able to build data transmission routes, increases the time of network operation and reduces the loading of network channels based on the application of a hybrid structure of neural network construction, by minimizing service traffic in the information direction; selection of the type, number and method of control of data transmission routes; introduction of the hierarchy of the decision-making process for the construction of the data transmission route and the selection of data parameters, taking into account the characteristic features of the use of programmable mobile communication tools to ensure the given quality of network service under different conditions of operation of mobile radio communication tools, using neural networks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Hailu, Dawit Hadush. "Performance Evaluation of Ethernet Network for Mobile Fronthual Networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i1.pp287-298.

Full text
Abstract:
<p>Increasing mobile data traffic due to the rise of both smartphones and tablets has led to high-capacity demand of mobile data network. To meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components, Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements imposed by Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). This fronthaul connection is not yet provided by packet based network. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Ethernet networks for mobile fronthaul. The fronthaul requirements used to evaluate and investigate this network are maximum End to End (E2E) latency, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and Packet Delay Variation (PDV). The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of High Priority (HP) traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. However, the PDV of HP traffic meets the fronthaul network when the number of nodes in the Ethernet network is at most four. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.</p>
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Hurley, S. "Planning effective cellular mobile radio networks." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 51, no. 2 (March 2002): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.994802.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Iraqi, Y. "Mobile Radio Networks: Networking and Protocols." Computer Communications 23, no. 13 (July 2000): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-3664(00)00212-7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
11

Gabilondo, Álvaro, Zaloa Fernández, Roberto Viola, Ángel Martín, Mikel Zorrilla, Pablo Angueira, and Jon Montalbán. "Traffic Classification for Network Slicing in Mobile Networks." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071097.

Full text
Abstract:
Network slicing is a promising technique used in the smart delivery of traffic and can satisfy the requirements of specific applications or systems based on the features of the 5G network. To this end, an appropriate slice needs to be selected for each data flow to efficiently transmit data for different applications and heterogeneous requirements. To apply the slicing paradigm at the radio segment of a cellular network, this paper presents two approaches for dynamically classifying the traffic types of individual flows and transmitting them through a specific slice with an associated 5G quality-of-service identifier (5QI). Finally, using a 5G standalone (SA) experimental network solution, we apply the radio resource sharing configuration to prioritize traffic that is dispatched through the most suitable slice. The results demonstrate that the use of network slicing allows for higher efficiency and reliability for the most critical data in terms of packet loss or jitter.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
12

Fokin, G. "Evolution of Positioning Radio Interfaces in Mobile Radio Networks." Telecom IT 8, no. 2 (June 2020): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2020-8-2-77-91.

Full text
Abstract:
In this paper, we analyze the evolutionary features of the radio interfaces of cellular 2G–4G mobile radio systems from the point of view of solving network positioning problems. The analysis shows that along with the improvement of the parameters of positioning signals, special mechanisms appeared for their formation, processing and reuse in different cells, which contributed to increasing the accuracy of the collection of primary measurements.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
13

Costa-Perez, Xavier, Joerg Swetina, Tao Guo, Rajesh Mahindra, and Sampath Rangarajan. "Radio access network virtualization for future mobile carrier networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 51, no. 7 (July 2013): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2013.6553675.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
14

Casetti, Claudio. "For Mobile Networks Too, Sustainability Is Key [Mobile Radio]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 17, no. 1 (March 2022): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2021.3130398.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
15

Haldorai, Anandakumar, Jeevanandham Sivaraj, Munivenkatappa Nagabushanam, and Michaelraj Kingston Roberts. "Cognitive Wireless Networks Based Spectrum Sensing Strategies: A Comparative Analysis." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2022 (October 30, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6988847.

Full text
Abstract:
Because of numerous dormant application fields, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as an important and novel area in radio and mobile computing research. These applications range from enclosed system configurations in the home and office to alfresco enlistment in an opponent’s landmass in a strategic flashpoint. Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) can be created by integrating radio link capabilities with network layer operations utilizing cognitive radios. The goal of CRN design is to optimize the general system operations to meet customer requirements at any location worldwide by much more efficiently addressing CRNs instead of simply connecting spectrum utilization. When compared to conventional radio networks, CRNs are more versatile and susceptible to wireless connections. Recent advancements in wireless communication have resulted in increasing spectrum scarcity. As a modern innovation, cognitive radio aims to tackle this challenge by proactively utilizing the spectrum. Because cognitive radio (CR) technology gives assailants additional possibilities than a normal wireless network, privacy in a CRN becomes a difficult challenge. We concentrate on examining the surveillance system at a societal level, in which both defense and monitoring are critical components in assuring the channel’s privacy. The current state of investigation into spectrum sensing and potential risks in cognitive radios is reviewed in this study.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
16

