Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèle d'arbre'
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Biri, Nicolas. "Logiques spatiales de ressources, modèles d'arbres et applications." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128631.
Full textd'emplacements et de ressources jouent notamment un rôle centrale dans la représentation de ces systèmes.
On propose tout d'abord à la proposition d'une première logique, la logique linéaire distribuée et mobile (DMLL) qui intègre les notions de distribution et de mobilité. On propose également une sémantique à la Kripke et un calcul des séquents supportant l'élimination des coupures pour cette logique.
Cette première étude a mis en avant le rôle centrale de la sémantique pour la modélisation de systèmes distribués. On propose alors la structure des arbres de ressources, des arbres dont les noeuds possèdent des labels et contiennent des ressources appartenant à
monoïde partiel de ressources et BI-Loc, une logique pour raisonner sur ces arbres, un langage permettant de modifier les arbres et son axiomatisation correcte et complète sous forme de triplets de Hoare. Concernant BI-Loc, on détermine des conditions suffisantes pour décider de la satisfaction et de la validité par model-checking et on développe une méthode de preuves fondée sur les tableaux sémantiques correcte et complète.
On montre comment on peut raisonner sur les tas de pointeurs grâce aux arbres de ressources. Enfin, on détermine comment le modèle des arbres partiel peut être utilisé pour représenter et spécifier les données
semi-structurées et raisonner sur la transformation de ce type de données.
Bertrand, Denis. "Étude et inférence d'arbres de duplication en tandem." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20180.
Full textJousse, Florent. "Transformations d'Arbres XML avec des Modèles Probabilistes pour l'Annotation." Phd thesis, Université Charles de Gaulle - Lille III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342649.
Full textAfin d'apprendre à effectuer ces transformations, nous adaptons donc dans un premier temps au cas des arbres XML le modèle des champs aléatoires conditionnels ou Conditional Random Fields (CRF). Les CRFs sont un modèle graphique non dirigé conditionnel pour l'annotation : ils modélisent la probabilité conditionnelle d'une annotation sachant une observation. Ils ont, jusqu'à présent, été essentiellement utilisés dans le cadre de tâches d'annotation de séquences, à la fois dans le domaine de l'extraction d'informations ou en traitement automatiques des langues naturelles. Notre adaptation des CRFs au cas de l'annotation d'arbres XML porte à la fois sur le modèle de dépendances et sur les algorithmes d'inférence exacte (recherche de la meilleure annotation) et d'apprentissage.
De plus, nous proposons deux méthodes d'amélioration de la complexité de ces algorithmes afin de permettre l'utilisation des champs aléatoires conditionnels dans le cadre d'applications à grande échelle. Ces méthodes s'appuient toutes deux sur l'utilisation des connaissances du domaine. La première consiste en l'intégration de contraintes sur l'annotation. Celles-ci viennent restreindre l'espace des annotations possibles d'un arbre en interdisant des configurations de labels. La seconde technique d'amélioration de la complexité que nous proposons consiste en l'approximation d'un CRF par la composition de plusieurs CRFs de complexité moindre, définis sur des sous-parties de l'alphabet des labels.
Ces travaux ont été validés par diverses expériences sur des données artificielles et réelles, montrant ainsi non seulement la qualité des transformations effectuées à l'aide de nos méthodes, mais aussi leur intérêt dans des tâches réelles. Ces bons résultats nous ont conduit à réaliser une application de génération automatique de flux RSS à partir de pages Web. Celle-ci permet à son utilisateur d'apprendre un générateur de flux RSS en annotant une ou plusieurs pages d'un site Web. Ce générateur consiste en un CRF qui annote les pages Web de ce site de façon à transformer l'arbre XHTML en un arbre XML au format RSS. Il permet alors de créer automatiquement des flux RSS pour toute autre page du même site. Cette application est disponible à l'adresse suivante : http://r2s2.futurs.inria.fr/
Jacquemard, Florent. "Modèles d'automates d'arbres étendus pour la vérification de systèmes infinis." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00643595.
Full textGourlet-Fleury, Sylvie. "Modélisation individuelle spatialement explicite de la dynamique d'un peuplement de forêt dense tropicale humide (dispositif de Paracou - Guyane française)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204403.
Full textLe modèle de croissance est dérivé d'un type « potentiel x réducteur » adapté aux spécifités de la forêt dense tropicale humide de Guyane. Il prédit l'accroissement d'un arbre en fonction de son diamètre à l'instant t et de son environnement immédiat décrit par deux indices de compétition : l'un rend compte de la pression subie par l'arbre en début de période de croissance et l'autre de l'évolution de cette pression dans un passé proche. La prise en compte de quinze groupes d'espèces, homogènes du point de vue de la croissance, améliore considérablement son efficacité. Quatre modèles de mortalité prédisent la mort sur pied et la mort par chablis primaire, secondaire ou complexe d'un arbre, et un modèle de recrutement permet de gérer l'apparition de nouveaux individus sur des placeaux de 100m2 en fonction de la place disponible dans le peuplement.
Le simulateur, programmé en langage SmallTalk-80 selon la technique des systèmes multi-agents, est doté d'une interface conviviale permettant à l'utilisateur : (i) de suivre l'évolution virtuelle dans le temps d'un peuplement et de chacun des individus qui le constituent par le biais de cartes et de graphiques ; (ii) de réaliser à tout moment une gamme très variée d'interventions de manière à tester des scénarios sylvicoles. Les différents essais réalisés montrent que le peuplement que nous avons généré présente un comportement satisfaisant quelle que soit l'intensité des perturbations imposées, mais que sa réactivité est faible au regard d'un modèle matriciel calibré à partir des mêmes données. Nous proposons différentes voies d'amélioration et soulignons l'intérêt que peut présenter ce type de modèle pour la communauté scientifique et, à plus long terme, le gestionnaire forestier.
