Academic literature on the topic 'Model materiálu Voce'

A simple mathematical model is proposed to account for emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from three-layer building materials. The model considers both the diffusion within three layer building materials and the mass transfer resistance through the air boundary layer. A general solution method based on Laplace transform is presented. Compared to other models capable of accounting for emissions of VOCs from multi layer building materials, the present model is fully analytical instead of being numerical. The present model was validated by the experimental data from the specially designed test. The results indicated that there was a good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data. It can also be seen from calculation that model ignoring the boundary layer resistance cannot fully reflect the real situation.

The event of 11 September 2001 underscored the need to study the vulnerability of buildings to weapons of mass destruction, including chemical, biological, physical and radiological agents. Should these agents be released inside a building, they would interact with interior surfaces, building materials and furnishings, and could remain for a long period in an indoor environment. This study provides insights into the sink effect and absorption mechanisms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments. In this study, the sink effect was investigated with building materials (e.g. painted gypsum wallboard, vinyl flooring, carpet and mortar) and VOCs, ethylbenzene, 1-butanol, decane and dodecane, which were used as surrogates of toxic chemicals. Vinyl flooring has the strongest sink for ethylbenzene and dodecane. The sink experimental data were employed to evaluate the Langmuir-isotherm and diffusion sink models. Test data were also compared to a no-sink model. The sorption and desorption rate constants for the Langmuir-isotherm model were obtained. Mass balance was analysed. There were strong correlations between equilibrium partition coefficients from the Langmuir-isotherm model and equilibrium partition coefficients and the effective diffusion coefficients from the sink diffusion model.

The flow functions for plastic deformation have been developed to describe the plastic behavior of sheet metals. In order to explain the plastic behavior of material in metal forming processes via finite element analyses, two basic input functions should be applied. One is the yield function that determines the yielding behavior. The other is flow function to describe the hardening property of sheet metal. To describe the hardening properties of sheet materials under quasi-static tension condition in a wide range of plastic straining, various different equations are known such as classical Swift, Voce, Holloman, combined Swift-Voce, and recently proposed Kim-Tuan equations, etc. Those hardening equations are based on metallurgical or phenomenological investigations, and however the application of each equation has some limitation. In this study, the random growth of the binary tree method is introduced to develop the reliable hardening equations of various sheet metals (i.e. DP980, Pure Ti, AA5052-O, STS304, Ti-Gr2, and Mg-AZ31B) with no knowledge of existing hardening equation types. To evaluate the proposed method, the proposed equations developed by new approach are compared with the Voce, Swift, and Kim-Tuan hardening equations for stress-strain curve and the plastic instability point. Consequently, the proposed approach was proven to be very efficient to find the reliable and accurate hardening equation for any kind of materials.

U ovom radu opisana su osnovna načela i vladajuće jednadžbe za opis strujanja podzemne vode kroz porozni materijal. U svrhu dobivanja mjerodavnih vrijednosti pojedinih karakterističnih fizikalnih veličina kod strujanja podzemne vode u pjeskovitom poroznom materijalu (brzina procjeđivanja, ekvipotencijal u određenoj točki unutar prostora, hidraulički gradijenti, protok i sl.) korišten je fizikalni model GUNT HM169 koji čini sastavni dio hidrotehničkog laboratorija Građevinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci. U radu je opisan princip rada za navedeni fizikalni model te način pripreme samih eksperimentalnih pokusa. U tom pogledu, izrađeno je nekoliko hidrodinamičkih analiza strujanja podzemne vode u odnosu na varijabilnost potencijala gornje i donje vode, analiza strujanja ispod vertikalnog čeličnog žmurja (dijafragme) te analiza opstrujavanja podzemne vode ispod prostorno trapezno izmodelirane prirodne nasute brane. Za potrebe provođenja pokusa, nasuta brana ručno je izrađena od pleksi stakla. Svrha istraživanja kroz fizikalni model HM169 bila je dobivanje jasnije slike strujnog polja ispod pojedinih hidrotehničkih objekata i, posljedično, dobivanje simulacijskih prikaza propagacije toka podzemne vode koja je praćena žutim fluorescin traserom.

This paper presented a new analytical model of partial differential equations (pde) for volatile organic compounds (vocs) emission from porous building materials. By applying Laplace transformation the representations for vocs concentration in the chamber and in the porous building material were given. The emission curves and average concentrations of some porous building materials Medium Density Fiberboards (mdf) in an airtight chamber were obtained. Result of the present model shows a good agreement with the experimental data.

Introduction. The process of aging begins after 60 years of age and is referred to as presbyphonia (Vox senium). The causes include functional or organic voice disorders, often coexisting with dry upper respiratory tract infection. Materials and methods. The aim of the study is the use of High-Speed camera and acoustic voice analysis in diagnostics of the clinical form of presbyphonia. The study included group of 50 men, non-smokers, age from 51 to 72, who do not use voice professionally. High-Speed Digital Imaging and HS camera have been used, allowing evaluation of real vibrations of vocal folds, along with acoustic voice analysis using software by DiagNova Technologies. Results. VHI questionnaire has been used for self-assessment of voice disability. Visualization of the larynx enabled recognition of hypofunctional dysphonia or atrophy of vocal folds that cause voice disorders. This was confirmed by parameters of voice acoustic evaluation: F0, NHR, narrowband spectrography. Pathological value of NHR and the presence of nonharmonic components in the range of high frequency levels indicated glottal insufficiency, recorded with the visualization technique of the larynx by HS camera. A significant shortening of maximum phonation time in relation to the control group has also been recorded. Discussion. The objective examination of voice pathology is crucial in the diagnosis and rehabilitation, however, the subjective assessment of patient is important in the scope of the procedure used. Subjective self-assessment of patients voice (VHI) confirmed the sense of voice disorders in elderly men, indicating the need for rapid and accurate clinical diagnosis.

