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Books on the topic 'Modal type theory'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Date, C. J. Foundation for future database systems: The third manifesto : a detailed study of the impact of type theory on the relational model of data, including a comprehensive model of type inheritance. 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2000.

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2

Privalov, Nikolay. Household economics. Moral Economics. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1978025.

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The textbook on economics of a new type systematically combines the best traditions of "Household", classical political economy, other economic (German historical school, institutionalism) and non-economic disciplines (history, political science, sociology, cybernetics, biology, psychology, mathematics, law, etc.). The main methodological principle of interdisciplinary connections is consistency and focus on achieving balance at the level of an individual household. The main well—known models of household economics, family economics and human economic models are analyzed in the light of their

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3

Shigurov, Viktor. Theory of transpositional grammar of the Russian language:. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2198970.

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The monograph provides a comprehensive systematic study of the transpositional mechanism of modalation in the Russian language, the principles and patterns of its operation. The causes, prerequisites, signs, stages (stages) and the limit of transposition of linguistic units from verbs in predicative, semi-predicative and substantive forms; adjectives in full/short form and adverbs, including in the function of predicatives; prepositional and prepositional forms of nouns and pronouns into the interparticle semantic and syntactic category of introductory modal words and expressions. Using the me

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4

Date, C. J. Foundation for object/relational databases: The third manifesto : a detailed study of the impact of objects and type theory on the relational model of data including a comprehensive proposal for type inheritance. Addison-Wesley, 1998.

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5

Turner, Raymond. Computable models. Springer, 2009.

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6

Popadyuk, Tat'yana, Irina Smirnova, Nataliya Linder, et al. Innovations and modern business models. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1876532.

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The textbook gives a general idea of innovations and modern business models. The concept and role of innovations in the modern world are considered, including the theory of innovations and their classification, the structure and dynamics of the innovation process; the concept of a business model, types of business models, as well as the development of business modeling in the digital economy are highlighted. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the

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7

Blaha, Stephen. The origin of the standard model: The genesis of four quark and lepton species, parity violation, the electro weak sector, color SU(3), three visible generations of fermions, and one generation of dark matter with dark energy ; Quantum theory of the third kind : a new type of divergence-free quantum field theory supporting a unified standard model of elementary particles and quantum gravity based on a new method in the calculus of variations. Pingree-Hill Publishing, 2006.

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8

Corfield, David. Modal Homotopy Type Theory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853404.001.0001.

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In[KF1] 1914, in an essay entitled ‘Logic as the Essence of Philosophy’, Bertrand Russell promised to revolutionize philosophy by introducing there the ‘new logic’ of Frege and Peano: “The old logic put thought in fetters, while the new logic gives it wings.” A century later, this book proposes a comparable revolution with a newly emerging logic, modal homotopy type theory. Russell’s prediction turned out to be accurate. Frege’s first-order logic, along with its extension to modal logic, is to be found throughout anglophone analytic philosophy. This book provides a considerable array of eviden

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9

Corfield, David. Modal Homotopy Type Theory: The Prospect of a New Logic for Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2020.

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10

Bybee, Joan L. Usage-based Theory and Exemplar Representations of Constructions. Edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0004.

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This chapter outlines a view of Construction Grammar in which the mental grammar of speakers is shaped by the repeated exposure to specific utterances, and in which domain-general cognitive processes such as categorization and cross-modal association play a crucial role in the entrenchment of constructions. Under this view, all linguistic knowledge is viewed as emergent and constantly changing. The chapter emphasizes that the process of chunking along with categorization leads to the creation of constructions. It also provides semantic/pragmatic and phonetic arguments for exemplar representati

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11

Moehler, Michael. Two-Level Contractarian Moral Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785927.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the domain of traditional morality that represents the first level of the two-level contractarian theory. To this end, the chapter presents, in the form of Hume’s moral conventionalism and Gaus’ moral theory, two accounts of morality that, from the perspective of the two-level contractarian theory, help clarify the origin and general features of traditional first-level morality as understood in this book. Further, the chapter clarifies the reasons that the two-level contractarian theory is a two-level theory and not a two-stage theory, and that traditional first-level mo

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12

Papish, Laura. Kant’s Two-Stage Model of Moral Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692100.003.0008.