Duffaut, Olivier. "Problématique multi-modèle pour la génération d'arbres de test : application au domaine de l'automobile." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ESAE0005.
Full textSellier, Damien. "Analyse numérique du comportement mécanique d'arbres sous sollicitation aérodynamique turbulente." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12911.
Full textGhattas, Badih. "Agrégation d'arbres de décision binaires : Application à la prévision de l'ozone dans les Bouches du Rhône." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22003.
Full textChaubert-Pereira, Florence. "Combinaisons markoviennes et semi-markoviennes de modèles de régression. Application à la croissance d'arbres forestiers." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00341822.
Full textChaubert, Florence. "Combinaisons markoviennes et semi-markoviennes de modèles de régression : application à la croissance d'arbres forestiers." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20117.
Full textThis work focuses on Markov and semi-Markov switching regression models, i. E. Finite mixtures of regression models with (semi-)Markovian dependencies. These statistical models enable to analyse data structured as a succession of stationary phases that are asynchronous between individuals, influenced by time-varying covariates and which present inter-individual heterogeneity. The proposed inference algorithm for (semi-)Markov switching generalized linear models is a gradient EM algorithm. For (semi-)Markov switching linear mixed models, we propose MCEM-like algorithms whose E-step decomposes into two conditional restoration steps: one for the random effects given the state sequences (and the observed data) and one for the state sequences given the random effects (and the observed data). Various conditional restoration steps are presented. We study two types of random effects: individual-wise random effects and environmental random effects. The relevance of these models is illustrated by the analysis of forest tree growth influenced by climatic covariates. These models allow us to identify and characterize the three main growth components (ontogenetic component, environmental component and individual component). We show that the weight of each component varies according to species and silvicultural interventions
Houdet-Côté, Benoît-Nicolas. "Le modèle des préférences références-dépendantes : test sur l'offre de travail de planteurs d'arbres de la Colombie-Britannique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26034/26034.pdf.
Full textBettenfeld, Marie-Laure. "Etude de la diffusion de substances d'arôme dans des produits alimentaires modèles." Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS002.
Full textMorin, Xavier. "Biogéographie des espèces d'arbres européens et nord-américains : déterminisme et évolution sous l'effet du changement climatique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20056.
Full textDoumenge, Charles. "Contribution à l'étude des structures de populations d'arbres des forêts d'Afrique centrale (exemples du Gabon, Cameroun et Congo)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20285.
Full textGrunenwald, Thierry. "Comportement vibratoire d'arbres de machines tournantes dans un espace annulaire de fluide de confinement modere." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066380.
Full textLe-Hong, Phuong. "Elaboration d'un composant syntaxique à base de grammaires d'arbres adjoints pour le vietnamien." Phd thesis, Université Nancy II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529657.
Full textRODRIGUEZ, SABINE. "Sur la simulation logicielle d'arbres de defaillances par des modeles neuronaux appliquee a des systemes industriels." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066437.
Full textCerutti, Guillaume. "Segmentation et interprétation d'images naturelles pour l'identification de feuilles d'arbres sur smartphone." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22022/document.
Full textPlant species, and especially tree species, constitute a well adapted target for an automatic recognition process based on image analysis. The criteria that make their identification possible are indeed often morphological visual elements, which are well described and referenced by botany. This leads to think that a recognition through shape is worth considering. Leaves stand out in this context as the most accessible discriminative plant organs, and are subsequently the most often used for this problem recently receiving a particular attention. Automatic identification however gives rise to a fair amount of complex problems, linked with the processing of images, or in the difficult nature of the species classification itself, which make it an advanced application for pattern recognition.This thesis considers the problem of tree species identification from leaf images within the framework of a smartphone application intended for a non-specialist audience. The images on which we expect to work are then potentially very complex scenes and their acquisition rather unsupervised. We consequently propose dedicated methods for image analysis, in order to segment and interpret tree leaves, using an original shape modelling and deformable templates. The introduction on prior knowledge on the shape of objects enhances significatively the quality and the robustness of the information we extract from the image. All processing being carried out on the mobile device, we developed those algorithms with concern towards the material constraints of their exploitation. We also introduce a very specific description of leaf shapes, inspired by the determining characteristics listed in botanical references. These different descriptors constitute independent sources of high-level information that are fused at the end of the process to identify species, while providing the user with a possible semantic interpretation. The classification performance demonstrated over approximately 100 tree species are competitive with state-of-the-art methods of the domain, and show a particular robustness to difficult natural background images. Finally, we integrated the implementation of our recognition system into the \textbf{Folia} application for iPhone, which constitutes a validation of our approaches and methods in a real-world use
Rancourt, Marie-Pierre. "Programmes d'aide à l'emploi et solidarité sociale : analyse causale des effets de la participation par l'approche des forêts aléatoires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67007.
Full textIn this thesis, we assess the effect of employment assistance programs on the number of exits from social assistance and the cumulative duration spent outside of it among beneficiaries living with severe constraints. It is obvious that not all beneficiaries will derive the same benefits from participating in a program and for this reason it is useful to assess treatment effects conditional on the characteristics of each individual. To answer the research question, we need a flexible method that allows us to estimate differentiated treatment effects based on individual characteristics. To do this, we use a machine learning technique called generalized random forests (grf ) allowing us to evaluate heterogeneous treatment effects by conditioning on the characteristics of individuals. We used a database provided by the Ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale (MTESS) containing monthly observations of all recipients of social assistance between 1999 and 2018 in Quebec. Using the grf method and the MTESS database, we found that beneficiaries with the longest cumulative durations on social assistance had lower treatment effects than those with shorter durations. We also observed that the younger and more educated beneficiaries benefited more from program participation than the others. This is also the case for individuals who have an auditory diagnosis and those who do not have an organic diagnosis.
