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1
Boylan, David (David Henry). "Subjective modality." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120670.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D. in Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 99-104).
This dissertation focuses on subjective or epistemic readings of the modals 'might' and 'should' and considers how they fit into broader theories of modal vocabulary. Chapter 1, 'What the Future "Might" Brings', develops a puzzle about epistemic modals and tense, showing that future tensed epistemic modals are surprisingly marked in cases of predictable forgetting. It gives a solution whereupon epistemic modals are monotonic: their domains only shrink going forward in time. It is noted that this property is also a feature of circumstantial modals and a new general picture of how epistemic and historical modality are related is proposed. Chapter 2, 'Putting "Ought"s Together', argues that deontic but not epistemic 'ought's appear to obey the inference pattern Agglomeration. It gives a new semantics for 'ought', where it is an existential quantifier over best propositions, and shows how this semantics together with pragmatic features of deontic contexts can explain the differing inferential properties of deontics and epistemics. Chapter 3, 'More Miners', generalises the now infamous miners problem to epistemic 'ought's. It shows that conservative non-probabilistic solutions do not extend to epistemic cases with the same structure. It solves the problem using probabilisitic orderings over propositions and draws some morals about the metasemantics of such orderings and the role of neutrality in the semantics of deontic modals.
by David Boylan.
Ph. D. in Linguistics
2
Hacquard, Valentine. "Aspects of modality." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37421.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-214).
It is a cross-linguistically robust fact that the same modal auxiliaries come in different flavors: epistemic, deontic, ability, teleological... This fact is neatly captured in a system where each modal has a single lexical entry, where the difference in flavor comes from contextually-provided accessibility relations (cf. Lewis 1973, Kratzer 1981). Equally robust, however, are the phenomena that suggest that epistemics and a subset of deontics are interpreted higher than the remaining flavors (subsumed under the label 'root modals'). The goal of this dissertation is to show that a unified analysis of modal auxiliaries is maintainable, while still providing some principled explanation for the relative ordering of tense, aspect and the various modals in Cinque's (1999) hierarchy, based on evidence in French and Italian. To make sense of the relative scope of modals w.r.t. tense and aspect, I start with the empirical puzzle that aspect interacts differently with the various modal flavors. Perfective aspect on roots in French and Italian yields 'actuality entailments' (cf. Bhatt 1999), that is, an uncancelable inference that the proposition expressed by the complement holds in the actual world, and not merely in some possible world(s).
(cont.) I propose that this inference obtains when aspect scopes above the modal, and must therefore take the actual world as its world argument. Because epistemics/deontics are interpreted above aspect, they are immune to the effect. To derive the height problem, I propose to relativize the accessibility relation of a modal to an event, instead of a world: the accessibility relation has a free event variable, which needs to be bound locally, either by aspect (i.e., a quantifier over events), the speech event, or an embedding attitude verb. Further selectional restrictions on the event type each accessibility relation requires limits the possible combinations of event binders and accessibility relations. The resulting binding possibilities reduce the systematic constraints on the range of a modal's interpretations to independently-motivated syntactic assumptions on locality and movement, and explain why the various flavors of the same modal auxiliaries are interpreted at different heights.
by Valentine Hacquard.
Ph.D.
3
Yalcin, Seth. "Modality and inquiry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45893.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-125).
The possibilities we consider or eliminate in inquiry are epistemic possibilities. This dissertation is mainly about what it is to say or believe that something is possible in this sense. Chapter 1 ('Epistemic Contradictions') describes a new puzzle about epistemic modals and uses it to explore their logic and semantics. Chapter 2 ('Nonfactualism about Epistemic Modality') situates the work of chapter 1 into a larger picture of content and communication, developing a broadly expressivist account of the language of epistemic modality. Chapter 3 ('Content and Modal Resolution') argues that states of belief should be understood as relativized to an inquiry, understood formally as a certain way of dividing up logical space.
Seth Yalcin.
Ph.D.
4
Badran, Dany. "Ideology through modality." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12216/.
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This study is broadly concerned with the analysis of ideology in discourse. More specifically, it investigates the role modality plays in reflecting underlying ideologies as well as ideological inconsistencies in three practical analyses of discourse. Achieving these objectives is, I argue, dependent on a view of discourse which is not only functional but also pragmatic. The functional aspect of this view reflects the broad objectives of functional linguistics: i.e. relating linguistic structures to social structures. The pragmatic aspect reflects an emphasis on the need not to exclude 'the reader' from the process of interpretation. Whereas previous studies have either entirely neglected or presented an unsatisfactory account of the reader, the proposed functional-pragmatic approach to discourse analysis resolves this issue by allowing a systematic variance in interpretation. This is done in the light of a systematic account of modality which helps present a realistic and practical consideration of the role of the reader in approaching discourse analysis. Again, in line with a functional and pragmatic view of discourse, the argument put forward in this study is that all 'types' of discourse can be approached in a similar manner for critical analysis. Consequently, practical analyses of ideology through modality in three instances of discourse: literary texts, political texts and scientific texts are presented. The overall aim is to show how a systematic, functional and pragmatic analysis of modality is adequate in critically analysing the ideologies present in all texts.
5
Horvat, Ana Werkmann. "Layers of modality." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b7633467-cc32-44d8-9692-a147b1493e63.
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Much of the literature on modality focuses, at least implicitly, on the occurrence of single modal auxiliaries. However, cross-linguistically, modal auxiliaries can co-occur with one another, but under interesting restrictions. This thesis examines layered modal constructions and the semantic restrictions under which they combine. For instance, in languages such as Croatian, where double modal constructions are part of the standard, data shows that while some combinations are acceptable, others are not. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to identify these semantic restrictions and to explain the rationale that motivates them. To answer these questions, a systematic study of four possible combinations (epis- temics embedding epistemics, epistemics embedding non-epistemics, non-epistemics embedding non-epistemics, and non-epistemics embedding epistemics) was carried out. The data shows that the first three groups are, in general, acceptable to native speakers, while the last one is not. Further to that, the data shows that within the non-epistemic + non-epistemic group there seem to be further restrictions. The result was a hierarchical analysis that is based on modal force and flavour. With respect to force, it is shown in Chapter 4 that necessity embeds possibility, crucially, only when two of the same flavour combine. In terms of flavour, the data shows that epistemics can embed non-epistemics, while in the non-epistemic group priority embeds the circumstantial group in which pure possibility embeds ability and disposition, respectively. This analysis carries some important implications for the traditional categorisation of modal flavours which is discussed in Chapter 4. Finally, in Chapter 5 I also discuss the possible rationale behind the hierarchy and the compositional nature of DMCs. It is concluded that the hierarchy should not be taken as a merely descriptive generalisation, but rather as an analysis that is predictable on the basis of the conceptual and logical reality of human language.
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Decker, Jason (Jason Andrew). "Modality, rationalism, and conditionals." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39344.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, February 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-108).
This thesis consists of three interconnected papers on apriority, modality, and conditionals. In "Playground Conditionals," I look at three philosophical debates, each of which turns on the epistemic status of a certain kind of conditional-what I call a playground conditional. I argue that a close consideration of playground conditionals gives us a better appreciation of what we can do with conditionals and, ultimately, some guidance concerning what to say about the three philosophical debates. In "Modal Rationalism, Two Dimensionalism, and our Counteractual Sisters", I consider the prospects for modal rationalism in the wake of Kripke's Naming and Necessity. Recently there has been a modal rationalist revival, thanks in part to the development of the "two-dimensional" semantic framework. This framework associates two intensions (a primary intension and a secondary intension) with every sentence. The difficulty comes in finding a definition of primary and secondary intension that would lend the desired support to modal rationalism. After exploring and rejecting some of the proposed definitions in the literature, I sketch an account that can, I think, offer some support to a suitably framed modal rationalism.
(cont.) Finally, in "A Guide to Modal Guidance," I set about to get clearer on how, exactly, we come to know modal truths. I start by considering two arguments that are designed to show that our access to modal knowledge cannot come from conceivability arguments. I show that, these arguments are mistaken. In the process, I attempt to outline a broader and more realistic modal epistemology than one that focuses exclusively on conceivability. I then consider and reject a version of modal rationalism which says that ideal conceivability gives us a priori access to modality. Against this, I argue that our modal knowledge is predominantly a posteriori, and that our knowledge of ideal conceivability is always a posteriori. In the end, however, I attempt to salvage something that preserves the spirit, if not the letter, of modal rationalism.
by Jason Decker.
Ph.D.
7
Badram, Dany. "Ideology through modality in discourse analysis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275961.
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Pfau, Roland, and Markus Steinbach. "Modality-independent and modality-specific aspects of grammaticalization in sign languages." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1088/.
Full textAbstract:
One type of internal diachronic change that has been extensively
studied for spoken languages is grammaticalization whereby lexical
elements develop into free or bound grammatical elements. Based on
a wealth of spoken languages, a large amount of prototypical
grammaticalization pathways has been identified. Moreover, it has
been shown that desemanticization, decategorialization, and phonetic
erosion are typical characteristics of grammaticalization processes.
Not surprisingly, grammaticalization is also responsible for diachronic
change in sign languages. Drawing data from a fair number of sign
languages, we show that grammaticalization in visual-gestural
languages – as far as the development from lexical to grammatical
element is concerned – follows the same developmental pathways as
in spoken languages. That is, the proposed pathways are modalityindependent.
Besides these intriguing parallels, however, sign
languages have the possibility of developing grammatical markers
from manual and non-manual co-speech gestures. We will discuss
various instances of grammaticalized gestures and we will also briefly
address the issue of the modality-specificity of this phenomenon.
9
Yanovich, Igor. "Four pieces for modality, context and usage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84422.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D. in Linguistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 259-269).