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This chapter offers an interpretive proposal for Kant’s two-stage model of moral reform in the Religion. Kant explicitly argues that an initial stage of moral conversion must be followed by continual moral progress in the empirical realm, but it is unclear why two stages are needed or how, exactly, they differ from one another. In this chapter, it is argued that one can best understand the first stage if conversion is framed as a kind of commitment, and that one can best understand the second stage if moral progress is conceived more as a cognitive, as opposed to volitional, type of effort. In

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13

Portner, Paul. Mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.001.0001.

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The category of mood is widely used in the description of languages and the formal analysis of their grammatical properties. It typically refers to features of a sentence’s form (or a class of sentences which share such features), either individual morphemes or grammatical patterns, which reflect how the sentence contributes to the modal meaning of a larger phrase or which indicates the type of fundamental pragmatic function it has in conversation. The first subtype, verbal mood, includes the categories of indicative and subjunctive subordinate clauses; the second sentence mood, encompasses de

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14

Five Types of Ethical Theory (International Library of Philosophy). Routledge, 2000.

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15

Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Transcendental arguments against model-theoretical scepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0009.

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The overarching moral of the two previous chapters is that moderate modelists cannot explain how they could hope to pin down any particular isomorphism type, and so cannot deliver on their goal of explicating structure-talk in terms of isomorphism types. This observation can lead to a kind of model-theoretical scepticism: that is, a moderate modelist might think that model theory has shown to us that we simply cannot pick out the the natural numbers. After distinguishing Moorean arguments from transcendental arguments, we present two transcendental arguments against model-theoretical scepticis

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16

Deigh, John. Is Empathy Required for Making Moral Judgments? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878597.003.0007.

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This essay is a study of the nature of moral judgment. Its main thesis is that moral judgment is a type of judgment defined by its content and not its psychological profile. The essay arrives at this thesis through a critical examination of Hume’s sentimentalism and the role of empathy in its account of moral judgment. The main objection to Hume’s account is its exclusion of people whom one can describe as making moral judgments though they have no motivation to act on them. Consideration of such people, particularly those with a psychopathic personality, argues for a distinction between diffe

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17

Rushton, Cynda Hylton. Moral Suffering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0002.

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Moral suffering is common in clinical practice. It can be defined as the anguish that caregivers experience in response to various forms of moral adversity, such as moral harms, wrongs or failures, or unrelieved moral stress, that in some way imperil integrity. There are various types of moral suffering that arise from myriad sources that involve witnessing, participating in, or directly precipitating situations that produce a wide range of negative moral outcomes. Threats to integrity may accompany particular aspects of healthcare professionals’ practice and can contribute to disengagement an

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18

McNamara, John M., and Olof Leimar. Game Theory in Biology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815778.001.0001.

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Game theory in biology seeks to predict social behaviour and other traits that influence how individuals interact. It does this by tentatively assuming that current traits are stable endpoints of evolution by natural selection. The theory is used to model aggressive behaviour, cooperation, negotiation, and signalling, as well as phenotypic attributes like an individual’s sex and mating type. This book covers the basic concepts and the traditional examples of biological game theory. It expands the frontiers of the field, emphasizing the importance of the co-evolution of traits and the implicati

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19

Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Preliminaries. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0002.

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This chapter provides some background material on definable sets, definable types, orthogonality to a definable set, and stable domination, especially in the valued field context. It considers more specifically these concepts in the framework of the theory ACVF of algebraically closed valued fields and describes the definable types concentrating on a stable definable V as an ind-definable set. It also proves a key result that demonstrates definable types as integrals of stably dominated types along some definable type on the value group sort. Finally, it discusses the notion of pseudo-Galois c

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20

Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Types of Social Protection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0005.

