Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mobilitat'
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Villarraga, Orjuela Hernán G. "Migración interna, movilidad residencial y dinámicas metropolitanas en Colombia. Una aproximación desde la demografía espacial a los movimientos de población registrados en los censos de 1964, 1973, 1993 y 2005." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/294723.
Full textSince 1964 Colombia became in a predominantly urban country and in 2005 three quarters of population lived in urban areas. However, the density of the population in 2005 was only 36 persons per square kilometer, so much of it was concentrated on, or near, metropolitan areas (58% lived in metropolitan areas). The transition from a rural to an urban country basically was defined by migration. To a large extent, on internal migration studies have been conducted in the country focus on this important type of movement. However, reality and land-use changes that have occurred since the movements and settlements of the population make one think the issue of migration in terms of a geographical and demographic factors beyond the rural-urban dichotomy. The rates of internal migration in Colombia have been declining steadily in recent decades. For instance, in 1968-1973 by 19.4% of the population aged 5 or more years moved between municipalities, but in 2000-2005 this figure had fallen to less than half (7.6%). Despite the different implications that a decrease of migration has, is poorly understood and analyzed the situation in the Colombian case. This is due, among other reasons, to the lack of studies covering a period of time large enough for attaining visualize trends and intensity of medium and long-term phenomenon. In this analysis is considered an extended period of time previously had not worked fully in a unique study, offering a wide and varied view of the migration process in Colombia, and various geographic scales of analysis. The issues that have motivated this thesis are related to three broad questions: What are the major trends and patterns of internal migration and residential mobility of the Colombian population during the period 1964-2005? What are the individual and contextual socio-demographic factors associated to internal migration and residential mobility of Colombians? and What are the spatial components involved and configured in Colombian territory from the movement of the population? In general the results of this thesis provide a comprehensive analysis of the geographical mobility of the Colombian population, both in time and in space. Mobility in Colombia has gone through an initial process of growth in the first period and reached their peak in the 1970s and then began to descend to minimum values recorded at the beginning of this century. There are trends and patterns that have been maintained in both periods and are strongly linked to the moments in the migrants’ life cycle. A high diversity in behavior and migratory intensity was found between the different types of movements and moments. There are dynamics that are specific to each type of movement and although factors associated with mobility in each largely explain their behavior, their effect varies from one to another through the territory. After verifying the strong decrease in migration of long and short distance, exploration and analysis of more local movements and associated with residential mobility provides an unexplored field of study that may represent a kind of compensation in the intensity of mobility.
Burckhart, Kerstin. "Análisis comparativo y evaluación cuantitativa de la intermodalidad del tren de alta velocidad. Una perspectiva europea de la interconexión e integración en estaciones ferroviarias de ciudades intermedias." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8201.
Full textLa creixent xarxa d'alta velocitat ferroviària a nivell europeu en general, però especialment a Espanya és un indicador de la consolidació d'aquest servei ferroviari caracteritzat tant per la seva velocitat com per la seva elevada qualitat. Mentre que uns països aposten més per la velocitat, d'altres es centren en la millora de la interconnexió de les diverses xarxes de transport per oferir un viatge atractiu. La interconnexió del tren d'alta velocitat (TAV) amb la resta del sistema de transport ha de ser una de les principals preocupacions en les ciutats que alberguen una parada. Es necessita establir una complementarietat del TAV amb les altres modalitats de transport, creant una xarxa capil·lar que ajudi a disminuir l'efecte túnel que proporciona el TAV degut al seu nombre limitat de parades. Donat que a l'inici de la tesis doctoral a Espanya encara existien poques estacions de TAV que permetien extrapolar qualsevol anàlisis, la present investigació s'estén a les situacions intermodals en cinc països europeus. L'objectiu de la tesis doctoral es centra en l'estudi de la intermodalitat en estacions TAV de França, Espanya, Alemanya, Suècia i Suïssa. Es comparen paràmetres d' intermodalitat a nivell nacional dels cinc països objecte d'estudi i a nivell local mitjançant dos estudis de cas per país. Per a això s'investiguen les demandes d'accés a les terminals de Aix-en-Provence TGV, Valence TGV, Ciudad Real, Lleida-Pirineus, Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe, Mannheim Hbf, Lund, Västerås, Berna i Lausana i s'analitza el paper de la oferta de connexió intermodal i les pautes de mobilitat en aquestes deu ciutats i en el seu context nacional.
La base empírica de l'estudi es fonamenta en dades que, por una banda, s'extrauen d'una sèrie d'enquestes realitzades en el marc de la tesi a viatgers d'un corredor d'alta velocitat i, per l'altre, se'n deriven de la documentació aconseguida en les entrevistes a experts locals a les ciutats i països objecte d'estudi. Com a utillatge d'investigació s'utilitza la cartografia dels cinc països. Un cronometratge i un treball de camp realitzats in situ a les deu estacions ens ajuda a establir una aproximació a la qualitat de les connexions intermodals. Per a la comprensió del concepte d'intermodalitat i per assolir una visió global de la xarxa d'alta velocitat, s'analitza la inserció del TAV en el sistema ferroviari existent.
S'aprofundeix en l'anàlisi de la intermodalitat amb l'estudi de la demanda d'accés a l'estació.
L'estudi de l' oferta es fonamenta en el treball de camp i en la bibliografia existent, de la que se'n dedueix una recopilació inèdita a escala europea de las formes d'intermodalitat existents en matèria de integració informativa, tarifària i horària. La introducció d'una metodologia evaluativa permet la comparació de les diverses situacions en els deu estudis de cas, el que permet contraposar terminals de transport de diversos modes i de diferents països. A més, la complexitat de la intermodalitat fa necessària una avaluació qualitativa mitjançant un patró intermodal i una avaluació quantitativa, que es realitza a través d'un mètode d' entropia que posa en evidència la qualitat de la intermodalitat.
Una anàlisi creuada relaciona els diversos elements intermodals. Amb això es pretén contestar a les preguntes: L'oferta d'accés local al TAV es complementa amb l'oferta intermodal nacional i correspon a les pautes de mobilitat de les persones?, L'oferta intermodal respon a la demanda? En resum: És el mode de major qualitat de connexió a l'estació el que s'utilitza o es pot utilitzar -almenys potencialment- més?
A partir d'aquests resultats s'aporten conclusions sobre incoherències en los esforços per crear una intermodalitat eficient i sobre els potencials de millora de la interconexió del TAV, elements que poden ser anticipatoris tant des de la perspectiva de planificació de la xarxa i dels serveis com des del punt de vista dels actors locals.
El fuerte incremento de la movilidad implica un reto decisivo, ya que influye no solamente en el funcionamiento del sistema de transporte, sino también en la competitividad económica y en la calidad de vida de las personas. La necesidad de proteger el medio ambiente y el incierto futuro de las fuentes energéticas invocan una movilidad sostenible. El vehículo privado, sinónimo de libertad para tantas personas en los años sesenta y setenta, ya no se considera de la misma forma. Gana terreno un nuevo enfoque basado en un uso eficiente de cada modo de transporte para paliar los problemas de saturación de la red viaria y del espacio aéreo. En este sentido, el tren de alta velocidad es una pieza importante en el sistema de transporte y puede contribuir a la creación de atractivas cadenas de transporte, siempre y cuanto esté adecuadamente conectado con la red local y regional.
La creciente red de alta velocidad ferroviaria a nivel europeo en general, pero en especial en España señala la consolidación de este servicio ferroviario que se caracteriza tanto por su velocidad como por su elevada calidad. Mientras que unos países apuestan más por la velocidad, otras se centran en la mejora de la interconexión de las distintas redes de transporte para ofrecer un viaje atractivo. La interconexión del tren de alta velocidad (TAV) con el resto del sistema de transporte tiene que ser una de las principales preocupaciones en las ciudades que albergan una parada. Se necesita establecer una complementariedad del TAV con los otros modos de transporte, creando una red capilar la cual ayuda a disminuir el efecto túnel que proporciona el TAV debido a su limitado número de paradas.
Dado que en el inicio de la tesis doctoral en España existían todavía pocas estaciones TAV que permitieran extrapolar cualquier análisis, la presente investigación se extiende a las situaciones intermodales en cinco países europeos. El objeto de la tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de la intermodalidad en estaciones TAV de Francia, España, Alemania, Suecia y Suiza. Se comparan parámetros de intermodalidad a nivel nacional de los cinco países objeto de estudio y a nivel local mediante dos estudios de caso por país. Para ello se investiga la demanda de acceso a las terminales de Aix-en-Provence TGV, Valence TGV, Ciudad Real, Lleida-Pirineus, Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe, Mannheim Hbf, Lund, Västerås, Berna y Lausana y se analiza el papel de la oferta de conexión intermodal y las pautas de movilidad en estas diez ciudades y en su contexto nacional.
La base empírica del estudio se fundamenta en datos que, por un lado, se extraen de una serie de encuestas realizadas en el marco de la tesis a viajeros de un corredor de alta velocidad y, por otro, se deriva de la documentación conseguida en las entrevistas a expertos locales en las ciudades y países objeto de estudio. Como herramienta de investigación se emplea cartografía de los cinco países. Un cronometraje y un trabajo de campo realizados in situ en las diez estaciones ayudan a establecer una aproximación a la calidad de las conexiones intermodales. Para la comprensión del concepto de intermodalidad y para alcanzar una visión global de la red de alta velocidad, se analiza la inserción del TAV en el sistema ferroviario existente. Se profundiza en el análisis de la intermodalidad con el estudio de la demanda de acceso a la estación.
El estudio de la oferta se apoya en el trabajo de campo y en la bibliografía existente, de lo que se deduce una recopilación inédita a escala europea de las formas de intermodalidad existentes en materia de integración informativa, tarifaria y horaria. La introducción de una metodología evaluativa permite la comparación de las situaciones distintas en los diez estudios de caso, lo que permite contraponer terminales de transporte de diferentes modos y de diferentes países. Además, la complejidad de la intermodalidad hace necesario una evaluación cualitativa mediante un patrón intermodal y una evaluación cuantitativa, lo que se realiza a través de un método de entropía que pone en evidencia la calidad de la intermodalidad.
Un análisis cruzado relaciona los distintos elementos intermodales. Con ello se pretende contestar a las preguntas: La oferta de acceso local al TAV ¿se complementa con la oferta intermodal nacional y corresponde a las pautas de movilidad de las personas?, ¿La oferta intermodal responde a la demanda?.
En resumen: ¿Es el modo de mayor calidad de conexión en la estación que se usa o se puede usar -al menos potencialmente- más?.
A partir de estos resultados se aportan conclusiones sobre incoherencias en los esfuerzos de crear una intermodalidad eficiente y sobre los potenciales de mejora de la interconexión del TAV, elementos que pueden ser anticipatorios tanto desde la perspectiva de planificación de la red y de los servicios como desde el punto de vista de los actores locales.
The strong increase in mobility has posed a challenge, as it does not only have an influence on the performance of the transport system, but also on the economic competitiveness and in the quality of life.
Both the necessity of protecting the environment and an uncertain future of the energy resources call for a sustainable mobility. Private car, a synonym of freedom for many people in the 60's and 70's, is no longer perceived in the same way. New views spread out, based on an efficient use of each transport mode in order to diminish the problems of road congestion and air quality. In the same direction, highspeed train (HST) is an important part of the transport system, and can contribute to the creation of attractive transport chains, providing it is adequately connected with the local and the regional networks.
The growing high-speed network in Europe and especially in Spain indicates a consolidation of the HST services, which are characterized by both high speed and high quality. While some countries are favoring speed, others are focusing on the improvement of the interconnection of the different transport networks to offer an attractive travel. The interconnection of the HST with the rest of the transport system has to be one of the main preoccupations of those cities with a HST stop. The HST needs to be complementary with the other transport modes, thus creating a network with ramifications that may help to diminish the "tunnel effect" created by the HST given its limited number of stops.
As at the beginning of this PhD still very few HST stations existed in Spain, the present investigation was extended to intermodal situations in five European countries. The objective of the thesis is therefore centered on the study of intermodality at the French, Spanish, German, Swedish and Swiss HST stations.
Intermodality parameters of the five countries are compared on a national and local level through two case studies per country. In order to characterize intermodality access demand in Aix-en-Provence TGV, Valence TGV, Ciudad Real, Lleida-Pirineus, Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe, Mannheim Hbf, Lund, Västerås, Bern and Lausanne is investigated, and the role of the supply of the intermodal connection and the mobility patterns are analyzed in those ten cities, and within their national contexts.
The empirical basis of the study is based on data collected on field trips and users polls in a north-south European high-speed corridor. Also, data were extracted from documentation obtained from interviews to local experts in the cities and countries analyzed. Cartography of the five countries is also used as a tool, while time estimates and fieldwork at the ten HST stations help to assess the quality of the intermodal connections. For the full analysis of the concept behind the term intermodality, the introduction of the HST in the preexisting rail system is analyzed. Also, a in-depth analysis is carried out on intermodality by studying the access demand to the station.
The analysis of the services supplied is based on the fieldwork and in bibliography. From here, a new European-scale overview on the existing forms of intermodality is deduced, including the role of information in the stations, and the importance of tariff and timetable integration. The use of an evaluative methodology offers a comparison of the different situations in all the ten case studies. This allows comparing transport terminals of different modes and different countries. Given the complexity of intermodality, a qualitative evaluation through an intermodal benchmarking and a quantitative approach through an entropy method have been developed. Both depict the imbalances in intermodality across Europe.
A cross-analysis has been used to link different intermodal issues. What is sought is to answer the following questions: Is it the supply of local access to the HST complementary to the national intermodal supply? Does it respond to the travelers' mobility patterns? ¿Does the intermodal supply respond to the demand? In brief: Is the transport mode with the greatest connection quality in the station the more used mode?(or at least, Does it has the potentially of been used?).
The results may help to draw conclusions on some of the likely incoherencies to arise in initiatives to create an efficient intermodality. Also, it may shed some light on the potential for improvement into the interconnection of the HST with other modes in terms of anticipation from the network and services planning perspective, as well as from the point of view of the local agents needs.
Barbosa, Carla Maria Palmeira Soares. "Impacto do capital cultural na mobilidade social: o caso das escolas profissionais de música." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667417.
Full textThis dissertation presents an analysis of the impact of musical education in a professional context on the creation of cultural capital and the upward social mobility of its graduates. The case studies here presented include the graduates and their families from four “Professional Schools” located in the North of Portugal. According to Bourdieu’s theories of “reproduction” and “distinction”, cultural capital is an important instrument in the reproduction of social inequality, and the specificities of family sociocultural origins are considered essential to the differentiation of the children school results, their access to professional careers, the construction of their cultural “choices” and their behavior as cultural consumers. The same theories associate social stratification with the creation of “popular” versus high culture taste, as a result of the existence or absence of cultural capital, and as a condition for the understanding and fruition of symbolic codes and goods. Moreover, the educational research produced after the 70s in the XX century, has been recognizing an important role to schooling and to the “schooling-effect” in the success of education and the positive definition of individual life trajectories, as well as it inverts the fatalist character of the reproduction of family sociocultural conditions. Within a paradigm of cultural mobility, the contemporary debate on cultural omnivorism recognizes in today’s society the existence of a new profile of omnivorous cultural participation, which is translated in a wide range of consume preferences, from high art to specific demonstrations of popular subcultures. The sociological analysis of consumption reinforces schooling trajectories, professional occupations and life styles as fundamental factors in the structuring of “taste” within a dialectic process with consumption issues and cultural hierarchies. In the empirical research carried out throughout this work were used indicators which allowed us to analyze the process of the creation of musical capital through the process of schooling socialization and the behaviors of cultural consumption, from childhood to adult age. The graduates from EPM were asked to answer questionnaires, which were complemented with interviews to the directors and intermediate pedagogic management of the schools, as empirical instruments. One realizes that the professional occupation of graduates, the maximum level of schooling reached and their high art musical choices are distinctively associated with the individual schooling trajectory in EPM and, independently of the family social origins, they are inscribed within a model of intergenerational upward social mobility. The conclusion of our analysis is that the widening of the musical capital built within the schooling socializing has increased the process of the students social mobility, enabling the ulterior access to a more prestigious professional occupation. In tandem with this, one recognizes the change and transformation of the patterns of popular musical consumption, via the incorporation of a “preference” for a musical repertoire within the Western European tradition, as a model of cultural translation which is independent from the social stratification of family origin. Notwithstanding, our conclusion is that the acquired musical capital reflected in the “taste” and the consume behavior of the adult individual has not led the graduates to a pattern of cultural omnivorous consumption, which today’s sociology of culture recognizes as an attribute of contemporary developed societies.
Garola, Àlvar. "Infraestructures i gestió de la mobilitat : aspectes econòmics, territorials i rendibilitat social." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665219.