The main part of this dissertation consists of four loosely connected chapters on the semantics of modals. The chapters inform each other and employ similar methods, but generally each one is self-contained and can be read in isolation. Chapter 2 introduces new semantics for epistemic modality. I argue that the epistemic modal base consists of the propositions that can be obtained by the interlocutors early enough to affect their resolution of their current practical goal. Integrated into the standard contextualist semantics, the new definition successfully accounts for two sets of data that have been claimed to falsify standard contextualism, namely from disagreement dialogues and complements of attitude verbs. Chapter 3 traces the historical rise of the may-under-hope construction, as in I hope we may succeed. In that construction, the modal does not contribute its normal existential modal force. It turns out that despite the construction's archaic flavor in Present-Day English, it is a very recent innovation that arose not earlier than the 16th century. I put forward a hypothesis that the may-under-hope construction arose as the replacement of an earlier construction where the inflectional subjunctive under verbs of hoping was used to mark a specific type of formal hopes about good health. Chapter 4 proposes that O(ld) E(nglish) *motan, the ancestor of Modern English must, was a variable-force modal somewhat similar to the variable-force modals of the American Pacific Northwest. I argue that in Alfredian OE, motan(p) presupposed that if p gets a chance to actualize, it will. I also argue that several centuries later, in the 'AB' dialect, Early Middle English *moten is was genuinely ambiguous between possibility and necessity. Thus a new trajectory of semantic change is discovered: variable force, to ambiguity between possibility and necessity, to regular necessity. Chapter 5 argues that, first, restrictions on the relative scope of deontics and clausemate negation can hardly be all captured within the syntactic component, and second, that capturing some of them can be due to semantic filters on representations. I support the second claim by showing how such semantic filters on scope may arise historically, using Russian stoit 'should' and English have to as examples.
by Igor Yanovich.
Ph.D.in Linguistics
10
Rizomilioti, Vassiliki. "Epistemic modality in academic writing : a corpus-linguistic approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288688.
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Warren, Andy. "Modality, reference and speech acts in the Psalms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268622.
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Culpin, Victoria. "An analysis of modality and suffix effects in the grouping paradigm." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274495.
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Leavell, Deborah Kay. "The avoidance of absolute commitment in speech acts: Modality." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2309.
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After defining speaker commitment as it pertains to propositional truth in speech acts and exploring influences and motivations that may effect speaker commitment, this thesis will introduce and define modality in the context of actual speech.
14
Hoffmann, Aviv 1964. "Actualism, singular propositions, and possible worlds : essays in metaphysics of modality." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8154.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2002.Includes bibliographical references.
My dissertation consists of three essays in the Metaphysics of Modality: In "A Puzzle about Truth and Singular Propositions," I consider two theses that seem to be true and then an argument for the conclusion that they form an inconsistent pair. One thesis is that a proposition that is singular with respect to a given object implies that the object exists. This is so because the proposition predicates something of the object. The other thesis is that some propositions are true with respect to possible worlds in which they do not exist. An example is the negation of the proposition that Socrates is wise. This proposition is true with respect to possible worlds in which Socrates does not exist, but it does not exist in those worlds. In "Actualism, Ontological Dependence, and Possible Worlds," I consider Actualism, the doctrine that every possible object is an actual object. Plantinga has argued that the actualist is committed to the existence of unexemplified essences if he analyzes statements of modality by quantifying over possible worlds and over members of their domains. I argue that the actualist is committed to the existence of unexemplified essences even if he paraphrases statements of modality by quantifying only over possible worlds and actual objects. In "Possibilism and the Nature of Actuality," I consider Possibilism, the doctrine that there are possible objects that are not actual objects.
(cont.) Possibilism seems to be a coherent ontological doctrine. It is not Meinong's doctrine that there are objects of which it is true to say that there are no such objects. If one fails to distinguish between these two doctrines, then one's attempt to refute Possibilism might amount to an attack on a blatant contradiction. I illustrate this claim by arguing that the distinction between Possibilism and Meinong's doctrine has eluded Plantinga. I then consider the view that Possibilism is a consequence of Lewis's doctrine that 'actual' is an indexical term. I also argue that the sense in which Lewis said that 'actual' is indexical is an esoteric sense of the word, not a sense it ordinarily has.
by Aviv Hoffmann.
Ph.D.
15
Robuste, Taísa Barbosa. "Se (eu) não me engano... condicionalidade na modalização? /." Araraquara, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115873.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Maria Helena de Moura NevesBanca: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves
Banca: Marize Mattos Dall'Aglio-Hattnher
Resumo: Com base em um paradigma funcionalista da linguagem, o objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar a relação existente entre condicionalidade e modalização epistêmica, a ser obtida em análise de corpora disponíveis de língua falada e língua escrita contemporânea do Português do Brasil. Partiu-se da análise da condicional se (eu) não me engano para verificar se, e de que modo, essa condicional atua como modalizador epistêmico, assentada a hipótese de que ela leva a proposição a que se liga para o campo do possível. O exame desse papel de validação que aqui se propõe passou pela avaliação da diferença entre se (eu) não me engano e as condicionais prototípicas. A primeira verificação que se fez é que se (eu) não me engano não apresenta um comportamento prototípico de condicionalidade uma vez que não se relaciona com a apódose em tal linha direta de condicionalidade, embora se institua no nível da proposição. Para este trabalho foram pertinentes incursões relacionadas aos seguintes campos de investigação lingüística: relação entre condicionalidade, modalidade, evidencialidade e (inter)subjetividade; possibilidade e relevância da inserção de se (eu) não me engano em algum ponto do processo de gramaticalização; pertinência da mobilidade sintática para a definição de sua natureza modal; caracterização do tipo de âmbito de incidência da modalização. A partir dessas incursões foi feita uma descrição, com base em dados quantitativos e qualitativos, do comportamento sintático, semântico e pragmático de se (eu) não me engano. A principal observação que se fez é que essa condicional pode ser avaliada como um modalizador epistêmico, uma vez que atua sobre um âmbito de incidência, relativizando o seu valor de verdade
Abstract: Based on a functionalist paradigm of the language, the objective of this thesis is to evaluate the existing relationship between epistemic modality and conditionality, obtained by analyzing the available corpora in spoken and written contemporary Brazilian Portuguese language. The staring point was the analysis of the conditional form se (eu) não me engano (if I'm not mistaken) to verify whether and how this conditional acts as an epistemic modalizer, assuring the hypothesis that this conditional takes the proposition to which it is connected to the field of possibility. The examination of this validation role that is proposed here went through the evaluation of the difference between the se (eu) não me engano conditional and the prototypical conditionals. The first verification that was made is that the se (eu) não me engano does not present a prototypical behavior of conditionality, since it does not relate to the apodosis in a direct line of conditionality, although it institutes itself on the level of proposition. Some incursions related to the following fields of linguistic investigation were relevant on this work: relationship between conditionality, modality, evidentiality and e (inter)subjectivity; possibility and relevance of the insertion of the se (eu) não me engano in some point of the grammaticalization process; relevance of syntactic mobility on the definition of its modal nature; characterization of the type of context of the modalization. A description of the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic behavior of the se (eu) não me engano was rendered from these incursions, based on quantitative and qualitative data. The major observation made is that this conditional can be valued as an epistemic modalizer, since it acts upon a scope of incidence, relativizing its value of verity
Mestre
16
Brewer, Nicola M. "Modality and facivity : one perspective on the meaning of the English modal auxiliaries." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1987. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/472/.
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This study concentrates on modality as expressed by the set of modal auxiliaries and seeks to establish that these verbs share semantic as well as syntactic properties by identifying a single core meaning which they share. The relationship between modality and factivity is examined with the aim of gaining an insight into the former, more complex concept. When viewed from this perspective, the defining characteristic of all the modal auxiliary verbs in almost all of their uses is found to be nonfactivity. The meanings expressed by this set of verbs are classified according to a framework derived from modal logic consisting of three basic types of modality each of which relates to a different set of laws or principles; the relative factivity associated with the modal auxiliaries is seen to vary with the nature of modality as defined and classified by this framework. Within each of the three types of modality, a semantic scale is identified and modality is described as a gradable concept for which scalar analysis is appropriate, both within and beyond these three scales. Relative factivity is also shown to vary according to the degree of modality expressed by each of the modal verbs. The nature and degree of modality expressed interact with features of the linguistic (and pragmatic) context to determine the particular factive or a contrafactive interpretation conveyed by a given modal auxiliary token. The influence of certain combinations of contextual features is sufficiently strong to force a factive or contrafactive reading of a modal token, although in general the role of such features is merely to strengthen or weaken the relative factivity associated with the modal verb. Epistemic modality is seen to be most directly related to nonfactivity and therefore to be the most central modal meaning. The modal auxiliaries are found to be semantically less modal when they occur in contexts of determinate factual status. Least modal are those members of this set of auxiliary verbs which in certain uses have determinate factual status even without the presence of any of the significant contextual features.
17
Smirnova, Anastasia. "Evidentiality and mood: Grammatical expressions of epistemic modality in Bulgarian." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306917645.
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Nordén, Anton Harry. "Epistemic modality in Ghanaian Pidgin English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131516.
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This study investigates the expression of epistemic modality in a corpus of Ghanaian Pidgin English (GhaPE). The epistemic expressions are manually identified and thereafter distinguished from each other in terms of grammatical status and their indication of different epistemic and evidential notions. 7 different elements are found, ranging from 1 pre-verbal marker, 1 adverb, 2 particles and 3 complement-taking predicates. The results indicate, in line with existing research, that to differentiate between usage properties of individual modal expressions it may be necessary to subdivide them in terms of not only epistemic but also evidential meanings. Moreover, a functional parallel between the GhaPE particle abi, the Swedish modal particle väl and the Spanish adverbs a lo mejor and igual is demonstrated, with respect to their simultaneous function of expressing epistemic probability and asking the hearer for confirmation. Finally, the results suggest, contrary to previous accounts, that the pre-verbal marker fit may indicate epistemic possibility without the addition of a preceding irrealis marker go. It is proposed that future researchers should make use of bigger corpora in order to arrive at a more ample conception of both individual modal categories and their interrelations.
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Bertagnoli, Danusa Lopes 1984. "Estudo enunciativo sobre o funcionamento de "super" como forma livre e sua relação com o dizer feminino." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/271057.
