Academic literature on the topic 'Mochica (Indiens)'

AbstractThe paper first situates the trade carried on by private European traders in the overall framework of the Indian Ocean trade in the early-modern period. It then discusses in some detail the trading network of private English merchants in the Western Indian Ocean with special reference to the Surat-Mocha link in the 1720s and the 1730s. The evidence base is provided mainly by the private papers of Sir Robert Cowan, governor of Bombay between 1729 and 1734 and a major English private trader, operating in collaboration with Henry Lowther, chief of the English factory at Surat. Cette contribution replace tout d'abord les activités commerciales menées par les négociants européens dans le cadre général du commerce de l'Océan indien au cours de la période moderne. Elle examine ensuite avec quelque détail le réseau commercial établi par des négociants anglais privés dans le secteur occidentalde l'Océan indien, plus particulièrement les relations instituées entre Surat et Moka dans les années 1720-1730. Les données présentées ont été tirées principalement de la correspondance privée de Sir Robert Cowan, gouverneur de Bombay (1729-1734) et grand négociant privé, associé à Henry Lowther, responsable du comptoir de Surat.

Scheduled Castes (SCs) comprise 16.6 per cent of India’s population. The distinguishing feature of SCs in Punjab is that they constitute numerical strength, that is, 31.9 per cent (2011 Census). In terms of population share, Punjab accounts for 4.4 per cent of the total SCs’ population in India. During this decade, two more castes, namely, Mochi and Mahatam/Rai Sikh castes, have been notified as SCs in Punjab. Today, it is estimated that the proportion of Dalits may have risen above 32 per cent in Punjab. This article argues as to why the high concentration of Dalit population in Punjab has not translated into success for the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). For answering this question, the study examines two aspects, namely, the nature of the party organization and the political strategy of the BSP. The study was qualitative and conducted in the Doaba region of Punjab. It is an analysis of the interactions with 300 respondents of the targeted SCs population and 25 leaders of the BSP and its factional political parties.

Background: During chemotherapy for hematological malignancies, febrile neutropenia (FN) is a frequent and serious complication. The causative organisms of FN vary from era to era and depending on bacterial resistance in each country. Therefore, epidemiological data are required for each era and country from prospective large clinical trials. We previously reported a prospective clinical trial indicating the importance of the D-index, a measure of neutropenia severity (CEDMIC trial, J Clin Oncol. 2020 10; 38: 815). We hypothesized that analyzing these data would provide accurate contemporary epidemiological data for hematological malignancies. Furthermore, as encountered in practice, we suspected that gram-negative (GN) bloodstream infections (BSIs) are more common at high body temperatures (BTs) than at low BTs and examined the relationship between causative bacteria and BT. Patients and Methods: Between June 2013 and April 2017, we enrolled patients with hematological malignancies aged 16-79 years post-chemotherapy or -stem cell transplantation (SCT) with expected neutropenia durations >7 days. Neutrophil counts <500/mL reflected neutropenia, and all fevers had axillary temperatures ≥37.5°C. Prophylactic antibiotics (Abx) were drugs administered post-chemotherapy and pre-FN onset. The FN incidence and blood culture (BC) positivity rate were examined in 4 treatment groups: allogeneic SCT (Allo-SCT), autologous SCT (Auto-SCT), induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia, and other treatments. Results: In total, 423 patients were enrolled, and 413 (median age: 56 years) were included in the intention-to-treat analyses (Table 1). The treatments included induction chemotherapy (n=67), Allo-SCT (n=106), Auto-SCT (n=158), and others (n=82). Prophylactic Abx were administered in 281 (68.5%) patients (only quinolone, n=222; with β-lactam, n=59). Prophylaxis rates were significantly higher in the Allo-SCT (n=94, 88.7%, p<0.001) and induction chemotherapy (n=49, 73.1%, p<0.017) groups. FN occurred in 356/413 patients (86.4%, Table 1). The Allo-SCT group had a higher FN incidence than that in the other treatments group (93.4% vs. 72%, p<0.001). D-indices ≥5500 and <5500 were associated with FN incidences of 100% and 81.8%, respectively (p<0.001). Prophylaxis did not reduce the FN incidence. In total, 1272 BC sets were collected from 356 patients with FN. At FN onset, BCs were collected from 346 patients; 72 (20.8%) were positive (Table 2). Among initial BCs, 46 (63.9%) harbored gram-positive (GP) and 28 (38.9%) harbored GN bacteria. Three patients had multiple bacterial infections. The 2 most frequent GP bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (n=21, 44.7%) and viridans streptococci (n=14, 29.8%). The 3 most frequent GN bacteria were Escherichia coli (n=13, 44.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=4, 13.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=4, 13.8%). Among initial BCs, prophylactic Abx use did not reduce BC positivity. However, the GN BSI incidence was significantly lower in the prevention group vs. non-prevention group (23.8% vs. 56.7%, p=0.007). Among patients who received prophylactic β-lactam, GN BSIs did not occur. Maximum BTs (maxBTs) were significantly higher in patients with positive BCs than negative BCs (38.4°C vs. 38.0°C, p<0.001). The BTs associated with GN BSIs were significantly higher than those associated with negative BCs and GP BSIs (38.7°C vs. 38.0°C vs. 38.2°C, p<0.001, Figure 1). The maxBTs and BC positivity rates were strongly related (Table 3). The BC positivity rates were significantly higher in patients with BTs ≥38°C vs. <38°C (26.5% vs. 14.5%, p=0.008), 38.5°C vs. >38.5°C/<38.5°C (39.7% vs. 15.3%, p<0.001), and ≥39°C vs. <39°C (52.6% vs. 16.9%, p<0.001). Among patients who did not receive prophylactic Abx (n=106), the GN BSI positivity rate was significantly lower in patients with maxBTs <38°C vs. ≥38°C (14.3% vs. 76.2%, p=0.007). Conclusion: In FN patients with high-risk hematological malignancies in Japan, the frequency of GP BSIs is high. Prophylactic Abx use reduces the GN BSI risk but not the FN or BSI risk. Fever severity and BC positivity at FN onset are strongly associated. The BTs of patients with GN BSIs are high. Disclosures Kanda: Astellas Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Meiji Seika Kaisha: Honoraria; Merck Sharp & Dohme: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Shionogi: Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Honoraria; Eisai: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria; Kyowa Kirin: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Alexion Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Shire: Honoraria; Daiichi Sankyo: Honoraria; Ono Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Nippon Shinyaku: Honoraria, Research Funding; Mochida Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Otsuka: Honoraria, Research Funding; Chugai Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria; Mundipharma: Honoraria. Kimura:Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Astellas Pharma: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Honoraria; Merck Sharp & Dohme: Honoraria; Nippon Kayaku: Honoraria; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Honoraria; Ono Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Asahi Kasei: Honoraria. Oyake:Astellas Pharma: Honoraria; Bayer: Research Funding; Chugai Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb Japan: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Sionogi: Research Funding. Tamura:Asahi Kasei: Honoraria; Ono Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Eisai: Honoraria; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Honoraria.