Elsayed, Associate Professor, Khaled Fouad. "CDMA Mobile Radio Design." Computer Communications 26, no. 9 (June 2003): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-3664(02)00245-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
17

Cadena-Muñoz, Ernesto, Luis Fernando Pedraza-Martínez, and Enrique Rodríguez-Colina. "Primary user emulation characterization in mobile cognitive radio networks." Visión electrónica 14, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22484728.16351.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper presents the results of the characterization of the attack known as the "primary user emulation" in mobile cognitive radio networks performing the implementation and testing. The tools and their configuration to carry out the attack are presented and their effects on the network are analyzed. The results show how to generate the attack with a software-defined radio equipment (SDR) using GNU-Radio and OpenBTS. The effects of the possible configurations of the attack on the network are shown, the malicious type generates constant interference on the primary or cognitive network, the selfish type allows to imitate a licensed or primary user generating interference to the primary network and inability to access the Cognitive Network while active. If the emulator's power level is fixed, the services it provides are stable. If the power is variable the services suffer intermittency. Primary user emulation is the attack that most affects the cognitive radio network so its effects are analyzed in order to propose ways of detecting or applying countermeasures.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
18

Sayadi, Mohammad Javad, and Juan Sebastián Rodríguez Páez. "Radio over Ethernet (RoE), architecture and design considerations." Frontiers in Health Informatics 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/fhi.v8i1.170.

Full text
Abstract:
Introduction: the evolving mobile networks are envisioned to have a flexible and reliable network to meet all design requirements needed for the fifth generation (5G) of networks. The cloud radio access network, as an evolution in mobile networks, changes the traditional architecture of the network by moving the BBUs to the central office. This comes with new challenges that are addressed by new technologies like Radio over Fiber and now Radio over Ethernet, which proposes a technique to transmit all radio data types over a traditional Ethernet based front-haul network. In this paper, we focus on the architecture and the design considerations of Radio-over-Ethernet to have a more flexible and reliable front-haul network in Centralized Radio Access Network.Material and method: In this paper we tried to use Ethernet protocol as a universal and public network protocol in radio based networks to make it flexible and reliable. This combination allows us to focus only on the access points and propose a new architecture to encapsulation (retrieve) radio data into (from) an Ethernet frame.Result: This study resulted in a new architecture for radio access networks to disseminate radio data over a reliable network protocol and infrastructure. Some Ethernet header fields was modified and a mapper was included into the model in BBUs to create an adaption between radio and Ethernet infrastructures.Conclusion: The result shows that although this new architecture may apply additional overhead in both information and process, but having an independent front-haul network is a necessity for Centralized Radio Access Network. However if industry implements this architecture and its processes regarding latency requirement, Radio over Ethernet will be a revolution in Centralized Radio Access Network to meet two main key design principles in 5G.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
19

Lorincz, Josip, Ivica Cubic, and Toncica Matijevic. "Adaptive and Resilient Solutions for Energy Savings of Mobile Access Networks." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 5, no. 3 (July 2014): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaras.2014070105.

Full text
Abstract:
Continuous development and evolution of mobile communications toward end user expectations has led to heterogeneous mobile networks in the most general sense of the word. The mixture of core network infrastructures and radio access technologies, due to the arrival of new technologies while older ones are still used and not fully exploited, brings mobile operators to a complex business environment. Such a situation threatens future profit margins since the cost of running mobile networks rises with greater pace than total profit. A significant share in the total costs of running a mobile network belongs to energy consumption. Decreasing energy costs by designing hardware with low-energy consumption characteristics and site collocation is already under way, but additional sparing could be achieved through soft solutions or adaptive networks. To reduce operational costs, the crucial role will be played by the self-organizing network paradigm, featured by network management systems and operations/business support systems. In this paper, the authors provide an overview of adaptive and resilient concepts appropriate for improving the energy efficiency of mobile access networks. More precisely, they present the most promising self-organizing network solutions in the radio access and backhaul part of mobile networks, the implementation of which can bring a synergetic effect in terms of significant energy savings.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
20

Dai, Yuan-Kao, Li-Hsing Yen, and Jia-Wei Su. "Toward an Access Infrastructure for Mobile Cloud." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 5, no. 3 (July 2013): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jghpc.2013070102.