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Orientador: Mónica Graciela Zoppi FontanaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T13:06:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bertagnoli_DanusaLopes_M.pdf: 2006183 bytes, checksum: 03ca41766a53e9bc8d4deb5cabc1197e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Neste trabalho, procuramos descrever o funcionamento de super como forma livre, especialmente na sua relação com o verbo como, por exemplo, em super quero, super recomendo, super vou comprar etc. Nestes casos, observamos a incidência de super sobre o verbo sem que ele esteja preso à base verbal, mostrando assim um funcionamento diferente do prefixo super- como, por exemplo, em superproteger e superestimar. Para compreendermos este funcionamento analisamos, em um primeiro momento, os aspectos morfossintáticos que caracterizam esta forma, pensando, por um lado, a sua relação com super- (prefixo) e, por outro lado, a sua relação com os verbos sobre os quais incide. Em um segundo momento, procuramos compreender o funcionamento semântico-enunciativo de super, considerando o conceito de Modificador Sobrerrealizante (MS), proposto por García Negroni (1995, 1999), assim como os conceitos de modalização e performatividade. Através deles, pudemos compreender o funcionamento de super como forma livre na enunciação, caracterizando-a como uma marca através da qual o locutor se representa no enunciado, ou ainda como um modo de dizer a partir do qual é possível observar a relação do sujeito com a língua. Por fim, devido à natureza do nosso corpus, que se constitui majoritariamente de enunciados retirados de blogs com temas genericamente caracterizados como femininos, nos propusemos a analisar o espaço de enunciação no qual estes enunciados ocorrem (a blogosfera), bem como as determinações das relações de gênero que observamos neste espaço, a fim de mostrarmos como super pode, entre outras marcas linguísticas, caracterizar um modo de dizer feminino
Abstract: In this work we seek to describe the operation of super as free form, especially in its relation to the verb, for example, super quero (Isuper want), super recomendo (Isuper recommend), super vou comprar (I'm super going to buy), etc. In these cases, we observed the effect of super on the verb without it being attached to the verbal base, thus showing a different operation from that of the prefix super- as, for example, superproteger (overprotect) and superestimar (overrate). In order to understand this operation, at first we analyzed the morphosyntactic aspects that characterize this form, on the one hand thinking its relation to super-(prefix) and, moreover, its relation to the verbs it affects. In a second stage, we sought to understand the semantic-enunciative operation of super,considering the concept of a modifiercalled "surrealisant" (overrealizing) by García Negroni (1995, 1999) as well as the concepts of modality and performativity. Through them, we can understand the operation of super as a free form in the enunciation, characterizing it as a mark by which the speaker represents themselvesin the utterance, or as anenunciative mode in which it is possible to observe the relation between the subject and the language. Finally, due to the nature of our corpus, which consists mainly of utterances taken from blogs with themes generally characterized as feminine, we purposed to analyze the space of enunciation in which these utterancesoccur (the blogosphere), as well as the determinations of gender relations observed in this space in order to show how super can, among other language marks, characterize a feminine enunciative mode
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestra em Linguística
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Gonçalves, Marcos Antônio. "As formações x-inho nas modalidades oral e escrita: um estudo contrastivo baseado na lingüística de corpus." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2006. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=59.
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As formações x-inho são descritas, na maioria das gramáticas de Língua Portuguesa como contendo noções dimensiva e afetiva. Entretanto, essas mesmas gramáticas não incluem os fatores extraligüísticos e contextuais nos quais os anunciadores estão inseridos quando optam por uma formação em x-inho. Sob esta perspectiva, tem-se no presente trabalho, o objetivo de investigar a produtividade das formações x-inho em dois corpora eletrônicos: um oral, subdividido em dois subcorpora contendo respectivamente narrativas e descrições e um escrito, oriundo exclusivamente das variadas seções e cadernos de um jornal de grande circulação e qualidade. A dissertação quantifica as ocorrências das formações x-inho em cada um dos corpora. Em seguida cada uma dessas ocorrências é analisada para se
verificar que tipo de noção (dimensiva, afetiva positiva ou negativa, intensificadora, etc) ela contem. Por fim são contrastados os dados de freqüência e dispersão de cada uma das noções encontradas para cada um dos corpora. A metodologia de nossa análise está centrada na área
de investigação lingüística denominada Lingüística de corpus, que serve de base para que os dados colhidos sejam analisados e interpretados.The items ending in -inho are described in the majority of grammars of Portuguese as conveying two notions, namely affect and dimension. However, the same grammars do not seem to include either the extralinguistic or contextual factors in which speakers are inserted when they opt for a word ending in -inho. The aim of the present work thus is to investigate the productivity of such items in two electronic corpora: one of an oral nature which is further subdivided into two sub-corpora containing narratives and descriptions and a second one compiled exclusively from the various sections of a widely read quality newspaper. The dissertation quantifies the various instances of items ending in inho in each of the corpora. Next, each of these occurrences is analysed and classified to check which notion (dimentio,positive affect, negative affect, intensification) they convey. Last the results of both frequency and dispension counts are contrasted for each of the corpora. The methodology of our analyses is centered on the area known as Corpus Linguistics, which provides a basis for the data to be compiled and interpreted.
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Ericsson, Tina. ""It is certain that it can be argued a million times over" - expressions of epistemic modality in L1 and L2 writing." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8323.
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This corpus-based study analyzes different types of epistemic markers used in argumentative essays by University students. More specifically it compares Swedish L2 writers and English L1 writers. The scope of the analysis covers epistemic modal verbs, lexical verbs and adverbs. A number of markers are counted to see which expressions are preferred by L1 and L2 writers respectively and if the frequency rates differ between the two groups. Further, it discusses whether the non-native writers use epistemic markers appropriate to an academic register, and an attempt is made to see whether the L1 and L2 writers show similar patterns of ‘committing’ to and ‘distancing’ themselves to their arguments. The results reveal a few notable differences between the Swedish and English writers. A tendency is seen among the L2 writers to ‘overuse’ certain expressions, particularly in the category of lexical verbs. Compared to the native writers, the L2 writers display higher frequency rates when it comes to markers that are most commonly found in spoken conversation. Further the L2 writers seem to display more ‘writer visibility’ than the L1 writers do, which could perhaps be due to differences in writing culture. The findings also suggest that Swedish L2 writers, even on a relatively advanced level, may have difficulties in mastering modal expressions in English.
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Robuste, Taísa Barbosa [UNESP]. "Se (eu) não me engano... condicionalidade na modalização?" Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115873.
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Com base em um paradigma funcionalista da linguagem, o objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar a relação existente entre condicionalidade e modalização epistêmica, a ser obtida em análise de corpora disponíveis de língua falada e língua escrita contemporânea do Português do Brasil. Partiu-se da análise da condicional se (eu) não me engano para verificar se, e de que modo, essa condicional atua como modalizador epistêmico, assentada a hipótese de que ela leva a proposição a que se liga para o campo do possível. O exame desse papel de validação que aqui se propõe passou pela avaliação da diferença entre se (eu) não me engano e as condicionais prototípicas. A primeira verificação que se fez é que se (eu) não me engano não apresenta um comportamento prototípico de condicionalidade uma vez que não se relaciona com a apódose em tal linha direta de condicionalidade, embora se institua no nível da proposição. Para este trabalho foram pertinentes incursões relacionadas aos seguintes campos de investigação lingüística: relação entre condicionalidade, modalidade, evidencialidade e (inter)subjetividade; possibilidade e relevância da inserção de se (eu) não me engano em algum ponto do processo de gramaticalização; pertinência da mobilidade sintática para a definição de sua natureza modal; caracterização do tipo de âmbito de incidência da modalização. A partir dessas incursões foi feita uma descrição, com base em dados quantitativos e qualitativos, do comportamento sintático, semântico e pragmático de se (eu) não me engano. A principal observação que se fez é que essa condicional pode ser avaliada como um modalizador epistêmico, uma vez que atua sobre um âmbito de incidência, relativizando o seu valor de verdade
Based on a functionalist paradigm of the language, the objective of this thesis is to evaluate the existing relationship between epistemic modality and conditionality, obtained by analyzing the available corpora in spoken and written contemporary Brazilian Portuguese language. The staring point was the analysis of the conditional form se (eu) não me engano (if I'm not mistaken) to verify whether and how this conditional acts as an epistemic modalizer, assuring the hypothesis that this conditional takes the proposition to which it is connected to the field of possibility. The examination of this validation role that is proposed here went through the evaluation of the difference between the se (eu) não me engano conditional and the prototypical conditionals. The first verification that was made is that the se (eu) não me engano does not present a prototypical behavior of conditionality, since it does not relate to the apodosis in a direct line of conditionality, although it institutes itself on the level of proposition. Some incursions related to the following fields of linguistic investigation were relevant on this work: relationship between conditionality, modality, evidentiality and e (inter)subjectivity; possibility and relevance of the insertion of the se (eu) não me engano in some point of the grammaticalization process; relevance of syntactic mobility on the definition of its modal nature; characterization of the type of context of the modalization. A description of the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic behavior of the se (eu) não me engano was rendered from these incursions, based on quantitative and qualitative data. The major observation made is that this conditional can be valued as an epistemic modalizer, since it acts upon a scope of incidence, relativizing its value of verity
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Choi, Wai Kuan. "Translation shifts of speech roles and modality in legislative and business texts." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586619.
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Menezes, LÃia Cruz de. "ExpressÃes linguÃsticas modalizadoras deÃnticas em funÃÃo argumentativa: um exercÃcio de anÃlise retÃrico-funcional." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5487.
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FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃO objetivo desta pesquisa à compreender a atuaÃÃo das expressÃes linguÃsticas modalizadoras deÃnticas na construÃÃo do modo de discurso argumentativo, o qual à entendido como um movimento cujo ponto de partida à o acordo do auditÃrio sobre premissas nas quais aquele que argumenta alicerÃa as teses que defende e conduz a conclusÃes autorizadas por tÃcnicas argumentativas. Partindo do pressuposto de que os usos linguÃsticos sÃo ajustados aos intentos comunicativos dos falantes, as expressÃes linguÃsticas modalizadoras deÃnticas variam em conformidade com distintos propÃsitos no transcurso do movimento argumentativo. Visando à compreensÃo dos efeitos persuasivos dessas variaÃÃes, duas perspectivas teÃrico-metodolÃgicas foram postas em diÃlogo na pesquisa: a Nova RetÃrica e a LinguÃstica de base funcional. Enquanto o arcabouÃo da LinguÃstica funcionalista, como teoria gramatical, dÃ-nos suporte para a descriÃÃo e anÃlise linguÃstica da categoria modalidade em uso, o arcabouÃo da Nova RetÃrica dÃ-nos suporte para a compreensÃo das expressÃes linguÃsticas da modalidade em funÃÃo da construÃÃo do discurso argumentativo. O corpus constituÃdo para esse trabalho à formado de vinte e nove registros taquigrÃficos de proferimentos de Deputados Federais em sessÃes plenÃrias na CÃmara dos Deputados ao longo do ano de 2007 e inÃcio de 2008. Todos os proferimentos versam sobre a necessidade de uma polÃtica de seguranÃa nacional capaz de frear a escalada da violÃncia no Brasil. A pesquisa revelou a predileÃÃo por usos subjetivos das expressÃes modalizadoras deÃnticas, nos quais se observa a diluiÃÃo do comprometimento do orador com a desejabilidade das aÃÃes que recomenda. Ao instaurar valor deÃntico cuja fonte se apresenta como ele, orador, em consonÃncia a todos os demais homens e mulheres adultos tidos como normais que compÃem a opiniÃo pÃblica do PaÃs, aquele que profere o discurso alicerÃa suas recomendaÃÃes naquilo que à tido por normal. Subjaz a estratÃgia argumentativa da autoridade do âgrande nÃmeroâ. A pesquisa tambÃm revelou a predileÃÃo pela nÃo-indicaÃÃo direta de alvos deÃnticos, como meio de evitar confrontos com conotaÃÃo pessoal. A predileÃÃo pela indicaÃÃo indireta de alvos fez-se notar em 319 ocorrÃncias das 464 expressÃes modalizadoras constantes no corpus. Quanto ao comportamento do orador em relaÃÃo a alvos deÃnticos, a pesquisa constatou a opÃÃo pela inclusÃo. Ao se colocar entre aqueles sobre os quais recai a necessidade de realizar algo ou de evitar que algo se produza, o orador aumenta a adesÃo dos ouvintes Ãs recomendaÃÃes que apresenta por mostrar-se alguÃm disposto a agir. Ao invÃs de instaurador de obrigaÃÃes e proibiÃÃes, ele apresenta-se como aquele que convoca parceiros à aÃÃo.
