Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modalités épistémiques'
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Schang, Fabien. "Philosophie des modalités épistémiques : la logique assertorique revisitée." Nancy 2, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc556/2007NAN21002.pdf.
Full textThe relevance of any logical analysis lies in its ability to solve paradoxes and trace conceptual troubles back ; with this respect, the task of epistemic logic is to handle paradoxes in connection with the concept of knowledge. Epistemic logic is currently introduced as the logical analysis of crucial concepts within epistemology, namely : knowledge, belief, truth, and justification. An alternative approach will be advanced here in order to enlighten such a discourse, as centred upon the word assertion and displayed in terms of utterance. Insofar as epistemic modalities express some attitudes, the intentionality of discourse will be emphasized within an illocutionary modal logic. Two large views will range over the whole study : declarative and epistemic sentences have one and the same logic (assertion logic) ; the plurality of languages games doesn't entail any logical pluralism
Boneva-Borissevitch, Krassimira. "Le rôle des modalités épistémiques dans l'élaboration d'une semiosis." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100029.
Full textThe role of epistemic modalities in building up the semiosis is possible to establish, with reference to French semiotics, only through Greimas's semiotic theory and l'Ecole de Paris. The occurrence of the semiosis is in close connection with the structure which can be defined as a network of relations which precedes their manifestation on the surface structure. The constitutive model is graphically presented by means of a semiotic square where the two schemas defined through the relations of contradiction stand in relation of contrariety and produce the semiosis. The occurrence of the semiosis is theoretically traced by means of generative trajectory structures. Modalities are considered to be necessary conditions for building up the subject's competence (being, wanting, having to do or to be) and his getting to performance (doing, being able to do or to be). Epistemic modalities expressed through the categories of knowing and believing are based on the subject's identity that has already been established. His believing makes it possible for him to assume his own modal completion and the credibility of enunciator's universe. The believing lays the foundation of a new modality - the asumption modality, which, together with the enunciator's persuasive doing, is a premise for the building up of semiosis combining the sender's immanent nature and the receiver's interpretative doing. In the analysed text (Exodus 28 of the Old Testament) the believing is not a fully completed category yet. This category contributes to building up the Subject's epistemic judgement through the making of an Object (sacerdotal vestments). In the process of making the Object, the Subject experiences the esthesis of the Object thus forming his believing which is unlimited in time. In such a way the assumption modality contributes to the creation of an unlimited semiosis in which the subject - the conscious bearer of the whole modality complex - can under go an endless evolution
Guérin, Nicolas. "L' état de certitude : approche psychanalytique et modalités épistémiques des variééts de l'incroyance." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10035.
Full textOisel, Guillaume. "Morphosyntaxe et sémantique des auxiliaires et des connecteurs du tibétain littéraire : étude diachronique et synchronique." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914393.
Full textCervoni, Valerio. "Les marqueurs discursifs d’acceptation épistémique en français et en italien dialogiques : une étude sur corpus." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR2021.
Full textThis dissertation proposes to study six epistemic discourse markers (DMs) of spoken French and Italian, specialized in the dialogic operation that allows for accepting the truth-value of a propositional content proposed by an interlocutor and for grounding the propositional content in the common ground of the speakers.The originality of our research lays in our non aprioristic approach to the epistemic DMs of dialogue.Starting from a solid definition of the notions of DM, epistemicity and intersubjective negotiation, we collected a representative corpus of d’accord, mh, voilà in spoken French dialogues and ho capito, mh, esatto in spoken Italian dialogues. The corpus is composed of 60 epistemic occurrences per form, and takes into account several different speakers and contexts.The manual annotation process of the corpus revealed that the six DMs have a large and complex spectrum of functions, belonging to different levels of discourse structure.Accordingly, in the framework of a modular and corpus-driven approach, we tried to combine theoretical aspects, operationalization of theoretical choices in an annotation scheme, and analysis of the data.A comparison between the DMs of French and Italian, supported by statistical significance tests, finally showed the remarkable similarity, at the local and global levels of dialogue, between d’accord and ho capito, mh and mh, voilà and esatto
Seghouani, Amel. "Étude sémantique et lexicographique de quatre adverbes à valeur épistémique apparemment, visiblement, manifestement et vraisemblablement." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2586.