Full text
Abstract:
The provision of mobile cloud service calls for a wireless access infrastructure that offers high bandwidth to mobile users. Among all enabling technologies, wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have the advantage of low deployment cost and widely available user equipments. To provide more bandwidth, access points in WMNs are commonly equipped with multiple wireless interfaces (radios) that can operate on multiple non-overlapping channels in parallel. The objective of channel assignments in a multi-channel, multi-radio MWN is to reduce co-channel interference experienced by links so as to increase network capacity while maintaining network connectivity. Prior studies addressing this issue majorly considered effects of co-channel interference at the link layer. In this study, the authors consider co-channel interference at the physical layer. Furthermore, most existing methods are based on heuristic or game theory. This study applies simulated annealing technique to the channel allocation problem. The objective function for this approach is defined as the total signal-to-interference radio (SIR) experienced by each link. To maintain network connectivity, the proposed approach limits the set of assigned channels for each radio. Experimental results show that, compared with traditional heuristic-based and game-theoretic approaches, the proposed simulated annealing algorithm results in more operative links.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
21

Shuminoski, Tomislav, and Toni Janevski. "Radio Network Aggregation for 5G Mobile Terminals in Heterogeneous Wireless and Mobile Networks." Wireless Personal Communications 78, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 1211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-1813-0.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
22

Kramska, Yuliia, Serhii Salnyk, Serhii Vasylenko, and Olena Mavrina. "Model of data flow control subsystem of the manet class mobile radio network control system." Scientific journal of the Ternopil national technical university 107, no. 3 (2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/visnyk_tntu2022.03.051.

Full text
Abstract:
The article proposes a model of the data flow control subsystem of MANET class mobile radio control system to evaluate the effectiveness of the model, which will be built based on the developed methods and techniques (corresponding units). The essence of the model is to apply appropriate methods of DFCS control, which interact with each other and other functional subsystems within the operation of the subsystem units and their interaction, based on the target function. To ensure effective control of a mobile radio network in conditions of frequent changes of the situation (operational, tactical, communication, etc.) is possible only if there is a nodal control system capable of making control decisions in conditions of uncertainty. In addition, provision of the ability of mobile radio networks to self-organization, as well as adaptation of its nodes to different operating conditions requires the presence of a training subsystem as part of the node control system. To ensure effective control of a mobile radio network in conditions of frequent changes of the situation (operational, tactical, communication, etc.) is possible only if there is a nodal control system capable of making control decisions in conditions of uncertainty. In addition, provision of the ability of mobile radio networks to self-organization, as well as adaptation of its nodes to different operating conditions requires the presence of a training subsystem as part of the node control system. Considering the peculiarities of the functioning of MANET class radio networks, the article proposes to intellectualize the control processes by using knowledge processing technologies in the construction of a node control system. Based on the integrated use of fuzzy logic and neural networks, the probabilities of violations are considered, which, depending on the parameters of the state of the nodes, allow selecting the required value of the violation of the state of the network. Unlike existing models that are used in computer or fixed networks that do not require resource-intensive structure, in this model it is proposed to develop the structure of the DFCS to the requirements and features of usage in the mobile radio network. The application of the model will allow: to simplify and improve the structure of the construction of the data flow control subsystem; to process incomplete, inaccurate, unpredictable, different in its physical content data; to reduce the time of making a control decision. The further directions of research will be the development of the method of connectivity of the elements of the data flow control subsystem of the mobile radio network control system.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
23

Palanisamy, Ramesh, Senthil Jayapal, Anand M, and Jeelani Basha. "ENHANCED HYBRID COGNITIVE RADIO AD HOC NETWORKS (CRAHNs) FOR MOBILE NETWORK." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 11, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2022.v11i11.020.