The goal of this research is to comprehend the actuation of the deontic linguistic expression in the construction of the argumentative speech, which is understood as a movement which the starting point is the audience agreement concerning the premises which the one who argues bases the theses he defends and draws conclusions authorized by argumentative techniques. Assuming that the linguistic uses are adjusted to the speakers communicative intention ,the deontics modal linguistic expressions vary according to the different goals along the argumentative movement. Aiming the understanding of the persuasive effects of these variation, two theoretic-methodological perspectives were discussed in the research: the New Rhetoric and the Linguistics of functional base. While the understructure of the functional Linguistics, as a grammar theory, gives us support to the description and linguistic analysis of the category of the modality in use, the New Rhetoric understructure gives us support to the understanding of the linguistic expressions of the modality concerning the construction of the argumentative speech. The corpus for this work is made of twenty nine typed registers of talks given by Federal Representatives during sessions at CÃmara dos Deputados (House of Representatives) throughout 2007 and early 2008. All talks were about the need of national security policies able to stop the increase of violence in Brazil. The research reveals the preference for the subjective use of deontic modal expressions ,in which it is observed the dilution of the speakerÂs commitment with his desire for the actions recommended by him. By restoring deontic logic which source presents itself like him, the speaker, in accord with all men and women taken as normal who compose the country public opinion, the one who gives the talk bases his recommendation on what is taken as normal. There underlies the authority of the argumentative strategy of the âmassive numberâ. The research also unveiled the preference for direct non-indication of the deontic targets, as a way to avoid confrontation with personal meaning. The predilection for the indirect indication of targets was observed in 319 occurrences out of 464 modal expressions contained in this corpus. When considered the speakerÂs behavior in relation to deontic targets, the research confirmed the option for the inclusion. When the speaker put himself among those who bear the need to do something or to prevent something negative to happen, he increases the listeners adhesion to his recommendations by showing himself willing to act. Instead of restoring obligations and prohibitions, he presents himself as the one convoking partners to action.
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Rodriguez, Joshua P. "Interpreting the Spanish imperfecto issues of aspect, modality, tense, and sequence of tense /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1092069764.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 206 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-206).
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Vasylets, Olena. "Task-Modality Effects: A Study of Task Complexity Effects in Speech and Writing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404299.
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One of the major areas of interest in task-based language learning and teaching (TBLT) has been the psycholinguistically-oriented strand, which explores the way in which task design may interact with second language (L2) learners` cognitive response in creating distinct opportunities for L2 learning and use. The main appeal of TBLT ideas is that a language task is presented as a manageable and, at the same time, powerful tool of instruction and research. What is necessary, however, is a clear understanding of the manner in which different task characteristics might affect learners` performance and development.
There are two major theoretical frameworks which provide an account of the purported effects of task features on L2 learning and use. These theoretical models have been developed by Peter Robinson (the Cognition Hypothesis. Robinson, 2011a) and Peter Skehan (the Trade-off Hypothesis, Skehan, 1998, 2009). The main construct of interest in both models is the construct of task complexity. Skehan and Robinson define this construct in a slightly different ways and they also make somewhat different predictions about the effects that task complexity might have on L2 products and processes. Robinson`s and Skehan`s predictions have been put to the empirical test and this research has produced mixed results. In addition, as the models have been created to account primarily for oral production, it is still an empirical question whether or not the predictions made by the two models can also be applied to written performance. In other words, it is still unknown whether or not task complexity produces the same effects in
speech and in writing. Moreover, mode (oral versus written) by itself may constitute an important task feature that can condition language use and learning opportunities.
At a more general level, it is also the case that current understanding of the idiosyncrasy of the language-learning potential of oral and written tasks is limited. Given this state of affairs, the objective of the current dissertation is twofold. Our first aim (operationalized as our first research question) is to explore whether or not L2 linguistic performance is different when the same task is performed in speech and in writing. Our second aim (corresponding to our second research question) is to investigate any potential effects of increasing task complexity in oral production as compared to written production. In terms of task complexity manipulations, we employed the Cognition Hypothesis as a theoretical framework and we specifically investigated the impact of the resource-directing variable of reasoning demands on L2 performance, which was operationalized as complexity, accuracy and time on task. To answer our research questions, we conducted a study with 78 participants who were Catalan/Spanish learners of English as a foreign language. Half of the participants performed the simple and complex versions of an argumentative, instruction-giving task orally, the other half did it in writing. In the analysis, we compared speakers` and writers` performance in terms of linguistic (lexical and structural) complexity, propositional complexity (operationalized as idea units), accuracy, and time on task. Our results revealed marked differences between oral and written production. Thus, we found that speakers produced more idea units, while writers achieved higher scores for subordination, mean length of analysis-of-speech units, lexical diversity, extended idea units, and time on task. As for the effects of task complexity, the participants’ written production showed more variation between the complex and the simple versions of the task. Changes in the written production also showed a better fit to the theoretical predictions advanced in the Cognition Hypothesis.Una de les línies principals de l’àrea de l’ensenyament basat en les tasques pedagògiques (TBLT) és la línia psicolingüística. Aquesta línia explora com el disseny de les tasques interactua amb la resposta cognitiva dels aprenents creant diverses oportunitats per l’ús i aprenentatge de la llengua. La modalitat (oral i escrita) també pot constituir un característica de la tasca que pot influir amb l’ús de la llengua i les oportunitats d’aprenentatge. És important destacar que hi ha una manca coneixement sobre la singularitat del potencial de l’aprenentatge de les tasques orals i escrites. Aquesta dissertació té dos objectius. El primer objectiu és explorar si la producció lingüística és diferent en una tasca oral i escrita. El segon objectiu és comparar els efectes de la complexitat cognitiva de la tasca en la producció oral i escrita. Per complir aquests dos objectius s’ha dut a terme un experiment amb 78 participants (natius catalans i castellans) dels quals estaven aprenent anglès com a segona llengua. La meitat dels participants han realitzat les versions simple i complexa de la tasca de manera oral i la meitat restant ha realitzat les mateixes tasques per escrit. Hem trobat que els participants que han fet la tasca de manera oral han produït més idees però cal esmentar que els participants que ho han fet de manera escrita han produït textos amb més subordinació, diversitat lèxica, idees més complexes, unitats lingüístiques més llargues i amb un temps més llarg per l’execució de la tasca. En relació amb els efectes de la complexitat cognitiva de la tasca hem trobat que en la producció escrita havia més varietat entre la versió simple i complexa de la tasca. Els resultats obtinguts van ser contrastats amb recerca prèvia i interpretats en el context dels marcs teòrics pels quals està guiada aquesta dissertació.
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Yang, Yilong Laura. "The analysis of interpersonal meaning of Barack Obama's presidential campaign speeches in 2012." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1368.
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Wasserman, Gertruida Petronella. "Modality on trek : diachronic changes in written South African English across text and context / G.P. Wasserman." Thesis, North West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13042.
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This study describes the diachronic development of modality in South African English (henceforth SAfE) from the early 19th century up to its contemporary state (1820s to 1990s) in the registers of letters, news, fiction/narrative and non-fiction, on the basis of the theoretical framework of socio historical linguistics and the empirical approach of corpus linguistics. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are conducted for modal and quasi-modal verbs, by means of the newly compiled historical corpus of SAfE and ICE-SA (with the addition of Afrikaans corpora for comparison). The study explores general frequency changes, register-internal changes and macro- and micro semantic changes, with the focus of the main semantic analysis more strongly on the obligation and necessity cluster1. A set of parameters is compiled for analysing the strength of obligation in the modals must and should, and the quasi-modal HAVE to, and is applied in the micro semantic analyses. The findings are compared with the trends for modality in other native English’s, such as American, British and Australian English (cf. e.g. Mair & Leech, 2006; Collins, 2009a; Leech, 2011), in an attempt to present a complete and comprehensive description of SAfE modality, as opposed to the traditional approach of focusing on peculiar features. It is reported that the trends of modality in SAfE correspond to those of other native varieties in some cases, but do not correspond in others. The modals of SAfE for example have declined more and the quasi-modals have increased less over the 20th century than in other native varieties of English. One particular case, in which SAfE is reported to be unique among other varieties, is the quantitative and qualitative trends for must, which has some implications for the manifestation of the democratisation process. Must in SAfE has not declined significantly over the 20th century (as it has in other native varieties) and has become less face threatening, since uses with a median (weaker) degree of force are just as frequent as those with a higher degree of force by the 1990s (unlike in other native varieties, where must has become restricted to high-degree obligative contexts). Based on socio historical, as well as linguistic evidence (on both quantitative and qualitative levels), language contact with Afrikaans is posited as the main influence for the increased use of must in contexts that are not face threatening. Extrapolating from the semantic findings, some new insights are offered regarding the phase in which SAfE finds itself within Schneider’s (2003) model of the evolution of New English’s, and some support is offered for Bekker’s (2012:143) argument that “SAfE is ...the youngest of the colonial varieties of English”, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Ultimately, this thesis offers a piece in the larger puzzle that is SAfE, both in terms of linguistic (textual) and socio historical (contextual) aspects.PhD (English), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Yamamoto, Natsuki. "The use of modals in ESL academic writing." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1727.
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Leow, James A. "An Amphichronic Analysis of Modals of Necessity in Cuban Spanish." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594994490255345.
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Oliveira, Kelly Gomes de. "A leitura do outro e a modalidade linguística: impactos no percurso de formação de um jovem pesquisador." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-29042013-105705/.