Full textAquesta tesi doctoral analitza l'impacte de la creació i posada en marxa de les infraestructures de transport, concretament eixos viaris de gran capacitat, sobre el territori i el benestar de la població, amb un enfocament marginal: es proposen diverses millores sobre les metodologies habituals. Primer s’analitzen aspectes macroeconòmics a partir de la regionalització de les taules input-output a nivell comarcal i l’aplicació de metodologies shift-share i d’anàlisi de la base productiva i empresarial a escala local, per copsar els canvis produïts per la posada en marxa d’una infraestructura de transport. En la taula input-output es determinen els impactes comarcals partint de coeficients de localització de la base productiva amb una metodologia iterativa. Així s’obté el repartiment dels impactes de posar en marxa una infraestructura entre l’economia local, la catalana i fora de Catalunya. Aquest és l’impacte mínim, doncs no inclou factors relacionats amb distància o amb les relacions interproductives en l’àmbit local, que es deixen com a recerca futura. L’anàlisi shift-share és difícil d’aplicar de forma genèrica i es fa a casos particulars. Les variacions en la base empresarial i productiva expliquen, en gran part, com es traslladen els efectes sobre l’economia local de la posada en marxa d’una infraestructura. Ara bé, atès que els beneficis econòmics depenen de l’actitud dels agents econòmics locals, és important que les inversions en infraestructures vagin associades a mesures d’acompanyament en l’àmbit econòmic. La segona part de la tesi analitza aspectes microeconòmics, incloent la valoració monetària de les funcions ambientals perdudes pel canvi d’usos del sòl, en lloc de les expropiacions (que no deixen de ser una transferència entre l’Administració i el propietari del sòl) dins l’anàlisi cost-benefici. Les tècniques de valoració d’intangibles permeten monetitzar aquestes funcions ambientals, contribuint a que l’anàlisi costbenefici reflecteixi millor els resultats sobre el benestar social. Finalment, es valora la privacitat en termes monetaris, a través dels descomptes en els peatges als vehicles d’alta ocupació (3 ó més ocupants), que impliquen l’ús d’una càmera d’alta sensibilitat per a detectar els ocupants. Aquests mecanismes de control a través de càmeres de vídeo o de fotografies, són habituals dins el concepte d’smart mobility, i estan provocant interessants debats sobre possible coartació de la privacitat. La tesi mesura aquesta privacitat en base a enquestes, un aspecte innovador i que pot ser rellevant en el futur. El document es tanca amb conclusions globals i recerca futura
Esta tesis doctoral analiza el impacto de la creación y puesta en marcha de las infraestructuras de transporte, concretamente ejes viarios de gran capacidad, sobre el territorio y el bienestar de la población, con un enfoque marginal: se proponen varias mejoras sobre las metodologías habituales. Primero se analizan aspectos macroeconómicos a partir de la regionalización de las tablas input-output a nivel comarcal y la aplicación de metodologías shift-share y de análisis de la base productiva y empresarial a escala local, para captar los cambios producidos por la puesta en marcha de una infraestructura de transporte. En la tabla input-output se determinan los impactos comarcales partiendo de coeficientes de localización de la base productiva con una metodología iterativa. Así se obtiene el reparto de los impactos de poner en marcha una infraestructura entre la economía local, la catalana y fuera de Cataluña. Este es el impacto mínimo, pues no incluye factores relacionados con distancia o con las relaciones interproductivas en el ámbito local, que se dejan como investigación futura. El análisis shift-share es difícil de aplicar de forma genérica y se refiere a casos particulares. Las variaciones en la base empresarial y productiva explican, en gran parte, como se trasladan los efectos sobre la economía local de la puesta en marcha de una infraestructura. Dado que los beneficios económicos dependen de la actitud de los agentes económicos locales, es importante que las inversiones en infraestructuras vayan asociadas a medidas de acompañamiento en el ámbito económico. La segunda parte de la tesis analiza aspectos microeconómicos, incluyendo la valoración monetaria de las funciones ambientales perdidas por el cambio de usos del suelo, en lugar de las expropiaciones (que no dejan de ser una transferencia entre la Administración y el propietario del suelo) dentro del análisis costebeneficio. Las técnicas de valoración de intangibles permiten monetizar estas funciones ambientales, contribuyendo a que el análisis coste-beneficio refleje mejor los resultados sobre el bienestar social. Finalmente, se valora la privacidad en términos monetarios, a través de los descuentos en los peajes a los vehículos de alta ocupación (3 o más ocupantes), que implican el uso de una cámara de alta sensibilidad para detectar los ocupantes. Estos mecanismos de control a través de cámaras de vídeo o de fotos, son habituales dentro del concepto de smart mobility, y están provocando interesantes debates sobre posible coartación de la privacidad. La tesis mide esta privacidad en base a encuestas, un aspecto innovador y que puede ser relevante en el futuro. El documento finaliza con conclusiones globales e investigaciones futuras.
Castela, Egido Miguel Ángel. "Caminant de la mà dels infants. Una anàlisi des de la Geografia de la mobilitat infantil a Granollers (Catalunya)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/310433.
Full textThis doctoral thesis focus on a group poorly studied hitherto in terms of mobility, such as children. The main general mobility surveys of Catalonia and Spain do not allow a thorough analysis of this group and this issue is relatively recent from academic world. The conceptual framework and the state-of-the-art gather a collection of articles indexed according to themes and methodologies applied. At the same time, it also offers a general review of surveys of mobility worldwide. This research analyzes the children’s daily mobility in the town of Granollers from three areas: autonomy, perception and active mobility. The creation of a specific survey, interviews and photographic activity have been necessary in order to achieve these objectives. Synthetic indicators have been developed, both autonomy and permissibility, and maps of perception with the information obtained. Otherwise, a decision tree (CHAID) model has been applied to the statistical results with the aim of obtaining profiles of mobility. The application of these techniques allows introducing some initial data focused directly on the daily journeys of children from 10 to 12 years, inside and outside the school, who are enrolled in public schools in Granollers. The results point to an active mobility given that a vast majority of journeys are made in non-motorized transport. Adults in their usual routes mostly accompany children; therefore, they have a low rate of autonomy. Finally, the perception of adults is focused on the dangers of traffic and their fears that their children suffer some form of aggression. Children perceive the streets with heavy traffic as dangerous, although the positive aspects of their journeys and play areas are remarkable. Another highlight point is the own morphology and policies adopted by the council of Granollers as an element that promotes active mobility. This thesis can be considered a pioneer within the national and academic perspective, in the analysis of children’s mobility. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies and the original results obtained are a first step in this area.
Requena, Valiente Rafael. "Anàlisi de la gestió del transport privat en un pol de coneixement metropolità. El cas de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/459152.
Full textParking management is a key element in the sustainable mobility paradigm. In this research, starting from available information sources, whether quantitative or qualitative, mobility pattern in UAB and the way it is conditioned by parking policy, are diagnosed. Likewise, criteria and strategic lines are proposed to facilitate parking policy to establish appropriate conditions for a sustainable mobility pattern in the framework of an integral mobility policy. In UAB, a metropolitan knowledge node, mobility pattern is explained by captivity with respect to different means of transport, cost of the trip and social and economic personal characteristics of users. The high level of captivity in relation to public transport (53%), is one of the reasons of high demand (60%). However, this is not the only reason. In conditions of eligibility, perception of cost of the trip (time and economic cost), influenced by social and economic conditions of users as well as their place of residence, is the decision making aspect. 30% of those owning a car use public transport regularly, while a 20% of those who have a good option of public transportation drive to Campus. Public transportation is relatively more used from central areas, like Barcelona, where quotidian relationship of citizens and transport is intense, due to transport quantity and quality. Instead, trips from municipalities on the peripheral areas of the metropolitan area, though public transportation availability in connection to Campus, less presence of this transport in quotidian life of citizens, especially related to inter municipal trips, turns into unnecessary use of car. This unnecessary use from places with good transport is fostered, among other things, by the absence of a parking policy which regulates demand. Free parking and incapacity to control illegal parking, distort offer and demand relationship within transport election process and encourage solo driver car use. Despite modal split in UAB is favourable to public transportation, and environmental impacts are kept within reasonable limits, excessive presence of cars produce a series of impacts at social and functional level. On the one hand, people with no reasonable public transportation option, compete for a scarce resource in the same conditions, getting less access opportunities as a result. Likewise, occupation by cars of spaces directed to other users, limit their rights. On the other hand, parking, distributed in a non-homogeneous and efficient way, misses its function within the general mobility scheme. With the aim of minimising these aspects, this research proposes to stablish a parking policy which reduces the number of cars in Campus. The main elements for this policy are eliminating illegal parking and stablish a subsidized rate which favours those students and staff who have less options, those who have weaker economic power, and more sustainable use of car (high occupancy cars and propelled by clean renewable energies), considering spatial and temporal variability of demand. Such a policy, accompanying and subsidizing active and collective transports, is essential to achieve a sustainable, efficient and equitable mobility pattern.
Fleitas, Damiani Diego. "Movilidad horizontal, segmentación y ajuste laboral en España." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462876.
Full textDuring the course of this investigation, topics that are currently being debated regarding the laubor market in Spain are addressed. Its main objective is the study of the mobility that the different groups of workers actually have, due to the change of their sector of activity and to the region, as a way to explore the processes of structural adjustment that have taken place since 2007. The perspective of analysis applyed is focussed on segmentation of labor markets and used innovative construction and synthetic data analyisis techniques.
Martorell, Faus Miquel. "Imaginarios y experiencias de (in)movilidad en la infancia. Un estudio etnográfico en la región metropolitana de Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671671.
Full textLas transformaciones socioeconómicas del cambio de siglo, así como los dispositivos de con-trol fronterizo, están provocando nuevas formas de (in)movilidad alrededor del mundo. Los niños y niñas son protagonistas de estos flujos emergentes y, sin embargo, sus vivencias no son siempre tomadas en cuenta. Con la intención de comprender el fenómeno de la movili-dad infantil, esta investigación analiza las experiencias y los imaginarios de (in)movilidad de niños y niñas (10-12 años) que viven en barrios económicamente desfavorecidos de la región metropolitana de Barcelona. Se trata de movilidad geográfica – principalmente residencial – realizada con la familia o grupo doméstico que se inscribe en las migraciones de la globaliza-ción ante diversas formas de desregulación económica y política, así como en la complejidad de flujos y estrategias que responden a ellas. El análisis de estas experiencias infantiles a partir de la perspectiva de los regímenes de movilidad (Glick-Schiller y Salazar, 2013) permite conectar diversas escalas y expresiones de movilidad: desde procesos migratorios a nivel global; hasta cambios de casa dentro del mismo municipio, a menudo fruto de emergencia habitacional; sin olvidar las dimensiones escolares del fenómeno. La investigación se basa en una etnografía escolar de tipo comparativo realizada en dos es-cuelas públicas de Educación Primaria, ubicadas respectivamente en un barrio de la ciudad de Barcelona y en un barrio de Sabadell. El trabajo de campo, que se realizó durante el curso escolar 2017-2018, permitió adentrarse en el día a día de las escuelas a través de la observa-ción participante en varios espacios. Además, se estudiaron veinte casos en profundidad a partir de entrevistas semidirigidas, complementadas con técnicas centradas en la infancia de tipo visual, interactivo y proyectivo, y entrevistas con familiares de los niños y niñas y perso-nal de los centros. Los resultados se presentan a través de un compendio de publicaciones: 2 artículos en revis-tas académicas y 2 capítulos de libro. Se muestra cómo la incorporación de técnicas centra-das en la infancia permite profundizar en el acceso a aspectos clave de la (in)movilidad infan-til, haciendo evidentes la diversidad de trayectorias existente, el papel central de la infancia y el carácter verbal-visual de sus narrativas. La precarización aparece como el elemento común de estas experiencias, señalando dinámicas de desposesión y desplazamiento latentes, pero a su vez poniendo en cuestión la construcción social de la infancia desde la vulnerabilidad. Las narrativas infantiles también ponen de relieve la dimensión espacial de la (in)movilidad, conectando experiencias de movilidad geográfica con dinámicas de vinculación socioemocio-nal y de movilidad social. Finalmente, se demuestra que la (in)movilidad infantil se construye a partir del reconocimiento de vínculos sociales y familiares, que a su vez operan a través de redes de cuidado a nivel local-global.
The socio-economic transformations of the turn of the century, as well as border control measures, are causing new forms of (im)mobility around the world. Children are protagonists of these emerging flows and yet their experiences are not always considered. In order to understand the phenomenon of child mobility, this research analyses the (im)mobility experiences and imaginaries of children (10-12 years old) living in economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Barcelona metropolitan region. It concerns geographical mobility – mainly residential – carried out with the family or domestic group that forms part of the migrations of globalization in the face of economic and political deregulation of various forms, as well as the complexity of the resulting flows and strategies. The analysis of these child experiences from a mobility regimes perspective (Glick-Schiller and Salazar, 2013) allows connections to be made between different scales and expressions of mobility: from migratory processes at a global level; to moving house within the same municipality, often as a result of housing insecurity; not to forget the school dimension of the phenomenon. The research is based on a comparative school ethnography carried out in two state-funded primary schools, located respectively in a district of Barcelona city and a district of Sabadell. Fieldwork, which was undertaken during the 2017-2018 school year, enabled entry into the daily life of the schools through participant observation in various spaces. In addition, twenty cases were studied in depth after conducting semi-structured interviews with children (complemented with child-centred, visual, interactive and projective techniques) and with the children’s families and school staff. The results are presented in a compendium of publications: 2 articles in academic journals and 2 book chapters. It shows how the incorporation of child-centred techniques allows a closer look at key aspects of children’s (im)mobility, making evident the diversity of existing trajectories, the central role of children, and the verbal-visual nature of their narratives. Precariousness appears as the common element in these experiences, revealing underlying dynamics of dispossession and displacement, but at the same time questioning the social construction of childhood from the idea of vulnerability. The children’s narratives also highlight the spatial dimension of (im)mobility, connecting experiences of geographical mobility with socio-emotional bonding and social mobility. Finally, it is shown that child (im)mobility is built upon the recognition of social and family ties, which in turn operate through care networks at a local-global level.
Fradejas-García, Ignacio. "Mobility, informality and networks in transnational social fields|movilidad, informalidad y redes en campos sociales transnacionales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673310.
Full textEsta tesis analiza los procesos y prácticas que conducen a la formación de campos sociales transnacionales (CSTs) y su relación con el surgimiento de enclaves de migrantes dentro de la UE. Específicamente, esta tesis investiga las (in)movilidades y las prácticas informales que los migrantes rumanos en España utilizan para superar las limitaciones de los cambiantes regímenes de movilidad y las luchas de la vida cotidiana. Basada en un trabajo de campo etnográfico de larga duración y en análisis de redes sociales, la investigación se centra en dos enclaves demográficos de rumanos en España, Castelló de la Plana y Roquetas de Mar, ambos socialmente conectados con las principales regiones de origen de los inmigrantes en Rumanía, Dâmboviţa y Bistriţa-Năsăud respectivamente. Apoyados por sus redes y atraídos por el mercado de trabajo formal e informal, los migrantes rumanos en España pasaron de ser unos pocos miles en 1998 a casi 900.000 en 2012. Se concentran en ubicaciones geográficas específicas creando enclaves demográficos, es decir, concentraciones de migrantes de un origen determinado en un destino particular, conectados con sus áreas de origen a través de CSTs, que facilitan el mantenimiento de sus vínculos transnacionales con Rumania mientras posibilitan su asentamiento en este nuevo contexto social, cultural, económico y político. En este caso, su llegada fue allanada por los mercados laborales asociados a dos robustos distritos industriales, como son la industria cerámica en Castelló de la Plana y la agroindustria en Roquetas de Mar, que proporcionaron oportunidades laborales y de emprendimiento, así como diversas formas de trabajo formal e informal. Los hallazgos de esta tesis muestran cómo los migrantes en estos contextos transnacionales usan las prácticas informales y las (in)movilidades para sortear y combatir situaciones de desigualdad que los excluyen del acceso formal a servicios, trabajo y oportunidades. La adaptación a estas nuevas situaciones vitales ocurre a través de dos procesos paralelos: informalización y formalización. Por un lado, el proceso de informalización implica aprender las reglas no escritas y seleccionar, preservar y ajustar sus prácticas informales al nuevo contexto, abandonando aquellas que son nocivas, ilícitas o ilegales. Por otro lado, el proceso de formalización implica aprender las reglas formales y adaptar las prácticas al pluralismo legal, como (p. ej., las leyes consuetudinarias o las leyes religiosas), a la regularización burocrática (p. ej., conseguir permisos de residencia y trabajo) y al establecimiento de instituciones rumanas que facilitan las formas de vida transnacionales (p. ej., iglesias, consulados, asociaciones o empresas). Más allá de la comprensión de la migración como un agregado de decisiones individuales, esta tesis avanza en el conocimiento sobre las estrategias de subsistencia que adoptan los trabajadores migrantes internos de la UE para ganarse la vida. Entender cómo las practicas informales y la (in)movilidad son utilizadas a diferentes escalas transnacionales, facilita el examen de los efectos sociales, culturales, económicos y políticos de los principios de la libre circulación y de la integración europea, que están produciendo cambios sociales que perdurarán durante generaciones.
This thesis analyses the processes and practices that lead to the formation of transnational social fields (TSFs) and the related emergence of immigrant enclaves within the EU. Specifically, the thesis investigates the (im)mobilities and informal practices that Romanian migrants in Spain use to cope with the constraints of changing mobility regimes and the struggles of their day-to-day lives. Based on long-term multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork and social network analysis, the research focuses on two demographic enclaves of Romanians in Spain, located respectively in Castelló de la Plana and Roquetas de Mar, both of which are connected socially with the main regions of the immigrants’ origins in Romania, respectively Dâmboviţa and Bistriţa-Năsăud. Supported by their networks, and attracted by the formal and informal labour markets, Romanian migrants in Spain grew from a few thousands in 1998 to nearly 900,000 in 2012. They are concentrated in specific geographical locations, creating demographic enclaves – i.e., concentrations of migrants from a given origin in a particular destination – connected with their areas of origin through TSFs, which facilitate the retention of transnational connections with Romania while enabling their settlement in this new social, cultural, economic, and political context. In this case, migrants’ arrivals were smoothed by labour markets in flourishing industrial districts, such as the ceramic industry in Castelló de la Plana and agribusiness in Roquetas de Mar, which provided employment and entrepreneurial opportunities, as well as formal and informal forms of work. The findings reported in this thesis show how migrants in these transnational contexts used informal practices and (im)mobilities to bypass and contest the unequal situations that exclude them from formal access to services, work, and opportunities. Their adaptation to their new living situations happens through two parallel processes: informalisation and formalisation. On the one hand, the informalisation process entails learning the unwritten rules, and selecting, preserving, and adjusting known informal practices to the new context, while abandoning others – mostly harmful, illicit, or illegal practices. On the other hand, the formalisation process involves learning the formal rules and adapting practices to legal pluralism, e.g., customary laws or religious laws; bureaucratic regularization e.g., residence and work permits; and the Romanian institutions that support transnational ways of life, e.g., churches, consulates, associations, or businesses. Going beyond the understanding of migration as an aggregate of individual decisions, this thesis advances our knowledge of the livelihood strategies that low-wage EU-internal migrants adopt in order to make a living. Understanding how informal practices and (im)mobilities are deployed by migrants at various transnational scales facilitates examining the social, economic, and political effects of the principles of free circulation and European integration that are producing social changes that will last for generations to come.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Antropologia Social i Cultural
Solana, Solana A. Miguel. "Treball, mobilitat i assentament de la població. Un cas comarcal: el Baix Empordà." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4934.
Full textUn cas comarcal: el Baix Empordà
L'estudi de la incidència que ha tingut la migració en la societat espanyola i catalana ha sigut objecte d'ampli debat científic i social. Durant aquest segle s'ha assistit a una profunda relocalització de la població en consonància amb el procés d'implantació del capitalisme a tot el territori i la creació d'un mercat laboral unitari.
L'atenció s'ha dirigit bàsicament a l'estudi dels grans fluxos migratoris i, en especial, de les migracions que amb origen en les zones rurals s'han orientat cap a les concentracions urbanes i industrials de la península amagant, tot sovint, la major diversitat i complexitat del sistema migratori durant aquells anys. Aquesta situació es mantingué fins a mitjans dels anys setanta dintre d'un procés pràcticament ininterromput de creixement econòmic. Ara bé, les successives crisis dels anys setanta i vuitanta han provocat i continuen provocant una sèrie de transformacions de molt diversa índole.
Un dels aspectes més afectats ha sigut el treball, les condicions laborals o la relocalització dels ocupats dintre dels diversos sectors d'activitat. I, també, la mobilitat de la població. Un simple cop d'ull al volum i la direcció dels moviments migratoris mostra una realitat ben diferent a la de dècades precedents. Sense deixar de banda la pluralitat de causes que poden haver incidit en aquesta transformació, sembla evident que la incidència de la migració en la societat i en el mercat laboral d'origen i de destinació no és la mateixa, com segurament tampoc ho és la nova interrelació entre la mobilitat i el treball.