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There does not exist a single model forthe welfare state in Europe. Each country has its own model, which is the result of its political and social culture and of its economic evolution. There exist a number of taxonomies of welfare states. In this chapter we favour a taxonomy based on two characteristics: the generosity and the redistributiveness of programs. The main interest of distinguishing among different types of social protection programs is the different implications they have in terms of efficiency, equity, and political sustainability. We observe a trade-off between efficiency and p

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21

Hellman, Geoffrey. Structuralism. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0017.

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The main types of mathematical structuralism that have been proposed and developed to the point of permitting systematic and instructive comparison are four: structuralism based on model theory, carried out formally in set theory (e.g., first- or second-order Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory), referred to as STS (for set-theoretic structuralism); the approach of philosophers such as Shapiro and Resnik of taking structures to be sui generis universals, patterns, or structures in an ante rem sense (explained in this article), referred to as SGS (for sui generis structuralism); an approach based on ca

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22

Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Types and Stone spaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0014.

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Types are one of the cornerstones of contemporary model theory. Simply put, a type is the collection of formulas satisfied by an element of some elementary extension. The types can be organised in an algebraic structure known as a Lindenbaum algebra. But the contemporary study of types also treats them as the points of a certain kind of topological space. These spaces, called ‘Stone spaces’, illustrate the richness of moving back-and-forth between algebraic and topological perspectives. Further, one of the most central notions of contemporary model theory—namely stability—is simply a constrain

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23

Richardson, Henry. The Unity of the Moral Community. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190247744.003.0005.

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This chapter addresses Thompson’s challenge as to what could unite all persons into one moral community, as described in chapter 2, on the basis of the Specificatory Theory of dyadic rights and duties defended in chapter 3. It first treats the possibility of the mutual isolation of two communities of intelligent beings. Setting out an extended example of this type shows how the Specificatory Theory allows individuals morally to knit their different social communities together from the bottom up in a socially contingent way, thus avoiding being limited by conventional provenance or foundational

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24

Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Modelism and mathematical doxology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0006.

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This chapter outlines a certain attitude to model theory called ‘modelism’. The modelist idea is that structure-talk, as used informally by mathematicians, is to be understood in terms of isomorphism, in the model theorist's sense. For example, modelists will want to explicate talk of ‘the natural numbers' in terms of a particular isomorphism type. As such, modelists face an important doxological question: ‘How can we pick out particular isomorphism types?’ This chapter examines various versions of this question, and in particular what it means to say that it is a doxological question. We also

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25

Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Non-Archimedean Tame Topology and Stably Dominated Types (AM-192). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.001.0001.

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Over the field of real numbers, analytic geometry has long been in deep interaction with algebraic geometry, bringing the latter subject many of its topological insights. In recent decades, model theory has joined this work through the theory of o-minimality, providing finiteness and uniformity statements and new structural tools. For non-archimedean fields, such as the p-adics, the Berkovich analytification provides a connected topology with many thoroughgoing analogies to the real topology on the set of complex points, and it has become an important tool in algebraic dynamics and many other

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26

Buchanan, Allen. Contemporary Accounts of Moral Progress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868413.003.0003.

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This chapter lays out several alternative understandings of moral progress found in the contemporary literature of analytical moral and political philosophy. None of these amounts to a theory of moral progress, but each is suggestive of some of the building blocks for constructing such a theory. Among the accounts considered are those offered by Peter Singer, Ruth Macklin, Philip Kitcher, and Peter Railton. A taxonomy of types of views is provided, utilizing the following distinctions: monistic (reductionist) versus pluralistic, static versus dynamic, and better norm compliance versus function

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27

Rushton, Cynda Hylton, ed. Moral Resilience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.001.0001.

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Suffering is an unavoidable reality in healthcare. Not only are patients and families suffering but also the clinicians who care for them. Commonly the suffering experienced by clinicians is moral in nature, in part a reflection of the increasing complexity of health care, their roles within it, and the expanding range of available interventions that challenge their moral foundations. Moral suffering is the anguish that arises occurs in response to moral adversity that challenges clinicians’ integrity: the inner harmony that arises when their essential values and commitments are aligned with t

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28

Riley, Jonathan. Freedom of Speech. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.234.