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O objeto deste trabalho é a influência da intervenção de terceiros em textos escritos em contexto acadêmico por uma pesquisadora em formação em nível de iniciação científica. Mais especificamente, analisa a extensão dos efeitos das pontuações de seu orientador e de representantes de órgãos de fomento no uso da modalidade linguística, em poucas palavras, a marca material da relação do falante com suas palavras. A modalidade linguística também pode ser definida como [...] a intervenção do falante a propósito do conteúdo de sua mensagem (ILARI, 2010. p. 34). A hipótese central da pesquisa é aquela segundo a qual as transformações na modalidade linguística, expressa pelos verbos empregados, podem ser correlacionadas com alterações da imagem que o jovem pesquisador faz: de si próprio, de seus potenciais leitores e do próprio texto. Assim, tendo como objetivo geral descrever as alterações que podem ser correlacionadas com as intervenções dos leitores na utilização da modalidade linguística, este trabalho examina versões de textos cujo objetivo último é compor o relatório de pesquisa, quais sejam: versões de relatórios de três iniciações científicas realizadas no Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação científica (PIBIC) de uma universidade pública paulista. Os relatórios foram escritos por uma mesma informante no período de março de 2007 a março de 2009. A dissertação foi, portanto, norteada pela seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: em que medida é possível correlacionar as intervenções feitas por terceiros na utilização da modalidade linguística por uma pesquisadora em formação em versões de seu relatório de iniciação científica?A análise dos dados permitiu verificar que, depois de devolutivas de leitores como, por exemplo, as do orientador, quando questiona uma versão de texto apresentada pela aluna existem inequívocas alterações na composição textual e também no uso das modalidades. Pode-se dizer, portanto, que o uso das modalidades é um retrato dos ajustes textuais que o pesquisador em formação se vê convidado a fazer na medida em que refina a imagem da comunidade acadêmica em que está inserido. Realizando o cotejamento da alteração do uso da modalidade nos três relatórios analisados, foi possível notar que o processo não é linear nem teleológico. Nos dois primeiros relatórios de pesquisa, aparentemente houve uma evolução da qualidade da escrita. No segundo relatório, a informante mostrou-se mais capaz de ajustar seu texto às expectativas de seu orientador com relação ao que seja fazer um trabalho acadêmico e também para incluir o seu leitor por causa da quantidade de intervenção e reescrita. Na terceira pesquisa, entretanto, parte desse processo não teve continuidade. Como a informante mudou de tema de pesquisa, aparentemente, se viu mais interessada em construir um lugar enunciativo próprio do que investir na forma canônica do texto. Assim, paradoxalmente, o relatório mais elaborado do ponto de vista ideacional é o menos trabalhado no que tange à elaboração textual. Aqui, o leitor externo, por meio das operações de recusa, suplementação e silêncio, voltou a ganhar importância no processo de escrita e, desse modo, acolheu a mudança de patamar ambicionado pela jovem, possibilitando a ressignificação de seu engajamento na pesquisa.The object of this work is the influence of institutional readers intervention in texts written in academic context by a researcher from undergraduate level. More specifically, it examines the extent of the effects of the scores from her advisor and a representative of funding agencies in the use of linguistic modality, which, can be referred as the material evidence from the speakers\' relationship with their own words. The linguistic modality can also be defined as \"[...] the intervention of the speaker concerning the content of his message\" (ILARI, 2010, p. 34). The central hypothesis of the research is that the changes in the linguistic modality expressed by the verbs employed, can be correlated with changes in the image that makes the young researcher: of herself, of her potential text readers and of the text itself. Thus, with the overall aim to describe the changes that can be correlated with assistance from readers in the use of linguistic modality, this paper examines versions of texts whose ultimate goal is to compose the research report, namely: three versions of initiations scientific reports performed in Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação científica - PIBIC (Institutional Scholarship Program for Scientific Initiation) at a public university in São Paulo. These reports are from the same informant, written in the period March 2007 to March 2009. The dissertation was therefore guided by the following research question: to what extent it is possible to correlate the interventions made by others in the use of linguistic modality for a researcher in development, in versions of her report? Data analysis showed that, after feedback from readers - as, for example, the advisor, when he questions the text version presented by the student - there are clear changes in the text composition, and also in the use of modalities. One can therefore say that the use of modalities is a picture of the textual adjustments that a researcher in training makes, in other words, it also represents the way through which she refines the image of the academic community in which her paper is inserted. Performing the comparison of the change of the use of linguistic modality in three reports analyzed, it was noticeable that the process is not linear or teleological. In the first two research reports, apparently there was a change in the quality of her writing. In the second report, the informant was more able to: adjust her text to the expectations of her advisor about what is making an academic paper; and also to include her reader because of the amount of intervention and rewriting. In the third research, however, part of this process was not followed. As the informant changed her subject\'s study, apparently, she found herself more interested in building a proper place of enunciation than investing in a canonical text. Thus, paradoxically, the more elaborated the report from an ideational point of view is, the least worked regarding the textual construction it is. Here, the external reader, through the operations of \"refusal\", \"supplementation\" and \"silence\", regained importance in the writing process and thus welcomed the step change taken by the young researcher, enabling the redefinition of her engagement in research.
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Lai, Catherine. "A formal framework for linguistic tree query /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001594.
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Adetomokun, Idowu Jacob. "A systemic functional linguistics (SFL) analysis of Yoruba students’ narratives of identity at three Western Cape universities." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3290.
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Masters of ArtThere has been a great deal of research exploring Halliday’s (1978, 1994, 2004)Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) approach. However, there has been little work that specifically targets SFL to explore African discourse. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) views language as “social semiotic”, that is, language is functional in terms of what it can do or what can be done with it; and semantic in that it is used to make meanings (Halliday’s, 1978). This study explores SFL to analyse narratives of identity as told by Yoruba students at three Western Cape Universities: University of the Western Cape (UWC), University of Cape Town (UCT) and University of Stellenbosch (SUN). This research is both quantitative and qualitative in outlook and results of the study are presented. I used the qualitative method to collect and analyse the data; but a certain amount of quantitative analysis was presented as well in order to determine the predominant identity options favoured by the students. A total of 14 Yoruba students were interviewed for data collection which was analysed with SFL interpersonal metafunction theoretical approach. Specifically, the study examines linguistic choices that the students utilize to maintain and reconstruct their identities in Cape Town. This concentrates on the aspects of Mood component combining Subject and Finite element, Residual component comprising Predicator, Complement and Adjunct as well as Modality in participants’ narratives. Besides, an important aspect of the study was the consideration given to ethical issues. Analyses are presented on tables showing the frequencies of the interpersonal elements as configuration for preference use of different Subjects, Finites, Predicators, Complement and Adjuncts to either strengthen or weaken positions. Equally, the metaphorically expressions of objectivity to highlight the continuities and contradictions in the students’ narratives of identity in the diaspora was considered. These serve as interpersonal elements used by participants for stylizing and personalizing different identities options. Also, the study presents how the students organize their message for cohesion/coherence in their narratives. Thus, SFL establishes how the linguistic choices of the students reflect identity options in their new environment. The study shows the strengths of systemic-functional approach in its integration of what the students said, with what they might mean within the situation in which they said them. Finally, I conclude that these elements of interpersonal metafunction framework make participants’ narratives coherent while revealing the different identities they appropriated in the diaspora.
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Velloso, Mônica Monken. "Um estudo da idiomatização da construção modal com o verbo dar no Português do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2007. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4636.
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O presente estudo tem como objeto a Construção Modal com o Verbo dar, que pode ser observada em: “eles vão tirar o tumor que tá pressionando o coração, daí vai dar pra ler seu nome escrito lá”. Pretende-se investigar como o processo de gramaticalização desta Construção vem se desenvolvendo no Português do Brasil. Toma-se aqui um fio de Ariadne trançado a partir das concepções de linguagem, cognição, gramática e uso fornecidos pela Lingüística Cognitiva, pela Gramática das Construções e pelos Modelos de Linguagem Baseados no Uso. A investigação é feita através de análise de freqüências da língua em uso: dados de interação oral e escrita (on-line via Internet); além desta análise, foram coletadas variadas ocorrências em gêneros textuais diversos. O estudo demonstra ser, a Construção Modal com dar, uma nova construção, por sua presença minoritária entre as modais encontradas e por ser ainda rara em gêneros textuais não-oralizados. Além disso, aponta para a predominância de usos da Modalidade de Raiz sobre as outras categorias modais. Foi possível também demonstrar as fases do processo de gramaticalização/idiomatização da Modal com dar, que demonstrou ser uma Construção em processo de idiomatização.
The present study aims to investigate the process of grammaticalization of the Modal Construction with the verb dar (to give) in Brazilian Portuguese: “they will remove the tumor that is pressuring the heart, and it will give to read (it will be possible to read) your name written there”. Following the Ariadne’s thread braided from the conceptions of language, cognition, grammar and use provided for Cognitive Linguistics, the Construction Grammar and the Usage Based Models of Language, we conducted a study of frequencies over data of the language in use: speech data and written data from interactions on-line via Internet and we also collected samples from different discourse data. The study demonstrates that the modal construction with dar (to give) is a new construction, for the minority occurrence of such modal construction especially in written discourse. Moreover, the survey shows that the Root Modality is predominant. It was also possible to follow the paths of the ongoing construction’s grammaticalization process.
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Castineira, Benítez Teresa Aurora. "Exploring political, institutional and professional discourses in Mexico a critical, multimodal approach /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/70422.
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Silva, Talita Rodrigues da. "Tempo, aspecto e modalidade em Pykobjê-Gavião (Timbira): a linguística em discussão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-08022017-120924/.
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No presente estudo buscamos analisar tempo, aspecto e modalidade (COMRIE, 1976, 1985; GIVÓN, 1995; MIRANDA, 2005), no dialeto Timbira conhecido como Pykobjê-Gavião (Tronco Macro-Jê, Família Jê). Inicialmente, discutimos as questões referentes aos pólos da linguística, focando em: (i) pólo formalista, (ii) pólo funcionalista e (iii) cognitivistas. Trouxemos, então, a temática da comunidade de fala, língua e uso(s). Abordamos a perspectiva da educação (FILHO, 2006; PATTO, 1996), refletindo sobre as políticas públicas, que envolvem alfabetização (OLIVEIRA, 2001) e letramento (TFOUNI, 2006), a partir de uma proposta crítica acerca da noção de identidade (RIBEIRO, 2006; RODRIGUES, 2006). Discutimos também o papel da sociocognição e empreendemos um exercício a partir do referencial teórico de Myers-Scotton (2002).In this thesis, we have analised tense, aspect and modality (COMRIE, 1976, 1985; GIVÓN, 1995; MIRANDA, 2005), in one Timbiras dialect, known as Pykobjê-Gavião (Macro-Jê Branch, Jê Family). Initially, we have discussed the issues about the points of linguistics, focusing on: (i) formalists, (ii) functionalists and (iii) cognitive linguistics. We assumed then the theme of the speech community, language and its use(s). We approach the perspective of education (FILHO, 2006; PATTO, 1996), thinking about the public policy involving literacy (OLIVEIRA, 2001; TFOUNI, 2006), from a critical proposal about the critical perspective of identity (RIBEIRO , 2006; Rodrigues, 2006). We also have discussed about the role of sociocognition and made efforts for the theoretical framework of Myers-Scotton (2002).