Aportar coneixement a aquests processos es constitueix, per tant, en l'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi. Primer, teòricament, exposant les principals aportacions que s'han fet a l'estudi de la mobilitat i la migració, especialment en el seu vessant "econòmic" i com es vincula la mobilitat de la població -ja sigui la mobilitat quotidiana o la mobilitat que comporta un canvi de residència- amb les transformacions territorials i laborals. En segon lloc, analitzant el funcionament del treball i la mobilitat associada a aquest dintre d'una àrea territorial concreta i acotada: la comarca gironina del Baix Empordà.
Respecte a la mobilitat, i només d'una manera introductòria, dos trets caracteritzen aquesta comarca. Per una banda, el continuat creixement tant dels intercanvis migratoris intracomarcals i extracomarcals, amb el manteniment d'un saldo migratori positiu del Baix Empordà amb la resta de Catalunya i d'Espanya. La comarca, com tota la província de Girona, ha mantingut des dels anys seixanta un continuat creixement de la seva població, una part important del qual es deu a la diferència constantment positiva entre la gent que ha vingut i la que ha marxat. En aquest sentit, la pròpia dinàmica econòmica de la comarca, amb l'especialització en tot un seguit d'activitats relacionades amb el turisme i la construcció, l'ha preservada de l'impacte, sovint més dur, que les successives crisis des dels anys setanta han tingut sobre altres comarques catalanes amb un teixit industrial més dens.
Per altra banda, el segon aspecte a considerar és la seva posició i possible evolució dintre de la transformació econòmica i espacial que les noves condicions de desenvolupament del capitalisme estan tenint sobre el conjunt de l'espai i de la societat catalana. Així, les relacions de tot tipus entre aquesta comarca amb el que són les ciutats -la ciutat real i no el simple territori que delimita el municipi administratiu- de Barcelona i Girona tenen un paper destacat en la seva dinàmica econòmica i, és clar, sobre l'evolució en l'assentament i la mobilitat de la població.
Labour, mobility and population settlement.
A "comarcal" case: Baix Empordà
The study of the effects the migration has had on the Spanish and Catalan society has been the focus of a wide scientific and social debate. During this century, a new population distribution pattern has emerged according to the capitalism development process all along the century and the creation of a unitary labour market in Spain.
The attention has been basically directed to the study of the greatest migratory flows and, specially, to the migrations from rural areas to the main urban and industrial concentrations shadowing, usually, the complexity and diversity of the migratory system during those years. This situation has remained until the seventies within a process, almost uninterrupted, of economic growth. Nevertheless, the various and successive crisis of the seventies and the eighties have provoked and still keep provoking some transformations.
Labour, the labour conditions or the occupational distribution of workers have been deeply transformed together with the mobility of the population. The observation of the volume and the direction of the migratory movements shows a complete different reality compared to previous decades. Without forgetting the plurality of causes that may have contributed to this transformation, it seems clear that the effect of migration on society and the interrelation between mobility and labour are not the same.
The main objective of this thesis is to provide some information about those processes. First, theoretically with the exposition of the main contributions to the study of mobility and migration, especially related with the "economic" aspects and the way in which mobility -commuting and mobility with a change of residence- is linked with territorial and labour transformations. Second, analysing labour and mobility in a specific area: the "comarca" of Baix Empordà in the province of Girona.
About mobility in this area and only as an introduction, there are two characteristics. On the one hand, the continued growing of migration flows within this comarca and the in-migration and out-migration of this area with the rest of Catalonia and Spain, but always keeping a positive net migration. Baix Empordà, as the rest of the province of Girona, has maintained from the sixties a constant increase of the population due, in part, to the positive difference between the people who arrive and those who leave this area. In this sense, the economic dynamic of Baix Empordà, with its specialisation in a group of activities related to tourism and construction, has preserved it from the impact, usually stronger, that the crisis in the seventies had in other areas of Catalonia with a thicker industrial structure.
On the other hand, the second aspect to consider is the position and the possible evolution of this area within the economic and spatial transformation under the new conditions that capitalism is performing on the whole Catalan space and society. Thus, the wide range of relations between this "comarca" and the cities -the real cities and not only the territory of the municipality- of Barcelona and Girona have an important role in its economical dynamic and, of course, on the evolution of the settlement and the population mobility.
Trabajo, movilidad y asentamiento de la población.
Un caso comarcal: el Baix Empordà
El estudio de la incidencia que ha tenido la migración en la sociedad española y catalana ha sido objeto de amplio debate científico y social. Durante este siglo se ha asistido a una profunda relocalización de la población en consonancia con el proceso de implantación del capitalismo en todo el territorio y la creación de un mercado laboral unitario.
La atención se ha dirigido básicamente al estudio de los grandes flujos migratorios y, en especial, de las migraciones que con origen en las zonas rurales se han orientado hacia las concentraciones urbanas e industriales de la península ocultando, muchas veces, la mayor diversidad y complejidad del sistema migratorio durante aquellos años. Esta situación se mantuvo hasta mediados de los años setenta dentro de un proceso prácticamente ininterrumpido de crecimiento económico. Ahora bien, las sucesivas crisis de los años setenta y ochenta han provocado y continuan provocando toda una serie de transformaciones de muy diversa índole.
Uno de los aspectos más afectados ha sido el trabajo, las condiciones laborales o la relocalización de los ocupados dentro de los diversos sectores de actividad. Y, también, la movilidad de la población. Una simple mirada al volumen y la dirección de los movimientos migratorios muestra una realidad bien diferente a la de décadas precedentes. Sin dejar de lado la pluralidad de causas que pueden haber incidido en esta transformación, parece evidente que la incidencia de la migración en la sociedad y en el mercado laboral de origen y de destino no es la misma, como seguramente tampoco lo es la nueva interrelación entre la movilidad y el trabajo.
Aportar conocimiento a estos procesos constituye, por tanto, el objetivo principal de esta tesis. Primero, teóricamente, exponiendo las principales aportaciones que se han hecho al estudio de la movilidad y la migración, especialmente en su vertiente "económica" y como se vincula la movilidad de la población -ya sea la movilidad cotidiana o la movilidad que comporta un cambio de residencia- con las transformaciones territoriales y laborales. En segundo lugar, analizando el funcionamiento del trabajo y la movilidad asociada a éste dentro de un área territorial concreta y acotada: la comarca gerundense del Baix Empordà.
Respecto a la movilidad, y sólo de una manera introductoria, dos elementos caracterizan esta comarca. Por un lado, el continuado crecimiento tanto de los intercambios migratorios intracomarcales y extracomarcales, con el mantenimiento de un saldo migratorio positivo del Baix Empordà con el resto de Cataluña y España. La comarca, como toda la provincia de Gerona, ha mantenido desde los años sesenta un continuado crecimiento de su población, una parte importante del cual se debe a la diferencia constamentemente positiva entre la gente que ha venido y que ha marchado. En este sentido, la propia dinámica económica de la comarca, con la especialización en toda una serie de actividades relacionadas con el turismo y la construcción, la ha preservado del impacto, generalmente más duro, que las sucesivas crisis de los años setenta han tenido sobre otras comarcas catalanas con un tejido industrial más denso.
Por otro lado, el segundo aspecto a considerar es su posición y posible evolución dentro de la transformación económica y espacial que las nuevas condiciones de desarrollo del capitalismo están teniendo sobre el conjunto del espacio y de la sociedad catalana. Así, las relaciones de todo tipo entre esta comarca con lo que son las ciudades -la ciudad real y no el simple territorio que delimita el municipio administrativo- de Barcelona y Gerona tienen un papel destacado en su dinámica económica y, así mismo, sobre la evolución en el asentamiento y la movilidad de la población.
Ros, Navarro Carme. "Les Estrategies familiars i la mobilitat social dels menestrals a Catalunya, segles XVII-XIX. El cas de Mataró." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7462.
Full textLa organización del trabajo artesanal de las sociedades preindustriales en gremios o cofradías de oficio parecía reforzar las tesis que postulaban la rigidez y la inmovilidad de las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen. Pero, los pocos trabajos sobre las estrategias familiares seguidas por las familias menestrales basados en Cataluña, han apuntado como la transmisión intergeneracional del oficio y las estrategias matrimoniales dirigidas a casarse con miembros del mismo entorno profesional, quizá no se daban tan extensiblemente como siempre había subrayado la historiografía. Éstas habrían estado dos de las fórmulas seguidas por las familias menestrales para preservar un patrimonio bastante etéreo en un marco económico lleno de incertidumbre y serian las responsables de la imagen de sociedades estáticas o poco móviles. Responder a estas dos preguntas es el punto de partida de este estudio. Para ello, se han analizado las estrategias familiares de los menestrales de un centro urbano catalán, Mataró, entre los siglos XVII y XIX.
The organization of the home-produced work in pre-industrial societies in guilds or brotherhoods seemed to reassert the thesis which postulates the rigidity and immovability of societies during the Old Regime. But the few jobs done in Catalonia about the familiar strategies adopted by artisans, have pointed out that the intergenerational transmission of professions and marriage strategies in order to get married to members from the same professional area was not as usual as the historiography had shown. These strategies had been two of the ways followed by families of artisans in order to preserve an ethereal patrimony in an economical setting full of uncertainties, and they would be the responsible of the static and immovable societies. The aim of this study is to answer these two questions. In order to do so, familiar strategies of artisans from Mataró, an urban Catalan settlement during the XVIIth-XIXth centuries, have been analysed.
Quintero, Lesmes Doris Cristina. "Las migraciones internas de latinoamericanos en España: evolución, determinantes e impacto territorial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/299790.
Full textAfter defining internal migration, reviewing the main sources of data for study and identify the different measurement methods, we present an analysis of the evolution of the demographic and geographic patterns of internal migration of Latin Americans in Spain between 1998-2013, from Residential Variation Statistics, the Population Register, Active Population Survey and the Census of Population of 2001 and 2011 in Spain. In the first part of the study, we show the results from a descriptive demographic analysis that lets you see the changes in internal migration of Latin Americans in Spain in two types of flows (intra and inter) in intensity and timing, before and after the economic crisis. Secondly, we present a territorial analysis that explores the effect produced by the new economic context on geographic patterns and internal migration balances at the provincial level. Finally, in a third part empirically evaluates the variables of context and the individual, which determined that a Latin American decides to move from one province to other having as reference group for Spanish. These three analyzes allowed to establish the travel of internal migration and the intensity of the flows of Latin Americans in Spain from different approaches as well as the influence that the economic crisis on them. Consequently, the role of Latin American internal migration in Spain was growing and contributed to the overall increase in population mobility, creating a new internal migration pattern clearly defined by the economic situation that Spain suffered between 1998 and 2013, demarcated into three periods: "Arrival from abroad (1998 - 2002)"; "consolidation or immigration boom (2003- 2007)"; and the last period beginning in 2008 at the hands of the "economic crisis". They are defined migratory spaces and very localized provinces having high connectivity: Before the economic crisis are Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Alicante, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Baleares, Sevilla; and after the crisis, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Toledo, Guadalajara, Tarragona, Vizcaya, Álava, Guipúzcoa, La Rioja. Changes in the intensity of internal migration made by Latin Americans are higher than the intensity of the native population and tripling the number of moves made by Spanish. The results of the contextual analysis indicates that the most important factors in explaining the variation of migration flows are the distance in kilometers, the stock of residents in the province of destination and the percentage of population aged between 20-49 years. In the individual approach, the determinants were housing tenure and length of residence.
Meca, Fàbrega Alejandra. "Processos que afecten la mobilitat de l'urani en entorns hiperalcalins oxidants i sediments contaminats." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6478.
Full textEls residus procedents de les centrals nuclears, el més important el combustible nuclear gastat, es gestionen per tal d'immobilitzar-los i aïllarlos fins que hagin perdut la seva activitat.
La migració i el transport de l'urani en un magatzem de residus estaran controlats per l'estabilitat de la matriu de UO2 (combustible) i la interacció de l'urani amb els materials del magatzem, entre d'altres. Els materials de ciment són molt utilitzats en l'emmagatzematge de residus nuclears. Les aigües que interaccionen amb aquests materials es caracteritzen per tenir pH molt elevats (10-13). Conseqüentment, és necessari conèixer la influència de les condicions de hiperalcalinitat en la solubilitat de l'urani i en el seu transport cap a la biosfera.
Tot i que la indústria nuclear és la que genera la majoria dels residus d'urani, es poden trobar algunes zones contaminades a causa d'un tipus de residus coneguts com TENORM (Technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material). Aquests residuss'associen a indústries no-nuclears, i la indústria del fosfat és una de les principals productores de TENORM. Els llots sedimentats al fons de l'embassament de Flix, contenen elevades concentracions d'urani a causa de la producció de fosfat bicàlcic. Conèixer la interacció de l'urani amb les fases sòlides que formen aquests sediments proporcionarà una informació molt valuosa per predir si aquesta zona suposarà un risc per l'ecosistema.
Per tal de respondre a aquesta manca de recerca, la tesi s'ha estructurat de la següent manera:
En el capítol 1 s'ha fet una introducció sobre les causes de la contaminació per urani i s'han descrit alguns dels processos que controlen la seva mobilitat en diverses zones contaminades. A més, s'ha fet un recull d'algunes de les tècniques espectromètriques que s'utilitzen per estudiar l'especiació aquosa d'urani així com les fases minerals.
En el capítol 2 s'enumeren els objectius de la tesi i en el capítol 3 es descriuen les tècniques utilitzades per analitzar urani, posant un èmfasi especial en el TRLFS.
El capítol 4 s'ha estudiat l'efecte de la concentració de peròxid d'hidrogen en la dissolució oxidativa del UO2 a pH hiperalcalins, i s'han determinat les velocitats d'oxidació i dissolució. La disminució de la velocitat d'oxidació podria estar relacionada amb les propietats àcid-base del peròxid d'hidrogen (H2O2/HO2-). A més, s'ha estudiat l'efecte del peròxid d'hidrogen en la solubilitat del Na2U2O7 i en l'especiació del U(VI) en a pH 12. Els estudis espectroscòpics han mostrat que l'urani es complexa amb el peròxid, fet que ha permès explicar l'augment de la solubilitat del Na2U2O7 en presència de peròxid.
En el capítol 5 s'ha estudiat el transport del U(VI) en diversos materials: ciment, formigó i morter. Els valors de Rd obtinguts indiquen una forta retenció de l'urani. S'han fet estudis de solubilitat d'urani en aigües equilibrades amb ciment i s'ha conclòs que el CaU2O7 podria ser la fase que controla la solubilitat. Per explicar els resultats obtinguts, s'ha proposat un model de sorció basat en el model de capa difosa.
Finalment, el capítol 6 s'ha estudiat l'especiació de l'urani en els sediments de Flix per avaluar la seva mobilitat. Per fer-ho s'ha aplicat el mètode de l'extracció seqüencial BCR i s'ha fet un estudi espectroscòpic mitjançant l'Espectroscòpia de Fluorescència Làser Resolta en el Temps (TRLFS). Els resultats del BCR indiquen que l'urani es troba majoritàriament en fases minerals, i en els estudis de TRLFS s'ha els espectres indiquen que l'urani podria trobar-se lligat al fosfat.
Uranium is present at low concentrations in the Environment in rocks, soils and water, but industrial activity and nuclear technology development have generated large volumes of waste and a lot of contaminated sites, mainly due to uranium mining and nuclear waste reprocessing.
Nuclear waste, being spent nuclear fuel the most important, is disposed in a repository to ensure that radionuclide release into the environment will not occur or can be retarded to the extent that any radioactive dose eventually reaching the biosphere is within the limits required for human safety.
In a nuclear repository, uranium migration will be controlled by UO2 matrix stability and uranium interaction with materials present in the repository. Cement materials are used as solid matrix for the long-term storage of several low and medium level radioactive wastes, and also in different structural parts of the high level nuclear waste repositories. The interaction of cement materials with groundwater produces significant modifications of the groundwater composition; in particular, the pH of the groundwater becomes highly alkaline and high silicon and calcium concentration. Consequently, the influence of high pH conditions within the repository construction on uranium solubility and their potential transport to the biosphere must be known.
Although nuclear industry is the main uranium waste generator, there are also contaminated sites due to technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM). TENORM is typically associated with non-nuclear industries, being the phosphate fertilizer industry an important producer of TENORM. Polluted sediments in Flix water reservoir (Catalonia, NE Spain), are originated from wastes from a nearby dicalcium phosphate plant. The knowledge of uranium chemical forms in these sediments would provide important information to evaluate their environmental impact.
In order to give a response on this lack of research, the thesis has been divided in the following parts:
In chapter 1, an introduction about uranium contamination and some processes which affect its mobility in contaminated sites have been described. Furthermore, a review about spectrometric techniques for uranium speciation has been done.
In chapter 2, objectives have been enumerated, and in chapter 3, techniques for uranium determination has been described, with special emphasis on TRLFS.
In chapter 4, the influence of hydrogen peroxide concentration on oxidative dissolution of UO2 at pH 11 - 13 has been studied. A decrease of oxidation and dissolution rates has been observed when pH is increased. Decrease of oxidation rate could be related with acid-base equilibrium of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/HO2-). Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide effect on Na2U2O7 solubility and on uranium speciation at pH 12 have been investigated. Several kinds of spectroscopic studies (TRLFS, ESI-MS, UV-vis) showed that uranium is complexed by hydrogen peroxide. These results allow explaining the increase of Na2U2O7 solubility in presence of hydrogen peroxide.
In chapter 5, uranium uptake by cement, concrete and mortar has been studied. In sorption studies, high Rd values have been obtained. Moreover, uranium solubility in cement pore water has been studied. According to results obtained in these experiments, calcium diuranate could limit uranium solubility. In order to explain results obtained, a simplified sorption model, based on diffuse layer modelling, has been performed.
Finally, in chapter 6, uranium speciation in contaminated sediments from Flix (Catalonia) has been studied due to the proximity to this environmental problem. Sequential extraction procedures and spectroscopic studies by Time Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS) have been used. BCR results indicate that uranium is mainly present in mineral phases. Spectra obtained by TRLFS indicated that uranium could be probably linked to phosphate group.
Casademont, Falguera Xavier. "L'assentament de la immigració andalusa a Olot durant el franquisme. Trajectòries i mobilitat social de la immigració andalusa i els seus descendents." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/369311.