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John Stuart Mill is a liberal icon, widely praised in particular for his stirring defense of freedom of speech. A neo-Millian theory of free speech is outlined and contrasted in important respects with what Frederick Schauer calls “the free speech ideology” that surrounds the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and with Schauer’s own “pre-legal” theory of free speech. Mill cannot reasonably be interpreted to defend free speech absolutism if speech is understood broadly to include all expressive conduct. Rather, he is best interpreted as defending an expedient policy of laissez-faire with

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29

Lassiter, Daniel. Measurement theory and the typology of scales. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0002.

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Most previous work on graded modality has relied on qualitative orderings, rather than degree semantics. This chapter introduces Representational Theory of Measurement (RTM), a framework which makes it possible to translate between qualitative and degree-based scales. I describe a way of using RTM to extend the compositional degree semantics introduced in chapter 1 to qualitative scales. English data are used to motivate the application of the RTM discussion between ordinal, interval, and ratio scales to scalar adjectives, with special attention to the kinds of statements that are semantically

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30

Blaha, Stephen. Quantum Theory of the Third Kind: A New Type of Divergence-free Quantum Field Theory Supporting a Unified Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Quantum Gravity based on a New Method in the Calculus of Variations. 2nd ed. Pingree-Hill Publishing, 2005.

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31

Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Buffer Stock Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0007.

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We analyze models that combine precautionary saving and liquidity constraints to provide a unified, more realistic treatment of intertemporal decisions. We start off with a simple three-period model to illustrate how the expectation of future borrowing constraints can induce precautionary saving even in scenarios in which marginal utility is linear. A more general model that allows liquidity constraints and precautionary saving to interact fully is the buffer stock model, of which there are two versions. One, developed by Deaton (1991), emphasizes the possibility that a prudent and impatient c

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32

Drosophila Melanogaster: Fly, Drosophilidae, Charles W. Woodworth, Life history Theory, Tephritidae, Model Organism, Genetics, Physiology, Drosophila Embryogenesis, ... Animal Testing on Invertebrates, Wild Type. Alphascript Publishing, 2009.

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33

Brady, Michael S. Moral and Intellectual Virtues. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.8.

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The distinction between moral and intellectual virtues was widely accepted by ancient and medieval philosophers. And until relatively recently, most agreed that there is a genuine distinction to be marked here, even if they disagreed as to how this distinction should be drawn. But some now think that there is no real difference between these putative kinds at all, and that all attempts to explain the difference fail. This is the line taken by Linda Zagzebski, for instance, in Virtues of the Mind. This chapter assesses whether different accounts—some traditional, some contemporary—can indeed di

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34

Keiles, Steven, Margaret Lilley, and Heather MacLeod. Types of Laboratories and Business Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0001.

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Laboratory genetic counselors work in many different laboratory settings that can represent a variety of clinical specialties. This chapter explores the various types of laboratories and their resulting business relationships. Genetic counselors working in a laboratory will build important relationships with colleagues from within their own company as well as competitors, clients, and others they work with externally. The laboratory’s specialty and its setting will determine who their clients are and is also directly related to their business model. CPT codes and billing and reimbursement issu

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35

Smith, Holly M. A Further Disadvantage of Subjectivized Moral Codes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0005.

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One important type of proposal (originally by W. D. Ross and H. A. Prichard) for an ideal Pragmatic code is a subjectivized moral theory, a code stating that one’s duty is (for example) to do X because one believes that doing so would fulfill a promise or compensate for a past wrong. Chapter 5 distinguishes between a free-standing duty to acquire information and a derivative duty to acquire information (the latter utilizing the concept of a duty’s deontic weight), and argues that subjectivized deontological codes cannot account for the widely accepted duty (whether free-standing or derivative)

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36

Bernstein, Sara. Causal Proportions and Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805601.003.0009.