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Fernandes, Magda Bahia Schlee de Brito. "A Modalidade em português: uma abordagem sistêmico-funcional das orações principais." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=965.
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Este trabalho tem por objeto as estruturas gramaticais portuguesas tradicionalmente
denominadas orações principais. Considerando seu uso em textos, essa estrutura é analisada
sob a perspectiva sistêmico-funcional com base na hipótese de que essas construções, quando
ligadas a orações subordinadas substantivas, veiculam significados interpessoais. O estudo
dessas orações baseou-se em um corpus formado por editoriais de jornal. O levantamento e a
análise das ocorrências revelaram a contribuição dessas estruturas para a indicação da
modalidade. A partir da revisão crítica dos conceitos de oração principal em gramáticas de
diferentes orientações teóricas, passou-se a analisar o significado das estruturas na
metafunção interpessoal. Desse modo, comprovou-se a importância dessas estruturas em
textos de orientação argumentativa. A análise do significado interpessoal dessas construções
torna possível, pois, uma melhor compreensão do seu potencial semântico e de sua
funcionalidade no discurso.The object of this work are the Portuguese grammatical structures tradicionally known as main clauses. Considering their use in texts, the main clauses are analyzed from a systemicfunctional perspective based on the hypothesis that these constructions, when connected with certain kinds oh subordinate clauses, carry in themselves interpersonal meanings. The study of these clauses in newspaper editorials has revealed their contribution to the indication of modality. After a critical revision of the concepts of main clauses in grammars of different theoretical orientation, these structures were analyzed in the interpersonal metafunction. The analysis of the interpersonal meaning of these constructions allows a better understanding of their semantic potential as well as their discourse functionality.
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Tescari, Neto Aquiles 1983. "AdvPs de aspecto habitual como modalizadores inerentes : um estudo translinguistico." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/268920.
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Orientador: Sonia Maria Lazzarini CyrinoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O estudo da modalização na literatura lingüística tem excluído do grupo dos advérbios modalizadores os que indicam aspecto habitual (como ¿normalmente¿ e ¿geralmente¿, em português; ¿usually¿ e ¿generally¿, em inglês; ¿tongchang¿, em chinês; ¿sinithos¿, em grego; etc.). Esta dissertação propõe, ao assumir a Teoria dos Especificadores Funcionais, uma abordagem formal de sintaxe adverbial (Cinque, 1999, 2004), que advérbios habituais constituem, nas línguas do mundo, um subgrupo de modalizadores de descomprometimento do falante, como os epistêmicos (¿provavelmente¿), os irrealis (¿talvez¿) e os aléticos de possibilidade (¿possivelmente¿), considerados os representantes dos AdvPs modais. AdvPs habituais, a exemplo dos outros AdvPs modalizadores, tornam a proposição indeterminada em relação a seu estatuto factual (definição de modalidade proposta em Narrog (2005)). Com base na agramaticalidade de sentenças envolvendo, no espaço IP, advérbios habituais e advérbios modalizadores tradicionais, propomos que os advérbios de aspecto habitual são modalizadores inerentes, por reagirem à presença dos outros modalizadores. Para tanto, formulamos a Condição (¿tau¿), que bloquearia as sentenças com itens funcionais de mesmo traço em um XP funcional (CP, IP ou DP estendidos). Evidência adicional para o reconhecimento dos advérbios habituais como modalizadores vem do comportamento também modalizador do núcleo de aspecto habitual, em línguas que o expressam morfofonologicamente, como o grego, o coreano e o basco. Nesse sentido, não apenas os adverbiais aspectuais habituais são modalizadores; o aspecto habitual como um todo instanciaria modalização
Abstract: The study of modality available in general Linguistics literature has excluded from the group of modal adverbs those which indicate habitual aspect, such as ¿normalmente¿ and ¿geralmente¿, in Portuguese; ¿usually¿ and ¿generally¿, in English; ¿tongchang¿, in Chinese; ¿sinithos¿ in Modern Greek, etc. By acknowledging the Funtional-Specifiers Theory, a formal approach to adverbial Syntax (Cinque, 1999, 2004), this thesis proposes the idea that habitual aspect adverbs are indeed modal ones, such as the epistemic (¿probably¿), irrealis (¿perhaps¿) and alethic of possibility (¿possibly¿) adverbs, usually considered as the representatives of modal AdvP classes. Habitual adverbs, as the traditional modal adverbs, make the proposition undetermined with respect to its factual status (Narrog (2005)¿s definition of modality). Based on the ungrammaticality of sentences which have habitual adverbs and traditional modal ones in the extended-IP space, we will propose that habitual aspect AdvPs are inherent modals: they cannot co-occur with another modal adverb, as a consequence of ¿_ (tau) Condition¿, which we have formulated to account for the ungrammatical sentences which have more than one functional item (Spec or Head) in the same functional XP domain (extended CP, IP or DP). Additional evidence for the modal status of habitual aspect adverbs comes from the moda behavior of the habitual aspect head in some languages which express morphophonologically the habitual aspect, such as Modern Greek, Korean and Basque. In this sense, Habitual Aspect as a whole, no only habitual aspect adverbs, would express modality in the languages of the world
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística
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Alves, Rosana Ferreira. "A expressão de modalidades tipicas do subjuntivo em duas sincronias do portugues : seculo XVI e contemporaneidade." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269021.
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Orientadores: Anna Christina Bentes da Silva, Josane Moreira de OliveiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta tese investiga a expressão de modalidades típicas do subjuntivo em duas sincronias do português: século XVI (dados de GANDAVO, 1556) e contemporaneidade (dados de Muriaé-MG e de Feira de Santana-BA). Utilizam-se dos pressupostos teóricos e procedimentos metodológicos da Sociolingüística Quantitativa (LABOV, 1972, 1994) e analisam-se os contextos de tempo presente das sentenças completivas, adverbiais e relativas. Nesse trabalho, aventa-se a hipótese central de que em diversas fases do português, o fenômeno do uso do subjuntivo não esta apenas relacionado a co-ocorrencia do indicativo e do subjuntivo, como costumam abordar na literatura sociolinguistica (cf. BIANCHET, 1996; MEIRA, 2006; FAGUNDES, 2007, dentre outros), mas também a realização de estruturas alternativas, a saber: sentenças que se apresentam com a forma verbal nominalizada, no gerúndio, no infinitivo, elíptica ou no futuro condicional. Aventa-se, também, a hipótese de que o português falado no solo mineiro esteja manifestando uma etapa mais avançada do processo de variação linguística. Mas especificamente, no caso do uso do presente do subjuntivo, assume-se a hipótese de que construções com a forma verbal no presente do subjuntivo não estejam tão frequentes no vernáculo mineiro como esta no baiano, fato que se manifesta pela recorrência, em índices mais altos, dos usos do presente do indicativo e de estruturas alternativas nos dados de Muriaé-MG. Para, assim, caracterizar o fenômeno em estudo, busca-se verificar a atuação de fatores estruturais e sociais na co-ocorrência indicativo/subjuntivo e no uso de estruturas alternativas, bem como, identificar os aspectos sintáticos e semânticos apresentados por essas estruturas. Em conclusão encontra-se exposto o que pode ser sintetizado nas seguintes palavras: a expressão das modalidades típicas do subjuntivo apresenta nas duas sincronias pontos em comum e características díspares. Eis os pontos afins: alto índice de uso de estruturas alternativas (em torno de 70%), exceto em contexto de sentenças relativas; co-ocorrência indicativo/subjuntivo, sobretudo em contexto de adverbiais e relativas. Referente aos pontos díspares, cada quadro sincrônico do fenômeno apresenta-se impar em relação a atuação de fatores estruturais e sociais. Com isso, atesta-se, assim, a validade da hipótese de que o fenômeno do não-uso do subjuntivo encontra-se em estagio mais avançado na amostra mineira do que na baiana.
Abstract: This thesis investigates the expression of typical modalities of the subjunctive in two synchronies of the Portuguese: century XVI (data of GANDAVO, 1556) and contemporarily (data from Muriae-MG and Feira de Santana-BA). The estimated theoreticians and methodological procedures of the Quantitative Sociolinguistics use themselves of (LABOV, 1972, 1994) and analyze the contexts of present time of the completive, adverbial and relative clauses. In this work it is suggested the central hypothesis of that in diverse phases of the Portuguese, the phenomenon of the use of the subjunctive is not only related to the co-occurrence of the indicative and the subjunctive, as they used to considered in sociolinguistics literature (cf. BIANCHET, 1996; MEIRA, 2006; FAGUNDES, 2007, amongst others), but also to the realization of alternative structures, namely, sentences which present themselves with the verbal forms nominalizated, in the gerund, in the infinitive, elliptical or in the conditional future. It also suggests the hypothesis of that the Portuguese said in the "mineiro" area is revealed a stage more advanced of the process of linguistic variation. But specifically, in the case of the use of the present of the subjunctive, it is assumed hypothesis of that constructions with the verbal form in the present of the subjunctive are not so frequent in vernacular "mineiro" as it is in the "baiano", fact which manifests by the recurrence, in higher levels, of the uses of the present of the indicative and alternative structures in the data of Muriae-MG. For, thus, characterizing the phenomenon in studying, it is tried to verify the performance of structural and social factors in co-occurrence of indicative/subjunctive and the use of alternative structures, as well as identifying the syntactic and semantic aspects that characterize these structures. In conclusion, it is displayed what it can be synthesized in the following words: the expression of the typical modalities of the subjunctive presents in common in the two synchronies points and different characteristics. Here it is the similar points: high index of use of alternative structures (around 70%), except in context of relative sentences; co-occurrence of the indicative/ subjunctive, over all in context of adverbial and relative clauses. Referring to the points, we can affirm that each synchronous set of the phenomenon is presented odd in relation to the performance of structural and social factors. With this, it is certified, thus, the validity of the hypothesis of that the phenomenon of the not-use of the subjunctive is found in a more advanced stage in the "mineiro" sample of than in the "baiano" one.