Full textEl procés d’assentament de la immigració andalusa a Catalunya durant el franquisme va ser un dels més intensos en la dilatada tradició catalana de recepció d’immigració. Si bé la majoria dels immigrants andalusos es van assentar a la zona metropolitana de Barcelona, d’altres localitats catalanes també foren municipis d’atracció. Aquesta tesi estudia el cas de la ciutat d’Olot (Girona) i, fonamentalment, aborda dues grans qüestions: per una banda, analitza i examina les característiques del procés migratori entre Andalusia i Olot, mitjançant la quantificació i establiment del perfil dels immigrants andalusos, així com els factors d’expulsió, els d’atracció i el procés d’integració a Olot. Per altra banda, l’altra gran apartat de la tesi estudia les trajectòries i els processos de mobilitat social dels immigrants andalusos, així com dels seus fills i filles i néts. Concretament, s’analitzen àmbits com el treball, el nivell d’instrucció, l’estatus socioeconòmic o la identitat, entre altres.
Prades, Painous Marc. "Poblament, espais de trànsit i mobilitat a la Terra Alta durant el primer mil·lenni ANE." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672016.
Full textA través de una metodología de base arqueológica territorial y paisajística, se estudia la red viaria histórica en la zona de la actual comarca de la Terra Alta (Tarragona) contrastándola con el poblamiento protohistórico de dicha región. A lo largo del proceso, se analiza cuáles són los pasos naturales y caminos tradicionales que se mantienen sobre espacios de tránsito de posible origen antiguo i qué morfologia adoptan. A partir de les resultados, proponemos un conjunto de hipótesis en las que se identifican los posibles conductos translativos utilizados por las comunidades humanas del primer milenio ANE, las estrategias de desplazaminto i el impacto que el acceso a la mobilidad ha ejercido sobre los patrones de asentamiento protohistóricos des de una perspectiva diacrónica e integrante. En aquellos espacios en los que se pueden diferenciar fenomenos poblacionales y/o trnslativos correspondientes a distintos horizontes cronológicos, además, se efectua una lectura histórica.
Making use of methods coming form the landscape archaeology, we look into the historical road network in the current zone of Terra Alta (Tarrgona) matching it with the protohistoric settlements of the region. During the process, we analyze wich are the natural passages and traditional roads remaining over ancient traffic channels and the morphology they take. Basing on the results, some hypothesis has been suggested, from which we identify the translative channels potentially used by the 1st meillenium BC human communities, their travel strategies and the movement impact on the protohistoric settlement patterns from a diachronic and linking viewpoint. In spaces where it's possible to distinguish translative and population phenomena belonging to diferent time-frames, besides, we can make a historical intepretation.
Fonolleda, Riberaygua Marta. "Exploració dels models explicatius sobre mobilitat des de la perspectiva de la complexitat. El cas d’un grup d’alumnes d’Andorra." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/98353.
Full textThis research seeks to describe the explicative models regarding the phenomenon of urban mobility in Andorra in order to obtain data that could guide the design of educational activities dealing with mobility as part of environmental education. To do so, it focuses on a specific case: a 14-15 years old high school students group from Andorra. As a theoretical reference, the research forms part of the trend of environmental education from the perspective of complexity, on the understanding that this could be an opportunity to deal with the global situation of crisis. It is assumed that the complexity framework may help enrich the theoretical and methodological approaches of environmental education, from two perspectives: on the one hand, offering a framework in which to approach the phenomena of the world through interactions, dynamics and scalar articulation, where the definition of systems is relevant. On the other hand, complexity offers a framework for understanding teaching and learning as dynamic processes of the construction and reconstruction of explicative models that guide interpretation of and intervention and participation in the world. From this approach, the research describes the characteristics of the explicative models of the mobility of a group of pupils. Mobility is understood to be a complex phenomenon that emerges from interaction between people, society and the environment and which has become a fundamental challenge for progressing towards the construction of more sustainable societies in urban contexts in general and in Andorra specifically. In the data analysis, the research approaches the explicative models of the pupils from two perspectives: on the one hand, a thematic view of mobility and on the other a complex view; through the use of systemic networks. In order to relate both approaches, representations are constructed of the explicative models of the pupils that integrate the thematic and the complex views, through our own adaptation of Thagard’s maps. The analysis process culminates with the construction of student profiles in accordance with the characteristics of their explicative models of mobility. The results show three profiles of pupil that are positioned on a gradient from least to most complex in accordance with the presence of the temporal, scalar and action dimensions in their explicative models. For the whole of the case study, most pupils belong to a profile demonstrating an explicative model of mobility of medium complexity, in which two of the three dimensions considered are of low or medium presence. The research concludes that the dialogue between the thematic and complex views could be an instrument for enriching explicative models of mobility, as both perspectives provide different but complementary approaches with regard to the phenomenon. The thematic view provides detailed information about the states at a certain moment that makes it possible to examine in more depth and more accurately define the entities and characteristics related with people when they move, the means they use and the context in which they move. Meanwhile, the complex view provides a perspective that integrates people, means and context in an open, dynamic and scalar scenario, which assumes randomness and indecisiveness. From this perspective, didactic guidelines are proposed that are designed to develop the pupils’ initial models into models that, without renouncing the thematic view, incorporate the complex view, thus reinforcing the temporal, scalar and action dimensions. These didactic guidelines are based on an open map of content emerging from the dialogue between the thematic and complex views, and on the definition of content itineraries for working on mobility in accordance with each student profile.
Sánchez, i. Bassols Marta. "Estudi de la mobilitat i biodisponibilitat de pol·luents en la zona minera del camp de Cartagena." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8051.
Full textLa investigació que es presenta en aquesta tesi es centra en l'avaluació de la contaminació i disponibilitat metàl·lica deguda a diferents activitats antropogèniques dutes a terme en l'entorn del mar Menor. Amb aquest objectiu s'han investigat diferents matrius ambientals en la zona d'estudi.
As a result of past mining activities, extensive amounts of wastes are present in the mining district Cartagena-La Unión (Murcia, South-East Spain). These activities, developed historically in the mountains in the south basin of the coastal lagoon of the Mar Menor, have caused the metal pollution of the marine sediments. The research presented in this thesis is focused on the evaluation of the metal pollution and potential availability due to different human activities around the Mar Menor. With this aim different environmental matrices were investigated in the area of study.
Moreno, Luna Carlos Augusto. "Pobreza y movilidad cotidiana. Realidades en Bogotá y Soacha, Colombia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458686.
Full textThe way means of transportation and territory interact has been studied over the years in order to establish the realtion of these two variables. There have been different conclusions, but nevertheless there is no conclusive answer that clearly and precisely argues this relationship. However, it has been possible to determine the existence of a new paradigm that determines the need to establish a relationship between transportation and territory simultaneously, especially to increase the levels of accessibility of populations that live in vulnerability situations. The thesis proposes a research work regarding the implications between transportation and territory, in relation with daily mobility and urban accessibility in a low income population of a developing city like Bogota-Colombia, the thesis also researches a social housing project located in the conurbated municipality of Soacha. The research is developed through the analysis of five main categories that allow us to understand the need to apply correctives in public policy, aimed to increase accessibility of vulnerable population by understanding in a synchronous way the relationship between the territory and the transportation modes. The first three chapters of the thesis are developed as follows, the first one stablishes the research problem, main objectives and questions that will guide the research work. In the second chapter the five main categories of analysis are worked out; socio-spatial segregation, spatial mismatch theory, social capital, grassroots initiatives, and finally community transport. These five themes form the theoretical framework. The third chapter summarizes the main methodologies applied during the research. The second part, analyzes through four case studies, the different forms of interaction between transport and territory. The first case study describes Bogota’s population growth which was marked by a segregative development and some possible solutions to this reality are provided. The second case study compares, in the light of the spatial mismatch theory, the disparities in relation to daily commuting to work in two areas of the city; one of high income and one of low income. The third case study considers proximity displacements as a possible solution to the imbalance mentioned above, the last case study identifies social capital and community participation as a tool for shaping community transportation to solve the problem of accessibility in a new development of social housing in the municipality of Soacha, which is a low-income municipality located to the south of Bogotá.. In conclusion, the thesis highlights the need to think about land use in conjunction with transportation planning, taking into account the needs of the most vulnerable population in order to mitigate inequalities that have been accentuated for more than half a century in a city such as Bogota, allowing the most vulnerable population to have higher levels of accessibility to meet their daily commuting needs and be able to have enjoyment of the city.
Ramirez, Alberto Jose. "Essays on migration, altruism, and intergenerational mobiilty." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665751.
Full textThis thesis is a collection of essays focused on developmental economics. The first portion is dedicated to the analysis of transaction fees on remitting behavior and how the existence of transaction costs impact the canonical test of the altruistic remittance motive. The second portion is dedicated to the empirical analysis and estimation of the effect of family migration in Indonesia on the investment in their children's human capital. Our work contributes to the ongoing discussion in developmental economics on how migration and capital flows impact both those who stay behind and the future generations who might reap the fruits of the investments made by their progenitors. The economic literature on remittances has not settled on what is the driving motive for the large flows of capital transferred by migrants to their home countries. In the first chapter we investigate the role of transfer fees and the cost incurred by migrant remitters on the altruistic remitting motive. We explore a theoretical treatment of the problem of transaction costs induced by the existence of a fee to send capital between two households, and how the distortion affects remitting behavior indirectly through inter-temporal effects on savings decisions. While we have not yet generalized our results to the class of convex functions for a transfer cost, we show in a simple two period model that remittances decrease as a function of increasing remittance fees due to the theoretical increase in savings that the existence of higher fees induces. We then ask how the existence of a transaction cost induced by a transfer fee affects the canonical test of the altruistic motive for inter-household transfers, first elucidated by Becker (1974). Here we find that the distortions from transfer costs negatively impact the inference of altruism from the theoretical limit based on Becker's test. Finally, we calibrate the model in the context of the Cuban migrant community in the U.S. We find, in a no cost model, that the aggregate time series of remittance flows observed is mostly explained by altruism; and that the calibrated transaction fee assuming migrants are altruistic comes fairly close to the average fees reported in the literature for remittances to Cuba. We argue that this evidences the need to consider the scope of the remittance landscape when inferring the motive of this behavior, especially the altruistic one. In the second chapter we shift focus to migration of households and the associated outcome on children's schooling attainment. This work is relevant given the increasing migration flows both within and between countries that can have disruptive effects on the family. As such the effects of migration on the household's children has been a consistent topic within the development literature because of the various dimensions through which migration can impact them. To explore this topic, we turn to the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a longitudinal panel data maintained by the RAND Corporation. We first analyze how internal migration in general affects wage premiums, given that the migration literature finds evidence that expected wage premiums between labor markets is the principal motivation for migration. Then we look at how family migration specifically affects schooling attainment in migrant children. Our analysis is descriptive in nature but points to positive associations in both cases, with family migration reducing the hazard of exiting higher schooling levels in a country where the government is still actively combating child labor, despite its illegality. We take these two qualitative findings from the second chapter to develop in chapter three a simple intergenerational model of family migration and investment in a child's human capital. Investigating a plausible selection mechanism that plagued the endogeneity in the descriptive work allows us to not only comment on whether a causal effect exists but also on the magnitude and direction of effects. In conducting policy experiments we show that inducing family migration via full (or nearly full) subsidy, especially among low-skilled households, leads to higher average wages in the next generation than in the base case where families are tied to their home location. Finally, while relaxing the migration cost in our estimated model does lead to improvements, we also show that the cheapest policy outcome might be to relax the opportunity costs to educate that still exist in Indonesia, whose effects are greater and the costs arguably lower than a migration policy would accomplish. While a full migration subsidy may seem extreme, we note that the Indonesian government has provided impoverished Jawanese the opportunity to move themselves and their families to other islands within Indonesia at no cost through transmigration programs. We also argue that the last result doesn't diminish the effects of migration, but enhances it as the apparent disparities between labor markets is empirically favoring migration and warrants a further look at regional investments in human capital.
Sassi, Massimiliano Paolo. "Mobility and multilingualism in Empuriabrava social structuration and inequality in a tourist community." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666749.
Full textThe present dissertation is an ethnographic study that analyzes the role of mobility and multilingualism in processes of social structuration in the tourist community of Empuriabrava, a residential marina located on the Costa Brava in the Autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain. It focuses on social and linguistic practices of the residents from around the world, showing the complex ways social stratification is constructed on an everyday basis. Persons from developing Eastern European countries and the African continent, especially North Africa, intermingle in the community with a European elite from Germany, Great Britain and France. At the root of the social differences that are produced in Empuriabrava lies a person’s motivation for leaving their country, whether it is for enjoying one’s leisure time or for finding work. The manner in which linguistic, social and economic capital are valued is closely connected to nationality, economic resources, and knowledge of English, German or Spanish and to a lesser extent Catalan. This ethnography explores the (re)construction and use of physical spaces and public discourses that are taken up by the inhabitants, and the implication these practices have in the formation of a social structure that gives meaning (both social and symbolic) to the members of the diverse networks residing in the community. The global economic crisis that has produced a world scale recession since 2007 has had a negative impact on the lives of both the labour migrants and the elite who co-habit this tourist space at the time of the study in 2014-2017. The lack of work, and forms of subsistence-level existence have given rise to illicit economic activities that contribute to the deterioration of the community and the marginalization of those inhabitants who are searching for work and better life chances. The Catalan context of Castelló d’ Empúries, where identity and language are used to marginalize the residents in Empuriabrava, who are mostly considered as outsiders, offers a complementary perspective to observe the phenomenon of tourism.
Maciejewska, Monika. "Diferencias de género en el uso de los modos de transporte: casos de estudio de Barcelona y Varsovia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670121.
Full textLa movilidad es una parte integral de la vida cotidiana. Para desplazarnos entre las actividades diarias recorremos distancias que requieren el uso de distintos modos de transporte. Cada modo proporciona velocidades distintas, ayudándonos ajustar la relación espacio – tiempo. Sin embargo, su acceso no es universal. Las características personales determinan no solo nuestras necesidades de viaje – número de desplazamientos, distancias y tiempos – sino también qué modos de transporte podemos utilizar. No todos tenemos las mismas necesidades de viaje ni los mismos recursos para satisfacerlas. Además, nuestro acceso y el uso de las distintas opciones modales dependen de una serie de factores. Según la literatura académica, los factores más relevantes son las características territoriales, los servicios disponibles, los factores subjetivos y las variables sociodemográficas. Entre estas últimas, el uso de los modos de transporte está altamente determinado por las características personales de los usuarios como la edad o el género. Este proyecto pretende contribuir a la comprensión de los patrones de movilidad diferenciados por género respondiendo a una hipótesis general según la cual las diferencias de género en el uso de los modos de transporte y las motivaciones de la elección modal varían según las características sociodemográficas y las circunstancias económicas. Para ello se analiza de qué manera factores como la edad, la presencia de niños en el hogar, la disponibilidad del coche o el contexto económico inciden en los patrones de elección modal de mujeres y hombres. La presente tesis doctoral está estructurada alrededor de un núcleo compuesto por cuatro artículos científicos, precedido por un marco teórico-metodológico general y seguido por una discusión conjunta de resultados y reflexiones finales. Cada caso de estudio indaga en factores que inciden en la relación entre el género y los distintos modos de transporte, o en las motivaciones que llevan a su uso. Los principales hallazgos apuntan a la necesidad de integrar la perspectiva de género en nuevas políticas y estrategias de transporte y planificación urbana.
Mobility is an integral part of everyday life. While moving between daily activities we travel distances that require the use of different modes of transport. Each mode provides different speeds, helping us adjust the space-time relationship. However, the access to them is not universal. Personal characteristics determine not only our travel needs – number of trips, distances and times - but also which modes of transport we can use. Not everyone has the same travel needs nor the same resources to meet them. In addition, our access to and use of different modal options depends on a set of factors. According to the academic literature, the most relevant factors are built environment characteristics, available services, subjective factors and sociodemographic variables. Among the latter, the use of transport modes is highly determined by personal characteristics of the users such as age or gender. This project aims to contribute to the understanding of mobility patterns differentiated by gender responding to a general hypothesis according to which gender differences in the use of modes of transport and the motivations of modal choice vary according to sociodemographic characteristics and economic circumstances. To do so, it analyzes how factors such as age, presence of children in the household, car availability or economic context affect modal choice patterns of women and men. The present PhD dissertation is structured around a core composed of four scientific articles, preceded by a general theoretical-methodological framework and followed by a joint discussion of results and final reflections. Each case study examines factors that affect the relationship between gender and different modes of transport, or the motivations that lead to its use. The main findings point to the need to integrate the gender perspective into new transport policies and urban planning and strategies.
Navas, i. Ferrer Teresa. "Planificació, construcció i mobilitat: La modernització de la xarxa viària a la regió de Barcelona. 1761-1969." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83654.
Full textIn the 200 years between 1761, (Radial Road Plan, Spain), and the second half of the 20th century witnessed the modernization of terrestrial communications system in Catalonia. It constitutes a long enough period of time in which the new transportation infrastructures evolve according with a model characterized by an intensive road network planning and some irregular road construction rhythms, with a certain endemic delay in relation to the original plans. The contrast between these two main elements conditioned the achievement of a modern road network and established some specific relations of coexistence between the diverse transport modalities and their derived mobility. In Catalonia, the described model perfectly matches the evolution of Barcelona region, and coincides largely with the administrative division of the province as an area of performance for the road network since the second third of the 19th century. The historical sources consulted corroborate that the formation that the road-network evolution follows a cycle based on the arguments that justify the new road construction. Firstly, planning becomes a territory x-ray of economic activity that takes into account the consolidated commercial mobility. It led to the Catalan-scaled basic network as a first industrialization expression, sanctioned in the state Plan of 1860. Civil engineering body of knowledge left those strong new axes behind, leading to a new communication system to be completed, in the late 19th century, by provincial planning, focusing on the secondary road network. The identification of road-territory interaction leads to consider the fundamental role of the road network in achieving a territorial balance that results in a third cycle during the early 20th century, as a true governmental action aimed to civilize the Catalan geography. These are the “veïnal” paths that widely exceed those formulated in plans as well as the previous construction rhythms. At present, they form part of Barcelona’s local network and are considered as essential elements of its landscape heritage. Finally, the arrival of the car-based mobility on the scene resulted in a vision that incorporates new territorial scales and overcomes the railway-carriage intermodal reality. Car hegemony, since 1960s, initiates a process of local road network completion and the appearance of a highway network for the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona.
Poblet, Farrés Maria Cristina. "Anàlisi econòmica dels aparcaments per a turismes. Estudi concret de l'aparcament residencial a la ciutat de Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2880.
Full textBrea-Martínez, Gabriel. "Social reproduction and inequality in the Barcelona area, 15th -20th centuries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665793.