The strain hardening part of the Preston-Tonks-Wallace (PTW) model, developed for the description of the plastic constitutive behavior of materials at wide ranges of strain, strain rate, and temperature, has been modified by employing the Voce equation. The prediction capability of the modified PTW (MPTW) has been investigated with reference to Taylor impact test results in the literature, and comparison has been made with the models of Johnson-Cook (JC), Steiberg-Guinan (SG), Zerilli-Armstrong (ZA), and PTW. Of the compared existing models, no model was appropriate for describing the results of various Taylor impact tests. However, the modified PTW is shown to predict fairly accurate results in terms of the length, diameter, and shape of the deformed specimen tested at different temperatures and impact velocity.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a diaphragm material on the performance of a microspeaker. The finite element method was adopted to analyze the mode shapes and the displacement of the diaphragm under a force load. The Rayleigh integral was then calculated to determine the radiated sound pressure and frequency response of a loudspeaker. The location of the voice coil was also investigated. Locating the voice coil at approximately 53% to 76% of coil-radius/diaphragm-radius ratio yielded a favorable mode shape distribution and performance for the loudspeaker. In addition, two loudspeaker designs, Models A and B, were analyzed to determine the effects of the diaphragm material. The numerical results of Models A and B, indicated that the mode shape is a crucial factor when considering the materials used in a loudspeaker diaphragm. The property of a material at the inflection point of a mode shape obviously affects the modal frequency. According to this observation, the most crucial first and second axial symmetric modes in a loudspeaker design can be adjusted and the performance can be improved.

The profound qualitative changes of indoor air and the progressive increase in the absolute number of pollutants, combined with the scientific awareness of the health impacts deriving from spending more than 90% of one’s time inside confined spaces, have increased the attention onto the needs of well-being, hygiene, and the health of users. This scientific attention has produced studies and analyses useful for evidence-based insights into building performance. Among the main pollutants in the indoor environment, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) play a central role, and the use of box-models using the mass balance approach and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are now consolidated to study their concentrations in an indoor environment. This paper presents the use of both types of modelling for the prediction of the VOC concentration in the indoor environment and the proposal of a guide value for the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)-oriented building design, specifically related to the indoor VOC concentration due to building materials. Methodologically, the topic is addressed through environmental sampling, the definition of the parameters necessary for the numerical models, the simulations with the box-model and the CFD, and the comparison between the results. They show a good correspondence between the modelling tools used, highlighting the central role of ventilation and allowing a discussion of the relationship between regulatory limits of emissivity of materials and Indoor Air Guide Values for the concentration of pollutants.

Fatique life extension of nuclear powerplants lies in the search for project reserves. This work deals with the evaluation of low-cycle fatigue of nuclear installations of the VVER type and the assessment of the influence of the computational model level. Fatigue tests of austenitic steel using optical method of digital image correlation for which the evaluation procedure is designed and used is performed. Selected model of plasticity with kimenatic (Chaboche) and combinated hardening (Chaboche, Voce) are calibrated from the obtained data. Subsequently, the durability of the test specimen is determined by computational modeling for different material models. From the comparison of the results of fatigue tests with the calculation, the material models suitable for the description of fatigue life and their validity are determined.

Submitted by Teixeira Fran (franteixeira00@gmail.com) on 2013-07-18T13:19:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE PPGAC FRANCIMARA TEIXEIRA 2013.pdf: 19018787 bytes, checksum: a8c2d6a0062d21f6a7878282af673497 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ednaide Gondim Magalhães(ednaide@ufba.br) on 2013-08-06T14:51:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE PPGAC FRANCIMARA TEIXEIRA 2013.pdf: 19018787 bytes, checksum: a8c2d6a0062d21f6a7878282af673497 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-06T14:51:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE PPGAC FRANCIMARA TEIXEIRA 2013.pdf: 19018787 bytes, checksum: a8c2d6a0062d21f6a7878282af673497 (MD5)
CAPES - SETEC/IFCE
Esta tese tem como objetivo a realização de um trabalho experimental baseado na descoberta e criação de jogos para a cena a partir do Material Fatzer, produzido por Bertolt Brecht entre 1926 e 1930. O material é uma reunião de comentários e fragmentos, divididos em cinco fases de trabalho. Essa pesquisa parte da hipótese que o Fatzer é um modelo para a investigação contemporânea de novas formas de narrar. O texto é explorado a partir dos conceitos de modelo de ação (Handlungsmuster) e estranhamento (Verfremdung), eleitos nesta pesquisa como instrumentos didáticos e metodológicos a partir da teoria da peça didática (Lehrstück) e defendidos por seus principais comentadores (BENJAMIN, 1987; KOUDELA, 1991; LEHMANN, 2009; McGOWAN, 2011; STEINWEG; 1972, WILKE, 1999; WIRTH, 1984, 1999). Os experimentos foram realizados com o grupo cearense Teatro Máquina em treze encontros, distribuídos em quatro etapas de trabalho. Os procedimentos técnicos adotados na pesquisa (relatos, improvisação, troca de papéis, jogos e produção textual) compõem o plano operativo das etapas de trabalho, subdivididas a partir das seguintes discussões: i. noções de experiência, choque, crítica e fragmento, segundo Benjamin (1987); ii. conceitos operativos da teoria e prática da peça didática; e iii. estruturas textuais que compõem o Fatzer (diálogos, coros, fábulas, indicações para encenação, reflexões teóricas). Durante as etapas de trabalho, foi desenvolvido o roteiro Diga que você está de acordo!, que sintetiza os principais materiais e jogos para a cena experimentados e produzidos na etapa prática. O roteiro é uma síntese poética do encontro do grupo com o texto de Brecht e apresenta em seções separadas as estruturas narrativas que foram experimentadas durante a pesquisa, indicando que a experimentação com o texto como modelo de ação aponta possibilidades para a descoberta de novas formas de narrar.
Salvador