A través de esta investigación intentamos entender un conjunto de evidencias recuperadas a partir de la excavación en el sitio arqueológico San José de Moro, ubicado en la margen derecha del río Jequetepeque, en el departamento La Libertad. Esta tesis intenta seguir las pautas establecidas en todo proceso de investigación, el cual se basa en la identificación de un problema, el planteamiento de una hipótesis, la obtención de datos, el análisis de los mismos y la comprobación de las ideas planteadas. La obtención de los datos se realizó durante la temporada de campo 2008 del Programa Arqueológico San José de Moro (PASJM), y se hizo empleando la metodología de excavación y registro planteado por el proyecto. El análisis de los objetos recuperados se realizó en los Laboratorios de Arqueología de la PUCP, donde se procedió a su limpieza y catalogación. Posteriormente, los datos fueron analizados, haciendo especial hincapié en los restos arquitectónicos y en el material cerámico, este último nos permitió responder preguntas cronológicas y funcionales de las estructuras excavadas. Los resultados fueron, finalmente, interpretados a la luz de los lineamientos teóricos mencionados líneas abajo.
Tesis

The PhD dissertation entitled A Materiality of Sound: Musical Practices of the Moche of Peru examines the role of sonic practice within the Moche culture, a complex polity that flourished on the north coast of Peru between 100 and 900 AD. Music, as a cultural expression of sound, plays an important part in every known human society. Instead of accepting that such a significant aspect of human social life, as sound should remain forever beyond the reach of archaeological inquiry, A Materiality of Sound investigates the durable material traces of sound, such as instrumentation and architecture, using modern recording and acoustic measurement technologies. These techniques permit the exploration of aural experience and sound use in past contexts. The foundation for the archaeological inquiry of sound and music derives from the phenomenology of Merlau-Ponty (1962); a theoretical standpoint stating that humans experience and interact with the world through all our senses simultaneously. Archaeological interpretation tends to focus on the visual aspects of the world, with the implications that past peoples also privileged sight above all other senses. In order to interpret the choices and strategies employed by past societies, one must consider that the visual may not represent the only, or most valued, sense involved. This dissertation presents two primary arguments. First, the efficacy of Moche theatrical performances resides in the intersensorial interaction of the visual and the auditory. Moche sound producing artifacts consistently display exterior decoration, and performances depicted in Moche art regularly include specific sound producing artifacts. This repeated confluence of sound and image creates “multi-media” objects, in which image and sound potentially amplify the effects of each other. These multi-media objects generate a new experience of “sound-image,” the efficacy of which derives from the interaction between sound and image in a single object. A “sound-image” stimulates the intersensorial nature of human experience in a specific way, perhaps invoking the generative power of these objects to create action and communicate presence. Without the presence of “sound-image,” the efficacy of a Moche performance could not be achieved. Second, this dissertation argues that the desire to create specific multi-sensory experiences, which include sound, acted as a driving force behind the creation of Moche performance spaces and material culture. The construction of performance spaces, whether monumental huaca structures or smaller platforms and plazas, requires planning the structure, procuring resources and organizing labor. Architecture does not present space co-opted as a stage for performance, but an actively constructed and desired space. Moche iconographic depictions of platforms and plazas utilized as the settings of performances that included sonic practices indicates that at least one of the roles of these spaces was as stages for Moche theatrical performance.

This chapter looks at two accounts of the French 1737 bombing of Mocha to make the concluding case that cultural and religious differences in the ports and emporia of Yemen were often understood in material terms and that the anxieties and discomforts generated by the cross-cultural encounter were expressed most readily through a language of things. It validates material culture as an important tool that served to assert, but also to evaluate, merchant identity and standing across the early modern western Indian Ocean.