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Both causation and moral responsibility seem to come in degrees, but explaining the metaphysical relationship between them is more complex than theorists have realized. This paper poses an original puzzle about this relationship and uses it to reach three important conclusions. First, certain natural resolutions of the puzzle reveal the existence of a new sort of moral luck called proportionality luck. Second, there is indeterminacy in the type of causal relation deployed in assessments of moral responsibility. Finally—and most importantly—leading theories of causation do not have the ability

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37

Rushton, Cynda Hylton, ed. Moral Resilience. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197667149.001.0001.

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Abstract Suffering is an unavoidable reality in healthcare. Patients and families suffer as well as the clinicians who care for them. Commonly the suffering experienced by clinicians is moral in nature, reflecting the increasing complexity of healthcare. Moral suffering is the anguish experienced in response to various forms of moral adversity including moral harms, wrongs or failures, or unrelieved moral stress. Confronting moral adversity challenges clinicians’ integrity, the inner harmony that arises when values and commitments are aligned with their choices and actions. The most studied re

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38

Richardson, Henry. Articulating the Moral Community. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190247744.001.0001.

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As this highly original work explains, morality is not fixed objectively, independently of all human judgment, nor is it something that we “invent.” Rather, working within zones of objective indeterminacy, the moral community—the community of all persons—has the authority to introduce new moral norms. These further specify the preexisting moral norms, making an objective difference to individuals’ moral rights and duties. The moral community, so-called, could not exercise authority unless it had some structure whereby it could act. Unlike political communities, which are centralized, noninclus

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39

Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Business Model Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 explores the dynamics of business model innovation by discussing the interactions between Sony and Apple over the minidisc and the MP3 player. Seemingly, a period of business model renewal is likely to be followed by business model replication. Both renewal and replication can be internally driven, or externally driven. Combining types of business model innovation (replication versus renewal) with business model orientation (strategy-driven versus customer-driven) gives four variations of business model transformation: exploit and improve, explore and dominate, exploit and connect, a

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40

Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. The Model Solution Operators. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0004.

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This chapter introduces the model problems and the solution operator for the associated heat equations. These operators give a good approximation for the behavior of the heat kernel in neighborhoods of different types of boundary points. The chapter states and proves the elementary features of these operators and shows that the model heat operators have an analytic continuation to the right half plane. It first considers the model problem in 1-dimension and in higher dimensions before discussing the solution to the homogeneous Cauchy problem. It then describes the first steps toward perturbati

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41

Michael, Moser, and Bao Chiann. 4 Model Arbitration Clauses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198712251.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the purpose and function of model arbitration clauses. A model arbitration clause recommended by an arbitral institution provides for the essential elements of an arbitration agreement. Such model arbitration clauses are of a general nature and are thus suitable for many different types of agreements. Parties who choose to include an arbitration clause in their agreement may in addition modify a model clause to suit their needs. With these in mind the chapter begins with a general discussion of the nature and scope of model arbitration clauses, followed by an overview of

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42

Buchanan, Allen, and Russell Powell. The Evolution of Moral Progress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868413.001.0001.

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The idea of moral progress played a central role in liberal political thought from the Enlightenment through the nineteenth century but is rarely encountered in moral and political philosophical discourse today. One reason for this is that traditional liberal theorists of moral progress, like their conservative detractors, tended to rely on underevidenced assumptions about human psychology and society. For the first time in history, we are developing robust scientific knowledge about human nature, especially through empirical psychological theories of morality and culture that are informed by

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43

Aronson, Susan S., ed. Model Child Care Health Policies. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108309.

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Significantly revised and updated, the new Model Child Care Health Policies, 5th Edition is a must-have tool to foster adoption and implemenation of best practices for health and safety in group care settings for young children. These settings include early care and education as well as before and after school child care programs. These model policies are intended to ease the burden of writing site-specific health and safety policies from scratch. They cover a wide range of aspects of operation of early education and child care programs. Child care programs of any type can use Model Child Care

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44

Jaszczolt, Kasia M., and Maciej Witek. Expressing the self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0010.