Full textThis thesis includes a compilation of four publications with a long-term perspective on the mechanisms of social reproduction and the general trends of socioeconomic inequality in the Barcelona area between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries. The familial mechanisms of social reproduction encompass economic, institutional, legal, political, and/or cultural mechanisms for maintaining, improving, and / or transmitting the acquired or inherited social positions or tangible and intangible assets. Such mechanisms are channeled through family influence by two main means, the intergenerational transmission or social mobility (from ancestors to descendants) and the intragenerational social mobility (of an individual throughout his / her life cycle). In this sense, social reproduction is interrelated with the levels of socioeconomic inequality existing in different historical contexts. The data used in this thesis was provided by the Barcelona Historical Database of Marriage (1481-1880) and the Sant Feliu de Llobregat Longituinal Demographic Database (1828-1940), both developed within the projects el ‘Five Centuries of Marriages’ y ‘Tecnología e innovación ciudadana en la construcción de redes sociales históricas para la comprensión del legado demográfico’ (XARXES) respectively. Among the most important findings in this thesis it can be concluded that the peindustrial intergenerational transmission of social status was indeed high, especially among peasants and artisans and mainly for the first children as would be expected in an Old Regime society based on an inheritance with the principle of impartibility. However, despite the fact that the hereditary system by definition was based on the inequality between siblings, there was not downward social mobility of non-heir brothers and sisters. In fact, non-heir females used to marry out the social group as a strategy, a fact that reinforces the importance of the family unit of the “casa” (house) in the Catalan agricultural societies as historiography pointed out. Nevertheless, during the industrialisation era, there are evidences pointing out that the single-heir inheritance system declined, due to a major social progression of non-heir siblings than heirs within the new occupational opportunities emerged. Accordingly, the influence of family in the social fate of descendants decreased over time but did not vanish, in contrast to what was argued by classical theories as the Modernization one, which also can be interpreted by the importance of the family strong ties in Southern European countries. Regarding the economic inequality, the long term estimation conducted across four centuries in an extensive geographic zone as the Barcelona area showed that inequality was indeed higher on preindustrial societies than in the industrial period. The reason for this would seem to be the preindustrial ordered social structure contributing to a more unequal society than the industrial one based on skilled and unskilled occupations. However, industrialisation brought about a new situation, where likely processes of proletarianization induced a new kind of inequality. Finally, the last conclusion refers to the interrelation between the role played by families and the economic inequality, which has been seen in this thesis that although the family importance in social reproduction, the social barriers between social classes were never broken throughout five centuries, an element that may be linked to the present concern about the decrease in social mobility in our societies.
Castañeda, Muñoz Mónica Alejandra. "Movilidad activa en la vejez: Experiencias durante el desplazamiento a pie en Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670444.
Full textLa mayoría de los países del mundo están experimentando una de las mayores transformaciones sociales de este siglo: el envejecimiento de la población. En este contexto, la vejez como etapa de la vida se caracteriza por diversos cambios físicos y sociales que pueden reducir la capacidad de una persona para desplazarse. Esto genera aislamiento y perdida de independencia para realizar sus actividades cotidianas, resultados que inciden en la calidad de vida y bienestar de este grupo de la población. Por lo tanto, mantener un estilo de vida activo durante esta etapa de la vida es una alternativa para hacer frente a estas problemáticas. El desplazamiento a pie emerge como una opción de transporte activo que otorga diversos beneficios a los adultos mayores para mantenerse activos e independientes. La mayoría de los desplazamientos a pie de las personas mayores se realizan en el barrio, por lo cual el diseño y los diversos elementos que interactúan en este espacio de proximidad son factores que determinan sus desplazamientos. En este contexto los barrios caminables, son la opción de diseño que más se adapta a las necesidades de los adultos mayores. Principalmente porque están diseñados a la escala del peatón. Por lo tanto, esta tesis plantea, que para las personas mayores caminar es una actividad que tiene múltiples significados y beneficios, que generan una experiencia de movilidad que está determinada por elementos subjetivos como la percepción del barrio donde viven. Para conseguirlo, se han integrado, una metodología cuantitativa a una de carácter cualitativo, así como el uso de Sistemas de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) y de acelerómetros que permiten la triangulación de diversas fuentes de información. Los resultados de esta tesis pueden informar futuras actuaciones de planificación urbana que integren las necesidades de movilidad cotidiana de los adultos mayores.
Most countries in the world are experiencing one of the greatest social transformations of this century: demographic ageing. In this context, old age as a stage of life is characterized by various physical and social challenges that can reduce a person's ability to move. This can generate isolation and loss of independence when carrying out daily activities and, in turn, affect the quality of life and well-being of this segment of the population. Consequently, maintaining an active lifestyle during this stage of life is an alternative when it comes to addressing these problems. In this context, walking emerges as an active transport mode that helps elderly people to stay active and independent. Most of the walking trips that the elderly make occur in the neighbourhood so the design and the various elements that interact in this proximity space are factors that determine their walking experience. In this context, walkable neighbourhoods emerge as the most suitable design option when it comes to the needs of elderly people. This thesis proposes that walking is an activity that has multiple meanings and benefits for the elderly and generates a mobility experience that is determined by subjective elements such as the perception of the neighbourhood where they live. To this end, this thesis incorporates both a quantitative methodology and a qualitative one, as well as the use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and accelerometers that allow triangulation of various sources of information to be integrated in the analysis. The results of this thesis can inform future urban planning actions that integrate elderly mobility needs when designing neighbourhoods.
De, Soto Cañamares Pau. "Anàlisi de la xarxa de comunicacions i del transport a la Catalunya romana: estudis de distribució i mobilitat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5560.
Full textEl coneixement de les infraestructures és indispensable per obtenir un coneixement més exacte del funcionament del transport de mercaderies. És per això que a la primera part d'aquest treball s'ha presentat l'estudi de la xarxa de comunicacions del territori català. La manca d'estudis anteriors que haguessin tractat de manera profunda, sistemàtica i global tot el conjunt de les comunicacions romanes en aquest territori, ha obligat a dedicar una part important d'aquest projecte precisament a la compilació, documentació, anàlisi i digitalització de les comunicacions romanes. Aquest projecte ha tingut en compte alhora d'analitzar les infraestructures romanes tot el conjunt de vies de comunicació existents en època romana, ja fossin a través de medi terrestre, fluvial o marítim.
Així, el coneixement de les infraestructures i el funcionament del transport s'ha utilitzat com a base per a interpretar les particularitats econòmiques de la regió nord oriental de la Tarraconense en època romana. Els resultats d'aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat, per tant, la elaboració d'un model de la circulació comercial que ajudi a comprendre millor les particularitats econòmiques i polítiques d'aquest territori i que ofereixi noves respostes als interrogants sobre la mobilitat en època romana, com podria ser la distribució del material arqueològic de Catalunya.
Els resultats de la simulació han permès obtenir amb dades quantificades la valoració dels costos i temps necessaris per al transport de mercaderies des de diferents indrets del territori català. La quantificació dels costos de transport és una eina indispensable per poder justificar si el registre arqueològic segueix per exemple, pautes d'estratègies de mercat o al contrari si està sent influït per altres elements com podria ser una subvenció estatal que en finances parcial o totalment els costos de transport per exemple. De fet es pot entendre que aquest treball ha intentat per primer cop valorar de forma numèrica les particularitats de les comunicacions romanes a Catalunya. Allunyant-se de percepcions més o menys intuïtives o suposicions, els resultats d'aquest estudi ofereixen una quantificació estimada dels costos de transport en les condicions d'un sistema de mercat. Com s'ha anat veient durant tot el treball, les coincidències o divergències entre el model i la documentació arqueològica permeten indicar particularitats del sistema.
The basic concept which this work has been articulated with is that the analysis of the Roman economy was also reconstructed from the distribution and the mobility of goods. Several methodological approaches are used to these days that also suggest how Roman transport works. The analysis of data provided by the archaeological material is certainly one of the most important as the recording is just the result of the movement of such goods. The study of ancient sources describe in its passages such issues as transportation, the purchasing or selling of products or aspects of Roman law, which also represent a source of valuable information. Meanwhile, this work provides a view of the use of infrastructure and the simulation of the movement as indispensable to know the benefits and shortcomings of the transport system created in Roman times. A thorough analysis of each distribution models set (both temporary and cheap) provides valuable information for understanding the mechanisms of the Roman economy and society, but also presents a series of shortcomings that make its interpretation a incomplete result. It is therefore obvious that the combination of all of them should allow a more global perspective of the Roman economy, especially in matters of the movement of goods.
The knowledge of infrastructure is essential to obtain a more accurate knowledge of the freight transportation. Therefore the first part of this work has been presented to study the communications network of the Catalan territory. The lack of previous studies which globally, thoroughly and systematically treated the whole set of communications on this Roman territory, forced to devote a significant part of this project precisely to the gathering, documentation, analysis and digitization of Romanian communications. This project has taken into account while analyzing the whole infrastructure of Roman roads which existed in Roman times, whether through land environment, river or sea.
Hence, the knowledge of infrastructure and working of transport has been used as a basis for interpreting the economic particularities of the north east region of Tarragona in Roman times. The results of this thesis has been, therefore, developing a model of the commercial movement which can help to a better understanding of the economic and political peculiarities of this region and to provide with new answers to the questions about mobility in Roman times as it might be the distribution of archaeological material in Catalonia.
The simulation results have allowed to obtain, with quantified data, assessment of costs and time needed to transport goods from different parts of the Catalan territory. Quantification of transport costs is an indispensable tool to justify if the archaeological record follows, for example, patterns of market strategies or on the contrary it is being influenced by other elements such as a state grant to finance all or part of the transportation costs. In fact, it can be understood that this work has attempted to first evaluate numerically the particularities of the Roman communications in Catalonia. Moving away from more or less intuitive perceptions or assumptions, the results of this study provide an estimated quantification of transport costs in terms of a market system. As it has been seen throughout the whole work, coincidences or differences between the model and the archaeological documentation allow to indicate peculiarities of the system.
Ajenjo, Marc 1965. "Evolució i característiques de la mobilitat habitual per treball a Catalunya (1986-2001). L'accessibilitat com a variable intermèdia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4945.
Full textAquesta qüestió, que es planteja a l'inici de la tesi, en marca el camí des de la primera fins a la darrera pàgina. L'objectiu és estudiar la relació entre ambdues variables a Catalunya en el període comprès entre 1986 i 2001. Ara bé, abans de tractar aquesta relació ha calgut analitzar-les per separat, un fet que condiciona l'estructura del treball, format per una introducció i tres parts. Mentre que en la introducció es va desfilant la pregunta inicial i s'estableixen les bases conceptuals per al seu desenvolupament, en la primera i la segona part, s'analitzen, respectivament, l'accessibilitat i la mobilitat habitual per treball. De fet, no és fins a la tercera part quan entra en joc la relació entre ambdues, que conclou amb un capítol de conclusions.
Per a descriure l'evolució de l'accessibilitat en el període 1986-2001 s'ha fet servir el SIMCAT, un sistema d'informació geogràfica que utilitza el Departament de Política Territorial de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Com que el SIMCAT només disposa de la xarxa viària per a l'any 2001, ha calgut establir una metodologia per a la reconstrucció de la xarxa per a un seguit d'anys 1986, 1991 i 1996.
Respecte de la mobilitat habitual per treball s'ha disposat de les dades que provenen dels censos i padrons de població per als anys 1986, 1991, 1996 i 2001. Malgrat que s'han fet servir directament les microdades, ha calgut un important treball de depuració. Aquest ha portat a emfasitzar el col·lectiu anomenat dels empadronaments atípics que, per les seves característiques persones empadronades en un indret diferent al de residència , podien distorsionar en gran mesura els resultats, sobretot els càlculs de distància/temps al lloc de treball.
En la incidència de l'accessibilitat sobre la mobilitat, cal destacar tres conclusions:
(1) Els municipis més accessibles es caracteritzen per tenir més població i, conseqüentment, més població ocupada i més llocs de treball , per un major percentatge de treballadors que diàriament es desplacen per motius laborals, i per una distància menor d'aquests desplaçaments, amb un estalvi de temps considerable.
(2) Una bona accessibilitat inicial facilita l'evolució de diferents variables: els municipis més accessibles el 1986 són aquells on més creixen la població ocupada, els llocs de treball i el percentatge de treballadors que es desplacen diàriament per motius de treball.
(3) No s'ha pogut demostrar que les millores en la xarxa viària incideixin sobre els increments de població ocupada ni de llocs de treball, però sí en la mobilitat que els uns i els altres generen. A igualtat de la resta de variables, els majors increments d'obertura s'han esdevingut en els municipis més afectats per millores en la xarxa viària, les quals incideixen, a més, en un estalvi de temps per als treballadors que necessiten desplaçar-se diàriament.
Is there any kind of relationship between the accessibility to the road network and commuting?
That question, which is posed at the beginning of the thesis, marks the pathway from the first to the last page. The objective is to study the relationship between both variables, in Catalonia, in the period from 1986 to 2001. First of all, before dealing with the relationship, it was necessary to analyse each part separately. This fact determined the structure of the work, which is composed of an introduction and three parts. The initial question is unravelled in the introduction and the conceptual bases are established for later development; in the first and second parts, accessibility and characteristics of commuters are analysed respectively. It is not, in fact, until the third part that the relationship between the two ideas comes into play. The work ends with a chapter on the conclusions drawn.
SIMCAT, a geographic information system used by the Department of Territorial Policies of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, was used to describe the evolution of accessibility within the 1986-2001 period. Since SIMCAT only has information available on the road network for 2001, it was necessary to establish a methodology for reconstructing the network for the following years: 1986, 1991 and 1996.
In regard to commuting to work, data were used that came from municipal registries and censuses from the years: 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001. Even though micro-data was used directly, it was necessary to conduct a thorough treatment of it. That meant an emphasis was placed on the group from the municipal censuses called: untypical registrations that, due to their characteristics persons included in a census in a place other than where they actually reside could possibly cause a large distortion of the results, especially those calculations concerning distance/time to the workplace.
Three conclusions should be highlighted for the impact of accessibility on daily mobility:
(1) The most accessible municipalities are characterised by having larger populations and, consequently, a more highly employed population and more places of work, by a higher percentage of workers that commute to work on a daily basis, and by a shorter commuting distance, which implies a considerable saving of time.
(2) Good initial accessibility facilitates the evolution of different variables: the municipalities that were most accessible in 1986 are those in which the employed population, places of work and the percentage of commuters grew the most.
(3) It was not possible to demonstrate that improvements in road networks have an impact on increases in job opportunities, but those improvements do affect mobility that one or another may generate. In the same way as the rest of the variables, the greatest increases in commuting have occurred in municipalities that were the most highly affected by road network improvements, which also influenced the time commuters save.
Martinez-Lladó, Xavier. "Presència, mobilitat i risc d'elements traça en sòls naturals. Els mecanismes de sorció com a reguladors de l'equilibri sòl-aigua." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6991.
Full textLa contaminació per elements traça i els riscs per a la salut humana i els ecosistemes, derivats de la presència d'aquests en el sòl, és un problema ambiental de consideració important. En aquest aspecte, nombroses agències i administracions, ja han començat a implementar polítiques de protecció basades en els anomenats Criteris de Qualitat del Sòl (CQS), els quals estableixen uns valors llindar que defineixen els límits de concentració en el sòl per a la presa de decisions.
Degut als diferents processos de descomposició de la roca mare, els elements traça es troben de forma natural en el sòl. L'enorme variabilitat d'aquest vector, juntament amb la influència de la geologia subjacent implica que, abans de l'establiment de CQS, és necessàri conèixer la concentració de fons d'elements traça en el sòls de cada regió.
Les metodologies d'anàlisi de risc són una eina molt important per a l'establiment de CQS. A partir de la definició d'un escenari representatiu i mitjançant un model d'exposició de la població d'estudi, les eines d'anàlisi de risc son capaces de definir la dosi rebuda. Aquestes metodologies ténen en en compte les característiques toxicològiques i l'exposició de la població d'estudi a cada compost o element i estableixen els valors llindar per sota del qual el risc associat a la presència de contaminants en el sòl és assumible.
No obstant això, aquests càlculs requereixen un coneixement exhaustiu de la toxicitat de les substàncies i la seva mobilitat entre els diferents compartiments ambientals. Els elements traça presents en el sòl poden ser transportats fins a les aigües subterrànies, un compartiment ambiental molt més sensible i al qual la població està molt més exposada. És per aquesta raó que és de vital importància conèixer els mecanismes que regulen la mobilitat de contaminants en el sistema sòl aigua i l'obtenció de models que prediguin aquesta mobilitat de forma correcta en les diferents condicions ambientals que poden tenir lloc a la natura.
En una primera part, aquesta tesi s'ha centrat en el càlcul dels nivells de fons d'elements traça en sòls de Catalunya com a etapa prèvia a l'establiment de CQS. Mitjançant eines SIG, s'ha dissenyat una campanya de mostreig per obtenir mostres de sòls naturals representatives de la totalitat del territori. L'anàlisi per ICP-MS i el posterior tractament estadístic de les dades, han permès el càlcul dels valors de fons i referència per a 17 elements traça en sòls de Catalunya. També s'ha estudiat la relació amb la geologia subjacent, així com l'efecte de l'ús del sòl.
Seguidament, s'ha estudiat la mobilitat d'antimoni en sòls carbonàtics naturals adoptant l'aproximació de composició generalitzada.
A partir d'experiments batch i en columna s'ha estudiat la capacitat de retenció d'antimoni d'aquests sòls i s'han desenvolupat models empírics per a la predicció de la seva mobilitat.
Aplicant l'aproximació d'additivitat de components, s'han estudiat els mecanismes que controlen la retenció d'antimoni i seleni en òxi-hidròxids de ferro. A partir d'experiments batch amb goetita i hematita naturals s'ha verificat l'aplicabilitat diferents mecanismes químics proposats a la literatura per a la complexació de selenit i selenat en aquestes dues fases minerals. En el cas de l'antimoni, s'ha estudiat l'efecte de la temperatura, la força iònica i el pH sobre la capacitat de sorció de la goetita sintètica i s'ha proposat un mecanisme de complexació superficial.
En l'últim apartat s'apliquen les metodologies d'anàlisi de risc per calcular la concentració màxima d'elements traça admissible en el sòl. S'han definit escenaris d'exposició que han permès quantificar el risc associat a la presència d'elements traça en el sòl i s'ha calculat la concentració màxima admissible per a les diferents vies d'exposició.
Finalment, a partir dels resultats obtinguts en els capítols anteriors, s'ha estudiat l'aplicabilitat de l'aproximació de l'additivitat de components i composició generalitzada per a la predicció de la mobilitat de contaminants. Utilitzant codis de transport geoquímic, s'ha definit un model conceptual per estudiar els efectes sobre el càlcul del risc associat a la presència de contaminants en el sistema sòl-aigua.
An adequate management of the soil system is essential in order to protect this media where current society develops most of its activities and which acts as a main actor in the global biogeochemical cycles. Trace element pollution and its associated risk for the human health and ecosystems is a concerning environmental problem. In this framework, numerous enviromental agencies and governments have already developed protection policies based in what is called Soil Quality Guidelines (SQG) and establishing treshold values which define concentration limits for decision taking.