Previous studies have shown the importance of cricothyroid muscle activation in altering fundamental frequency in the human voice. Other studies have investigated the non-linear properties of vocal fold tissue and the impact of this non-linearity on frequency response. Several physical models of the vocal folds have been made for research purposes. However, all have been isotropic in nature with linear stress-strain properties. The purpose of this study was to create a physical model with non-linear stress-strain properties to investigate the frequency response of the model as cricothyroid muscle activation was simulated (in other words, as the vocal folds were stretched in an anterior-posterior dimension). In this study the physical models of the vocal folds were stretched in 1 mm increments and the fundamental frequency (F0) was recorded at each position. Subglottal pressure was also monitored and phonation threshold pressures were recorded for each adjustment in length and vocal fold tension, because this can influence F0. Results were obtained for models with and without non-linear properties for comparison. Tensile tests were also conducted for the linear and non-linear synthetic vocal folds. Results indicate that non-linear models demonstrated a more substantial frequency response than linear vocal fold models and a more predictable F0 increase with respect to increasing vocal fold length. Phonation threshold pressures also increased with increasing vocal fold length for non-linear vocal fold models. This trend was reversed for linear vocal fold models, with phonation threshold pressures decreasing with increasing vocal fold length. These results indicate that the non-linear vocal fold models more accurately represent the human vocal folds than do linear models. This study serves as the foundation for future research to quantify the impact of non-linear tissue properties versus active tensioning (through antagonistic thyroarytenoid muscle activation) on F0 response and phonation threshold pressure.

The master thesis deals with the possibilities of using waste aggregate from main rock production to hydraulically bound mixtures, witch are used in base and sub base pavement. The theoretical part describes conditions and properties of bound mixtures, aggregates and cement. The practical part describes the process of design, mixture preparing and laboratory test carried out on them. The bound mixtures are testing in compressive strength, frost and water resistace and resilient modulus.

La projection par plasma d'arc de suspension permet d'obtenir des revêtements finement structurés à gradients de propriétés qui répondent aux besoins, par exemple, des applications photocatalytiques, les piles à combustible à oxyde solide ou les revêtements de barrière thermique. Cependant, les torches à plasma, même alimentées par dessources de courant continu régulé, génèrent des jets de plasma fortement fluctuants. Ces instabilités causent des variations importantes dans les transferts thermiques et dynamiques des particules, ce qui diminue la fiabilité et la reproductibilité de la méthode. Par conséquent, des efforts particuliers doivent être faits pour améliorer la projectionpar plasma d'arc de suspension et, ainsi, les propriétés des revêtements. Depuis de nombreuses années, la recherche s'est concentrée sur l'amélioration des transferts de chaleur et de quantité de mouvement entre la matière et le plasma au moyen de la mise au point de nouvelles torches et la réduction des instabilités de l'arc. Cette thèse présenteune nouvelle approche pour la projection par plasma d'arc de suspension. L'étude approfondie des instabilités du plasma sont réalisées ce qui conduit à la production du jet laminaire de plasma pulsé caractérisé par une forte modulation de l'enthalpie spécifique. Ces oscillations régulières de plasma sont associées à l'injection de la suspensionsynchronisée, ce qui est réalisé à l'aide de l'impression à jet d'encre déclenchée par le signal de tension d'arc. Les résultats sont évalués par le système d'imagerie résolue en temps et la spectroscopie d'émission optique résolue en temps. Cette nouvelle méthode offre la possibilité de contrôler les transferts de chaleur et de quantité de mouvemententre les particules et le plasma
Suspension plasma spraying permits to elaborate finely structured coatings with graded properties which address the needs, for example, in the photocatalytic applications, the solid oxide fuels or the thermal barrier coatings. However, the plasma torches, even powered by dc regulated sources, generate highly fluctuating plasma jets. These instabilities result in large variations in dynamic and heat transfers to particles, what decreases the reproducibility and reliability of the method. Consequently, the special efforts have to be devoted to ameliorate the suspension plasma spraying method and, thus, the properties of the coatings. In recent years, the research has been focused on the improvement of heat and momentum transfers between material and plasma by means of the development of new non-conventional torches and the reduction of arc instabilities. The following dissertation presents a new approach to the suspension plasma spraying. The profound studies of the plasma instabilities are performed, what leads to the production of the pulsed laminar plasma jet characterized by high modulation of the specific enthalpy. These regular plasma oscillations are combined with phased injection of suspension, what is achieved by using the ink-jet printer triggered by the arc voltage signal. The results are evaluated by time-resolved imaging system and the time-resolved emission optical spectroscopy. This new method presents the possibility to control heat and momentum transfers between the particles and the plasma