Ammar, Sourour. "Modèles Graphiques Probabilistes pour l'Estimation de Densité en grande dimension : applications du principe Perturb & Combine pour les mélanges d'arbres." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00568136.
Full textLeblanc, Stéphane. "L'influence de la fatigue sur la productivité des planteurs d'arbres en Colombie-Britannique : une analyse sur données de panel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24552/24552.pdf.
Full textAmmar, Kessentini Sourour. "Modèles graphiques probabilistes pour l'estimation de densité en grande dimensionbTexte imprimé : applications du principe Perturb & Combine pour les mélanges d'arbres." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT2082.
Full textThe dimensionality of current applications increases which makes the density estimation a difficult task. Indeed, the needed number of parameters to make estimation grows exponentially with respect to the dimension of the problem. Probabilistic graphical models can be used to solve this problem by providing a factorization of the joint distribution, but they suffer from a problem of scalability. The problem of high dimensional spaces is accentuated by the number of observations used to perform density estimation witch is not increased in the same proportions, and even remains extremely law in some applications. Factorization of the joint distribution is not sufficient to perform good density estimation with sparse data. The Perturb and Combine framework, first explored in classification, provide solutions for such problems. In this work, we explore and propose a generic algorithm for density estimation by applying the Perturb and Combine principle to a reduced family of simple probabilistic graphical models. These tree structures we proposed to use can be "manipulated" with at worst a quadratic complexity. Several variants of this algorithm are proposed by exploiting the Perturb and Combine principle according to two levels : perturbation of the tree generating procedure and perturbation of the learning dataset. Our initial approaches are conclusive regarding the quality of approximation, with a quadratic computational complexity, still insufficient in high dimensional spaces. Our second contribution concerns therefore a new application of the Perturb and Combine principle, which allows attending almost quasi-linear computational complexity, for the same quality of approximation
Bongard, Sébastien. "Partage et libération de composés d'arôme dans des matrices laitières émultionnées et gélifiées modèles de yaourts brassés." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2048.
Full textThis work aimed to sort the keys factors that modified the behavior of aroma compounds in models of stirred yogurts. Complex matrices were designed by varying the amount and the nature of emulsified fat as well as the organization of the continuous phase (emulsions vs stirred gels). Mechanical properties, structure of matrices and protein load and composition at the interface were characterized. Retention of hydrophobic aroma compounds was mainly related to the amount of liquid fat and to a lesser extent to the organization of the continuous phase. The release rate was related to the amount of liquid fat in emulsions and to the yield stress in stirred gels. Above 30 g. Kg-1 of liquid fat, partition coefficients over emulsions and stirred gels can be predicted from behavior over liquid fat and water only. Below this value, composition and organization of the continuous phase must be taken into account
Ramirez, Ramirez Gabriela. "Etude de la sorption des composés d'arôme du vin par le bois de chêne en système modèle d'élevage en fûts." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS062.
Full textDoherty, Jean-François. "Phénologie et modèles prévisionnels d'éclosion printanière pour trois arthropodes ravageurs en plantation commerciale d'arbres de Noël dans un contexte de changements climatiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27826.
Full textThe balsam twig aphid Mindarus abietinus and the spruce spider mite Oligonychus ununguis are two pests of economic importance for the Christmas tree industry in Québec. Current climate change could affect their biology and physiology in such a way that, if their local densities in commercial fir plantations grow in the future, potential damage to cultivated firs could increase substantially. In order to study the interactions between M. abietinus, its host tree, and ambient temperature, I followed populations of the aphid during three consecutive summers in commercial fir plantations of southern Québec. I found it possible to separate overlapping generations of different morphs of this aphid in growing colonies on fir shoots, which allowed to record a proportion of wingless daughters several times larger than previously known for this aphid in its complex life cycle. Based on a field experiment, a warmer environment surrounding the aphids on balsam fir shoots increased spring colony growth rates significantly, when compared to unaltered colonies on neighbouring trees. These results support the hypothesis that a warmer climate, caused by anthropogenic change, would promote higher densities of M. abietinus on fir shoots, which could increase esthetic damage to Christmas trees. In a laboratory experiment, I studied the effect of ambient temperature on postdiapause development of the overwintering eggs of both aphid and mite species, along with that of another conifer-feeding pest, the pine needle scale Chionaspis pinifoliae, which led to parametrise new linear and nonlinear development rate models for postdiapause egg development of all three species. Finally, by following fresh mass of M. abietinus overwintering eggs throughout their diapause of several months, it was possible to observe a substantial increase in size and mass of these eggs in early spring, suggesting that water could trigger diapause termination and/or initiate embryogenesis of the first active stage.
Ospina, Arango Juan David. "Predictive models for side effects following radiotherapy for prostate cancer." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S046/document.