Full textBarrio, García Alejandra. "L’expression de la modalité épistémique en espagnol : étude diachronique des modalisateurs de doute." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100079/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to study the creation processes of the modal probability adverbs in the history of Spanish. Thus, from the diachronic point of view, we study, with the help of the Real Academia Española corpora, CORDE and CREA, the main adverbs and adverbial locutions that express the speaker's doubt regarding the propositional content of the statement: por (a)ventura, acaso, quizá(s), puede que, tal vez, a lo mejor, lo mismo and igual. Our research covers practically the whole history of the Spanish language, from the twelfth century, in which quizá is documented, until the twentieth, when the most recent adverbs of probability, lo mismo and igual, arise. These expressions have different origins – verbal constructions, prepositional phrases, etc. – but all function initially as integrated elements in the syntactic structure of the sentence, in which they transmit notions related to chance, temporality, comparison, etc. This work, therefore, is concerned firstly with elucidating the paths followed by these expressions in order to function as probability adverbs and, secondly, it gives account of the relations that lie between these adverbial expressions. Despite their apparent synonymy and interchangeability, these adverbs differ from one another in some respects. In this sense, the diachronic study of the contexts of appearance, the meanings and the functions of the elements that have integrated the paradigm allow us to understand the different nuances and possibilities of use that characterize these expressions once they acquire their role of modal probability adverbs
Esta tesis se ocupa del estudio de los procesos de creación de los adverbios de modalidad dubitativa en la historia del español. Con la ayuda de los corpus de la Real Academia Española, CORDE y CREA, estudiamos desde el punto de vista diacrónico los principales adverbios y locuciones adverbiales que expresan la duda del hablante con respecto al contenido proposicional del enunciado: por (a)ventura, acaso, quizá(s), puede que, tal vez, a lo mejor, lo mismo e igual. Nuestra investigación abarca así prácticamente toda la historia de la lengua española, desde el siglo XII, en el que ya se documenta quizá, hasta el XX, en el que surgen los adverbios de duda más recientes lo mismo e igual. Las expresiones estudiadas tienen orígenes diversos –construcciones verbales, sintagmas preposicionales, etc.–, pero todas funcionan inicialmente como elementos integrados en la estructura sintáctica de la frase, en la que transmiten nociones relativas al azar, a la temporalidad, a la comparación, etc. Este trabajo se ocupa, pues, en primer lugar, de elucidar los caminos que han seguido estas expresiones para llegar a funcionar como adverbios de modalidad dubitativa y, en segundo lugar, de dar cuenta de las relaciones que mantienen estas expresiones adverbiales, ya que, a pesar de su aparente sinonimia e intercambiabilidad, estos adverbios difieren unos de otros en algunos aspectos. En este sentido, el estudio diacrónico de los contextos de aparición, valores y funciones de los elementos que han integrado el paradigma nos permite comprender los diferentes matices y posibilidades de uso que caracterizan a estas expresiones una vez que adquieren su papel de adverbios de modalidad dubitativa
Kennedy, Neil. "La manière d'une modalité : une analyse logique et philosophique de la modalité d'ordre supérieur." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010736.
Full textBen, Kharafa Mustapha. "Les marques modales dans un corpus spontané en langue seconde : deux sujets hors situation scolaire : une analyse énonciative et intonative." Paris 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA030143.
Full textThe importance of this work is seen in the fact of deducing certain linguistic facts which seem to be governed by particular necessities from a spontaneous oral situation and find the differences between the three languages to be analysed (french, english and moroccan arabic) from a detailed study of melody that helps to distinguish different ways of showing the position of the modal marker and his effect upon the whole sentence
Maffre, Faustine. "Le bonheur est dans l'ignorance : logiques épistémiques dynamiques basées sur l'observabilité et leurs applications." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30112/document.