碩士
中國文化大學
材料科學與製造研究所
89
The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor materials and products are the major sources of indoor air pollution, and the emissions can resulted in health or comfort problems and drop the indoor air quality（IAQ）. Those indoor materials and products include furniture, decoration, wallpaper, tapestry, carpet, ceiling, coating materials, binder, solvents and addivities. Refer to the standard methods of U.S. ASTM D-5116-90, we set up a small environmental test system. The small environmental test system was used to develop the emissions characteristics of the indoor materials and products. The small environmental test system was including chamber, clean air generation system, monitoring and controlling system, standard generation and calibration system. And sampling and analyse systems were including sampling equipments, concentration-trapped equipments, gas chromatograph and detector. Modifications and variations in equipment, test procedures and data analysis will be used to establish the standard guide for small-scale environmental chamber determinations of organic emissions from indoor materials and products. When we have constructed the small environmental test system and passed the tests of the system stability（it is tests of the temperature, humidy, and air change rate affected the uniformity of mixing in the test chamber）, the calibrtion cures of benzene、o-xylene、m-xylene、p-xylene、toluene、1,1,2-trichloroethylane、ethyl benzene were be generation. In the experiment testing how the temperature affects to the emission factors（EF）, we found out that the rise of temperature will cause the VOCs to have higher concentration during the beginning of the experiments, but it will decrease to the lowest point in a while. We calculated the initial emission factor（EF0）and first order decay rate constant（k）with fitting a proper chamber model. The model what we use is named the first-order decay source model. When we set the temperature to 25℃ and 30℃, the EF0 value（30℃）is higher than EF0 value（25℃）, the k value（30℃）is faster than k value（25℃）. In this research, the organic emissions of four kinds of indoor materials（organic coating materials－wallpaper and flooring and plywood , fibre glass ceiling and fibre mineral ceiling and carpet）which popularly used in the building were be selected to test. After test, we found out the EF0 value（flooring）is higher than EF0 value （fibre glass ceiling , wallpaper , plywood , fibre mineral ceiling and carpet）, the k value（flooring）is faster than k value（wallpaper ,fibre glass ceiling , plywood , fibre mineral ceiling and carpet）.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
91
For the seeking of better and healthier indoor living environment, this study was aimed to establish the database of the VOCs emitted from the local paints in Taiwan, while the small scale VOC test chamber (following ASTM D5116-97) was used as the test system. With the results of emission test of the paints, the experience model for solvent-based paints in Taiwan was confirmed, and the emission prediction models for TVOC and VOCs emitted from those were established. The follows are the main conclusions of this study: 1.According to comparison among the qualitative and quantitative solvent-based paints and water-based ones, the solvent-based paints emitted much more VOCs and were more harmful to human than the water-based ones. The target compounds selected from sanding sealer were Toluene, Butyl acetate, Ethyl benzene, Xylene, and Ethyl benzene, Xylene from the ready-mixed paint. 2.By fitting the test data of the emission from solvent-based paints with different models, the “amended model of Taiwan varnish” was showed the excellent ability for describing the paint emission behavior, and was considered as the experience model for solvent-based paint emission in the small scale chamber in this study. With test of changing the loading factor in the model, prediction models for TVOC and VOCs form solvent-based paints were established. 3.Since the solvent-based paints can do great harm to human using as the materials in furniture decoration, it is suggested that using the made-up furniture instead of site-made one will be the better way for the health of the people in the indoor space. 4.For the long term threat from the application of solvent-based paints, how to strike to the energy-saving and health life style will be a philosophy worthy of thinking for the architects and everyone.

A Blaze of Light in Every Word presents a conceptual model for analyzing vocal delivery in popular song recordings focused on three overlapping areas of inquiry: pitch, prosody, and quality. The domain of pitch, which refers to listeners’ perceptions of frequency, considers range, tessitura, intonation, and registration. Prosody, the pacing and flow of delivery, comprises phrasing, metric placement, motility, embellishment, and consonantal articulation. Qualitative elements include timbre, phonation, onset, resonance, clarity, paralinguistic effects, and loudness. Intersecting all three domains is the area of technological mediation, which considers how external technologies, such as layering, overdubbing, pitch modification, recording transmission, compression, reverb, spatial placement, delay, and other electronic effects, impact voice in recorded music. Though the book focuses primarily on the sonic and material aspects of vocal delivery, it situates these aspects among broader cultural, philosophical, and anthropological approaches to voice with the goal to better understand the relationship between sonic content and its signification. Drawing upon transcription and spectrographic analysis as the primary means of representation, as well as modes of analysis, this book features in-depth analyses of a wide array of popular song recordings spanning genres from indie rock to hip-hop to death metal, develops analytical tools for understanding how individual dimensions make singing voices both complex and unique, and synthesizes how multiple aspects interact to better understand the multidimensionality of singing voices.