Full textExternal beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is one of the cornerstones of prostate cancer treatment. The objectives of radiotherapy are, firstly, to deliver a high dose of radiation to the tumor (prostate and seminal vesicles) in order to achieve a maximal local control and, secondly, to spare the neighboring organs (mainly the rectum and the bladder) to avoid normal tissue complications. Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models are then needed to assess the feasibility of the treatment and inform the patient about the risk of side effects, to derive dose-Volume constraints and to compare different treatments. In the context of EBRT, the objectives of this thesis were to find predictors of bladder and rectal complications following treatment; to develop new NTCP models that allow for the integration of both dosimetric and patient parameters; to compare the predictive capabilities of these new models to the classic NTCP models and to develop new methodologies to identify dose patterns correlated to normal complications following EBRT for prostate cancer treatment. A large cohort of patient treated by conformal EBRT for prostate caner under several prospective French clinical trials was used for the study. In a first step, the incidence of the main genitourinary and gastrointestinal symptoms have been described. With another classical approach, namely logistic regression, some predictors of genitourinary and gastrointestinal complications were identified. The logistic regression models were then graphically represented to obtain nomograms, a graphical tool that enables clinicians to rapidly assess the complication risks associated with a treatment and to inform patients. This information can be used by patients and clinicians to select a treatment among several options (e.g. EBRT or radical prostatectomy). In a second step, we proposed the use of random forest, a machine-Learning technique, to predict the risk of complications following EBRT for prostate cancer. The superiority of the random forest NTCP, assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiving operative characteristic (ROC) curve, was established. In a third step, the 3D dose distribution was studied. A 2D population value decomposition (PVD) technique was extended to a tensorial framework to be applied on 3D volume image analysis. Using this tensorial PVD, a population analysis was carried out to find a pattern of dose possibly correlated to a normal tissue complication following EBRT. Also in the context of 3D image population analysis, a spatio-Temporal nonparametric mixed-Effects model was developed. This model was applied to find an anatomical region where the dose could be correlated to a normal tissue complication following EBRT
Faure, Pierre-Philippe. "Une approche à base de modèles fondés sur les intervalles pour la génération automatique d'arbres de diagnostic optimaux, application au domaine de l'automobile." Paris 13, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA132035.
Full textKovacsik, Hélène. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques de la paroi artérielle après mise en place d'un stent sur un modèle animal d'artère de petit calibre." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON1T016.
Full textAtlan, Samuel. "Modélisation de la libération des composés d'arôme à partir de matrices alimentaires dans des systemes experimentaux et en bouche : détermination des proprietés et mécanismes de transfert de matière." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3444/01/2007-03-19_Th%C3%A8se_Atlan_(version_finale).pdf.
Full textAroma compounds are volatile molecules which are present in low concentration in food. They are responsible for olfactory perception, and are determinant for organoleptic quality explaining consumer preference. In order to improve the understanding of stimuli generation during food consumption, this work aimed at studying aroma compounds release by modelling mass transfer in real food matrices. The work consisted in two major steps: i) identification of aroma compounds properties ii) analysis of mass transfer, from in vitro systems to in vivo systems (the mouth during food consumption). Knowledge of physicochemical properties is a prerequisite for mass transfer models. The first part of this work thus consisted in their determination. They are divided in two groups: equilibrium properties between two phases (the partition coefficient) and dynamic properties (the diffusion coefficient and the mass transfer coefficient). A new method for processing the experimental data from the PRV (Phase Ratio Variation) was developed for 12 aroma compounds. The partition coefficient varied from 3·10-5 to 3·10-2, coupled with the confidence interval calculation with all the available degrees of freedom. To determine the diffusion coefficient of aroma compounds in complex food matrices, an experimental cell was designed for this purpose, based on the mass transfer simulation, and validated on model matrices. Experimental measurements were then carried out on complex food matrices, allowing the determination of the diffusion coefficients and their variations based on the matrix composition (type of proteins) and the mechanical treatment. The associated confidence interval of the diffusion coefficient was calculated for ethyl hexanoate in different yogurts with various fat and protein ratio. Using a static headspace device, an analysis of the mass transfer mechanisms and its modelling showed that the partition and the diffusion coefficients could be determined simultaneously. The release model was based on ethyl hexanoate in carrageen gels and showed that it is necessary to control the steps of the experimental protocol. Finally, a model of aroma compound release during in vivo consumption was developed. The model takes into account the physicochemical properties of aroma compounds and the physiological properties related to the subject. The model was established for “perfect swallowers”, who close the velopharynx when the product is set in the mouth until the deglutition process. The model allowed the simulation of the release of some aroma compounds (ethyl hexanoate, acetate and butanoate) from the product (yogurt) up to the nasal cavity, and in addition, it was possible to determine the limiting parameters of this release, namely the breathing flow
Decotton, Jeanjean Nathalie. "Influence du génotype, de la fermentation et de la torréfaction sur le développment de l'arôme cacao : Rôle des précurseurs d'arôme." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20064.
Full textEspinosa, Diaz Maria de los Angeles. "Etude de la rétention et de la libération des composés d'arôme dans des milieux modèles en présence ou non de béta-lactoglobuline." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS013.
Full textFlores, Olivier. "Déterminisme de la régénération chez quinze espèces d'arbres tropicaux en forêt guyanaise : les effets de l'environnement et de la limitation par la dispersion." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00297707.
Full textmodèles confirment le gradient de tolérance parmi les espèces étudiées et révèlent des courbes d'installation différentes selon le mode de dispersion.
Laqrichi, Safae. "Approche pour la construction de modèles d'estimation réaliste de l'effort/coût de projet dans un environnement incertain : application au domaine du développement logiciel." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMAC0013/document.