Full text
Abstract:
In sensor networks, a very crucial aspect of the maintenance of the communications of secure data is the data, which is the most difficult of all tasks. The sensor network consists of hierarchical elements like the Base Station (BS), the Cluster Head (CH) and the Sensor Nodes (SNs), and this will have three different keys, which are the public and private, the cluster and the master keys. Through the opportunistic use of the currently available wireless spectrum, cognitive radio (CR) technology is intended to address the issues in wireless networks brought on by the limited amount of range accessible and the inefficient use of spectrum. With the inherent capabilities of cognitive radio, CR networks will offer the most advanced spectrum-aware communication paradigm in wireless communications. However, the significant spectral fluctuation and various quality-of-service (QoS) requirements faced by CR networks provide unique difficulties. The distributed multihop design, the dynamic network topology, and the time- and location-varying spectrum availability are essential differentiating elements in cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
24

Imanbayev, A. Zh, S. Tynymbayev, R. S. Odarchenko, and Zh Alikhankyzy. "ANALYSIS OF THE SECURITY PROBLEMS OF FIFTH GENERATION MOBILE NETWORKS." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 76, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-4.1728-7901.03.

Full text
Abstract:
For now, the development of 5G mobile networks will have a significant impact on security. The 3GPP 5G standard is independent in the sense that it is flexible enough to allow for different types of physical and virtual overlap between the radio access network and the core of the network. The separation of functions between the radio access network and the core raises questions about competitiveness and performance. This article first looks at the security requirements of 5G, including security requirements for business applications, network architecture, air interface, and user privacy. On this basis, the challenges faced by the current mobile security architecture are analyzed and internal security elements are examined from a network architecture perspective. Subsequently, taking into account the security resources and technical characteristics brought by innovations in 5G network and radio interface technologies, the current state of research and development trends of the main technologies for additional 5G security support, including physical layer security, encryption and the use of blockchain technology in 5G, are presented, as well as some countermeasures and proposals to protect 5G networks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
25

Lau, C. T., and C. Leung. "Capture models for mobile packet radio networks." IEEE Transactions on Communications 40, no. 5 (May 1992): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.141457.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
26

Nakano, K., S. Olariu, and J. L. Schwing. "Broadcast-efficient protocols for mobile radio networks." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 10, no. 12 (1999): 1276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/71.819949.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
27

Gruet, Christophe, Xavier Pons-Masbernat, and Pierre Force. "The LTE Evolution: Private Mobile Radio Networks." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 8, no. 2 (June 2013): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2013.2252291.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
28

Cacciapuoti, Angela Sara, Marcello Caleffi, Luigi Paura, and Md Arafatur Rahman. "Channel availability for mobile cognitive radio networks." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 47 (January 2015): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2014.10.002.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
29

Balan, Titus, Dan Robu, and Florin Sandu. "Multihoming for Mobile Internet of Multimedia Things." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6965028.

Full text
Abstract:
Mobility, redundancy, and bandwidth requirements are transforming the communication models used for IoT, mainly in case of Critical Communications and multimedia streaming (“IoMT, Internet of Multimedia Things”), as wireless video traffic is expected to be 60–75% of the global mobile traffic by 2020. One of the characteristics of 5G networks will be the proliferation of different/heterogeneous radio networks (virtualized radio access networks, RAN, new energy-efficient radios, femtocells, and offloading capabilities) and the possibility for IoT objects to connect and load-balance between dual and multiple RANs. This paper focuses on the possibility of using LISP (Locator Identifier Separation Protocol) for multihoming and load-balancing purposes and presents an illustrative scenario for the case of mobile IoT (e.g., the “things” part of vehicular or public transportation systems, PTS) that are also intensive bandwidth consumers, like the case of connected multimedia “things.” We have implemented and tested a demonstrator of a mobile LISP IoT gateway that is also integrated with Cloud-based video analytics.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
30

Kilaru, Seetaiah, and Adithya Gali. "Energy Efficiency in Cognitive Radio Network: Green Technology Towards Next Generation Networks." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v5i1.pp45-50.

Full text
Abstract:
Energy efficiency of mobile network is always a challenging task. From the past decade, it is observable that the users who are using multimedia services are increasing in rapid way. These multimedia applications require higher data rates. High data rates will consume more energy of mobile network, which results poor energy efficiency. To meet higher data rates and to achieve energy efficiency, Cognitive Mobile Network with small cell model was explained in this paper. Dynamics of the power grid also have significant impact on mobile networks, hence smart grid implementation was proposed instead of traditional power grid. Most of the existed studies on cognitive mobile network focussed on spectrum sensing only. This paper focussed on cognitive radio network implementation by considering spectrum sensing and smart grid environment. An iterative algorithm was proposed to attain equillibrium condition to the problem. Interference management and energy efficient power allocation were achieved with the introduction of smart grid. Simulation results proved that optimum power allocation and energy efficiency are possible with the introduction of smart grid in cognitive network.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
31

Bhutto, Zuhaibuddin, Jun-Hyuk Park, and Wonyong Yoon. "Characterizing Multi-radio Energy Consumption in Cellular/Wi-Fi Smartphones." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.11916.