Trace elements are naturally occurring in soil due to parent material descomposition. The huge variability that soil shows, together with influence of the underlying geology, makes regional background values development a necessary step prior to SQG definition.
Risk assessment methodologies configure a fundamental tool for the SQG establishment. Based in the definition of representative scenarios and using an exposure model, risk assessment tools are capable of calculating the received dose. These methodologies take into account toxicological characteristics a population exposure to each contaminant in order to calculate the treshold values below which the risk associated to the presence of trace elements in soils is acceptable.
However, these calculations require and exhaustive knowledge of the subtances toxicity and mobility between each environmental compartment. Trace elements in soil can be transported to groundwater, a more vulnerable media to which population is more exposed. For this reason, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms involved in pollutants mobility in the soil-water system and the development of models capable of predict this mobility within the naturally occuring environmental conditions.
In the first part, this thesis has focused in the definition of the background levels of trace elements in soils of Catalunya as a previous stage to the SQG establishment. Natural soil samples representative of the whole region have been obtained by means of sampling campaign designed with GIS tools. ICP-MS analysis and subsequent statistical treatment of the data allowed to calculate background and reference values for 17 trace elements in catalan soils.
Relationship with underlying geology and soil use influence have also been investigated.
Antimony mobility in natural carbonaceous soils has also been studied using the generalized composition approach. Batch and column experiments allowed to investigate the retention capacity of these soils and the development of empirical models for prediction purposes.
Using the component additivity approach, retention mechanisms that control antimony and selenium in iron oxi-hydroxides have also been studied. Batch experiments with natural goethite and hematite provided evidences of the applicabilty of previously purposed mechanisms for selenite and selenate complexation to synthetic minerals to natural materials. The effect of temperature, ionic strenght and pH in the interaction between goethite and antimony has been studied. A surface complexation mechanism for this interaction has also been proposed.
In the last chapter, risk analysis tools are used to compute the maximum acceptabletrace element concentration in soils for human health. Exposure scenarios have been defined in order to quantify the risk associated to the presence of trace elements in soils.
Finally, the applicability of the component additivity and generalized composition approach for the prediction of pollutants mobility have been studied. Using geochemical transport codes, a conceptual model has been defined in order to study the influence in the risk assessment of pollutants in the soil-water system.
Valle, Muñoz Francisco Andrés. "La Movilidad Funcional del Trabajador en la Empresa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7302.
Full textLópez, Gay Antonio. "Canvis residencials i moviments migratoris en la renovació poblacional de Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4971.
Full textLa present Tesi Doctoral s'emmarca en el context d'aquesta Barcelona saturada, un període en què la redefinició de l'estructura sociodemogràfica de la població que resideix a la ciutat no només és conseqüència de les característiques dels individus que s'incorporen a la ciutat, sinó també dels que l'abandonen. El treball es proposa l'estudi de les característiques sociodemogràfiques dels migrants que han passat per la ciutat de Barcelona, i així poder identificar l'existència d'una hipotètica selectivitat migratòria que filtra als individus que participen als fluxos migratoris barcelonins en funció dels seus trets sociodemogràfics. Sintetitzant, contrasta el perfil dels emigrants, immigrants i dels residents que canvien d'habitatge a l'interior de la ciutat central, i analitza la incidència de la migració en la redefinició de les característiques de la població que resideix a Barcelona.
La investigació s'estructura en tres grans apartats. El primer retrocedeix fins a l'explosió industrial i urbana de Barcelona per encetar un recorregut per la història demogràfica de la ciutat d'una forma integrada. S'analitza la incidència dels components demogràfics en l'evolució de la població i s'identifica la singularitat del comportament de la migració en les dues darreres dècades del segle XX, període en què s'insereix la major part del treball. En abastar un període temporal tan ampli, la reconstrucció demogràfica ha estat complexa i ha necessitat d'una minuciosa tasca de recopilació de les diferents fonts d'estocs i de fluxos. La segona part de la Tesi Doctoral aprofundeix en l 'estudi de la dinàmica migratòria i residencial d'aquest darrer període, integrant també la dimensió dels canvis d'habitatge que es realitzen a l'interior de Barcelona, un aspecte poc introduït en la literatura sobre mobilitat residencial a la ciutat. L'apartat s'enceta amb la revisió des d'una perspectiva demogràfica del procés de desconcentració de les principals metròpolis espanyoles, s'atura en l'anàlisi de les migracions i de la mobilitat residencial de la ciutat central en la relació amb la resta de la metròpoli, Catalunya i Espanya, continua amb l'estudi de les implicacions de la participació de la població estrangera en els fluxos residencials metropolitans i finalitza insinuant l'adveniment d'una possible nova etapa recentralitzadora que podria estar coneixent la ciutat central.
Finalment, la tercera part es configura com el cos principal de la recerca. L'apartat es planteja l'estudi de la selecció sociodemogràfica que s'exerceix sobre els migrants que incorporen la ciutat central com a origen o destinació del canvi de residència. Amb l'anàlisi del 100% de les microdades censals catalanes de 2001, els resultats ratifiquen l'existència d'un filtre migratoris exercits per la ciutat central, de forma que les característiques sociodemogràfiques dels individus que han inclòs el municipi de Barcelona en el seu itinerari residencial són diferents en funció del tipus de moviment realitzat. Aquesta diversa composició dels fluxos migratoris ha determinat les característiques de la renovació de la població de Barcelona, i ha redefinit, per tant, la seva estructura sociodemogràfica del present.
Since the Barcelona's industrial and urban explosion, known after the second third of the 19th century, the central municipality experienced a continuous growth of population based on the incessant contribution of the migration. At the late seventies, clashing with the saturation of the urban core, the volume of the population living in the central municipality reached its peak. A period of uninterrupted lost of population arrived just after that moment, a stage recently broken as a consequence of the international migratory flows.
The PhD dissertation is fitted in the temporal context of the filled, saturated, Barcelona. During that period, the redefinition of the sociodemographic structure of the population residing in the city is not only consequence of the characteristics of the people entering into the city, but also of those remaining and leaving it. The work aims at studying the sociodemographic characteristics of the migrants that have included the city in their residential and migratory itinerary, and at being able to identify the existence of a hypothetical migratory selectivity based on the sociodemographic characteristics that filters the individuals who participate in the migratory flows. Synthesizing, it contrasts the profile of emigrants, immigrants and those who have changed their dwelling inside the central city, and analyzes the incidence of migration in the redefinition of the characteristics of the population residing in Barcelona.
The research is structured in three main sections. First, it goes back in time until the industrial and urban explosion of Barcelona in order to initiate a journey along the demographic history of the city, from an integrated point of view. The incidence of the demographic components in the evolution of the population is analyzed, and the singularity of the behavior of the migration in the two last decades of the 20th century is identified. Because this part of the research covers a wide period, the demographic reconstruction has been complex and has needed a meticulous task of compilation of demographic information from the different stocks and flows available sources. The second part goes deeply into the study of the migratory and residential dynamics of the last period, integrating also the dimension of the dwelling changes that are made inside the municipality of Barcelona, an aspect rarely introduced in the literature about residential mobility in the central city. The section begins with a revision of the urban sprawl in the main Spanish Metropolitan Areas from a demographic perspective, stops in the analysis of the migration and the residential mobility of the urban core in its relation with the rest of its Metropolitan Area, Catalonia and Spain, continues with the study about the implications of the participation of foreign population in the residential flows, and finalizes hinting the arrival of a new stage, characterised by the recentralization of the urban core.
Finally, the third chapter is set as the main part of the research. The section comprises the study of the sociodemographic selection that is exerted to the migrants who include the central city as the origin or the destination of the dwelling change. Analyzing the 100% of the Catalan census microdata of 2001, the results ratify the existence of a migratory filter exerted by the central city. The sociodemographic characteristics of the individuals who include the municipality of Barcelona in their residential itinerary are different depending on the type of movement made. This diverse composition of the migratory flow has determined the population's of Barcelona renewal and has redefined, therefore, the current sociodemographic structure.
Giraldi, Cocco Rodrigo. "Transporte Público e Mobilidade Urbana. Contradições entre políticas públicas e demandas por mobilidade na Região Metropolitana de Florianópolis-SC." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384636.
Full textOs transportes públicos coletivos, a acessibilidade e a mobilidade na Região Metropolitana de Florianópolis (RMF) são afetados por vários atributos que remetem à formação socioespacial na região. Os elementos que dificultam a mobilidade metropolitana cotidiana abarcam desde fatores físicos, como o relevo e a hidrografia, até fatores socioeconômicos, incluindo a estruturação urbana da região. Em hipótese, o cerne destas contradições reside em uma superestrutura conservadora, que condiciona desde a produção de serviços de transportes, o planejamento urbano e de transportes, até a estruturação do espaço. A estrutura urbana da RMF evoluiu de um polo central de atração de viagens, na porção oeste da Ilha de Santa Catarina, para uma região metropolitana multipolar, cuja complexidade dos deslocamentos não foi acompanhada pelos serviços de transporte público e nem pela infraestrutura de transportes. Rodovias federais e estaduais, originalmente concebidas para atender aos fluxos regionais e conferir acesso às áreas de balneário, acumularam a função de vias urbanas locais, sem, no entanto, serem operadas e geridas enquanto tais. Estando ausente a prioridade viária para o ônibus – bem como outras tecnologias mais competitivas, capazes de atrair o usuário de automóvel – o resultado tem sido a pouca atratividade do serviço de transporte público, cujos tempos de deslocamento e as condições de conforto tem piorado de modo flagrante. Não obstante, os capitais de transporte combinam estratégias pré-capitalistas (relações clientelistas com o poder público) a estratégias de logística corporativa, garantindo a rentabilidade do sistema ainda que a eficácia ao usuário esteja prejudicada. Estas estratégias pacificam as contradições aparentes entre os capitais de transportes e os capitais imobiliários, ao tornar rentável a operação de transportes públicos mesmo em contextos de dispersão urbana e desordem do sistema viário, traço marcante do território da RMF. Gerenciar as políticas de mobilidade urbana em meio a esta complexidade em termos de base e superestrutura, exige capacidades de planejamento, financiamento e concertação política que não se evidenciam na estrutura institucional instalada na região, pouco dotada de recursos humanos e financeiros. Tais condições de financiamento, de planejamento, de governança, de produção dos transportes e demais condições de mobilidade, dificultam a realização dos saltos necessários à qualidade das interações espaciais, e assim, ao próprio desenvolvimento da região.
The public transport, accessibility and daily mobility in the Metropolitan Region of Florianopolis (RMF) are affected by a number of attributes, which refer to the socio-spatial formation of this region. The metropolitan-mobility hindering elements comprise physical factors, such as topography and hydrography, and socioeconomic factors, including the urban structuring in the region. Hypothetically, the core of these contradictions lies on a conservative superstructure, which determines the production of transportation services, urban and transport planning, as well as space structuring. The RMF urban structure has evolved from a trip attractor pole, in the Western portion of Santa Catarina Island, to a multipolar metropolitan region, whose complex displacement system has not been matched by the public transportation services or infrastructure. Federal and State highways originally designed to meet the regional flows and to give access to seaside resort areas have accumulated the function of local urban roads, although they are not operated and managed as such. The lack of road priority to buses, as well as of competitive technologies able to attract car users, leads to the low attractiveness of the public transportation service, which travelling times and comfort conditions have worsened so flagrantly. Nevertheless, the transport capitals combine pre-capitalist strategies (clientelistic relations with the public authorities) and corporate logistics strategies, thus ensuring the system's profitability although its effectiveness to the user is impaired. These strategies pacify the apparent contradictions between transport capitals and real estate capitals, since they make the public transportation operation profitable even in contexts of urban dispersion and road system disorder, which are striking features of the RMF territory. Managing urban mobility policies amid this complexity in terms of basis and superstructure requires planning, funding and policy agreement capacities, which are not evident in the financial-and-human-resource poor institutional structure. Such financing, planning, governance, transport production conditions as well as other mobility conditions make it difficult to improve the quality of spatial interactions and, therefore, the region development itself.
Cebollada, i. Frontera Àngel. "La ciutat de l'automòbil, un model urbà excloent. Sabadell com a exemple." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4947.
Full textPer a la connexió de les diferents àrees urbanes s'ha prioritzat l'ús del cotxe privat. Els mitjans alternatius han quedat relegats a jugar un rol secundari: els desplaçaments a peu són dificultats per les distàncies creixents a recórrer i per un disseny urbà no adaptat als vianants, mentre que els mitjans d'ús col·lectiu tenen rellevància en alguns trajectes i en algunes esferes temporals. Però també, l'acessibilitat social als mitjans de transport és diferent en cada cas: així el cotxe és un instrument que es troba desigualment repartit entre la població existint notables diferències d'accés. Aquesta tesi focalitza el seu estudi en els col·lectius definits per les variables de gènere (dones), d'edat (joves) i de procedència sociolingüística (immigrants extracomunitaris) per analitzar com la relació que s'estableix amb el vehicle privat influeix i dificulta el seu accés al mercat laboral. És l'estudi, per tant, dels exclosos del model de mobilitat.
Així mateix, el territori és una variable central ja que les diferents cobertures del transport d'ús col·lectiu i les possibilitats de fer recorreguts a peu dibuixen unes àrees urbanes summament desiguals. Així, l'estudi de cas s'ha realitzat a partir d'aquestes dues variables: el col·lectiu de pertinença i l'àrea urbana de residència. Les àrees urbanes de residència s'han tipificat com a àrees amb una alta cobertura de transport d'ús col·lectiu, amb una cobertura mitjana i amb una baixa cobertura a partir de la territorialització de l'oferta d'aquest tipus de transport.
La metodologia emprada ha estat la qualitativa a partir d'entrevistes en profunditat a membres sense permís de conduir dels tres col·lectius i residents a les diferents àrees urbanes del sistema urbà de Sabadell.
De l'estudi es desprèn que la majoria de persones que es troben en aquesta situació han perdut oportunitats de treball degut a la seva dificultat d'accés a certs llocs de treball. Aquest fet fa que tots els individus estudiats tinguin una clara percepció de desigualtat d'oportunitats respecte a les persones que tenen un accés autònom i quotidià al vehicle privat.
Enfront d'aquesta situació, la recerca ha detectat tot un seguit d'estratègies desplegades per poder accedir als llocs de treball. Les estratègies autònomes són aquelles que les persones poden dur a terme pels seus propis mitjans tot i que pugui significar esmerçar més temps de desplaçament, ja sigui en transport col·lectiu, a peu o combinant tots dos. Les estratègies depenenents quan les persones realitzen el desplaçament amb ajuda de tercers, ja sigui perquè no poden arribar d'altra manera, per escurçar el temps de desplaçament o poder combinar les esferes productives i domèstiques. Les estratègies il·legals es duen a terme quan els individus estudiats condueix un vehicle privat malgrat no tenir el permís per fer-ho. Les estratègies col·lectives quan, davant d'una mateixa problemàtica, diverses persones s'agrupen per poder arribar a la feina amb taxi.
L'adopció d'aquestes estratègies dependrà de diferents variables: el lloc de residència és l'element central que defineix un escenari de major o menor dependència respecte el cotxe; la xarxa personal permet l'establiment de les estratègies depenents i la durada del contracte permet l'adopció de diferents estratègies per arribar al treball.
The spatial organisation model of polycentric regional cities is based on an extensive use of land and the segregation of urban activities into functionally homogeneous areas. As a result, mobility is a basic element to connect different urban areas and permit citizens to reach the services and activities offered by their urban environment.
However, while there has been an increase in the use of private vehicles, alternative means of transportation have been left a secondary role. The growth of distances and the way that streets and roads are designed discourage people from travelling on foot, and collective transportation systems only work along specific routes and for limited periods of time. Car ownership, though, is unequally distributed among the population, and the possibility to use a private vehicle varies greatly depending on the social group people belong to. The social groups this thesis focuses on are women, the young and non-EU immigrants. The aim is to analyse how these people's position in relation to private means of transportation influences and interferes their access to the labour market. Therefore, this is a study about those who are excluded from today's mobility model.
In this sense, the location of activities within urban areas is an important issue, as the presence of collective transportation services and the possibility to travel on foot change significantly from one place to another. Thus, this case study departs from two basic variables: the social characteristics of people (gender, age and socio-linguistic origin) and the amount of collective transportation means which serve their area of residence (high cover, medium cover and low cover).
Qualitative methodology has been used in this research. Most of it is based on in-depth interviews with women, young people and non-EU immigrants from the urban area of Sabadell whose places of residence are located in zones with different degrees of public transportation facilities and do not hold a driving license.
The conclusions of this study are that most people who are found in such conditions have lost job opportunities because they could not reach the places where they were located. As a consequence, they perceive the unequal opportunities in employment between those people who have regular and autonomous access to a private vehicle and those who do not owe or cannot drive a car.
In front of this situation, a number of strategies to reach the places were jobs are offered has been detected. Autonomous strategies are those which permit people to arrive to work by their own means, although they have to spend longer time travelling by collective means of transportation or walking. Non-autonomous strategies are those which permit people to reach the places where they work with some support from someone else, either because there is no other way to arrive where they work, to shorten travelling times or to combine productive and reproductive activities in a single journey. Illegal strategies are found when people drive a car without being allowed to do it. And collective strategies are put into practice when several people who cannot travel to work on their own organise themselves and share a taxi to arrive there.
The strategies chosen by each person depend on various factors: their place of residence, the characteristics of their social network and the length of their contracts. The place where people live makes them more or less dependant on private means of transportation, people's social network may permit the establishment of non-autonomous strategies and the length of contracts also affects the kind of strategies that people may follow to arrive to work.
Prignano, Luce. "Reconstruction, mobility, and synchronization in complex networks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83840.
Full textDurante las últimas décadas, se ha empezado a poner de manifiesto que sistemas formados por muchos elementos en interacción pueden mostrar propiedades dinámicas emergentes relacionadas con la topología del patrón de conexiones entre las partes constituyentes. Estos sistemas, generalmente conocidos como sistemas complejos, en muchos casos pueden ser descritos a través de sus redes de contactos, es decir, en términos de nodos (que representan los componentes del sistema) y de enlaces (sus interacciones). De esta manera es posible capturar sus características esenciales en una representación simple y general. En esta última década, el creciente interés en este enfoque, gracias también a un progreso tecnológico favorable, ha llevado a la acumulación de una cantidad ingente de datos. Eso, a su vez, ha permitido el surgimiento de nuevas preguntas y, por lo tanto, la diversificación de la actividad científica. Entre ellas, podemos destacar tres cuestiones generales que son objeto de mucho interés: (i) ¿la información disponible es siempre fiable y completa? (ii) ¿cómo un patrón de interacción complejo puede afectar el surgimiento de comportamientos colectivos? Y (iii) ¿cual es el papel de la movilidad en el marco de las redes complejas? Esta tesis se ha desarrollado siguiendo estas tres líneas, que están íntimamente relacionadas entre sí. Hemos profundizado en tres casos de estudio, cada uno de los cuales se ocupa de dos de los macro-temas mencionados. Consideramos la cuestión del carácter incompleto de la información disponible tanto en el caso de redes naturales (Capítulo 2) como de redes artificiales (Capítulo 3). Nos centramos en la sincronización de los osciladores de fase acoplados (Capítulos 2 y 4) en cuanto comportamiento emergente paradigmático, investigando en profundidad cómo los diferentes patrones de conexión puedan afectar la consecución de un estado coherente a nivel global. Por último, analizamos el rol de la movilidad incluyendo agentes móviles en dos marcos diferentes. En un caso, los utilizamos como exploradores de redes desconocidas (Capítulo 3), mientras que en otro los consideramos como unidades que interaccionan y son capaces de establecer conexiones con sus vecinos (Capítulo 4).