Full textSoftware effort estimation is one of the most important tasks in the management of software projects. It is the basis for planning, control and decision making. Achieving reliable estimates in projects upstream phases is a complex and difficult activity because, among others, of the lack of information about the project and its future, the rapid changes in the methods and technologies related to the software field and the lack of experience with similar projects. Many estimation models exist, but it is difficult to identify a successful model for all types of projects and that is applicable to all companies (different levels of experience, mastered technologies and project management practices). Overall, all of these models form the strong assumption that (1) the data collected are complete and sufficient, (2) laws linking the parameters characterizing the projects are fully identifiable and (3) information on the new project are certain and deterministic. However, in reality on the ground, that is difficult to be ensured.Two problems then emerge from these observations: how to select an estimation model for a specific company ? and how to conduct an estimate for a new project that presents uncertainties ?The work of this thesis interested in answering these questions by proposing a general estimation framework. This framework covers two phases: the construction phase of the estimation system and system usage phase for estimating new projects. The construction phase of the rating system consists of two processes: 1) evaluation and reliable comparison of different estimation models then selection the most suitable estimation model, 2) construction of a realistic estimation system from the selected estimation model and 3) use of the estimation system in estimating effort of new projects that are characterized by uncertainties. This approach acts as an aid to decision making for project managers in supporting the realistic estimate of effort, cost and time of their software projects. The implementation of all processes and practices developed as part of this work has given rise to an open-source computer prototype. The results of this thesis fall in the context of ProjEstimate FUI13 project
Grignon, Christophe. "Un modèle de thermique 2D appliqué aux structures hétérogènes creuses avec source intérieure mobile en régime fortement varié : le cas du tube d'arme en rafale." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2303.
Full textBoisard, Lauriane. "Relations entre mobilité du sodium, libération du sel et des composés d'arôme en bouche et perception de la flaveur : application à des modèles fromagers." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877715.
Full textMogenier, Guillaume. "Identification et prévision du comportement dynamique des rotors feuilletés en flexion." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743720.
Full textCampocasso, Sébastien. "Développement d'un modèle d'efforts de coupe multi-opérations et multi-matériaux. Application au tournage du cuivre pur dans différents états métallurgiques." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00933906.
Full textMercadier, Mathieu. "Banking risk indicators, machine learning and one-sided concentration inequalities." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/a5bdd121-a1a2-434e-b7f9-598508c52104/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0001.pdf.
Full textThis doctoral thesis is a collection of three essays aiming to implement, and if necessary to improve, financial risk measures and to assess banking risks, using machine learning methods. The first chapter offers an elementary formula inspired by CreditGrades, called E2C, estimating CDS spreads, whose accuracy is improved by a random forest algorithm. Our results emphasize the E2C's key role and the additional contribution of a specific company's debt rating and size. The second chapter infers a one-sided version of the inequality bounding the probability of a unimodal random variable. Our results show that the unimodal assumption for stock returns is generally accepted, allowing us to refine individual risk measures' bounds, to discuss implications for tail risk multipliers, and to infer simple versions of bounds of systemic measures. The third chapter provides a decision support tool clustering listed banks depending on their riskiness using an adjusted version of the k-means algorithm. This entirely automatic process is based on a very large set of stand-alone and systemic risk indicators reduced to representative factors. The obtained results are aggregated per country and region, offering the opportunity to study zones of fragility. They underline the importance of paying a particular attention to the ambiguous impact of banks' size on systemic measures
Raynal, Louis. "Bayesian statistical inference for intractable likelihood models." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS035/document.
Full textIn a statistical inferential process, when the calculation of the likelihood function is not possible, approximations need to be used. This is a fairly common case in some application fields, especially for population genetics models. Toward this issue, we are interested in approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) methods. These are solely based on simulated data, which are then summarised and compared to the observed ones. The comparisons are performed depending on a distance, a similarity threshold and a set of low dimensional summary statistics, which must be carefully chosen.In a parameter inference framework, we propose an approach combining ABC simulations and the random forest machine learning algorithm. We use different strategies depending on the parameter posterior quantity we would like to approximate. Our proposal avoids the usual ABC difficulties in terms of tuning, while providing good results and interpretation tools for practitioners. In addition, we introduce posterior measures of error (i.e., conditionally on the observed data of interest) computed by means of forests. In a model choice setting, we present a strategy based on groups of models to determine, in population genetics, which events of an evolutionary scenario are more or less well identified. All these approaches are implemented in the R package abcrf. In addition, we investigate how to build local random forests, taking into account the observation to predict during their learning phase to improve the prediction accuracy. Finally, using our previous developments, we present two case studies dealing with the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of Pygmy populations, as well as of two subspecies of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria
Doyennette, Marion. "La bouche, un réacteur complexe à l'origine de la libération des stimuli sensoriels : modélisation des transferts de composés d'arôme lors de la déstructuration d'aliments solides." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0047/document.