Full textIn epistemic logic, knowledge is usually modelled by a graph of possible worlds, representing the alternatives to the current state of the world. So edges between worlds stand for indistinguishability. To know a proposition means that that proposition is true in all possible alternatives. Theoretical computer scientists however noticed that this led to several issues, both intuitively and technically: the more an agent is ignorant, the more alternatives she must consider; models may then become too big for system verification. They recently investigated how knowledge could be reduced to the notion of visibility. Intuitively, the basic idea is that when an agent sees something, then she knows its truth value. The other way round, any combination of truth values of the non-observable variables is possible for the agent. Such observability information allows us to reconstruct the standard semantics of knowledge: two worlds are indistinguishable for an agent if and only if every variable observed by her has the same value in both worlds. We aim to demonstrate that visibility-based epistemic logics provide a suitable tool for several important applications in the field of artificial intelligence. In the current settings of these logics of visibility, every agent has a set of propositional variables that she can observe; these visibilities are constant across the model. This comes with a strong assumption: visibilities are known to everyone, and are even common knowledge. Moreover, constructing knowledge from visibility brings about counter-intuitive validities, the most important being that the knowledge operator distributes over disjunction of literals: if an agent knows that p or q is true, then she knows that p is true or that q is true because she can see them. In this thesis, we propose solutions to these two problems and illustrate them on various applications such as epistemic planning or epistemic boolean games, and on more specific examples such as the muddy children problem or the gossip problem. We moreover study formal properties of the logics we design, providing axiomatizations and complexity results
Balza, Tardaguila Irene. "Syntactic structure and modal interpretation : the case of Basque "behar"." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30070.
Full textThis dissertation is an investigation of the syntactic structure and modal interpretation of clauses involving the denominal necessity predicate behar ‘need’ and an infinitival complement. On the one hand, it analyses the syntactic status of non-finite complements of denominal behar by examining their interaction with syntactic phenomena sensitive to different structural and locality conditions, and concludes that the infinitival complements of behar can correspond to different underlying structures. The largest type of infinitive is a non-restructuring infinitive that projects a full clausal architecture (i.e. a CP), and the smallest one is a reduced restructuring infinitive that projects up to vP. There is evidence for intermediate types projecting up to the inflectional domain (IP/TP). On the other hand, the dissertation examines the thematic and scope properties of the subjects in each of the different structural types and the modal interpretation that they can give rise to. On the basis of this analysis it is argued that modal interpretation is not constrained by any single factor (the presence of restructuring, the referential status of the subject and its relative scope vis-à-vis the modal predicate, among other frequently mentioned ones), but depends on the cumulative effect of several factors working together. The dissertation also shows the necessity of adopting a more fine-grained view of root modality, one that allows a simpler mapping of syntactic structures into modal meanings
Polacsek, Thomas. "Une logique pour la planification en environnement partiellement observable." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30158.
Full textIn the first part of this work we define a modal logic, EDL, who is the fusion of dynamic logic and a modal epistemic logic, which makes it possible to explicitly reason with agent’s knowledge, with a semantic, an axiomatic and a tableaux method. In the second part, more directed planning, we express, using EDL, several of the concepts frequently posed in the framework of planning under partial observability such as incomplete knowledge, nondeterministic actions, conditional plans, total observability, inobservable facts or knowledge gathering action. In addition, we developed, from our logic, an automatic method of plan checking and of plan generation dedicated to the problems under partial observability
Verhulst, An. "A corpus-based analysis of root necessity meanings expressed by should, ought to and be supposed to in late 20th century British English." Thesis, Lille 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL30047.
Full textThe thesis proposes a detailed analysis of root necessity meanings expressed by should, ought to and be supposed to in late 20th century British English and puts forward a theoretical apparatus for the analysis of the meanings of these verbs that is applied in a corpus-based study. The theoretical part concerns a study of 4 notions that play an important role in the study of root necessity meanings : the expression of temporal information, the source of the necessity, subjectivity and strenght. The lack of clear descriptions of the temporal information communicated by root necessity examples shows that it is necessary to develop a framework that allows us to determine the factors that play a role in the communication of temporal information. Special attention is paid to counterfactual examples ; it is specified how counterfactuality is to be understood as a modal value and which mechanism(s) can produce counterfactuality. Strenght, source and subjectivity are crucial concepts in the field of root necessity but their meaning is often considered self-evident. The dissertation offers a framework that can be used (a) to analyse the nature of the source that can lie at the origin of the necessity ; (b) to analyse the nature of "strong" or "subjective" necessity. The applied part offers a description of the contemporary uses of should, ought to and be suppoded to on the basis of corpus of 1200 examples extracted from the British National Corpus. The semantics/pragmatics interface is a focal point of interest throughout this study : at which (semantic/pragmatic) levels do temporal/strong/subjective/counterfactual interpretations of non-epistemic necessity examples arise ?
Derraz, Naoual. "Temps et aspect en anglais et en arabe." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030053.