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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Haskell, Janae. "Deontic modal use in American English." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16905.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Modern Languages
Mary Copple
Modality, a concept for which linguists have struggled to come to an agreed-upon, comprehensive definition, has been the subject of many linguistic studies over the last several decades. The contemporary English modal system has a long history of semantic and morphological development, or grammaticalization, which currently consists of auxiliary modals that function with lexical verbs to express levels of obligation, necessity, ability, permission, and degrees of certainty. For native speakers of English, determining the appropriate contexts and form of a specific modal verb is second nature. However, grasping the contextual complexity of the English modal system can be difficult for English language learners. Deontic modals such as must, have to, have (got) to and should are often presented to English language learners as relatively equal in meaning and contextual appropriateness, which makes gaining a native-like command of these modals even more difficult. This study, on a small scale, describes contemporary usage through a comparison of similar studies and data from a series of sociolinguistic interviews with native speakers of American English. The participants range from the ages of 25-50. They were chosen from the local population of Manhattan, KS and have lived in Kansas for a minimum of 10 years. Through a quantitative analysis of the tokens, patterns of dialogic use will be extrapolated from the linguistic data. The research questions will seek to find established patterns of deontic modal use that in order to identify practical applications of usage-based research for textbook publishers, curriculum designers, and educators.
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Mokhathi-Mbhele, Masechaba Mahloli M. L. "Independent clause Sesotho personal names as texts in context: a systemic functional linguistics approach." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3348.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study sought to examine independent clause Sesotho personal names as authentic social discourse using the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory. It sought to analyze their structure and map them to social functions to demonstrate that they are enacted messages in socio-cultural context of Basotho. It used a form-meaning approach to interpret Sesotho names in socio-cultural contexts of use (cf. Halliday 1994, 2001, Eggins, 1996, 2004 and Martin & Rose 2007) as an alternative to the current formalist approach to onomastica interpretation. The SFL analysis was compared and contrasted mainly with the formalist syntactic specific and semantic specific analyses currently in use by Guma, Sesotho Academy and subsequent authors of Sesotho grammar and other linguists. The purpose of displaying these names as texts in social context enfolded the intent to reflect a systemic interface of lexico-grammar and social activity. The study used the clause-text-culture paradigm to explore Sesotho names as texts or semantic units. The idea was to access their ‘meanings beyond the clause’ (Martin & Rose 2007). Data was collected from national examinations pass lists, admission and employment roll lists from Public, Private, Tertiary, Orphanage institutions. Other data was identified in Telephone directories and Media. The purely linguistic lexico-grammatic analysis of the structure of names was supplemented by interview data from real interpretations from families, owners and senior citizens who have social and cultural knowledge of the meanings of some names. The study has established that Sesotho personal names can present as an independent clause feature. Sesotho personal names can also be described as lexico-grammatical properties and are meaningful in social contexts. They are used to exchange information as statements, demands and commands, and as questions and as exclamations. This means that these names can be categorized according to Halliday’s Mood types which make them function as declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives and exclamatives depending on the awarder’s evaluation. The study also finds that in negotiating attitudes, modality is highly incorporated. The study concludes that Sesotho names conform to the logical structures of the nominal group and the verbal group and these groups reciprocate in use. The verbal group is the core constituent in these names and it serves as a foundation for the nominal and verbal groups particularly because they function as reciprocating propositions. This includes the names with the sub-modification features. This extends the formalist description of Sesotho independent clause in that the identified sub-modifications which are opague and taken for granted by formalist analysts of Sesotho, are explicated as essential elements embedded in the formmeaning relation in SFL. The main contribution is that this is the only study on SFL and onomastica. There is no study that has been conducted using SFL to describe African names. It presents that Sesotho personal names are texts that have been negotiated in socio-cultural contexts. It provides a major departure from most studies that have used the Chomskian formulations or other sociolinguistic theories to describe the naming systems. It displays the art and importance of language use based on experience and culture in the naming system. The study also contributes to fields such as education, history, and others. Lastly, the study has established a new relation of onomastica and SFL theory and onomastica can now be added to the areas “being recognized as providing a very useful descriptive and interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning-making resource.” (Eggins 1996:1).
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Hüttenrauch, Oliver. "Verwendung des Konjunktivs bei indirekter Redewiedergabe in der wissenschaftlichen Textproduktion." Master's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-33326.
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Ausgehend von der Frage nach der Funktionsrelevanz des Konjunktivs als Anzeiger für 'Indirekte Rede' wird in einem zweiten Schritt das modale Funktionspotential von Indikativ, Konjunktiv I und II im Spannungsfeld von Sprachnorm, Sprachvariation und Sprachsystem diskutiert. Im Fokus stehen dabei die so genannte 'Berichtete Rede' und abhängige Verbletztsätze. Die anschließende empirische Untersuchung erhebt mittels speziell entwickelter Lückensätze, inwieweit mit der Modusverwendung in beiden Strukturen textsortenstilistische Empfehlungen und textgrammatische Regeln befolgt werden. Eine zusätzliche Befragung zielt darauf ab, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Verwendung einer Modusform und dem Ausdruck einer Sprechereinstellung (Zustimmung, Neutralität, Skepsis und Ablehnung) zum Wahrheitsgehalt der wiedergegebenen Information feststellbar ist. Die statistische Auswertung ergibt einerseits, dass die Mehrheit sowohl der nichtmuttersprachlichen, als auch der muttersprachlichen Studierenden die wiedergegebene fremde Rede entweder gar nicht oder nicht konsequent als solche kenntlich macht und damit gegen die Wahrung geistigen Eigentums verstößt. Andererseits führt auch die Beobachtung eines häufig unsystematischen Modusformengebrauchs in beiden Probandengruppen nicht zum Nachweis, dass mit diesen grammatischen Mitteln mehrheitlich spezifische Sprechereinstellungen ausgedrückt würden.
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Chavez, Thomas David F. Luechai Sringernyuang. "The language of uncertainty in a new illness : hedging and modality in the biomedical discourse of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) /." Abstract, 2004. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2547/cd366/4537982.pdf.
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Anyona, Ondigi Evans. "Face-work and identities in a discussion about xenophobia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3994.
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Magister Artium - MAInternational students arriving at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) from other African countries find themselves in a position of having to negotiate their identities and positions with their South African counterparts. The local students too are faced with the prospect of doing the same since they have to coexist with the former. This study aims to investigate how, in a discussion about xenophobia, a selection of UWC students perform face-work and negotiate or construct their identities as well as those of their coparticipants and position themselves in relation to each other. I was interested in exploring how the participants, who were representative of the two groups that clashed in the xenophobic attacks of 2008, would engage with each other while discussing this sensitive topic.The data was gathered during an open-ended discussion among four UWC postgraduate students in a casual, relaxed setting (my room on campus). The transcribed data was then analyzed using a combination of theoretical frameworks from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Discourse Analysis. In particular, the SFL theory of modality(Halliday 1994) and Engagement (Martin and White 2005) and Goffman’s (1999[1967]) notion of face were used as tools of analysis.The analysis reveals that participants use a variety of linguistic choices and discourse strategies to maintain face during the discussion of this sensitive topic of xenophobia. The participants make an effort to take care of each other’s face (desires to be appreciated and left free of any imposition) and keep conflicts to a minimum even when they at times disagree and give incriminatory information about each other. It also reveals that the participants, in addition to maintaining face, also construct and negotiate identities which in turn help build in-group solidarity and provide a sense of belonging to them.
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Castro, Nilsson Manú. "Att få se, få höra och få veta : Perifrastiska uttryck av inkoativitet och futurum i skriven svenska." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170261.
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Denna studie undersöker samspelet mellan de semantiska kategorierna inkoativitet, futurum och modalitet i få/får/fick/fått + perceptionsverbskonstruktioner i skriven svenska , samt om det går att systematiskt skilja mellan dessa kategorier i form av frekvens och kontext. Enligt Åke Viberg framstår få som rätt språkspecifikt i sitt polysema omfång jämfört med andra europeiska språk, såsom engelska, finska, tyska och franska (Viberg 2009: 105, 119, 2012: 1413). Vidare påstår han att perceptionsverben se, höra och veta i samband med få som hjälpverb (få + perceptionsverb) uttrycker inkoativitet och även att den inkoativa betydelsen är semantiskt nära besläktad med futurum (Viberg 2002: 123, 2012: 1444). Inkoativitet innebär ett predikats uttryck för övergång (Bybee et al., 1994), ofta utan någon som helst hänvisning till vad som orsakar det övergående skedet (Viberg 2002: s.129). Studien är en korpusundersökning baserad på skönlitterära texter och pressmaterial från 70- till 90-talet, där 50 meningar per perceptionsverb analyseras utifrån de semantiska kategorier de anses uttrycka. Resultaten tyder på att det inte går att semantiskt kategorisera konstruktionerna få + perceptionsverb som en kategori för sig, som uttrycker inkoativitet och futurum. Konstruktionerna uppvisar en viss semantisk relation till futurum och inkoativa betydelser men är även i stor utsträckning kopplade till andra funktioner av få + verb i infinitiv, särskilt modalitet. Undersökningen tillför en ökad förståelse för få:s polysema grammatiska beteende samt bidrar till den allmänna förståelsen för tempus, aspekt och modalitet i svenska.This paper studies the interplay between inchoative, future and modal meanings in constructions containing the verb of possession få (in all of its four conjugations) + verbs of perception in written Swedish, and seeks to find out if it is possible to systematically differentiate these categories from each other in terms of frequency and context. According to Åke Viberg, the Swedish verb of possession få appears to be quite language specific with its polysemic characteristics compared to other European languages, such as English, Finnish, German and French (Viberg 2009: s.105, 119, 2012: s.1413). Viberg also suggests that få in combination with either of the three verbs of perception se ‘see’, höra ‘hear’, veta ‘know’ expresses inchoative sense, to which he further states the future sense is closely related to (Viberg 2002: 123, 2012: 1444). The inchoative sense is when a predicate expresses transition (Bybee et al., 1994), often with a lack of explicit reference to the cause of the transition (Viberg 2002: s.129). The study is a corpus investigation, which includes a selection of fiction and newspaper material ranging from the 1970s to the 1990s. 50 sentences per perception verb are analysed based on the semantic categories that they are considered being an expression of. The results show that the få + perception verb constructions are not semantically classifiable as a category which expresses the inchoative and future sense. Apart from displaying some connection with the inchoative and future meanings, these constructions appear to be well integrated with other functions expressed by få + infinitive verbs, primarily modality. In addition to provide an increased understanding of the polysemic grammatical behaviour of få as an auxiliary verb, this investigation also contributes to the overall knowledge of tense, aspect and modality in Swedish.