Full text
Abstract:
<p>Cellular networks evolved to meet the ever increasing traffic demand by way of offloading mobile traffic to Wi-Fi network elements. Exploiting multi-radio interfaces on a smartphone has recently been examined with regards to heterogeneous bandwidth aggregation and radio switching. However, how a smartphone consumes its energy in driving cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio interfaces, is not well understood. In this paper, we revealed the energy consumption behavior of 3G cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio operations of a smartphone. We modified smartphone’s firmware to enable multi-radios operations simultaneously and we performed extensive measurements of multi-radio energy consumption in a real commercial network. From the measured data set, we established a realistic multi-radio energy consumption model and it gave 98% stability from the derived coefficients.</p>
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
32

Bhutto, Zuhaibuddin, Jun-Hyuk Park, and Wonyong Yoon. "Characterizing Multi-radio Energy Consumption in Cellular/Wi-Fi Smartphones." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.pp2920-2930.

Full text
Abstract:
<p>Cellular networks evolved to meet the ever increasing traffic demand by way of offloading mobile traffic to Wi-Fi network elements. Exploiting multi-radio interfaces on a smartphone has recently been examined with regards to heterogeneous bandwidth aggregation and radio switching. However, how a smartphone consumes its energy in driving cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio interfaces, is not well understood. In this paper, we revealed the energy consumption behavior of 3G cellular and Wi-Fi multi-radio operations of a smartphone. We modified smartphone’s firmware to enable multi-radios operations simultaneously and we performed extensive measurements of multi-radio energy consumption in a real commercial network. From the measured data set, we established a realistic multi-radio energy consumption model and it gave 98% stability from the derived coefficients.</p>
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
33

Ullah, Ruzat, Safdar Nawaz Khan Marwat, Arbab Masood Ahmad, Salman Ahmed, Abdul Hafeez, Tariq Kamal, and Muhammad Tufail. "A Machine Learning Approach for 5G SINR Prediction." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101660.

Full text
Abstract:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are envisaged to play key roles in 5G networks. Efficient radio resource management is of paramount importance for network operators. With the advent of newer technologies, infrastructure, and plans, spending significant radio resources on estimating channel conditions in mobile networks poses a challenge. Automating the process of predicting channel conditions can efficiently utilize resources. To this point, we propose an ML-based technique, i.e., an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for predicting SINR (Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise-Ratio) in order to mitigate the radio resource usage in mobile networks. Radio resource scheduling is generally achieved on the basis of estimated channel conditions, i.e., SINR with the help of Sounding Reference Signals (SRS). The proposed Non-Linear Auto Regressive External/Exogenous (NARX)-based ANN aims to minimize the rate of sending SRS and achieves an accuracy of R = 0.87. This can lead to vacating up to 4% of the spectrum, improving bandwidth efficiency and decreasing uplink power consumption.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
34

Gerla, Mario, and Jack Tzu-Chieh Tsai. "Multicluster, mobile, multimedia radio network." Wireless Networks 1, no. 3 (September 1995): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01200845.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
35

Sharanya, C., M. Meena, M. Monisha, Dr V. Rajendran, and . "Development of efficient VoIP application using cognitive radio networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.3 (June 8, 2018): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.14200.

Full text
Abstract:
There is an increased usage of wireless communication for personal use, commercial use etc. Nowadays Cognitive Radio has become the prime topic of interest in wireless network. It is an intelligent radio technology, which easily adapts to the network and automatically detects the vacant channels which are available in a wireless spectrum. It then changes the transmission parameters enabling concurrent communica-tions thereby improving the radio operating behavior. VoIP mobile applications are used worldwide for making audio and video calls using internet. But they face many disadvantages such as reflection of voice/echo, breaking of voice, delay in voice etc and have reduced quality with low Wi-Fi or 3g signals. Therefore we are designing an efficient and effective system to improve throughput and bit error rate of VoIP mobile applications by implementing them using cognitive radio networks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
36

Mennerich, Wolfgang, Michael Grieger, Wolfgang Zirwas, and Gerhard Fettweis. "Interference Mitigation Framework for Cellular Mobile Radio Networks." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/645929.