Full textAlthough English and Arabic are typologically two very different languages, we have argued in this thesis that both possess a temporal and an aspectual system. This view required the study of other aspects of these two languages. That's why we have not limited our study to only perfective (PF) and imperfective (IF) forms in Arabic and their equivalent in English. We also studied the participial form, the negative system, temporal adverbs, mood and modality. We concluded that tense and Aktionsart remain unchanged from one language to another and only the grammatical aspect varies according to the different languages. In fact, morphological aspect determines tense in Arabic. We tried to explain why Neg selects IF and proposed that IF appears at the bottom of the structure and it is blocked by Neg. IF is [+Asp], contrary to PF which is marked for [+T]. We suggested, finally, that the imperfective in Arabic functions like an infinitive with the ! features [-T] and [+Agr]
Marino, Neto Francisco. "A manifestação da modalidade epistêmica em narrativas orais." http://www.teses.ufc.br, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6110.
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A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de proceder a uma análise da manifestação da modalidade dita epistêmica (aquela que se circunscreve no eixo do conhecimento, em um continuum entre a certeza e a não-certeza, entre certo e possível) em narrativas orais, especificamente as narrativas de experiência pessoal e as narrativas recontadas, do Corpus Discurso & Gramática. A língua falada e escrita na cidade de Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998). A investigação tem suporte na Gramática Funcional, assumindo que os enunciados se constituem em camadas que representam instâncias dos processos de modalização (DIK, 1997; HENGEVELD, 1987, 1988). Os resultados desta análise dizem respeito, primeiramente, à freqüência dos modalizadores epistêmicos nos dois tipos de narrativa; nesse caso, observou-se maior freqüência nas narrativas recontadas. Ainda com relação aos dois tipos de narrativa, ao se avaliar o nível de comprometimento no uso dos modalizadores epistêmicos, os resultados indicaram que os informantes tenderam bem mais para o descomprometimento com a veracidade dos conteúdos relatados. Nas narrativas orais, o escopo da modalização teve maior freqüência no nível da proposição; a segunda maior freqüência é relativa ao nível do termo e, por último, a modalização menos freqüente foi a que incidiu sobre a predicação. Com relação ao nível de descomprometimento relativo ao escopo da modalização epistêmica, a maior incidência deu-se no nível do termo, depois no da proposição e, finalmente, a modalização incidiu, com menor freqüência, no nível da predicação. Quantos aos meios lingüísticos utilizados para a modalização epistêmica nas narrativas orais, constatou-se a predominância do verbo, seguido do advérbio; o adjetivo, o substantivo e o pronome apresentaram freqüência bem reduzida. Conforme hipótese levantada, a narrativa de experiência pessoal apresentou menor índice de modalização. Em termos proporcionais, no entanto, o nível de descomprometimento foi menor nas narrativas recontadas. A qualificação epistêmica da proposição excedeu bastante a modalização epistêmica objetiva.
Cette recherche vise à procéder à une analyse de la catégorie modalité et à l’évaluation de quelques manifestations de la modalité dite épistémique (celle qui se situe dans l’axe de la connaissance, dans le continuum entre la certitude et l’incertitude, entre le certain et le possible) dans des récits oraux, spécifiquement les récits d’expérience personnelle et les récits racontés. Cette recherche se base sur la Grammaire fonctionnaliste. L’investigation fonctionnaliste de la catégorie modalité assure que les énoncés se constituent de couches qui représentent les instances des processus de la modalisation, d’après Dik (1997) et Hengeveld (1987, 1988). Les résultats de cette analyse concernent d’abord la fréquence des modalisateurs épistémiques. Dans ce cas, on a observé une fréquence plus élevée dans les récits racontés.En parlant encore des deux types de récits, lorsqu’on a évalué le niveau d’engagement par rapport à l’usage des modalisateurs épistimiques, les résultats ont indiqué que les informateurs ont bien plus tendu au dégagement de la véracité de ce qu’ils racontent. Dans les récits oraux, la portée de la modalisation a présenté une fréquence plus élevée au niveau de la proposition. La deuxième fréquence plus élevée se rapporte au niveau du terme. En dernier, la modalisation la moins fréquente, c’est celle dont l’incidence est retombée sur la prédication. En ce qui concerne le niveau de dégagement touchant la portée de la modalisation épistémique, on a remarqué la plus haute fréquence au niveau du terme, ensuite au niveau de la proposition et, finalement, la plus basse fréquence a atteint le niveau de la prédication. Quant aux moyens linguistiques utilisés pour la modalisation épistémique dans les récits oraux, on constaté la prédominance du verbe; en deuxième place, on a l’adverbe; l’adjectif, le nom e le pronom ont présenté la fréquence bien réduite. D’après l’hypothèse émise, le récit d’expérience personnelle a présenté le plus bas indice de modalisation; par contre, proportionnellement, le niveau de dégagement a été plus bas dans les récits racontés. La qualification épistémique de la proposition a beaucoup excédé la modalisation épistémique objective.