Full textDelivery of aroma compounds to olfactory receptors determines the aromatic quality of food products and contributes to consumer choices and preferences. Therefore, understanding and modelling the release kinetic is a scientific challenge and a health issue in order to formulate products of both high nutritional and sensory quality. This thesis studied in-mouth mechanisms responsible of the dynamics of olfactory stimuli release during food consumption. • First, a mechanistic model describing the aroma compounds release during consumption of a liquid or semi-liquid food has been developed. These products have a very short in-mouth residence time and do not require complex intra-oral manipulation. The model takes into account mass balances, transfer mechanisms occurring between some sub-compartments of the system, and the specific conditions at the different stages of consumption. A comparison of the model predictions with in vivo release data during the consumption of Newtnonien fluids flavored with diacetyl and ethyl hexanoate was performed. This study highlighted the role of post-pharyngeal residue and viscosity on the aroma compounds release: • the thickness of bolus covering the mucous membranes has been estimated at about 15μm; • it was found that the relevant properties to be considered for the release of aroma compounds from a Newtonian fluid are those of a mixture highly diluted by saliva. • Second, the model previously developed was adapted for products requiring chewing. It takes into account the phenomena of mass transfer and dissolution of the product in the saliva during chewing. The generation of a product/liquid contact surface as well as the velopharyngial opening that occurs during the mastication of the product were also integrated into the model. The model was then confronted with in vivo release data for ethyl propanoate during consumption of four cheese matrices. All simulations have been satisfactorily fitted to experimental data and the two unknown parameters of our model (the average rate of saliva incorporation into the bolus and the frequency of velopharyngial opening) could be estimated. This study has enabled us to understand the role of mastication on the release of aroma compounds during consumption of solid food: • the opening of velopharynx during intra-oral manipulation of the product produces a continuous supply of aroma compounds in the nose; • the residence time of solid product in the mouth are much longer than for the consumption of liquid and semi-liquid foods, allowing the secretion of significant volumes of saliva. In addition, the study of the release of 2-nonanone highlighted an adsorption phenomenon on the mucous membranes for this molecule. • Finally, sensitivity analysis of the two release models indicates that: • when eating a liquid or semi-liquid food, the mass transfer coefficient in the bolus, the breath rate and the thickness of post-pharyngeal residue are the three key factors governing the release of aroma compounds; • however, when eating a solid food product, it is the average rate of saliva incorporation into the bolus during consumption, the frequency and duration of velopharyngeal opening, and the mastication time which are the three parameters that have major effects on the kinetics of release. The modeling approach allowed us to better understand the relative effects of the product, the individual, and individual-product interaction on the release of aroma compounds during food consumption. The results of this work indicated that the most important parameters depend on the category of product (liquid or solid) under consideration
Laitang, Cyril. "Impact de la structure des documents XML sur le processus d'appariement dans le contexte de la recherche d'information semi-structurée." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2091/.
Full textThe work presented in this PhD thesis concerns structured information retrieval and focuses on XML documents. Structured information retrieval (SIR) aims at returning to users document parts (instead of whole documents) relevant to their needs. Those needs are expressed by queries that can contain content conditions as well as structural constraints which are used to specify the location of the needed information. In this work, we are interested in the use of document structure in the retrieval process. We propose some approaches to evaluate the document-query structural similarity. Both query structural constraints and document structures can be represented as trees. Based on this observation we propose two models which aim at matching these tree structures. As tree matching is historically linked with graph theory, our first proposition is based on an adaptation of a solution from the graph theory. After conducting an in depth study of the existing graph theory algorithms, we choose to use Tree Edit Distance (TED), which measures isomorphism (tree similarity) as the minimal set of remove and replace operations to turn one tree to another. As the main drawback of TED algorithms is their time and space complexity, which impacts the overall matching runtime, we propose two ways to overcome these issues. First we propose a TED algorithm having a minimal space complexity overall. Secondly, as runtime is dependent on the input tree cardinality (size) we propose several summarization techniques. Finally, since TED is usually used to assess relatively similar trees and as TED efficiency strongly relies on its costs, we propose a novel way, based on the DTD of documents, to compute these costs. Our second proposition is based on language models which are considered as very effective IR models. Traditionally, they are use to assess the content similarity through the probability of a document model (build upon document terms) to generate the query. We take a different approach based purely on structure and consider the document and query vocabulary as a set of transitions between document structure labels. To build these vocabularies, we propose to extract and weight all the structural relationships through a relaxation process. Finally, as relevance of the returned search results is first assessed based on the content, we propose a content evaluation process which uses the document tree structure to propagate relevance: the relevance of a node is evaluated thanks to its leaves as well as with the document context and neighbour nodes content relevance. In order to validate our models we conduct some experiments on two data-sets from the reference evaluation campaign of our domain: Initiative for XML retrieval (INEX). INEX tracks provide documents collections, metrics and relevance judgments which can be used to assess and compare SIR models. The tracks we use are: * The INEX 2005 SSCAS track whose associated documents are scientific papers extracted from IEEE. We consider this collection to be text-oriented as the structure used is similar to the one we can find in a book. * The INEX 2010 Datacentric track which uses a set of documents extracted from the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) website. This collection is data-oriented as document terms are very specific while the structure carries semantic meaning. Our various experiments show that the matching strategy strongly relies on the document structure type. In text-oriented collections, the structure can be considered as non-strict and several subtrees can be simultaneously used to assess the relevance. On the opposite, structure from documents regarded as data-centered should be used as strictly as possible. The reason is that as elements labels carry semantic, documents structures contain relevant and useful information that the content does not necessarily provide. Finally, our structural similarity approaches improve relevance of the returned results compared to state-of-the-art approaches, as long as the collection nature is considered when extracting the input trees for the structural matching process
Maeght, Jean-Luc. "L'influence de la variabilité climatique sur l’enracinement superficiel et profond d'arbres adultes en plantation : les cas de l’hévéa (hevea brasiliensis) et du teck (tectona grandis) sous contraintes hydriques en Asie du sud est." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20158/document.