Full text
Abstract:
For today's cellular mobile communication networks, the needed capacity is hard to realize without much more of (expensive) bandwidth. Thus new standards like LTE were developed. LTE advanced is in discussion as the successor of LTE and cooperative multipoint transmission (CoMP) is one of the hot topics to increase the system's capacity. System simulations often show only weak gains of the signal-to-interference ratio due to high interference from noncooperating cells in the downlink. This paper presents an interference mitigation framework to overcome the hardest issue, that is, the low penetration rate of mobile stations that can be served from a cluster composed of their strongest cells in the network. The results obtained from simulation tools are discussed with values resulting from testbed on the TU Dresden. They show that the theoretical ideas can be transferred into gains on real systems.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
37

Lee, Chang-Woo. "Joint Clustering Method and Reinforcement Learning-Based Spectrum Management in Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 18, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2021.9606.

Full text
Abstract:
The spectrum management scheme is a crucial issue to utilize the limited resource and secure a higher quality of performance in mobile cognitive radio networks. We propose a spectrum management method to utilize the spectrum effectively and minimize the communication cost in mobile cognitive radio networks. We consider the following parts such as statistical information about spectrum access patterns and the number of spectrum hand-off. In addition, this paper proposes to make the parameters to decide the spectrum access of the secondary user during the primary user doesn’t use it. Those parameters are based on dynamic clustering and reinforcement learning. However, both the dynamic clustering method and reinforcement learning haven’t been studied much to minimize communication costs in mobile cognitive radio networks. Firstly, our study is to improve the opportunity of spectrum access through the analysis based on the spectrum patterns and the number of both the secondary user and the primary user in mobile cognitive radio networks. Secondly, we decrease the number of hand-offs because it checks the status of the available channel and the patterns of the spectrum usage in the clustering. Above all, the improvement of this paper is to cut down the cost of communication by utilizing the way of the optimal spectrum access in mobile cognitive radio networks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
38

Sova, Oleg, Andrii Shyshatskyi, Oleksii Nalapko, Oleksandr Trotsko, Nadiia Protas, Halyna Marchenko, Artem Kuvenov, Viktor Chumak, Yaroslav Onbinskyi, and Illia Poliak. "Development of a simulation model for a special purpose mobile radio network capable of self-organization." Technology audit and production reserves 5, no. 2(61) (September 23, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.239472.

Full text
Abstract:
The object of research is the military radio communication system. Effective operation of routing protocols is possible only if there is reliable information about the network topology for each of the network nodes. Construction of special purpose radio networks with the possibility of self-organization is possible only in the presence of adequate and reliable models of their work in different applications and the impact nature. It necessitates the development of new and adequate algorithms (methods, techniques) for modeling routing algorithms in special purpose radio networks with the possibility of self-organization. This work solves the problem of developing a simulation model of a mobile radio network for special purposes with the possibility of self-organization. In the course of the research, the authors used the main provisions of the queuing theory, the theory of automation, the theory of complex technical systems and general scientific methods of cognition, namely analysis and synthesis. This simulation model was developed to assess the effectiveness and adequacy of the developed scientific and methodological apparatus for routing management in special purpose radio networks with the possibility of self-organization. The research results will be useful in: ‒ development of new routing algorithms; ‒ substantiation of recommendations for improving the efficiency of the route selection process in networks with the possibility of self-organization; ‒ analysis of the electronic situation during hostilities (operations); ‒ while creating promising technologies to increase the efficiency of mobile radio networks; ‒ assessment of adequacy, reliability, sensitivity of routing algorithms; ‒ development of new and improvement of existing simulation routing models. Areas of further research will focus on the development of a methodology for the operational management of interference protection of intelligent military radio communication systems.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
39

Ban, Tae-Won, and Woongsup Lee. "A Deep Learning Based Transmission Algorithm for Mobile Device-to-Device Networks." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2019): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111361.