The chapter critically reappraises the work of the British experimental filmmaker John Smith, drawing on analyses of key films and interview material to explore his use of sound, music and voice. Smith’s films often engage self-reflexively with how sound creates or accepts meaning within an audiovisual context. Influenced by structural film practice of the 1960s and 1970s, and underpinned by a Brechtian concern with the politics of representation, Smith’s often humorous work both foregrounds and deconstructs the sound-image relations at work in dominant modes of cinematic representation. This analysis of Smith’s work identifies the political dynamic of the filmmaker’s use of sound, and addresses what is at stake—for both Smith and his audience—in the self-reflexive concern with audiovisual modes of representation. Examined within this context are Smith’s creative focus on the production of meaning and how this relates to aspects of musicality and abstraction in his work.

Musicians are continually ‘in the making’, tapping into their own creative resources while deriving inspiration from teachers, friends, family members and listeners. Amateur and professional performers alike tend not to follow fixed routes in developing a creative voice; instead, their artistic journeys are personal, often without foreseeable goals. The imperative to assess and reassess one’s musical knowledge, understanding and aspirations is nevertheless a central feature of life as a performer. Musicians in the Making explores the creative development of musicians in both formal and informal learning contexts. It promotes a novel view of creativity, emphasizing its location within creative processes rather than understanding it as an innate quality. It argues that such processes may be learned and refined, and furthermore that collaboration and interaction within group contexts carry significant potential to inform and catalyze creative experiences and outcomes. The book also traces and models the ways in which creative processes evolve over time. Performers, music teachers and researchers will find the rich body of material assembled here engaging and enlightening. The book’s three parts focus in turn on ‘Creative learning in context’, ‘Creative processes’ and ‘Creative dialogue and reflection’. In addition to sixteen extended chapters written by leading experts in the field, the volume includes ten ‘Insights’ by internationally prominent performers, performance teachers and others.

This book offers the first full-length study in English of the relationship between the Odyssey’s main narrative and its para-narratives, the secondary narratives and episodes in a minor key which frequently suspend its progress. Many of the latter group take the form of paradigmatic secondary narratives about matters apparently external to the poem, which are related by the poet and his characters. For the characters, such stories may provide a model of action for imitation or avoidance in their immediate contexts. At a deeper level, they influence the reception of some aspect of the main narrative by the poet’s audience. They draw on Cyclic Epic, folk tales and international stories, alleged personal experience (the material of αἶνος‎), and mythology, which may be altered if necessary to achieve a closer correspondence to the parallel situation in the main narrative. Where details are suppressed or altered, the audience may still experience the reverberations of the better-known version of the tradition: this is particularly apparent in the poem’s unusual use of the Oresteia story. Analogous or parallel situations are inserted into the narrative itself, so that one episode resembles and sheds light on another. Minor-key episodes narrated in the poet’s voice reflect on significant episodes of the main narrative and influence and guide its interpretation. As the poem draws to its close, religious rituals, particularly the Plynteria and Arrephoria, become another kind of para-narrative, their procedures mimicked by the characters as they undergo the transitions effected at the poem’s dénouement.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

This chapter focuses on seven constitutional amendments in North Korea under Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un’s rule. The Suryong (supreme leaders) system informs and legitimizes the process and substance of constitutional change in North Korea, the experience characterized here as the personal model of socialist constitutional change. The change of Suryong normally induces constitutional change. The Constitution was, also, amended to incorporate Suryong’s new ideas and guidance. Procedurally, the constitutional amendments are formally approved by the legislature with a two-third majority vote, but amendment approval is effectively controlled by a Suryong. Substantively, constitutional change in North Korea improves the Suryong-Dominant Party-State System to facilitate the government’s role in improving the material wellbeing of living conditions. The need to improve the material wellbeing generates new ideas about socio-economic development, the institutional adjustment to facilitate effective management of the economy and the society at large, and empowering the citizens to some extent.

This chapter proposes an approach to thermal comfort that increases occupant pleasure and reduces energy use by connecting architecture's material and environmental dimensions. Today's dominant thermal comfort model, the predicted mean vote (PMV), calls for steady-state temperatures that are largely unrelated to building design decisions. A more recent alternative approach, the adaptive thermal comfort (ATC) model, ties comfort to outdoor conditions and individual experience. Yet reliance on HVAC technology to provide building comfort hampers how such ideas are integrated into building design. This chapter outlines the historical background of the PMV and ACT models to understand the current status of thermal comfort research and practice. It then uses four recent buildings to outline how the insights of adaptive comfort research can be translated to bespoke comforts through spatial, material, formal, and other design strategies.

In William Blake’s Visions of the Daughters of Albion, when Oothoon finds her voice and re/fuses to function as the mirror of male desire, her heroics are undertaken against the backdrop of the baleful and jaundiced eye of patriarchal ideology. She thereafter moves into a free-flowing form of lamentation that articulates a transgressive poetics of self-assertion and self-determination. Oothoon’s voice goes unheeded (except by the daughters of Albion), yet her determination to arise daily and articulate the lamentative argument anew manifests the quiet heroism of everyday life. Oothoon’s act of assertion establishes, at the beginning of the prophecies, a model emulated by other female characters, with the female voice of semiosis providing a counter expression to the relentless monological language of the symbolic and all that it bears/bares. In Visions, the activity that Britta Timm Knudson and Carsten Stage term “affective textuality” is evident in its entangled force fields of semiosis, with the title plate and the frontispiece registering the split operations of what Lacan termed “The eye and the gaze.” The under analyzed visual field of Visions provides insight into the Blakean attempt through textual experimentation to render affect itself into a material condition of his textuality.