Oliveros, Fortiche Diana Esperanza. "Sacrificio, orgullo y consumo conspicuo en movilidades sociales de clases medias y bajas en Bogotá, Colombia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670698.
Full textAnte las condiciones de exclusión y desigualdad presentes en el contexto colombiano, las clases medias y bajas en búsqueda de estatus acallan sus demandas sociales y actúan de conformidad con el sistema capitalista, ofrendando su sacrificio personal y social y enorgulleciéndose de los signos de éxito y prestigio que les provee el mercado. Esta dinámica de relación entre el capitalismo, el estatus y el mercado es recogida en la presente investigación cuyo propósito es comprender las relaciones entre el consumo conspicuo y las emociones sociales en procesos de movilidad social de clases medias y bajas en Bogotá, Colombia. Por tal razón, identifica los procesos de movilidad ascendente y descendente, las estrategias del enclasamiento, los bienes y consumos conspicuos y relaciona las emociones sociales en estos procesos. Desarrolla una metodología mixta a través de métodos y técnicas cualitativas como historia de vida, entrevistas a profundidad, observación, y cuantitativas como el cuestionario encuestal. Con el aporte y el cruce de los datos cualitativos y cuantitativos del estudio se logran comprender maneras, significados y ocurrencias de las prácticas conspicuas en procesos de movilidad y enclasamiento desde los agentes de clase y proponer un modelo de explicación sobre las relaciones entre las estrategias estatutarias sociales y las condiciones estructurales de desigualdad.
Faced with the conditions of exclusion and inequality present in the Colombian context, the middle and lower classes in search of status silence their social demands and act in accordance with the capitalist system, offering their personal and social sacrifice and taking pride in the signs of success and prestige provided by the market. The research shows the dynamics between capitalism, status and the market, being the goal the understanding of the relationships between conspicuous consumption and social emotions in processes of social mobility of the middle and lower classes in Bogotá, Colombia. For this purpose, the research identifies the processes of upward and downward mobility, the classification strategies and the associated conspicuous goods and consumption, linking all these processes with a set of social emotions. The research develops a mixed methodology through qualitative methods and techniques such as life history, in-depth interviews, observation, and quantitative methods such as the survey. Qualitative and quantitative data of the study aims to understand the meanings and occurrences of conspicuous practices in processes of mobility and the class strategies adopted. Finally, the thesis provides an explanatory model to analyse the relationship between social statutory strategies and structural conditions of inequality.
Ortas, Deunosajut Xavier Dídac. "Valoración clínica y cuantificación de la postura y la movilidad del pie infantil. Estudio descriptivo observacional." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670069.
Full textEl pie infantil puede presentar variaciones en su postura y su movilidad. La postura se puede medir con el AHI y de una forma más global con el FPI-6. La movilidad se puede definir con el NDT y con el MFW. El objetivo es estimar los valores poblacionales de postura y movilidad del pie en niños/as de 5-6 i 9-10 y relacionarlos entre ellos y con variables antropométricas. Se han estimado los valores a partir de una muestra de 415 niños y niñas, y se ha encontrado relación moderada entre la postura pronada del pie y un aumento de la movilidad medida con el NDT en toda la muestra. Una disminución de AHI se ha correlacionado con un aumento de la movilidad en los niños de 9-10 años. No se ha encontrado correlación fuerte entre la antropometría y la postura y la movilidad, sólo débil entre AHI y los índices de composición corporal.
The foot of children are variables in their posture and mobility. Posture can be measured with the AHI and more globally with the FPI-6. Mobility can be defined with the NDT and with the MFW. The objective is to estimate the population values of foot posture and mobility in children aged 5-6 and 9-10 years and to correlate them to each other and to anthropometric variables. The values have been estimated from a sample of 415 boys and girls. A moderate relationship has been found between the pronated posture and an increase in mobility measured with the NDT. A decrease in AHI has been correlated with an increase in foot mobility in 9-10 years old. No strong correlation was found between anthropometry and posture and mobility, only weak correlation between AHI and body composition indices.
Marquet, Sardà Oriol. "Redescubrir la proximidad urbana. Componentes socioespaciales de la movilidad cotidiana sostenible en Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/314178.
Full textDistances, commuting, private car, travel speeds… those are common words in traditional transport studies, which have tried for years to manage motorized mobility with one common goal: to facilitate movement and reduce travel times. But what happens with what’s been left out of this analysis? What happens with close distances mobility, with walking mobility, with the mobility needs of those without access to the motorized transports? This thesis aims to contribute to the knowledge of this left-out dynamics, and it does so from the perspective that this knowledge can help us achieve our true common goal for urban mobility: social and environmental sustainability. This thesis proposes a new methodology to measure close-scale urban dynamics through the observation of everyday mobility patterns in the City and the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. By defining a proximity trip by a modal choice and a temporal variable, we are visualizing a specific kind of trip that appeared unreported to traditional analysis. As this thesis sets to demonstrate, this kind of proximity trips are highly common in a dense and Mediterranean city like Barcelona, and they represent an environmentally sustainable way of mobility that is available for all the inhabitants of the city. From that point of view, the present work sets to establish the conceptual basics that define what proximity is and to explore the academic literature in search of all the beneficial effects attributed to urban proximity. At the same time, the empirical work proposes four different study cases that seek to deepen our understanding of this kind of small-scale mobility. The target of this empirical study cases is to evaluate proximity utilization in the Municipality and Regional Area of Barcelona and to test its importance in people’s everyday lives, with the hope that proximity travelling can offer a viable and sustainable solution to the problems of our current transport system.
Prieto, Flores Oscar. "Sobre la identidad gitana y su construcción panétnica: El caso gitano en Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2965.
Full textIn this doctoral dissertation three basic elements of Romaní identity are analized. These elements need a new reconceptualization due to the evidence observed in social reality. These are the meanstream interpretation of Romaní identity in the Census or Social Research through the recollection of ethnic data, the assimilation theory in the Romaní case and the construction of a panethnic identity between those Romà with spanish nationality and those Romà immigrants coming from East and Central Europe. Through the data recollection and the fieldwork done we can achieve the following conclusions: a) Meanstream interpretation needs to be redefined due to the different existing metholodologies on ethnic identity recollection in the Census and Social Research; b) Upward social mobility in the Romaní case is segmented. We cannot affirm that upward mobility follows the straight line theory but it follow a multi-linear path in which we can find: Selective aculturation, full acculturation and the path that we have called constricted ethnicity. Finally, c) The construction of a Romaní panethnic identity is observed through an ethnographic fieldwork in La Mina (Sant Adrià del Besòs) and Sant Roc (Badalona) -Barcelona, Spain- . This construction is based on the interaction that subjects have and how they are promoting its institutionalization specially in the religious sphere.
García, Louzao Jose. "Essays on job mobility." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667758.
Full textThis doctoral thesis studies how labor market institutions, social contacts, and firm-ownership schemes determine workers and firms job mobility decisions. The first chapter investigates the effect of severance pay on workers' voluntary mobility out of the firm. The analysis exploits a major labor market reform of the employment protection legislation in Spain in 2012 to show that a decrease in mobility costs due to a reduction in severance pay induced by the reform made workers who may expect to be displaced in the near future more likely to voluntarily leave their employer. The second chapter adds to the empirical literature on the role of social contacts on the labor market. The findings in this chapter indicate that employers are more likely to hire workers who have a connection in the firm through a former coworker, and that having a connection in the hiring firm improves re-employment outcomes of workers relative to non-connected workers. The last chapter studies differences between conventional and worker-owned firms in their adjustment to the business cycle. It documents that both types of firms respond to changing macroeconomic conditions by adjusting employment, hours of work, and wages. However, worker-owned firms exhibit greater employment resilience than conventional enterprises. Hours of work and wages, instead, adjust to a similar extent across the two types of firms.
Alberich, González Joan. "La vinculació territorial de la població a Catalunya. Una aproximació a partir del cens de 2001." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4979.
Full textLa investigació parteix de la hipòtesi que la mobilitat creixent de la població determina el fet que assignar les persones únicament al lloc de residència cada vegada té menys sentit, ja que a través dels seus desplaçaments habituals, la població està en contacte amb altres municipis diferents al de residència. A aquest tema està consagrada un part important de la tesi, ja que es fa un repàs exhaustiu a les transformacions demogràfiques i territorials esdevingudes a Catalunya durant el període 1986-2001.
És per motiu ressenyat que la tesi planteja la necessitat de superar aquesta concepció estàtica de la població, basada en l'antiga divisió entre població de dret i població de fet, mitjançant la utilització de dos conceptes relativament nous en geografia de la població com són població vinculada i espai de vida. Els dos conceptes poden ser entesos com dues maneres diferents, però complementàries, d'analitzar el mateix fenomen: la mobilitat de la població. Així, el concepte població vinculada fa referència, des del punt de vista del territori receptor, a tota aquells població que, a pesar de no residir en un territori, manté un cert vincle perquè treballa, estudia o té una segona residència en ell; mentre que l'espai de vida amida, des del punt de vista de les persones, tots aquells llocs freqüentats a partir dels desplaçaments quotidians.
El càlcul de les dues dimensions citades de la mobilitat habitual a Catalunya constitueix l'eix central de la tesi. Així, en primer lloc, s'analitza quin és la població vinculada a cadascun dels 946 municipis catalans, tema que és d'especial interès a l'hora de la planificació urbanística i de certs serveis, ja que permet tenir en compte la població destinatària potencial, ja viva al municipi o no. En segon lloc, es delimita quin és l'espai de vida dels habitants dels habitants de cadascun dels municipis catalans, cosa que permet determinar quin és el grau d'interacció funcional entre territoris i poder delimitar, així, àrees de cohesió o àrees metropolitanes.
Els resultats obtinguts en l'aplicació d'ambdós indicadors apunten a la configuració de Catalunya com una incipient ciutat-regió: un espai funcional únic que tendeix, cada vegada més, a funcionar com un àrea homogènia, més enllà dels límits administratius de les seves diferents parts, entre les quals s'estableix un flux important de persones. Aquestes, en conseqüència, realitzen un ús cada vegada més extensiu del territori, de manera que el lloc de residència habitual perd importància a l'hora de descriure el comportament territorial de la població.
Paraules clau:
Mobilitat habitual, espai de vida, població vinculada, cens de població, Catalunya.
La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo evaluar cuál es el uso del territorio que hacen los habitantes en Cataluña a partir de su movilidad habitual por trabajo y por estudios y la derivada de la disponibilidad de una segunda residencia. Para lograr este objetivo utiliza los datos del censo de 2001, que por primera vez recoge este tipo de información para el conjunto de España.
La investigación parte de la hipótesis que la movilidad creciente de la población determina el hecho que asignar las personas únicamente al lugar de residencia cada vez tiene menos sentido, puesto que a través de sus desplazamientos habituales, la población está en contacto con otros municipios diferentes al de residencia. A este tema está consagrada una parte importante de la tesis, ya que se hace un repaso exhaustivo a las transformaciones demográficas y territoriales acontecidas a Cataluña durante el periodo 1986-2001.
Es por motivo reseñado que la tesis plantea la necesidad de superar esta concepción estática de la población, basada en la antigua división entre población de derecho y población de hecho, mediante la utilización de dos conceptos relativamente nuevos en geografía de la población como son población vinculada y espacio de vida. Los dos conceptos pueden ser entendidos como dos maneras diferentes, pero complementarias, de analizar el mismo fenómeno: la movilidad de la población. Así, el concepto población vinculada hace referencia, desde el punto de vista del territorio receptor, a toda aquellos población que, a pesar de no residir en un territorio, mantiene un cierto vínculo porque trabaja, estudia o tiene una segunda residencia en él; mientras que el espacio de vida mide, desde el punto de vista de las personas, todos aquellos lugares frecuentados a partir de los desplazamientos cotidianos.
El cálculo de las dos dimensiones citadas de la movilidad habitual en Cataluña constituye el eje central de la tesis. Así, en primer lugar, se analiza cuál es la población vinculada a cada uno de los 946 municipios catalanes, tema que es de especial interés a la hora de la planificación urbanística y de ciertos servicios, puesto que permite tener en cuenta la población destinataria potencial, ya viva al municipio o no. En segundo lugar, se delimita cuál es el espacio de vida de los habitantes de los habitantes de cada uno de los municipios catalanes, cosa que permite determinar cuál es el grado de interacción funcional entre territorios y poder delimitar, así, áreas de cohesión o áreas metropolitanas.
Los resultados obtenidos en la aplicación de ambos indicadores apuntan a la configuración de Cataluña como una incipiente ciudad-región: un espacio funcional único que tiende, cada vez más, a funcionar como un área homogénea, más allá de los límites administrativos de sus distintas partes, entre las cuales se establece un flujo importante de personas. Éstas, en consecuencia, realizan un uso cada vez más extensivo del territorio, de modo que el lugar de residencia habitual pierde importancia a la hora de describir el comportamiento territorial de la población.
Palabras clave
Mobilidad habitual, espacio de vida, población vinculada, censo de población, Cataluña.
This thesis aims to assess what is the use of the territory that the inhabitants in Catalonia from their usual mobility for work and studies and derived from the availability of a second residence. To achieve this it uses data from the 2001 census, which for the first time this type of information collected for the whole of Spain.
The hypothesis suggests that the increased mobility of the population determined to give people the only place of residence is increasingly less sense. Thus, through their movements, people are in contact with other than the municipalities of residence. This issue is devoted a significant part of the thesis, which is a comprehensive review of the demographic and territorial changes occurred in Catalonia during the period 1986-2001.
For this reason, the thesis addresses the need to overcome this static conception of the population using two relatively new concepts in geography of population: linked population and living space. The two concepts discussed the same phenomenon: the mobility of the population. Thus, the linked population references, from the viewpoint of the source area, to all those people who, despite not residing in a territory, maintains a certain bond with him. For its part, the living space measured from the point of view of people, all those places frequented from daily.
The calculation of the two aforementioned dimensions of mobility in Catalonia is the usual focus of the thesis. Firstly, we analyze what the linked population to each of the 946 Catalan municipalities. This issue has a particular interest in urban planning and services. Secondly, the thesis defines the living space of the inhabitants of the inhabitants of each of the Catalan municipalities, which can determine the degree of interaction between functional areas and to delimit, and, areas or areas of cohesion metropolitan areas.
The results achieved in the implementation of both indicators point to the configuration of Catalonia as an emerging city-region: a functional space that only tends increasingly to function as a homogeneous area, beyond the administrative boundaries of the different parts. This fact conducted a more extensive use of the territory, so the usual place of residence loses importance when describing the behavior of the territorial population.
Keywords
Daily mobility, living space, linked population, census, Catalonia.
Cabrera, Vega Félix Israel. "Movilidad urbana, espacio público y ciudadanos sin autonomía. El caso de Lima." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667392.
Full textLa evolución conceptual de la movilidad ha determinado que esta sea considerada como un derecho de todos los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, en Lima, aún existen personas sin autonomía como los niños, los adultos mayores y las personas con discapacidad que enfrentan dificultades para desplazarse por la ciudad, y por ende no pueden ejercer sus derechos fundamentales. El mundo de estas personas es aún desconocido, por lo que para incluirlos en la sociedad es necesario, primero, explorar sus vidas, sentimientos, problemas y características de movimiento, para luego establecer métodos de evaluación del espacio público según sus necesidades. La presente tesis persiguió este objetivo y se desarrolló a partir de un enfoque mixto y holístico. Los ciudadanos sin autonomía presentaron diferentes características, definiciones de autonomía, experiencias, necesidades y propuestas de mejora. Asimismo, los problemas que enfrentaron al desplazarse fueron diferentes e inclusive sus requerimientos para superarlos entraron en conflicto, lo que cuestionaría el alcance real del concepto del diseño universal. Por ello, vale la pena resaltar que enfrentaron barreas físicas, sociales y personales (en diferente grado), pero contrariamente a lo que se piensa, la primera barrera a superar sería psicológica y no física. Es decir, si la persona no está preparada psicológicamente no podrá salir a la calle aunque esta y el transporte público sean accesibles. Son cuatro los principales hallazgos: las percepciones de autonomía, la cadena cíclica de los requerimientos para los desplazamientos, la jerarquía implícita y el dilema de los requerimientos físicos. Igualmente, sus patrones de desplazamiento y organización espacial dependieron de sus características psico-físicas y del método que emplearon para orientarse espacialmente, por lo que habría una clara relación entre los siguientes elementos: las características propias de las personas (velocidad, aceleración, patrones de organización y trayectorias) y su interacción con el entorno (tipos de obstáculos, áreas de influencia y reglas de prioridad en la circulación). También, la calidad del espacio público y la serendipia influirían en la generación de micro desplazamientos y en las actividades de los adultos mayores. Del mismo modo, el desarrollo de la tesis permitió proponer el método de evaluación de los entornos de proximidad inclusivos (EEPI) que abarca criterios cualitativos y cuantitativos agrupados en dos niveles de análisis: planificación y operación. El método es el resultado de la aplicación de las entrevistas en profundidad, la observación y la medición de variables cuantitativas. A lo largo de esta tesis se ha podido conocer los sentimientos de las personas sin autonomía y en especial de aquellas con discapacidad motriz, visual y cognitiva. Y puede señalarse que por su falta de normalidad conviven con la tristeza, la incertidumbre, la depresión, la marginación y el olvido. Se consideran ciudadanos de segunda clase y se enfrentan a continuos conflictos personales. Los casos analizados de discapacidad son un subconjunto de los existentes, por lo que el aporte de esta tesis es solo un grano de conocimiento dentro del inmenso ámbito de la movilidad. Aún se debe recorrer un largo camino para reivindicar a estas personas y otorgarles la real ciudadanía, al menos en el contexto de Lima.