Full text
Abstract:
Recently, device-to-device (D2D) communications have been attracting substantial attention because they can greatly improve coverage, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency, compared to conventional cellular communications. They are also indispensable for the mobile caching network, which is an emerging technology for next-generation mobile networks. We investigate a cellular overlay D2D network where a dedicated radio resource is allocated for D2D communications to remove cross-interference with cellular communications and all D2D devices share the dedicated radio resource to improve the spectral efficiency. More specifically, we study a problem of radio resource management for D2D networks, which is one of the most challenging problems in D2D networks, and we also propose a new transmission algorithm for D2D networks based on deep learning with a convolutional neural network (CNN). A CNN is formulated to yield a binary vector indicating whether to allow each D2D pair to transmit data. In order to train the CNN and verify the trained CNN, we obtain data samples from a suboptimal algorithm. Our numerical results show that the accuracies of the proposed deep learning based transmission algorithm reach about 85%∼95% in spite of its simple structure due to the limitation in computing power.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
40

Omar, Shereen, Osama El Ghandour, and Ahmed M. Abd El-Haleem. "Multipath Activity Based Routing Protocol for Mobile ‎Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5380525.

Full text
Abstract:
Cognitive radio networks improve spectrum utilization by ‎sharing licensed spectrum with cognitive radio devices. In ‎cognitive radio ad hoc networks the routing protocol is one ‎of the most challenging tasks due to the changes in ‎frequency spectrum and the interrupted connectivity ‎caused by the primary user activity. In this paper, a multi‎path activity based routing protocol for cognitive radio ‎network (MACNRP) is proposed. The protocol utilizes ‎channel availability and creates multiple node-disjoint ‎routes between the source and destination nodes. The ‎proposed protocol is compared with D2CARP and FTCRP ‎protocols. The performance evaluation is conducted ‎through mathematical analysis and using OPNET ‎simulation. The performance of the proposed protocol ‎achieves an increase in network throughput; besides it ‎decreases the probability of route failure due to node ‎mobility and primary user activity. We have found that the ‎MACNRP scheme results in 50% to 75% reduction in ‎blocking probability and 33% to 78% improvement in ‎network throughput, with a reasonable additional routing ‎overhead and average packet delay. Due to the successful ‎reduction of collision between primary users and ‎cognitive users, the MACNRP scheme results in decreasing ‎the path failure rate by 50% to 87%.‎
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
41

Guskova, M. F., and Yu V. Nemtsov. "Digital mobile communication network quality research on railway by method of hierarchy analysis." LETI Transactions on Electrical Engineering & Computer Science 15, no. 1 (2022): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2071-8985-2022-15-1-48-54.

Full text
Abstract:
The article proposes a new approach to assessing the quality of the digital radio network of railway transport. The elements of the hierarchy analysis method describe such as influencing factors (criteria) and weight coefficients. The choice of criteria values is justified. For proposed calculation, the disadvantages peculiar method take into account in this research. For example, the architectures of GSM-R networks are considered. According to authors, the assessment obtained provides a more objective quality characteristic, which can be used both for the design of new and operated mobile radio networks. In conditions of limited financial possibilities, this calculation will help to find a compromise between excessive redundancy of elements and maintaining the required reliability of radio network.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
42

T., Bhuvaneswari, and Dr Atul Dattatrya Newase. "Mobile Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks In Medium Access Control Protocol." International Journal of Engineering Research in Computer Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 21, 2022): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijercse/09.09.art015.

Full text
Abstract:
Nodes in an ad hoc wireless network share a common broadcast radio channel. The radio spectrum is limited, the bandwidth available for communication in such networks is also limited. Access to this shared medium should be controlled in such manner that all nodes receive a fair share of the available bandwidth, and that the bandwidth is utilized efficiently. Since the characteristics of the wireless medium are completely different from those of the wired medium ,and since ad hoc wireless networks need to address unique issues such as node mobility, limited bandwidth availability ,error-prone broadcast channel hidden and exposed terminals problems and power constraints that are not applicable to wired networks ,a different set of protocols is required for controlling access to the shared medium in such networks, This paper focuses on media access protocols for ad hoc wireless networks
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
43

Pencheva, Evelina, Ivaylo Atanasov, Denitsa Kireva-Mihova, and Ventsislav Trifonov. "Mobile Edge Service for Intersystem Handover." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.13 (July 27, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.13.16341.