The Conclusion to Phonopoetics explores conceptions of voice preservation and models of the voice archive. It takes early ideas of the audible archival artifact (the sound recording) and the event-oriented scenario of its use as useful points of departure for a historically motivated theorization of the voice recording and voice archive at the present time. Specifically, it considers the impact of digital media technologies on the status of the record and its archive. The Conclusion mediates on how the analogue artifact of the sound archive has shaped our ideas and expectations about what a digital repository should be, and reflects on the status of the artifact of study as we move increasingly from the study of material media artifacts to virtual instantiations of the signals those media may once have held, in the form of digital media files.

A screencast is a video recording of a computer monitor display, together with voice-over. This teaching technique has multiple advantages including the ability to model the thought processes of a mathematician in a context in which content may be repeated at will. Anecdotal evidence suggests that screencasts can be a very effective teaching tool, especially for providing model answers. Here, screencasts are discussed from a pedagogical and curriculum perspective using student feedback statistics as data. Specifically, screencasts offer a teaching resource that has value for many traditionally difficult groups of students. For example, poorly engaged students are well-served, as the barriers for participation are low; and high-achieving students benefit from the directed narrative. All students valued the ability to view material multiple times at will. The chapter concludes with some observations about how the overall learning environment might be improved in the context of undergraduate mathematics.

The musical performances of Nina Simone are situated in her activist context, influenced by the civil rights movement and her friends, including playwright Lorraine Hansberry. Simone’s relationship to leftist performance is explored through her uses of materials authored by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill, and the differences between her approach and Brecht’s proposed techniques underscore Simone’s black expressive mode and illustrate modernity’s reliance on blackness. Attention to Simone’s uses of voice, piano, dress, and presence construct a sense of a radically politicized performance mode. Using the song “Four Women” and the legacy of Du Boisian double consciousness, Simone enacts a kind of quadruple consciousness that uses excess to multiply, rather than resolve, the alienations and displacements of black subjectivity in an agile and mobile performance of difference.

Terrorism constituted an important element of the wider ensemble of ideas and images that Narendra Modi’s election campaign disseminated. It reiterated the Bharatiya Janata Party’s idea of India as, essentially, a Hindu nation; Hindus as authentic citizens and Muslims as the ‘other’. Based on a survey of Modi’s election speeches, BJP’s publicity material and the extensive commentary and analysis focused on the person of Narendra Modi, this paper argues that terrorism as an election issue was carefully calibrated by Modi’s managers: a spectre of imminent threats was raised, dangerous ‘other’ identified, the outgoing government was lambasted for failing to quarantine the danger, and an alternative Modi model of battling terrorism held up. This had the effect of crafting the tough, muscular, macho Hindutva icon who would rein in ‘Islamic terrorism’, and consolidating and rallying a majoritarian vote bank behind this leader.

The transport of diluent (i.e. condensate blend) and/or diluted bitumen (i.e. dilbit) using buried pipelines is common practice. Aerial surveys are conducted on a regular basis as a part of the leak detection strategy at Enbridge Pipelines. During these surveys, the pilot flies over the right-of-way to visually inspect the pipeline for leakage along the pipeline corridor. Beyond visual inspection, the detection of proximal indicators of leakage by using remote sensors mounted on the aircraft is proposed in order to further enhance visual aerial leak detection methods. These sensors are designed to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are expected to evolve, even from small liquid leaks within the shallow subsurface and subsequently reach the atmosphere. If these VOCs can be detected in the local atmosphere in the vicinity of a leak during aerial surveys, then small liquid leaks may be more easily identified, characterized and remediated. This study is aimed to characterize and model VOC movement through soil to quantify the amount of VOC concentration expected to diffuse into the atmosphere within the vicinity of leakage. The experimental study consisted of the characterization of three organic fluids, and one type of soil material representative of that used in pipeline construction. Two types of dilbit with different viscosities, as well as a typical diluent (i.e. condensate), were used because these types of organic fluids are commonly transported using pipelines. Batch laboratory tests were conducted using glass screw top vessels in order to determine the concentration and organic species evolving from these fluids. Headspace VOC and other gas species were characterized after 24 hours following the addition of the fluid to the sealed vessel. Custom designed laboratory-based columns were constructed, based upon scaled down field dimensions, and were used to simulate fluid leakage. Fluid was injected at the base of each column, over which porous media was suspended. Each test characterized the migration of VOCs through the porous medium, VOC breakthrough at the surface and data allowed the calculation of VOC flux into the overlying headspace. Columns were operated under closed and flow through modes. Data obtained from the laboratory experiments defined bounding parameters for numerical simulations comprising of decoupled subsurface and atmospheric models. Subsurface modelling of the experimentally simulated leakage event was refined and validated using experimental data and a larger scale field leak scenario was modeled. Data from the laboratory testing and subsurface numerical simulations was used to construct atmospheric dispersion models of a potential field leak simulation. All atmospheric dispersion modelling used a Gaussian Dispersion Model within the Polair Software package (Odotech Inc.).