Guiraud, Nadine. "Une formalisation de l'intention communicative et des actes de langage expressifs." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2125/.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to design a logic of the behavior of an artificial agent that interacts rationally with a human. The rationality of her behavior enables her on the one hand to build and follow communication plans and on the other hand to follow communication conventions. Our research is oriented towards a logical model of the agent's reasoning about what she says and feels with the aim of making her interactions with a human the most natural for the latter. The first step of our work was to extend a logic modeling belief update such that the update follows a communication's protocol. In this framework, an agent following the rules of cooperative behavior respects coherence between what she believes, what is the case, and what she can say according to her communication plan. The second step concerned the agent's expression of emotions. This modeling builds on primitives representing what an agent says, what she could have done, her representation of the world and her desires and moral values
Seban, Pablo. "Who may say what? : thoughts about objectivity, group ability and permission in dynamic epistemic logic." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1489/.
Full textMany situations involve communication and some kind of restrictions on this communication. This is the case when we think about military information, medical communication, moral norms, games, etc. In some situations, we may have structures to think about and organize the right to communicate in such situations. In the army, for example, such a structure is quite simple and easy to understand: the higher you are in the hierarchy, the more you may know and the less you are allowed to say. Indeed, a general can know any secret information but have no right to reveal it to his soldiers, while a soldier can give any information he wants (and may have to give the information he has) without having the right to access most of the information. As another example, in the medical field, more subtle restrictions prevent a boss from getting one of his workers' medical information, while a doctor may have access to it. Often such structures are presented as an informal and incomplete set of rules, that may be contradictory (and let the justice decide what should be done in case of conflict). But we have no general framework to analyze such situations. The aim of this dissertation is to make some progress, in the field of logic, in the understanding of the notion of `right to say', progress that may help us understand and answer problems that involve such a notion. We focus on the informative part of communication (and not on its form) leading our topic to the notion of `right to give a piece of information'
Debord, Sfar Laurence Marie. "Cohérence de la discordance temporelle dans l'article de presse en espagnol péninsulaire contemporain." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2020/2020PA100049/2020PA100049.pdf.
Full textThe practice of Spanish in speech implies different possibilities of expression. It comes up against the normative rigidity of the temporal concordance of prescriptive grammars: tense of the principal / tense of the subordinate, sometimes including the anteriority and posteriority of the processes. Our objective attempts to determine this misunderstood mode that is the subjunctive. Our approach consisted in accounting for the different reasons for the temporal discordance in the contemporary peninsular press. Indeed, sometimes the journalist-reporter has the choice between two temporal possibilities of the subjunctive. Thus, we show that a single meaning includes all the meanings attributed to this mode whose parameters can be determined thanks to L. Gosselin’s computational theory of modalities. Our research highlights the multifactorial causes that are sometimes interacting (i.e. the double semantics of modal alternation introductory verbs, the type of discourse, the enunciative double positioning, the speaker’s point of view, the temporal dislocation, the adverbs of opposite time in the two propositions, the textual coherence, the inferences, etc.) which can lead, despite the non-concordance, to a better expressiveness thanks to the sense effects of the times of the subjective
Su, Ezgi Iraz. "Extensions of equilibrium logic by modal concepts." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30056/document.