The conceptual evolution of mobility has determined that it is considered a right of all citizens. However, in Lima, there are still people without autonomy such as children, the elderly and people with disabilities who face difficulties to move around the city, and therefore can not exercise their fundamental rights. The world of these people is still unknown, so including them in society is necessary, first, to explore their lives, feelings, problems and characteristics of movement, to then establish methods to evaluate the public space according to their needs. This thesis pursued this objective and was developed from a mixed and holistic approach. Citizens without autonomy presented different characteristics, definitions of autonomy, experiences, needs and proposals. Also, the problems they faced when moving were different and even their requirements to overcome them came into conflict, which would question the real scope of the concept of universal design. Therefore, it is worth noting that people without autonomy faced physical, social and personal barriers (to different degrees), but contrary to what is thought, the first barrier to overcome would be psychological and not physical. In other words, if the person is not psychologically prepared, they will not be able to go out to the street even though the streets and public transport are accessible. There are four main findings: perceptions of autonomy, the cyclical chain of requirements for displacements, the implicit hierarchy and the physical dilemma. Likewise, their patterns of displacement and spatial organization depended on their psycho-physical characteristics and the method they used to orient themselves spatially, so there would be a clear relationship between the following elements: the characteristics of people (speed, acceleration, patterns of organization and trajectories) and their interaction with the environment (types of obstacles, areas of influence and priority rules in circulation). Also, the quality of the public space and serendipity would influence the generation of micro-trips and the activities of the elderly. In the same way, the development of the thesis made it possible to propose the method of evaluation of inclusive proximity environments (EEPI in Spanish) that includes qualitative and quantitative criteria grouped into two levels of analysis: planning and operation. The method is the result of the application of in-depth interviews, observation and measurement of quantitative variables. Throughout this thesis has been able to know the feelings of people without autonomy and especially those with motor, visual and cognitive disability. And it can be pointed out that due to their lack of normality they coexist with sadness, uncertainty, depression, marginalization and forgetfulness. They consider themselves as second-class citizens and face continual personal conflicts. The analysed cases of disability are a subset of the existing ones, so the contribution of this thesis is only a fraction of knowledge within the immense scope of mobility. There is still a long way to go to vindicate these people and grant them real citizenship, at least in the context of Lima.
Cranois, Aude. "De l'automobilité à l'électromobilité : des conservatismes en mouvement ? : la fabrique d'une politique publique rurale entre innovations et résistances." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1066/document.
Full textRenewed mobility policies have been developed since the mid-2000s in French rural areas, which are particularly car dependent. Local authorities have chosen to offer alternatives to automotive mobility. This thesis analyzes the emergence of public electric mobility policies, while national or European incentives encourage their development (cars, bicycles, charging stations). Do rural actors seize these incentives? And how? This study questions therefore the particular ways in which the incentive mechanisms related to electromobility in small rural communities are taken advantage of and how local authorities consent to this encouragement to change. The main hypothesis of this research is that the emergence of e-mobility in rural territories is elaborated and shaped by both local stakeholders and external actors, not always in consensual ways. With a multidisciplinary approach, we study the gradual deployment of e-mobility in two French territories, the Manche department and the Aveyron department. This study is based on the monitoring of several projects, and on interviews of local stakeholders.Our results show how e-mobility is used by local stakeholders to negotiate the turn toward a more sustainable rural transportation network and to reconsider the automobility system. It is seized, discussed, tested or rejected and might be integrated into a territorial strategy, depending on the resources and on the role of local actors.E-mobility is undertaken in several ways. First, it is implanted in a diversity of local public policies (tourism, social inclusion, environment), within smaller projects such as electric bike rental or electric car sharing system. It emerges through practical initiatives which stakeholders come up with in search of new mobility systems for the territory.Secondly, we show that e-mobility is a strategic tool, in larger projects (hydrogen, charging stations) in order to promote an energy system for the territory. In two territories historically shaped by electrical production (nuclear power and hydroelectric power), we demonstrate that e-mobility represents a powerful tool in the context of an energy transition, as it enables stakeholders to secure their role within these territories.The movement toward this innovation is made in the continuity of the rural and local policies, targetting isues such as tourism or local economy, and in connection with the national energy policies of energy transition. Finally, we hypothesize that these projects can also lead to discontinuities, to a reinvention of the rural, toward a new energy network, and new mobilities
Slavický, Marek. "Podpora mobility účastníků terciárního vzdělávání pomocí nových technologií v rámci EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197855.
Full textFerrús, Ferré Ramon. "Contribución a la caracterización de los mecanismos de acceso y traspaso en sistemas móviles celulares basados en transmisión de paquetes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6931.
Full textPor tanto, el sistema IMT-2000/UMTS se plantea como una convergencia de diferentes sistemas y nuevas tecnologías que, paulatinamente, van armonizando sus características para poder llegar a conseguir una única plataforma global de telecomunicaciones. Y una de las directrices seguidas en dicha convergencia es la adopción de las denominadas técnicas de transmisión en modo paquete en sustitución de las actuales soluciones basadas en conmutación de circuitos. Algunos de los argumentos esgrimidos a favor de la incorporación de mecanismos de transmisión en modo paquete son los siguientes:
* La posibilidad de realizar un uso más eficiente de los recursos radio disponibles. La asignación fija durante el transcurso de toda una conexión puede resultar completamente ineficiente para servicios a ráfagas o con tasas de transmisión fluctuantes.
* Mayor flexibilidad a la hora de integrar tráfico de diferente naturaleza, como por ejemplo, voz, datos, deñales de vídeo, etc.
* La mayor imbricación de las tecnologías de la información (IT), orientadas a paquetes, en las tecnologías de telecomunicaciones.
* La integración paulatina de las redes de acceso móviles a una plataforma.
Rojo, Carrascal Juan Carlos. "El deterioro del espacio público y su impacto en las áreas destinadas a la socialización y al desarrollo de la accesibilidad en las ciudades medias mexicanas. Caso Culiacán, Sinaloa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/459121.
Full textThe twentieth century transformed the streets of the cities which defined the continuing public space into distributive arteries for automobiles and other motorized vehicles-- more the individual than the collective-- with very limited spaces for the rest of the functions for which the streets were originally designed. Social interaction among people transitioned to parks and plazas and reduced conditions soon followed. The consequence was the gradual abandonment of these spaces and the activities of social citizen transitioned into closed spaces from whose private domains came the great commercial centers which today proliferate the majority of the Latin American cities. In practice, the street is no longer a public space, so only parks and plazas are available for the common use under equal conditions. Yet day by day, these are becoming more vulnerable in cities. This process has negatively impacted the development of cities. Therefore, streets have left the public space where individuals can meet and interact and will possibly continue to transform into an exclusive space with a greater hierarchy given to motor vehicles and gradually diminished space for pedestrians. The present research focuses on the growth process of average Mexican cities in the period from 1980 to 2010, how this process has transformed public space and how it has impacted the socialization of people in the case study of Culiácan. This study has analyzes three previously selected prototypes as valid alternatives. The analysis of this thesis is presented in two stages: the first will lay out the current situation in Mexican cities with an emphasis on the twenty preselected medium-sized cities (between 500,000 and one million inhabitants), and the second will address Culiacán and the transformative process of its public space within the last three decades. The evaluation of the public space supports a research process where I took the opinion of men and women from diverse social classes by means of focus groups and interviews with key actors, in order to create through a variety of methods an ethnographic study, which details the conditions along the three main streets of the city, and combines the diverse characteristics including the combination of prototypes for existing streets in Culiacán. As such this research through a variety of means presents a mix of methodologies, it interprets the changes which the public space has suffered in the city of Culiacán from the viewpoint by the author through his tours and from the opinion of the inhabitants. The latter’s view derives from their experience. and how the socialization of the people, which before existed in the streets, is now limited in function, use and space
Roy, Sunyer Miquel. "Materias primas líticas y su explotación durante la prehistoria en el prepirineo oriental (NE de Iberia)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400712.
Full textArchaeological sites record the evidences to reconstruct the life forms of our prehistoric ancestors. In the eastern Pre-Pyrenees, the remains of human occupations found during the last years allow us to address this subject in an exceptional context within Western Europe. The analysis of lithic raw material sources in this area from a geological perspective allows us to characterize the management of lithic resources by human groups in the Late Upper Pleistocene. The aim of this study is to identify the different raw material sources that were potentially available for hunter-gatherer societies in a region of the Pre-Pyrenees. This approach will provide a geological basis from which to perform detailed lithic raw material studies in archaeological sites in the future. Results of this study are applied to the analysis of two outstanding archaeological sites of this region: Roca dels Bous and Cova Gran de Santa Linya. The regional study has focused in the analysis two types of deposits: primary and secondary deposits (fluvial terraces), a strategy that follows the methodological and interpretative particularities of each kind of outcrop. This analysis generates insights about the capacity of exploiting the different lithic resources by our ancestors, establishing that the region shows a relative high abundance and variability of knappable rocks following a heterogeneous geographical distribution; a configuration that permits to define discrete catchment areas. Four main resources have been distinguished: three in primary position (garumnian chalcedony, Serra Llarga flint and Tartareu flint) and one in secondary position (quaternary fluvial terraces), which present distinctive petrological features that can be identified in archaeological contexts. The analysis of Roca dels Bous and Cova Gran sites has been performed after a systematic methodological design that provides several innovations in this area of study. Insights about procurement systems and lithic resource management during the Late Middle Paleolithic and Early Upper Paleolithic have been generated in thirteen archaeological levels. These series are composed by three main lithic raw materials that were analyzed in the previous regional study (chalcedony, Serra Llarga flint and quartzite), revealing significant variations that are the result of environmental, technical and cultural constrictions. The relevance of rocks from the fluvial deposits in Roca dels Bous shows selection patterns seeking for specific qualities of quartzites, a pattern that is interpreted as an indicator of the profound knowledge of the landscape by Neanderthals. In Cova Gran, a predominance of local and regional raw materials has been observed, although significant fluctuations among the two major chrono-cultural periods (Late Middle Paleolithic – Early Upper Paleolithic) have been detected, represented by the recurrent exploitation of fluvial deposits in the mousterian layers, while in the Upper Paleolithic the only resources exploited were chalcedony and flint. These data contribute in the characterization of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition linked with the replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans in Western Europe. The reasons for these changes seem to be related with modifications in knapping methods introduced since the Upper Paleolithic; methods that require specific raw materials. Altogether, both sites show lithic procurement systems centered around the Pre-Pyrenees and the northern part of the Ebro Depression, although testimonial findings seem to point at the exploitation of more remote areas. Long distance markers have been detected that connect both sites with the central part of Ebro Depression (Monegros area) as well as the northern slopes of the Pyrenees, a fact not identified until now in northeastern Iberia during Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic periods.
Vich, Callejo Guillem. "La dimensión espacial de la movilidad cotidiana: Una aproximación multiescalar en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667137.
Full textThe expansion of metropolitan areas globally has had an impact on the daily life of its residents through the increase in the distances they must travel to carry out their daily activities, which affects their quality of life and, at the same time, the sustainability of these territories. However, additional questions must be raised: Beyond the territorial structure, are there other characteristics of the urban built environment that determine the spatial behaviour of people? Can these territories be perceived differently by their residents, giving place to different patterns of mobility? Are there differences according to the individual profile of the residents? If these factors are determinant, how do they interact? In order to answer these questions, this research aims to understand the configuration of the spatial dimension of daily mobility in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. The main hypothesis of this thesis points that the space used by residents in metropolitan areas is influenced by the combination of different factors such as the characteristics of the built environment, cognitive processes and individual characteristics of people. To achieve this, new data sources obtained from Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) will be used, which allow to obtain highly detailed time-space information on the spatial behaviour of people as has never been before. This doctoral thesis is based on four case studies, in the form of scientific articles in indexed international journals, which explore the effect of different spatial behaviour conditioning factors. The results obtained can inform future urban planning strategies aimed at reducing the spatial extent resulting from the daily mobility patterns of residents in metropolitan areas.
Sauret, Pont Jordi. "La sinistralitat viària a Catalunya: la percepció socials dels canvis en l'entorn viari." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Abat Oliba, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9367.
Full textSauret, Jordi. "La sinistralitat viària a Catalunya: la percepció socials dels canvis en l'entorn viari." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Abat Oliba, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9367.
Full textDelclòs, Alió Xavier. "The multiple dimensions of daily travel time: empirical findings in the Barcelona metropolitan region." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667183.
Full textTime is our most finite resource, and one that is a priori equally limited for all human beings. A considerable part of our life time, approximately one hour and a half every day, is spent on the move: going to and from work, running errands, visiting others, strolling, and so on. But, is this average value applicable to everyone, independently of who we are and where we live? Do we all perceive and manage time in the context of everyday life in the same manner? The present doctoral thesis aims to contribute in answering these questions by analyzing daily travel time in the context of the Mediterranean city, in this case by focusing on the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, in Catalonia. The main hypothesis of this research is that travel time presents multiple dimensions that have not traditionally been sufficiently visible. This, in turn, requires a specific methodological design based on the combination of data sources and techniques that allow for these different dimensions of travel time to emerge. In this thesis daily travel time is analyzed in the context of its underlying spatial structure, in relation to individual and relational variables, taking into account the difference between perceived and objective travel time and, lastly, understanding what implications large temporal investments in mobility can have at the individual level. For this purpose, the present research has been structured around four specific empirical studies published in international high-impact academic journals, which constitute the core of the dissertation. Besides specific results of each study, the dissertation concludes that while there is an evident relationship between territorial structure and socioeconomic variables with daily mobility, alternative understandings of time are in place both for future research and also planning practices.
Alabau, Rodríguez Sergi. "Relación entre las contracturas glenohumerales y la funcionalidad en pacientes afectos de parálisis braquial obstétrica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670323.
Full textLa parálisis braquial obstétrica (PBO) es una patología prevalente y con grandes repercusiones funcionales en la calidad de vida de los niños afectados. La pérdida de la movilidad de la articulación glenohumeral que padecen los pacientes se debe a la combinación de la lesión nerviosa inicial, al desarrollo anormal de la musculatura y a un patrón de movimiento restringido, compensado por la articulación escapulotorácica en la mayoría de los pacientes. Y todo traduce a la aparición de contracturas articulares glenohumerales en la mayoría de los pacientes, tanto operados cómo no operados, incluso en aquellos con recuperación motora completa. Por esto, la prevención de la contractura glenohumeral es uno de los pilares fundamentales en el tratamiento de la PBO. La mayoría de autores hace referencia a la aparición de contracturas del hombro en rotación interna. En cambio, muy pocos autores han estudiado las contracturas glenohumerales en aducción, abducción y rotación externa. Además, no existen series publicadas que evalúen la prevalencia ni que caractericen la deformidad de las contracturas, el grado de afectación ni su repercusión funcional. Otro problema que se presenta al estudiar las contracturas glenohumerales es el método de medición, existiendo una alta variabilidad en los resultados obtenidos. Además, no existe un método fácil y reproducible que permita determinar la movilidad activa y pasiva de la articulación glenohumeral independientemente de la escapulotorácica. En esta tesis doctoral se ha evaluado, en una población de mas de dos-cientos pacientes afectados de PBO, la prevalencia de contracturas articulares glenohumerales en aducción, abducción y rotación externa, evidenciándose que son muy frecuentes en la mayoría de los pacientes, incluso apareciendo de forma combinada (contracturas multidireccionales). Para realizar todas las mediciones del balance articular glenohumeral se ha descrito un nuevo método de medición, utilizando la espina escapular cómo referencia durante la exploración clínica en la consulta externa. Se trata de un método fácil, reproducible y económico que permite objetivar la disfunción glenohumeral independientemente de la escapulotorácica. Para validar su utilidad, se ha realizado un estudio de variabilidad intra e interobservador en una subpoblación de veinticinco pacientes con PBO que ha mostrado una excelente fiabilidad de la técnica de medición. Además se ha caracterizado cada contractura y se ha detallado por primera vez el valor promedio y la desviación estándar del rango de movilidad glenohumeral para cada tipo de contractura. Por último, se han realizado estudios comparativos de cada tipo de contractura con la funcionalidad de la extremidad mediante la escala de Mallet modificada, evidenciando que las contracturas glenohumerales inferiores generan una importante limitación en la abducción activa (abduction lag) y pasiva del hombro; las posteriores provocan una limitación de la rotación interna del hombro y, como consecuencia, una limitación hacia la línea media; mientras que las contracturas superiores no provocan una importante limitación funcional importante, aunque pueden provocar un problema estético. Todos estos hallazgos ayudan a comprender mejor las secuelas funcionales de los pacientes con PBO y, en definitiva, a mejorar su tratamiento, tanto a nivel quirúrgico cómo rehabilitador.
Neonatal brachial plexus injury (NBPI) is a prevalent pathology with great functional repercussions on the quality of life of affected children. The loss of mobility of the glenohumeral joint suffered by these patients is due to the combination of the initial nerve injury, the abnormal development of the musculature and a restricted movement pattern, compensated by the scapulothoracic joint in most patients. All these changes translate into the appearance of glenohumeral joint contractures in most patients, both operated and non-operated, even in those with complete motor recovery. For this reason, the prevention of GH contracture is one of the fundamental pillars in the treatment of PBO. Most authors refer to the appearance of internally rotating shoulder contractures. In contrast, very few authors have studied glenohumeral contractures in adduction, abduction, and external rotation. Furthermore, there are no published series that evaluate the prevalence or characterize the deformity of contractures, the degree of involvement and their functional impact. Another problem that occurs when studying glenohumeral contractures is the measurement method, with high variability in the results. Furthermore, there is no easy and reproducible method to determine the active and passive mobility of the glenohumeral joint independently of the scapulothoracic joint. In this doctoral thesis, the prevalence of glenohumeral joint contractures in adduction, abduction, and external rotation has been evaluated in a population of more than two hundred patients affected with PBO, showing that they are very frequent in the majority of patients, even appearing in combination (multidirectional contractures). To perform all the measurements of glenohumeral joint balance, a new measurement method has been described, using the scapular spine as a reference during the clinical examination in the outpatient clinic. It is an easy, reproducible, and inexpensive method that allows glenohumeral dysfunction to be objectified independently of scapulothoracic. To validate its usefulness, an intra and inter-observer variability study was performed in a subpopulation of twenty-five patients with NBPI, which has shown excellent reliability of the measurement technique. Furthermore, each contracture has been characterized and the average value and standard deviation of the range of glenohumeral motion for each type of contracture have been detailed for the first time. Finally, comparative studies of each type of contracture with the functionality of the extremity have been performed using the modified Mallet scale, showing that the inferior glenohumeral contracture generate an important limitation in active (abduction lag) and passive shoulder abduction; the posterior one cause a limitation of the internal rotation of the shoulder and, as a consequence, a limitation towards the midline; while the superior contracture do not cause a significant functional limitation, although they can cause an aesthetic problem. All these findings help to better understand the functional sequelae of patients with NBPI and, ultimately, to improve their treatment, both at the surgical and rehabilitative levels.