Various numerical approaches have been developed in the last years aimed to simulate the ductile fracture propagation in pipelines transporting CO2 or natural gas. However, a reliable quantification of the influence of material plasticity on the fracture resistance is still missing. Therefore, more accurate description of the material plasticity on the ductile fracture propagation is required based on a suitable numerical methodology. In this study, different plasticity and fracture models are compared regarding the ductile fracture propagation in X100 pipeline steel with the objective to quantify the influence of plasticity parameters on the fracture resistance. The plastic behavior of the investigated material is considered by the quadratic yield surface in conjunction with a non-associated quadratic plastic flow potential. The strain hardening can be appropriately described by the mixed Swift-Voce law. The simulations of ductile fracture are conducted by an uncoupled, modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) and the micromechanically based Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) models. In contract to the original GTN model, the MMC model is capable of describing ductile failure over wide range of stress states. Thus, ductile fracture resistance can be estimated for various load and fracture scenarios. Both models are used for the simulation of fracture propagation in DWTT and 3D pressurized pipe sections. The results from the present work can serve as a basis for establishing the correlation between plasticity parameters and ductile fracture propagation.

The NVA mild steel is a commonly used material in shipbuilding, which possesses good ductility character. However, the description of ductile fracture process for NVA steel in numerical simulation is still a challenging task. A new method to predict the critical void volume fraction fc of Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model is introduced in this paper. GTN-model is one of the well-known micromechanical models for ductile fracture. The traditional plasticity theory assumes that the plastic volume is incompressible and that the yield of the material is independent of the hydrostatic stress, whereas the yield surface of the GTN-model takes the effect of the macroscopic hydrostatic stress into account. The yield surface is reduced with the increase of the void volume fraction, which can reflect the deterioration characteristics of the material with development of damage during the deformation process. Therefore, GTN-model is a promising mathematical model for describing the ductile fracture process of the ship structures during accidental scenarios of collision and grounding. The traditional way to determine fc of GTN-model is using the inverse method directly, which has a high degree of uncertainty. A new method based on Hill, and Bressan & Williams’s assumptions proposed in this paper solve this problem effectively. Besides, the combined of Voce and Swift constitutive model is used to describe the mechanical property of the NVA material. Furthermore, numerical simulations were also conducted with code LS_DYNA by developing the user-defined subroutine. It is found that the model can predict the structural damage quite accurately, which proves its feasibility of being applied in the research of structural responses in ship collision and grounding accidents.

The occurrence of shear localization in structural materials is often associated with bifurcation in continuum solid mechanics. Many approaches such as J2 corner theory and the void model have been proposed to simulate this phenomenon by the use of FEM. In this paper, a new approach with a basis in microstructural inhomogeneity has been proposed and successfully applied to simulate large strain deformation in uniaxial tension of aluminium alloys. The method, in addition, takes advantage of a more suitable hardening law for Al alloys — namely the Voce equation. Further, the influence of various yield criteria (i.e. von Mises, Hill’s 1948 and Barlat’s 1991) on the prediction of shear localization is discussed in the present work. The predicted shear band angle is also compared with the measured value.

Abstract With the increasing demand for small and portable electronic devices, new energy conversion systems that can harvest energy from body motion and ambient environment are needed. Triboelectricity has recently become promising among the various energy conversion mechanisms because triboelectric devices can be small, flexible, and portable. The triboelectric output performance is closely related to the materials ‘properties employed. In this study, the effect of electrical conductivity on the electrical output of a triboelectric device is investigated experimentally. Experiments are conducted using a vertical contact/separation mode with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based material as one of the contacting materials. The electrical conductivity of PDMS is tuned by adding two different weight percent of multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT): 10wt% CNT and 20wt% CNT. The relationship between electrical conductivity and the triboelectric output performance is obtained by correlating the open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) with the different weight percent CNT-PDMS materials. A maximum Voc of 98V and a maximum Isc of 3.2μA were obtained with the 20wt% CNT-PDMS and Teflon pair; this increase is likely due to the combination of enhanced triboelectric polarity difference and electrical conductivity. The optimum external resistance was also measured for the different CNT-PDMS weight percent materials. The maximum triboelectric output power reached 180μW at 80MΩ for the 20wt% CNT-PDMS and Teflon pair.

A generalised leakage-flow induced vibration model for vibration onset of the vocal folds in the airflow is presented. Especially the influence of various physical properties of the vocal folds (e.g., their shape, adduction, mass and mass distribution) on the thresholds of instability is studied. A vibrating element with two-degrees-of-freedom (rotation and translation) placed on an elastic foundation and vibrating in the wall of a channel conveying air is used to approximate the vocal fold. The inviscid incompressible 1-D fluid flow theory is used. A generally defined shape of the vocal fold is considered for expressing the unsteady aerodynamic forces in the glottis. The parameters of the mechanical part of the model, i.e., the mass, stiffness and damping matrices are related to the known geometry, size and material density of the vocal folds as well as to the fundamental natural frequencies and damping known from the experiments. The numerical solution yields the natural frequencies, damping, mode shapes of vibration and the instability thresholds of the system. The calculated vibration and stability characteristics appear to be close to the known physiological data. The developed aeroelastic model is able to provide qualitative information, e.g., on conditions for a soft voice onset or for breathy voicing and could be helpful also in design of artificial voice prosthesis.