Full textHere-and-there (HT) logic is a three-valued monotonic logic which is intermediate between classical logic and intuitionistic logic. Equilibrium logic is a nonmonotonic formalism whose semantics is given through a minimisation criterion over HT models. It is closely aligned with answer set programming (ASP), which is a relatively new paradigm for declarative programming. To spell it out, equilibrium logic provides a logical foundation for ASP: it captures the answer set semantics of logic programs and extends the syntax of answer set programs to more general propositional theories, i.e., finite sets of propositional formulas. This dissertation addresses modal logics underlying equilibrium logic as well as its modal extensions. It allows us to provide a comprehensive framework for ASP and to reexamine its logical foundations. In this respect, we first introduce a monotonic modal logic called MEM that is powerful enough to characterise the existence of an equilibrium model as well as the consequence relation in equilibrium models. The logic MEM thus captures the minimisation attitude that is central in the definition of equilibrium models. Then we introduce a dynamic extension of equilibrium logic. We first extend the language of HT logic by two kinds of atomic programs, allowing to update the truth value of a propositional variable here or there, if possible. These atomic programs are then combined by the usual dynamic logic connectives. The resulting formalism is called dynamic here-and-there logic (D-HT), and it allows for atomic change of equilibrium models. Moreover, we relate D-HT to dynamic logic of propositional assignments (DL-PA): propositional assignments set the truth values of propositional variables to either true or false and update the current model in the style of dynamic epistemic logics. Eventually, DL-PA constitutes an alternative monotonic modal logic underlying equilibrium logic. In the beginning of the 90s, Gelfond has introduced epistemic specifications (E-S) as an extension of disjunctive logic programming by epistemic notions. The underlying idea of E-S is to correctly reason about incomplete information, especially in situations when there are multiple answer sets. Related to this aim, he has proposed the world view semantics because the previous answer set semantics was not powerful enough to deal with commonsense reasoning. We here add epistemic operators to the original language of HT logic and define an epistemic version of equilibrium logic. This provides a new semantics not only for Gelfond's epistemic specifications, but also for more general nested epistemic logic programs. Finally, we compare our approach with the already existing semantics, and also provide a strong equivalence result for EHT theories. This paves the way from E-S to epistemic ASP, and can be regarded as a nice starting point for further frameworks of extensions of ASP
Mélac, Éric. "L'évidentialité en anglais - approche contrastive à partir d'un corpus anglais-tibétain." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030172/document.
Full textThis study aims to give a detailed description of evidentiality in English in contrast with Tibetan. It is based on a specialised corpus collected in Tibet and in England (TSC and CSC/LAC, 2010-2012, 10 h.).Tibetan has a complex and grammaticalised evidential system, and its description can provide a preliminary analytical grid for a semantic assessment of English evidentiality. Athentic examples and quantitative data from the corpus illustrate and supplement the analyses of the Tibetan verb phrase from previous research (Tournadre & Sangda Dorje 1998), in order to lay the foundation of the semantics of evidentiality. The evidential markers that emerge in the Tibetan and English sections of the corpus are examined so as to determine the parameters that motivate their usage. Tibetan evidentials are mainly grammatical and paradigmatised: copulas, verb suffixes and enclitics. English evidentials are either lexical or semi-grammatical: perception verbs, cognition verbs, speech verbs, modals, adverbs, conjuncts, parentheticals and discourse markers (Nuyts 2001a, Cappelli 2007, Sanders & Sweetser 2009, Mortensen 2010, Whitt 2010, Gisborne 2010, Miller 2008, Boulonnais 2010, Gurajek 2010, Kaltenböck et al. 2011, Heine 2013).This survey of Tibetan and English evidentiality provides precise data for the analysis of the consequences of a grammatical or a lexical rendering of this notion (Talmy 2000, Bybee et al. 1994, Nuyts 2001a, Boye & Harder 2009). Qualitative and quantitative evidence illustrates the differences in complexity, optionality, frequency, semantic restriction, speaker commitment, informative status and discourse strategy in the two systems. Finally, this study reassesses the assumed dichotomy between grammatical and lexical evidentiality (Aikhenvald 2004), arguing that evidentials in both Tibetan and English inhabit a lexicon-grammar multidimensional continuum, merely in different positions. This study does not question that the Tibetan evidential system is more grammaticalised than the English one, but it shows that the latter presents all the signs of partial grammaticalisation. This reassessment leads to the conclusion that evidentiality is a relevant and necessary notion for a thorough linguistic description of English
Guzmán, Michell. "On the expressiveness of spatial constraint systems." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX064/document.