Full textThe root system is essential but essentially invisible. Plants are anchored to the soil through their root system; their adaptation and survival abilities are highly dependent on their ability to learn to take advantage of the space that surrounds them. Certain trees are nevertheless some of the largest and oldest living species on the planet- evidence of their ability to adapt to changes in their environment. Within managed anthropogenic constraints, particular species are vulnerable. It is clear that a wide range of parameters are likely to influence the root system and its operation, which offers many entry points to improve our understanding of a root's capacity for expansion, its dynamics, its role within the plant itself and within the soil plant atmosphere continuum. Available data on the extent and dynamics of plant roots includes several thousand references. However, the vast majority of these observations were made within the first meter of the soil profile. Data acquisition for the fine and/or deep roots is currently limited by constraints of time and financial resources. To overcome this lack of information, while trying to assess root dynamics under different environmental conditions, many models have been developed. However, it is still difficult to describe the complexity of root development in the community and to integrate its "plasticity".To understand such a complex environment, we must work toward establishing a definition of objectives and the tools necessary to develop and implement them. The work developed in the first part of this thesis is the subject of two articles and focuses on a literature review about deep roots. The vital role of the root system for the plant is well highlighted, as is its impact as a link within the atmosphere. We discuss the role of deep roots in carbon storage, which is critical and often underestimated. The different techniques for accessing the root systems in situ are also considered, and we present our access technique for observing the roots down to depths of five meters. We have also developed tools for shooting through a flatbed scanner and image analysis ( IJ_Rizo ) now available online.In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the study of root systems of adult rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis L. RRIM 600) in the northeast of Thailand. Thailand has greatly expanded its acreage to extend its operations beyond its natural climate zone, into areas of high water stress. In this context, we studied the seasonality and dynamics of fine roots for three years and their contribution to the carbon cycle. We were able to highlight the continuity of root dynamics during independent periods of defoliation, yet link these to the seasonality of rainfall. We were also able to characterize the low differentiation of root dynamics at 0 to 4.5 m of depth in this context.The third part of the thesis concerns the study of teak particular to the region of Luang Prabang, Laos. By applying the rain exclusion technique for 2 years on a plantation of twenty-year-old trees, we observed the influence of precipitation patterns. During the period of water stress, an almost total cessation of root growth, at the surface and significant depths, has been highlighted. We conclude that in the case of species with a high dependence on water resources there is a direct impact on the physiological state and stagnated trunk growth. Some individuals have demonstrated an ability to adapt by changing their foliation/defoliation cycle, accompanied by a resumption of trunk growth during the second year of imposed drought. We also demonstrated the importance of rooting as a means of carbon storage, which in this context represents more than 45% of total carbon- roughly double the amount published in other literature .The data obtained for the species studied in this paper can be used for modelling scenarios simulating climate change and changing land use
Tsogkas, Stavros. "Mid-level representations for modeling objects." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC012/document.
Full textIn this thesis we propose the use of mid-level representations, and in particular i) medial axes, ii) object parts, and iii)convolutional features, for modelling objects.The first part of the thesis deals with detecting medial axes in natural RGB images. We adopt a learning approach, utilizing colour, texture and spectral clustering features, to build a classifier that produces a dense probability map for symmetry. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) allows us to treat scale and orientation as latent variables during training, while a variation based on random forests offers significant gains in terms of running time.In the second part of the thesis we focus on object part modeling using both hand-crafted and learned feature representations. We develop a coarse-to-fine, hierarchical approach that uses probabilistic bounds for part scores to decrease the computational cost of mixture models with a large number of HOG-based templates. These efficiently computed probabilistic bounds allow us to quickly discard large parts of the image, and evaluate the exact convolution scores only at promising locations. Our approach achieves a $4times-5times$ speedup over the naive approach with minimal loss in performance.We also employ convolutional features to improve object detection. We use a popular CNN architecture to extract responses from an intermediate convolutional layer. We integrate these responses in the classic DPM pipeline, replacing hand-crafted HOG features, and observe a significant boost in detection performance (~14.5% increase in mAP).In the last part of the thesis we experiment with fully convolutional neural networks for the segmentation of object parts.We re-purpose a state-of-the-art CNN to perform fine-grained semantic segmentation of object parts and use a fully-connected CRF as a post-processing step to obtain sharp boundaries.We also inject prior shape information in our model through a Restricted Boltzmann Machine, trained on ground-truth segmentations.Finally, we train a new fully-convolutional architecture from a random initialization, to segment different parts of the human brain in magnetic resonance image data.Our methods achieve state-of-the-art results on both types of data
Eyono, Owoundi Ruben. "Modelisation de la retractibilite du bois en relation avec des parametres de la structure de l'accroissement annuel et de la position dans l'arbre chez quercus robur l. Et q. Petraea liebl. Application a l'integration de la retractibilite du bois dans les modeles de croissance de peuplements et d'arbres." Paris, ENGREF, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ENGR0020.
Full textLe, Faou Yohann. "Contributions à la modélisation des données de durée en présence de censure : application à l'étude des résiliations de contrats d'assurance santé." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS527.
Full textIn this thesis, we study duration models in the context of the analysis of contract termination time in health insurance. Identified from the 17th century and the original work of Graunt J. (1662) on mortality, the bias induced by the censoring of duration data observed in this context must be corrected by the statistical models used. Through the problem of the measure of dependence between successives durations, and the problem of the prediction of contract termination time in insurance, we study the theoretical and practical properties of different estimators that rely on a proper weighting of the observations (the so called IPCW method) designed to compensate this bias. The application of these methods to customer value estimation is also carefully discussed
Truong, Arthur. "Analyse du contenu expressif des gestes corporels." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TELE0015/document.