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In this chapter Kasia M. Jaszczolt and Maciej Witek discuss the cognitive significance of the devices used to communicate de se thoughts and argue (and also partially empirically demonstrate) that, pace some extant proposals and pace the dominant presumption in semantics and philosophy of language, there is no evidence that natural languages use different kinds of expressions for externalizing different aspects of self-reference. On the basis of their empirical results from Polish, as well as evidence from a range of other languages and some theoretical argumentation, they sketch a possible fu

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45

Eggers, Daniel. Religious Conflict and Moral Consensus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803409.003.0015.

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This chapter is devoted to Hobbes’s attempt to set up the moral theory that grounds his political argument in a way that makes it equally acceptable to proponents of quite different religious and ideological views. The purpose of the chapter is, first, to demonstrate that Hobbes does in fact pursue this strategy and appeal to a consensus omnium at various points of his derivation of the state of war and his doctrine of natural law and natural right; secondly, to systematically describe Hobbes’s underlying approach as an example of ‘extra-moral justification’ and contrast it with John Rawls’s a

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46

Zarowin, Paul. Estimation of Discretionary Accruals and the Detection of Earnings Management. Edited by Michael A. Hitt, Susan E. Jackson, Salvador Carmona, Leonard Bierman, Christina E. Shalley, and Douglas Michael Wright. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650230.013.20.

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This article reviews recent research on the estimation of discretionary accruals and the detection of earnings management. There has been an explosive growth in research on accrual earnings management over the past twenty years, and almost all has used the Jones (1991) model or one of its close derivatives. Nevertheless, a growing literature has addressed the model’s problems and attempted to improve its estimation of discretionary accruals. The model’s incomplete characterization of how nondiscretionary accruals are determined by the firm’s operations can cause either Type I or Type II errors

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47

Huda, Ahmed Samei. The Medical Model in Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807254.001.0001.

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The medical model is a biopsychosocial model assessing a patient’s problems and matching them to the diagnostic construct using pattern recognition of clinical features. Diagnostic constructs allow for researching, communicating, teaching, and learning useful clinical information to influence clinical decision-making. They also have social and administrative functions such as access to benefits. They may also help explain why problems occur. Diagnostic constructs are used to describe diseases/syndromes and also other types of conditions such as spectrums of conditions. Treatments in medicine a

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Mackenzie, Simon. Transnational Criminology. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529203783.001.0001.

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Trafficking is a form of transnational crime that involves the illicit movement of goods and people around the world. Such global criminal markets take a variety of forms, and this book reviews six of them: trafficking in drugs, humans, wildlife, diamonds, arms, and antiquities. While there is a healthy literature on many of these types of trafficking, there is relatively little written that systematically compares and contrasts them. In doing that, this book allows us to lift the viewpoint above the details of each individual type of trafficking, to think theoretically about what they have in

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Turiel, Elliot, Audun Dahl, and Zinaida Besirevic. Thought, Emotions, and Sentiments in the Development of Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631741.003.0006.

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This chapter approaches the question of “becoming just” from the perspective of theory and research on the psychology of the development of morality from childhood to adulthood. A perspective on the topic of what it means to be just is presented, based on both philosophical and psychological considerations. It is maintained that psychological-developmental research needs to be grounded in substantive definitions of the moral domain involving considerations of welfare, justice, and rights. Research has shown that there is a correspondence between philosophical analyses of welfare, justice, and

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Gilbert, Margaret. Problems with Moral Principle Accounts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813767.003.0008.

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In offering accounts of the obligation accrued by a promisor on the basis of his promise some theorists invoke a social convention or practice of promising and some do not. Promise theorists of both types generally assume that the primary obligation of a promisor is a moral requirement derived from a moral principle. Taking Thomas Scanlon’s prominent practice-independent account as its focus, this chapter argues that moral principle approaches cannot account for the inevitability of a promisor’s obligation. Nor can they account for its directedness. They cannot therefore account for a promisee

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