Full textEpistemic, mobile and spatial behaviour are common place in today’s distributed systems. The intrinsic epistemic nature of these systems arises from the interactions of the elements taking part of them. Most people are familiar with digital systems where users share their beliefs, opinions and even intentional lies (hoaxes). Models of those systems must take into account the interactions with others as well as the distributed quality these systems present. Spatial and mobile behaviour are exhibited by applications and data moving across (possibly nested) spaces defined by, for example, friend circles, groups, and shared folders. We therefore believe that a solid understanding of the notion of space and spatial mobility as well as the flow of epistemic information is relevant in many models of today’s distributed systems.Constraint systems (cs’s) provide the basic domains and opera- tions for the semantic foundations of the family of formal declarative models from concurrency theory known as concurrent constraint programming (ccp). Spatial constraint systems (scs’s) are algebraic structures that extend cs’s for reasoning about basic spatial and epistemic behaviour such as belief and extrusion. Both spatial and epistemic assertions can be viewed as specific modalities. Other modalities can be used for assertions about time, knowledge and even the analysis of groups among other concepts used in the specification and verification of concurrent systems.In this thesis we study the expressiveness of spatial constraint systems in the broader perspective of modal and epistemic behaviour. We shall show that spatial constraint systems are sufficiently robust to capture inverse modalities and to derive new results for modal logics. We shall show that we can use scs’s to express a fundamental epistemic behaviour such as knowledge. Finally we shall give an algebraic characterization of the notion of distributed information by means of constructors over scs’s
Bakhtiarinoodeh, Zeinab. "The Dynamics of Incomplete and Inconsistent Information : Applications of logic, algebra and coalgebra." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0208/document.
Full textIn this Ph.D. dissertation we investigate reasoning about information change in the presence of incomplete or inconsistent information, and the characterisation of notions of bisimulation on models encoding such reasoning patterns. Modal logics for incomplete and inconsistent information are typically weaker than the standard modal logics, such as the modal logic of contingency. We use logical, algebraic and co-algebraic methods to achieve our aims. The dissertation consists of two main parts. The first part focusses on reasoning about information change, and the second part focusses on expressivity and bisimulation. In the following, we give an overview of the contents of this dissertation
Kubyshkina, Ekaterina. "La logique de l'agent rationnel." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H208.
Full textMany-valued logics is a family of non-classical logics, which is characterized by the fundamental fact that they do not restrict the truth values to only truth and falsity. According to this line of inquiry, Kleene (1938) constructed a logic that is based on the idea that every proposition is either true, or false, but there exist propositions for which the truth value is unknown. The formalisation of this idea leads to the introduction of a third assignment of truth value to propositions, interpreted as “unknown”. However, this formalisation contains an ambiguity, because it does not permit the resolution of a contradiction between the fact that every proposition is either true or false, and the fact that there exist propositions for which the assignment of truth value is neither “true” nor “false”. The initial aim of the present thesis is to explore Kleene’s idea in order to introduce and analyse a new many-valued logic, to be called the logic of a rational agent, that is founded on Kleene’s ideas, but that eliminates the above-mentioned ambiguity.The logic of a rational agent models the reasoning of an agent, taking into account the knowledge (or ignorance) of the classical truth value of a proposition that the agent can have. On the technical level, we introduce diverse definitions of entailment relations and construct consistent and complete semantics on this base. We then show the interest inherent in such a formalisation, by proposing an application of this logic to a famous epistemological problem, known as the “knowability paradox”. On the epistemological level, the logic of a rational agent permits us to offer an analysis of the notion of ignorance, as understood independently from the notion of knowledge. Such a formalization
Balza, Irene. "Syntactic structure and modal interpretation : the case of Basque "behar"." Thesis, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30070/document.
Full textThis dissertation is an investigation of the syntactic structure and modal interpretation of clauses involving the denominal necessity predicate behar ‘need’ and an infinitival complement. On the one hand, it analyses the syntactic status of non-finite complements of denominal behar by examining their interaction with syntactic phenomena sensitive to different structural and locality conditions, and concludes that the infinitival complements of behar can correspond to different underlying structures. The largest type of infinitive is a non-restructuring infinitive that projects a full clausal architecture (i.e. a CP), and the smallest one is a reduced restructuring infinitive that projects up to vP. There is evidence for intermediate types projecting up to the inflectional domain (IP/TP). On the other hand, the dissertation examines the thematic and scope properties of the subjects in each of the different structural types and the modal interpretation that they can give rise to. On the basis of this analysis it is argued that modal interpretation is not constrained by any single factor (the presence of restructuring, the referential status of the subject and its relative scope vis-à-vis the modal predicate, among other frequently mentioned ones), but depends on the cumulative effect of several factors working together. The dissertation also shows the necessity of adopting a more fine-grained view of root modality, one that allows a simpler mapping of syntactic structures into modal meanings