Full textNowadays, researches dealing with gesture analysis suffer from a lack of unified mathematical models. On the one hand, gesture formalizations by human sciences remain purely theoretical and are not inclined to any quantification. On the other hand, the commonly used motion descriptors are generally purely intuitive, and limited to the visual aspects of the gesture. In the present work, we retain Laban Movement Analysis (LMA – originally designed for the study of dance movements) as a framework for building our own gesture descriptors, based on expressivity. Two datasets are introduced: the first one is called ORCHESTRE-3D, and is composed of pre-segmented orchestra conductors’ gestures, which have been annotated with the help of lexicon of musical emotions. The second one, HTI 2014-2015, comprises sequences of multiple daily actions. In a first experiment, we define a global feature vector based upon the expressive indices of our model and dedicated to the characterization of the whole gesture. This descriptor is used for action recognition purpose and to discriminate the different emotions of our orchestra conductors’ dataset. In a second approach, the different elements of our expressive model are used as a frame descriptor (e.g., describing the gesture at a given time). The feature space provided by such local characteristics is used to extract key poses of the motion. With the help of such poses, we obtain a per-frame sub-representation of body motions which is available for real-time action recognition purpose
Dramé, Ibrahima. "Processus d'exploration des arbres aléatoires en temps continu à branchement non binaire : limite en grande population." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0110.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the convergence of the exploration process of the non-binary tree associated to a continuous time branching process, in the limit of a large population. In the first part, we give a precise description of the exploration process of the non-binary tree. We then describe a bijection between exploration processes and Galton Watson non-binary trees. After some renormalization, we present the results of convergence of the population process and the exploration process, in the limit of a large populations.In the second part, we first establish the convergence of the population process to a continuous state branching process (CSBP) with jumps. We then show the convergence of the (rescaled) exploration process, of the corresponding genealogical tree towards the continuous height process recently defined by Li, Pardoux and Wakolbinger. In the last part, we consider a population model with interaction defined with a more general non linear function $f.$ We proceed to a renormalization of the parameters model and we obtain in limit a generalized CSBP. We then renormalize the height process of the associated genealogical tree, and take the weak limit as the size of the population tends to infinity
De, Moliner Anne. "Estimation robuste de courbes de consommmation électrique moyennes par sondage pour de petits domaines en présence de valeurs manquantes." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK021/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we address the problem of robust estimation of mean or total electricity consumption curves by sampling in a finite population for the entire population and for small areas. We are also interested in estimating mean curves by sampling in presence of partially missing trajectories.Indeed, many studies carried out in the French electricity company EDF, for marketing or power grid management purposes, are based on the analysis of mean or total electricity consumption curves at a fine time scale, for different groups of clients sharing some common characteristics.Because of privacy issues and financial costs, it is not possible to measure the electricity consumption curve of each customer so these mean curves are estimated using samples. In this thesis, we extend the work of Lardin (2012) on mean curve estimation by sampling by focusing on specific aspects of this problem such as robustness to influential units, small area estimation and estimation in presence of partially or totally unobserved curves.In order to build robust estimators of mean curves we adapt the unified approach to robust estimation in finite population proposed by Beaumont et al (2013) to the context of functional data. To that purpose we propose three approaches : application of the usual method for real variables on discretised curves, projection on Functional Spherical Principal Components or on a Wavelets basis and thirdly functional truncation of conditional biases based on the notion of depth.These methods are tested and compared to each other on real datasets and Mean Squared Error estimators are also proposed.Secondly we address the problem of small area estimation for functional means or totals. We introduce three methods: unit level linear mixed model applied on the scores of functional principal components analysis or on wavelets coefficients, functional regression and aggregation of individual curves predictions by functional regression trees or functional random forests. Robust versions of these estimators are then proposed by following the approach to robust estimation based on conditional biais presented before.Finally, we suggest four estimators of mean curves by sampling in presence of partially or totally unobserved trajectories. The first estimator is a reweighting estimator where the weights are determined using a temporal non parametric kernel smoothing adapted to the context of finite population and missing data and the other ones rely on imputation of missing data. Missing parts of the curves are determined either by using the smoothing estimator presented before, or by nearest neighbours imputation adapted to functional data or by a variant of linear interpolation which takes into account the mean trajectory of the entire sample. Variance approximations are proposed for each method and all the estimators are compared to each other on real datasets for various missing data scenarios
Genevès, Pierre. "Logiques pour XML." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133591.
Full textLes principaux concepts de XML sont traduits linéairement dans cette logique. Ces concepts incluent la navigation et la sémantique de sélection de noeuds du langage de requêtes XPath, ainsi que les langages de schémas (incluant DTD et XML Schema). Grâce à ces traductions, les problèmes d'importance majeure dans les applications XML sont réduits à la satisfaisabilité de la logique. Ces problèmes incluent notamment l'inclusion, la satisfaisabilité, l'équivalence, l'intersection, le recouvrement des requêtes, en présence ou en l'absence de contraintes régulières d'arbres, et le typage statique d'une requête annotée.
Un algorithme correct et complet pour décider la logique est proposé, accompagné d'une analyse détaillée de sa complexité computationnelle, et des techniques d'implantation cruciales pour la réalisation d'un solveur efficace en pratique. Des expérimentations avec l'implantation complète du système sont présentées. Le système apparaît efficace et utilisable en pratique sur plusieurs scénarios réalistes.
La principale application de ce travail est une nouvelle classe d'analyseurs statiques pour les langages de programmation utilisant des requêtes XPath et des types réguliers d'arbres. De tels analyseurs permettent de s'assurer, au moment de la compilation, de propriétés importantes comme le typage correct des programmes ou leur optimisation, pour un traitement plus sûr et plus efficace des données XML.
Chabi-Yo, Fousseni. "Asymmetry risk, state variables and stochastic discount factor specification in asset pricing models." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/179.
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