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Börstell, Carl. "Object marking in the signed modality : Verbal and nominal strategies in Swedish Sign Language and other sign languages." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141669.
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In this dissertation, I investigate various aspects of object marking and how these manifest themselves in the signed modality. The main focus is on Swedish Sign Language (SSL), the national sign language of Sweden, which is the topic of investigation in all five studies. Two of the studies adopt a comparative perspective, including other sign languages as well. The studies comprise a range of data, including corpus data, elicited production, and acceptability judgments, and combine quantitative and qualitative methods in the analyses. The dissertation begins with an overview of the topics of valency, argument structure, and object marking, primarily from a spoken language perspective. Here, the interactions between semantics and morphosyntax are presented from a typological perspective, introducing differential object marking as a key concept. With regard to signed language, object marking is discussed in terms of both verbal and nominal strategies. Verbal strategies of object marking among sign languages include directional verbs, object handshape classifiers, and embodied perspective in signing. The first study investigates the use of directionality and object handshapes as object marking strategies in Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), Israeli Sign Language (ISL), and SSL. It is shown that the strategies generally display different alignments in terms of the types of objects targeted, which is uniform across languages, but that directionality is much more marginal in ABSL than in the other two languages. Also, we see that there is a connection between object marking strategies and the animacy of the object, and that the strategies, object animacy, and word order preferences interact. In the second and third studies, SSL is investigated with regard to the transitive–reflexive distinction. Here, we see that there are interactional effects between object handshapes and the perspective taken by the signer. This points to intricate iconic motivations of combining and structuring complex verb sequences, such as giving preference to agent focusing structures (e.g., agent perspective and handling handshapes). Furthermore, the use of space is identified as a crucial strategy for reference tracking, especially when expressing semantically transitive events. Nominal strategies include object pronouns and derivations of the sign PERSON. The fourth study provides a detailed account of the object pronoun OBJPRO in SSL, which is the first in-depth description of this sign. It is found that the sign is in widespread use in SSL, often corresponds closely to object pronouns of spoken Swedish, and is argued to be grammaticalized from the lexical sign PERSON. In the final study, the possible existence of object pronouns in other sign languages is investigated by using a sample of 24 languages. This analysis reveals that the feature is found mostly in the Nordic countries, suggesting areal contact phenomena. However, the study also shows that there are a number of derivations of PERSON, such as reflexive pronouns, agreement auxiliaries, and case markers. The use of PERSON as a source of grammaticalization for these functions is attributed to both semantic and phonological properties of the sign. This dissertation is unique in that it is dedicated to the topic of object marking in the signed modality. It brings a variety of perspectives and methods together in order to investigate the domain of object marking, cross-linguistically and cross-modally.
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Sveréus, Camilla. "Como debe ser : La traducción al sueco del verbo deber en una novela contemporáne." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för moderna språk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-192209.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesina trata las varias maneras de traducir el verbo modal deber (de) al sueco en la novela La Sombra del Viento de Carlos Ruiz Zafón. Compara los resultados con la descripción de los verbos modales suecos en Svenska Akademiens Grammatik. La investigación revela que el uso de los verbos en la traducción en cuestión generalmente corresponde a la descripción de SAG, pero hay excepciones. Las muchas ocurrencias de måste deóntico señala que el sentido de necesidad que expresa no es tan fuerte como sostiene SAG, y además no solo se usa en presente sino también mucho como forma de pasado. En cuanto a deber (de) epistémico, los resultados indican que su significado tiene un campo de aplicación tan grande que los modales suecos no son suficientes como traducciones. No aparece ningún ejemplo de lär en todo el corpus. Además el estudio enfoca la división entre deber y deber de, en la que parece que está en marcha un cambio lingüístico.
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Philippsen, Neusa Ines. "A constituição do léxico norte mato-grossense na perspectiva geolinguística: abordagens sócio-semântico-lexicais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-13092013-125309/.
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Esta tese, que se fundamenta nos princípios da Geolinguística contemporânea e da Sociolinguística Variacionista, se propôs a refletir sobre a língua portuguesa falada em quatro cidades do norte mato-grossense (Vera, Santa Carmem, Sinop e Cláudia), e apresenta como resultados a transcrição, catalogação, registros e análises de variantes lexicais em uso pelos sujeitos moradores dessas cidades. Para tanto, utilizou-se de recursos teórico-metodológicos que permitiram a documentação da diversidade linguística lexical desses espaços geográficos no presente e, por conseguinte, descrever um recorte da linguagem efetivamente usada pela comunidade para representar o mundo que a cerca. Dentre eles, a pesquisa de campo para o recolhimento do corpus oral. Essa recolha se fez em dois momentos distintos, primeiramente colheram-se narrativas livres tomadas junto a vinte pioneiros dos quatro pontos de inquérito. Em seguida aplicaramse 210 questões a quarenta sujeitos de ambos os gêneros, e divididos entre vinte migrantes, todos acima de 50 anos, e vinte descendentes nascidos na região (filhos ou netos), de 18 a 40 anos. As questões foram elaboradas a partir dos relatos de experiência pessoal recolhidos e amparadas, fundamentalmente, na versão final do questionário linguístico direcionado ao aspecto semântico-lexical (QSL) aprovada pelo Comitê Nacional do Projeto ALiB (2001). Com as respostas obtidas nestas entrevistas, organizou-se um banco de dados semântico-lexical, transcritos e registrados, posteriormente, em Tabelas Lexicais e Cartogramas. Desses registros de itens lexicais, selecionaram-se 36, aos quais foram tecidas observações de natureza geográfica e sociocultural. O olhar analítico dado permitiu que se apreendessem as influências étnicas e regionais que constituíram e ainda constituem o português falado no norte de Mato Grosso. Essas influências podem se resumidas na junção de todos os idioletos trazidos pelos migrantes de seus Estados de origem. Ressalta-se, ainda, que, para se chegar aos resultados alcançados e apresentados nesta pesquisa, foram utilizados 10 referenciais teóricos que se fundamentaram na teoria da variação de Labov, na concepção de norma de Coseriu e nas noções de estatística lexical de Muller, ainda que devidamente adaptadas à especificidade deste estudo. Assim sendo, compreende-se que esta pesquisa descritiva, interpretativa e reflexiva do caráter multidialetal existente na região em foco, pode contribuir com o acervo científico já existente de estudos geosócio- linguísticos, que visam a registrar e a documentar os diferentes falares e marcas dialetais existentes no território brasileiro.This thesis, which is based both on the contemporary Geo-linguistic principles and on the variationist socio-linguistics, aims to mull over the Portuguese language spoken in four towns in the North of Mato Grosso (Vera, Santa Carmem, Sinop and Cláudia) and, it presents the transcription cataloguing, records and analyses of lexical variations used by the dwellers of those towns. In order to do so, theoretical-methodological resources have been used, which allowed the documentation of the lexical linguistic diversity of the referred geographical spaces at the present time. Consequently we could describe a snippet of the language effectively used by the community to represent their surrounding world. Among them, the field research which helped us gather the oral corpus. This collection took place in two distinct moments, first the free narratives were gathered involving twenty pioneers from the four towns. Next a 210-item-questionnaire was applied to forty both male and female individuals, divided in 20 migrants all above 50 of age, and 20 descendents born in the region (children or grandchildren), between 18 to 40 years of age. The questions were worked out based on the reports of their personal experience gathered and fundamentally supported on the final version of the linguistic questionnaire aiming the semantic-lexical aspect (QSL), approved by the National Committee of the ALIB Project (2001). With the answers obtained through these interviews we have organized a semantic-lexical data bank, transcribed and registered later on in Lexical Tables and Cartograms. From these registries of lexical items, 36 words were selected, on which we have made remarks both of geographical and socio-cultural nature. The analytical regard allowed us to apprehend the regional and ethical influences that have constituted, and still do, the Portuguese spoken in the North of Mato Grosso. Such influences may be summed up in the junction of all idiolects brought by immigrants from their original states. It is worth pointing out that in order to get to the results gathered and presented in this research, the theoretical 12 references have been used, which were based on the variation theory by Labov; on the conception of precept by Coseriu, as well as on the lexical statistic notions by Muller, although properly adapted to the specificity of this study. Therefore, this descriptive interpretative and reflective research of the multi-dialectal aspect existent in the region in focus may contribute to the existing scientific patrimony of geo-socio-linguistic studies that aim to register and document the different ways of speaking and dialectal marks existing in the Brazilian territory.
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Oisel, Guillaume. "Morphosyntaxe et sémantique des auxiliaires et des connecteurs du tibétain littéraire : étude diachronique et synchronique." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914393.
Full textAbstract:
L'étude du système verbal du tibétain littéraire présente un intérêt typologique à plus d'un titre. D'une part, elle permet d'observer l'évolution du système verbal, notamment les constructions avec un auxiliaire et les connecteurs verbaux, sur une période de plus de mille ans. Cette langue classique a l'avantage d'avoir quasiment préservé la même orthographe au cours de cette très longue période. J'ai choisi de me concentrer sur la période du quinzième siècle en choisissant pour corpus principal une œuvre très célèbre : la biographie de Milarépa. J'ai ensuite comparé le système verbal de cette période avec le tibétain littéraire contemporain. La principale raison qui a motivé cette étude, est l'émergence en tibétain moyen d'un système d'auxiliaires indiquant l'évidentialité, c'est-à-dire la grammaticalisation de la source épistémologique et de l'accès à l'information. Le tibétain est la seule langue littéraire d'Asie ayant une grande ancienneté qui ait développé un système verbal évidentiel complexe. Outre l'étude de la sémantique grammaticale, la deuxième motivation à l'origine de cette étude est la syntaxe des constructions avec un auxiliaire et des connecteurs du tibétain moyen et leur évolution en tibétain littéraire contemporain. Les données du tibétain littéraire et les analyses synchronique et diachronique sont susceptibles d'apporter une contribution à la typologie aussi bien en ce qui concerne l'évidentialité et les modalités épistémiques qu'en ce qui concerne la syntaxe des auxiliaires et des connecteurs.
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Sbardolini, Giorgio. "From Language to Thought: On the Logical Foundations of Semantic Theory." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu155307880402531.
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