Scandinavian countries, in particular northern Scandinavia, have developed unique sociolinguistic frameworks which aim to preserve local indigenous languages. These models have acted to protect the cultural heritages of these ethnicities. As such, these models of preservation have offered a framework to be applied to other contexts, and hence in regions where language and cultural preservation and revitalization have become a salient factor. This current study presents an evaluation of the Norwegian State Action Plan for the preservation of indigenous languages in the region of tribal northern Scandinavia. The study produces the several recommendations as a comparative framework between northern Scandinavia and ASEAN countries. With respect to education, the study suggests establishing kindergartens for tribal children led by tribal communities, developing teacher training programs for indigenous instructors, developing educational materials and curricular guides in the local languages, establishing networks of distance learning, arranging language and cultural learning summer camps for tribal children and youth, and mapping mother tongue illiteracy among adults so as to assist in the action planning of these projects. With respect to the daily use of languages, the study suggests a development of interpreter training programs, the implementation procedures for translation of official documents, the development of minority language proficiency in the health services and judicial system, incorporating indigenous language in digital technologies and likewise promoting digital literacy, developing dictionaries for minority languages, and instigating the promotion of place names in local languages. The study employs a literature analysis, and a comparison of contexts, to determine the appropriation and effectiveness of the application of the Scandinavian preservation system to ASEAN. The study contributes to thought in Linguistic Anthropology, in that it suggests that, despite the uniqueness of sociolinguistic practices, preservation methods and government mandates may, at least in part, offer transferability.

The vibration characteristics of the vocal folds are investigated using a finite element model which incorporates the in-homogeneity and anisotropy of the materials and the irregularity of the geometry. The model employs the cover and body theory to build the structure of the vocal folds and implements measured viscoelastic properties of the mucosa and the transverse isotropic elastic properties of the muscles. It has the potential to simulate some vocal-fold disorders and determine the change in characteristics. To determine the oscillation characteristics of the folds, the eigenfrequency and eigenmodes of the finite element model are determined using the ABAQUS software. The model results compare well with some experiments performed on a silicon vocal fold. It is anticipated that the model will help to identify voice disorders such as vocal-fold paralysis and vocal-fold nodules.

An experimental study of the vibratory deformation of the human vocal folds was conducted. Experiments were performed using model vocal folds [1, 2], Fig. 1, made of silicone rubber implemented into an air supply system, Fig. 2. The material used to cast the model is an isotropic homogeneous material, [3] with a tangent modulus E=5 kPa at ε = 0, i.e. elastic properties similar to those of the human vocal fold cover [4]. The advantages of the use of model larynx systems over the use of excised larynges include easy accessibility to fundamental studies of the vocal fold vibration without invasive testing. Acoustic analysis of voice or electroglottography provide certain insight into voice production processes but optical techniques for the study of vocal fold vibrations have drawn considerable attention. Videoendoscopy, stroboscopy, high-speed photography, and kymography have shown to provide a visual impression of vocal fold dynamics but are limited in providing insight into the fundamental deformation processes of the vocal folds. Quantitative measures of deformation have been conducted through micro-suture techniques but are invasive and allows for measurements of only view image points. Laser triangulation is non-invasive but is limited to only one local measurement point. Here, digital image correlation technique with the software VIC 3D [5] is applied. For the experimental set-up see Fig. 2. The analysis consists of (1) stereo correlation to obtain in-plane displacements and (2) stereo triangulation step to obtain out-of-plane deformation. For the stereo correlation images of the object at two different stages of deformation are compared. A point in the image of the undeformed object is matched with the corresponding point in the deformed stage. “Subsets” of digital images are traced via their gray value distribution from the undeformed reference image to the deformed image. The uniqueness of the matching is enabled by the creation of a speckle pattern on the object’s surface. Here, a white pigment is mixed into the silicone rubber and subsequently black enamel paint is sprayed onto the superior surface of the vocal folds. The stereo triangulation requires two images of the object at each stage of deformation. These are obtained in a single CCD frame by placing a beam splitter in the optical axis between camera and object. These images provide a “left” and “right” view of the model larynx. Thus, the deformed shape of the vocal folds can be obtained. The method allows for noninvasive measurement of the full-field displacement fields. Images of the superior surface of the model larynx are obtained by the use of a high speed digital camera with a frame rate of 3000 frames per second allowing for more than 30 image frames for each vibration cycle. For the 3D digital image correlation analysis two images of the object are obtained for each time instance as a beam splitter is placed in the optical axis between the camera and the model larynx. Phonation frequencies and onset pressure are given in Fig. 3, showing that the model larynx behavior is close to actual physiological data. Figs 4(a) and (b) provide superior views of the model larynx at maximum glottal opening and at glottal closure, respectively. As one example of measured strain fields, Figs 5(a) and (b) depict the distributions of the transverse strain component, on the glottal surface in a contour plot on the deformed superior surface. The knowledge of the distribution of this strain component is relevant to the assessment of the impact of vocal fold collision on potential tissue damage. In the position of maximum opening the vocal folds are deformed by a combination of a bulging-type deformation and the opening movement. At this time instance, the transverse strains at the medial surface are found to be negative, an indication of Poisson’s deformation. During the closing stage, vocal folds collide and simultaneously a mode 3 vibration pattern emerges. Closure of the glottal opening is not complete and two incomplete closure areas are formed during the closure stage. These open areas are located at the anterior and posterior ends of the model larynx, see Fig. 4(b). The finding of this type of incomplete closure is agreement with both actual glottal measurements [6] and 3D finite element simulations of [7]. Transverse strains during that stage are now positive and considerably larger that during the opening stage. Finally, Fig. 6 depicts the time evolution of the out of plane displacements along the medial surface for the closing phase and Fig. 7 depicts the maximum values of the longitudinal strain (at the coronal section of the medial surface) in dependence of the flow rate. These examples of measurements indicate that the DIC method is promising for studies of vocal fold dynamics.