Full text
Abstract:
Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) appears to be an integrating technology for radio access networks to enhance the access capacity, optimize network performance and improve quality of experience for end users. MEC distributes cloud capabilities for storage and computing in the radio access network, close to the end users. As far as the development of advanced Application Programming Interfaces is a key area, we propose a new mobile edge service that enables 3rd party control on intersystem handover. The proposed service enables authorized applications to initiate intersystem handover following specific policy. The service is described by information flows illustrating the basic functionality, data models that provide mediation functions, and handover state models considering some implementation issues.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
44

Roenkov, D. N., and P. A. Plekhanov. "On the assessment of the reliability of the train radio communication channel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/4/042096.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract The research purposeis to develop an approach to assessing the reliability of a train radio communication channel based on the representation of a radio communication network in the form of a model that includes both traditional elements (various types of equipment, a wire channel) and a radio channel, which is proposed to be described by the availability of radio coverage, which varies depending on the location of the mobile subscriber. In the research methods of the theory of reliability, and, in particular, the assessment of the availability factor of the elements of the radio communication system and communication channels, dynamically changing during the movement of the mobile radio station. In addition, to assess the energy of radio channels, the theory of radio wave propagation was applied, including on the basis of industry recommendations for calculating radio communication networks of JSC Russian Railways. As result of the research, a method was proposed for assessing the dependence of the reliability of a train radio communication channel (in terms of readiness) on the track coordinate. In this case, the radio communication channel dynamically changes the composition of the elements when the mobile subscriber moves along the railway section. Simultaneously, for each point of the section, the calculation formula is also dynamically changed, which makes it possible to find the value of the readiness of the communication channel. The proposed approach allows to identify the sections of technological radio communication networks that are weakest from the point of view of communication reliability and take this information into account when planning work to improve the reliability of communication networks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
45

Unger, Peter, and Thomas Kürner. "Radio network planning of DVB-H/UMTS hybrid mobile communication networks." European Transactions on Telecommunications 17, no. 2 (2006): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.1101.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
46

Nada, Fayza A. "Steady State Analysis of Base Station Buffer Occupancy in a Cellular Mobile System." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2023 (March 23, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1364824.

Full text
Abstract:
The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards organizations makes great efforts in order to reduce the latency of 5G mobile networks to the least possible extent. Recently, these networks are associated with big buffers to maximize the network utilization and minimize the wasted wireless resources. However, in existence of the TCP congestions, having bottlenecks are still expected on radio access networks (RANs) data paths. Consequently, this influences the network performance and reduces its quality of services (QoSs). Apparently, studying and improving the behavior of buffers deployed at 5G mobile networks devices can contribute to solving these problems (at least by reducing the queuing time at these buffers). In this paper, we study the buffer behavior of base stations in a 5G mobile network at steady state. We consider a cellular mobile network consisting of finite number of users (stations, terminals, and mobiles). At any time-slot, a station may be using the channel (busy) or not using the channel (idle). Since system analysis of cellular mobile networks in general form is rather complex, solutions are always obtained in closed forms or by numerical techniques. A two-dimensional traffic system for cellular mobile networks is presented, and the main performance evaluations are derived. Moreover, different moments of the base station buffer occupancy are calculated. The study reveals that there is a correlation between the state of the mobile stations (busy or idle) and the expected buffers occupancy of the base station. In addition, the results discussions demonstrate some important factors and parameters that affect the base station buffers and the overall network performance. These factors can be further worked on and controlled to obtain the least possible latency in next generation mobile networks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
47

Alpeisov, A. T., and B. S. Malsagov. "Evolutionary trends in improving radio interfaces on GERAN/UTRAN/E-UTRAN networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2176, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2176/1/012014.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Mobile communications are the modern drivers of the rapid development of information communication technologies. This development is provided by the expansion of the range of user services and an increase in the volume of transmitted traffic. Mobile radio-access technologies, services, standards with different types of radio interfaces are used worldwide nowadays. The article discusses the important features of the functioning of such interfaces, presents data on functional characteristics. This research also shows the main directions of development of radio interfaces intended for use in mobile communication systems.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
48

Sinha, R. "Channel Access Protocols for Mobile Packet Radio Networks." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 31, no. 1 (January 1985): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.1985.1057009.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
49

Sinha, R., and S. Gupta. "Mobile packet radio networks: State-of-the-art." IEEE Communications Magazine 23, no. 3 (March 1985): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.1985.1092526.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
50

Gozalvez, Javier. "Spectrum for Medical Area Body Networks [Mobile Radio]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 7, no. 3 (September 2012): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2012.2204533.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the bibliographies on the topic 'Mobile radio networks' for other source types:
Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography