Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèle de distribution'
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Bohrer, Ávila Rafael. "Un modèle de distribution du serveur de fichiers pour Grappes." Grenoble INPG, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPG0042.
Full textThe evolution of Cluster Computing has led to the construction of each time larger and larger parallel machines, in which one of the main problems is the management of I/0, since centralised file storage solutions like NFS rapidly become the bottleneck of this part of the system. Over the last years, many solutions to this problem have been proposed, both making use of specialised hardware such as RAID and fibre optics as weil as by distributing the functionalities of the file server. Following this second trend, NFSP is a proposal which extends the standard NFS server in order to provide improved read performance and scalability while taking benefit from its stability and well-known management practices. The proposal presented in this thesis, referred to as dNFSP, is an extension of NFSP with the main goal of providing better performance to applications exploring both read and write operations. The basis for the proposed system is a distributed metadata management model, which allows for better scalability and reduces the computational cost on the original NFSP metaserver, and also a relaxed mechanism for maintaining metadata coerence based on LRC (Lazy Release Consistency), which enables the distribution of the service without incurring in costly data sinchronization operations. A prototype of the dNFSP model has been implemented and evaluated by means of a series of tests, benchmarks and applications. The obtained results confirm that the model can provide better performance to applications and at the same time keep a high degree of compatibility with standard tools and procedures
Ding, Ni. "Load models for operarion and planning of electricity distribution networks with metering data." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862879.
Full textTremblay, Marie. "Estimation des paramètres des modèles de culture : application au modèle STICS Tournesol." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30020.
Full textHernandez, Freddy. "Fluctuations à l'équilibre d'un modèle stochastique non gradient qui conserve l'énergie." Paris 9, 2010. https://bu.dauphine.psl.eu/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2010PA090029.
Full textIn this thesis we study the equilibrium energy fluctuation field of a one-dimensional reversible non gradient model. We prove that the limit fluctuation process is governed by a generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. By adapting the non gradient method introduced by S. R. S Varadhan, we identify the correct diffusion term, which allows us to derive the Boltzmann-Gibbs principle. This is the key point to show that the energy fluctuation field converges in the sense of finite dimensional distributions to a generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Moreover, using again the Boltzmann-Gibbs principle we also prove tightness for the energy fluctuation field in a specified Sobolev space, which together with the finite dimensional convergence implies the convergence in distribution to the generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process mentioned above. The fact that the conserved quantity is not a linear functional of the coordinates of the system, introduces new difficulties of geometric nature in applying Varadhan's non gradient method
Ding, Ni. "Load models for operation and planning of electricity distribution networks with smart metering data." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENT092/document.
Full textFrom 2010, ERDF (French DSO) started the “Linky” project. The project aims at installing 35 millions smart meters in France. These smart meters will collect individual client's consumption data in real time and transfer these data to the data center automatically in a certain frequency. These detailed consumption information provided by the smart metering system enables the designs of more accurate load models. On this purpose, two distinctive objectives are defined in this dissertation: the forecasting load models for the operation need and the estimation load models for the planning need. For the operation need, two models are developed, respectively relying on the “time series” and the “neural network” principals. They are both for the objective of predicting the loads in “D+1” and “D+2” days based on the historical information till “D” day. The “time series” model divides the load curve into three components: the trend, the cyclic, and the residual. The first two parts are deterministic, from which two models named the trend model and the cyclic model are made. The sum of the prevision of these two models is the final prediction result. For a better precision, numerous statistical tools are also integrated such that the stationary test, the smoothed periodogram, the ANOVA test and the gliding window estimation, etc. The time series model can extract information from the influence factors such as the time, the temperature, the periodicities and the day type, etc. Being the most popular non linear model and the universal approximator, the neural network load forecasting model is also studied in this dissertation. We focus on the strategy of the structure selection. The work is in collaboration with Prof. Dreyfus (SIGMA lab), a well known expert in the machine learning field. Input selection and model selection are performed by the “orthogonal forward regression” and the “virtual-leave-one-out” algorithms. Results show that the proposed procedure is efficient and guarantees the chosen model a good accuracy on the load forecasting. For the planning, a nonparametric model is designed and compared with the actual model “BAGHEERA” of the French electricity company EDF. With the opening of the electricity market, the relationship among the regulators, suppliers and clients is changing. The qualitative information about a particular client such as his subscribed power, his activity code and his electricity tariffs becomes less and less available. The evolution from the BAGHEERA model to a data-driven model is unavoidable, since the BAGHEERA model depends on these information to attribute every client in the French territory into a pre-defined category. The proposed nonparametric model is individualized and can deal with both temperature sensitive (possessing an electrical heater) and temperature insensitive clients. Three nonparametric regressors are proposed: the Nadaraya Watson, the local linear, and the local linear adapted. The validation studies show that the nonparametric model has a better estimation precision than the BAGHEERA model. These novel models are designed and validated by the real measurements collected in the French distribution network
Akrout, Fathi. "Analyse macromarketing de la dynamique des circuits de distribution : construction et test d'un modèle intégré." Rennes 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REN1A006.
Full textBélanger, Valérie. "Analyse d'un réseau d'approvisionnement et de distribution : conception d'un modèle de simulation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24851/24851.pdf.
Full textSaada, Estelle. "Différenciation du produit et concurrence spatiale : contributions au modèle de la ville-circulaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX24008.
Full textSellami, Sami. "Comportements hydrodynamiques d'un modèle non gradient : l'exclusion simple généralisée." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES083.
Full textThis thesis is constituted by two parts. In the first one, we study the equilibrium density fluctuation field of a one-dimensional reversible nongradient model. We prove, for the generalized exclusion process, the Boltzmann-Gibbs principle. This principle, first introduced by Brox and Rost, is the basic stage which enables us to show afterwards that our process converges in law to a generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, by applying Holley and Stroock's theory. In the second part, made in collaboration with C. Landim and M. Mourragui, we consider a nonlinear parabolic equation on a square with boundary conditions. Assuming that the diffusion coefficient is Lipschitz, we prove that the rescaled density field converges to the unique weak solution of the parabolic equation
Picard, Nicolas. "Passage d'un modèle individuel à un modèle de distribution de la dynamique forestière. Application à une forêt dense tropicale humide de Guyane française." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145095.
Full textWu, Shuang. "Algebraic area distribution of two-dimensional random walks and the Hofstadter model." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS459/document.
Full textThis thesis is about the Hofstadter model, i.e., a single electron moving on a two-dimensional lattice coupled to a perpendicular homogeneous magnetic field. Its spectrum is one of the famous fractals in quantum mechanics, known as the Hofstadter's butterfly. There are two main subjects in this thesis: the first is the study of the deep connection between the Hofstadter model and the distribution of the algebraic area enclosed by two-dimensional random walks. The second focuses on the distinctive features of the Hofstadter's butterfly and the study of the bandwidth of the spectrum. We found an exact expression for the trace of the Hofstadter Hamiltonian in terms of the Kreft coefficients, and for the higher moments of the bandwidth.This thesis is organized as follows. In chapter 1, we begin with the motivation of our work and a general introduction to the Hofstadter model as well as to random walks will be presented. In chapter 2, we will show how to use the connection between random walks and the Hofstadter model. A method to calculate the generating function of the algebraic area distribution enclosed by planar random walks will be explained in details. In chapter 3, we will present another method to study these issues, by using the point spectrum traces to recover the full Hofstadter trace. Moreover, the advantage of this construction is that it can be generalized to the almost Mathieu operator. In chapter 4, we will introduce the method which was initially developed by D.J.Thouless to calculate the bandwidth of the Hofstadter spectrum. By following the same logic, I will show how to generalize the Thouless bandwidth formula to its n-th moment, to be more precisely defined later
Huneeus, Nicolas. "Assimilation variationnelle d'observations satellitaires dans un modèle atmosphérique d'aérosols." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Huneeus.pdf.
Full textHanak, Anne-Sophie. "Pharmacocinétique et toxicité neurocomportementale du lithium chez le rat : étude de la variabilité en fonction du modèle d’intoxication." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC142.
Full textLithium is the cornerstone treatment of bipolar disorder. However, lithium may be responsible for poisoning with three various profiles reported in humans and characterized by unexplained variable resulting neurotoxicity. Our objectives were to investigate brain lithium distribution in three Sprague-Dawley rat models mimicking the human intoxication patterns and define its involvement in the occurrence of neurological disorders using behavioral tests and electroencephalographic analysis. The effect/concentration relationships were studied according to the poisoning model. Finally, an ex vivo imaging protocol was established in the rat to investigate brain lithium distribution using the nuclear magnetic resonance of lithium-7. We showed significant differences between the three lithium poisoning patterns in the rat regarding the blood and brain lithium pharmacokinetics as well as the intensity and duration of lithium-induced neurobehavioural effects. We found significantly more marked brain lithium accumulation after an overdose following repeated lithium administration, enhanced after the induction of renal failure. In the rat, lithium overdose consistently induced hypolocomotion whose intensity was related to the duration of lithium exposure and encephalopathy whose severity rather depended on the lithium amount accumulated in the brain. Brain lithium accumulation seems thus able to generate direct and/or indirect neurotoxic effects mediated by the alteration of specific brain lithium target expression. Finally, we demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of our ex vivo imaging technique to investigate brain lithium distribution in the rat, supporting a possible future use in humans
Moutault, Sébastien. "Définition et implémentation d'un modèle causal d'exécution temps-réel distribuée." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00667238.
Full textLapoule, Paul. "Le succès des marques terroir des distributeurs : un modèle par les compétences." Paris, CNAM, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CNAM0562.
Full textThe purpose of this qualitative research is to understand the relationship between the success of regional retail brands and the competencies necessary to manage them. The market for "terroir" or regional products is growing in volume as well as in value, despite the fact that no major producer has emerged. This study is divided into three main areas : an empirical research, through the study of one English and two French cases ; a review of Strategic Management and Marketing literature ; several groups of practitionners were asked to triangulate their propositions in relation to the concepts in order to create and justify a theoretical model, as well as the results. The success of regional distributors'brands is first of all based on fostering a spirit of cooperation among distributors, which can be applied to further partnerships. Dynamic relational skills are among the main strategic assets necessary to gain sustainable competitive advantage
Fallu, Marie-Andrée. "Distribution des diatomées d'eau douce en Jamésie-Hudsonie, Québec, et développement d'un modèle de reconstitution paléoclimatique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq33631.pdf.
Full textHuynh, Olivier. "Application du Modèle à Distribution de Points au corps humain pour la ré-identification de personnes." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM032/document.
Full textThe emergence of mobile systems brings new problematics in computer vision. Static camera-based methods for re-identification need to be adapted in this new context. To deal with dynamical background, this thesis proposes to employ the well known Point Distribution Model (PDM), usually applied for face alignment, on the human body. Three advantages come from this pre-processing before re-identification, segment the person from background, enhance robustness to the person pose and extract spatial key points to build a behavioural-based signature.We implement and evaluate a complete framework for re-identification, divided in three sequential modules. The first one corresponds to the pedestrian detection. We use an efficient method of the state of the art employing the Channel Features with the algorithm AdaBoost.The second one is the PDM alignment within the bounding box provided by the detection step. Two distinct approaches are presented in this thesis. The first method relies on a parametric formulation to describe the shape, similar to the ASM or AAM. To fit this shape model, we maximize the score of an appearance model defined by GentleBoost, which employs local histograms of oriented gradients. The second approach is based on the cascade regression shape scheme. The main idea is the approximation for each step into a classification of homogeneous deformations, grouped by unsupervised clustering.The third module is the re-identfication one. We show that employing a PDM as a structural support improves re-identification results. We experiment classic appearance-based signatures, color histograms and the shape descriptor Shape Context. The results are encouraging for application perspective of PDM for the gait recognition
Siala, Beji Mariem. "Un modèle distribué pour la gestion du stock disponible dans les réseaux de distribution multi-niveaux." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ISAL0031.
Full textThe Available-to-Promise (ATP) fonction is an important element to manage the relationship between a company and its current and prospective customers. The initial role of this fonction is to provide product availability information in order to promise customers' order requests. The purpose of the present thesis is to improve this A TP fonction, within a multi-echelon distribution network. The suggested model is a distributed mode! based on horizons. For the short-term horizon, we suggest the Effective A TP fonction (ATPE). This fonction provides a better local stock management within the different entities of the distribution network. For the medium-term horizon, we suggest the Cooperative ATPE fonction (ATPE-C) which is based on a multi-agent approach, using the "Contract Net" protocoJ to assure the inventory redeployment between the different entities of the distribution network. In order to assess these fonctions we have developed a simulation tool which allowed us to show the e:fficiency of the suggested functi. Ons as weil as to study the impact of the system and the agents' cooperation degree on the global and individual performances
Legendre, Anaïs. "Du premier centre distributeur au Mouvement E. Leclerc : invention d’un modèle original de distribution (1949-2003)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040225.
Full textIn less than 50 years, the Leclerc Movement, founded in 1949, has established a position as one of the nation's leading large retailers. Our study, undertaken from the company archives, is focused on an analysis of its model and the dynamic of the group's development.On one hand, the notion of discount, the presence of a charismatic leader and the cooperative structure of the organization make up the permanent foundations of the Movement's identity.On another hand, the expansion of the network of stores and the transformation of the retailers – from small groceries to supermarkets – necessitated the creation of specific structures and mechanisms.The Movement was initially built on the autonomy and independence of each shop. Management was by definition a minima and largely decentralized.However, if the structure of this organization proved to be self-sufficient at first, when the Movement grew and diversified, it revealed its limits. To maintain performance at a local level, it became essential to consolidate and centralize first the purchasing of produce, and subsequently certain elements of management.This latter phase in the company's growth and the protection of its network of shops has led to the constitution of enduring links between its members
Nguyen, Thi Huong An. "Contribution to the statistical analysis of compositional data with an application to political economy." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10032/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to investigate the outcome of an election and the impacts of the socio-economics factors on the vote shares in the multiparty system from mathematical point of view. The vote shares of the departmental election in France in 2015 form a vector called composition. Thus, the classical regression model cannot be used directly to model these vote shares because of contraints of compositional data. In Chapter 2, we present a regression model in which the dependent variable is a compositional variable and the set of explanatory variables contains both classical variables and compositional variables. We analyze the impacts of socio-economic factors on the outcome of the election through predicting the vote shares according to either a classical explanatory variable or a compositional explanatory variable. Some graphical techniques are also presented. However, it would be more appreciated to interpret the coefficients of regression model on the simplex. Furthermore, some authors show that electoral data often exhibit heavy tail behavior. Thus, we propose to replace the Normal distribution by the Student distribution. However, there are two versions of the Student distribution: the uncorrelated Student(UT) distribution and the independent Student (IT) distribution. In Chapter 3, we present a complete summary for the Student distributions which includes the univariate and multivariate Student, the IT and the UT distribution with fixed degrees of freedom. We prove that the maximum likelihood estimator of the covariance matrix in the UTmodel is asymptotically biased. We also provide an iterative reweighted algorithm to compute the maximum likelihood estimator of parameter of the IT model. A simulation is provided and some Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests based on the Mahalanobis distance are carried out to select the right model. However, this does not work for the UT model because of a single realization of n observation of the multivariate distribution. In Chapter 4, we apply the multivariate Student (IT) regression model to our political economy data. We then compare this model to the multivariate Normal regression model. We also apply the Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests based on the Mahalanobis distance which is proposed in chapter 3 to select a better model. Finally, we investigate the assumption of statistical independence across territorial units which may be questionable due to potential spatial autocorrelation for compositional data. We develop a simultaneous spatial autoregressive model for compositional data which allows for both spatial correlation and correlations across equations by using two-stage and three-stage least squares methods. We present a simulation study to illustrate these methods. An application to a data set from the 2015 French departmental election are also showed. There is still work to continue in the direction of overcoming the problem of zeros in vote shares. This problem is already present for the departmental French elections at the canton level when aggregating the electoral parties in three categories. It would have been even more serious when considering the original political parties with no aggregation. Besides, another direction consists in considering the multivariate Student distribution for a spatial model
Braun, Mathias. "Reduced Order Modelling and Uncertainty Propagation Applied to Water Distribution Networks." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0050/document.
Full textWater distribution systems are large, spatially distributed infrastructures that ensure the distribution of potable water of sufficient quantity and quality. Mathematical models of these systems are characterized by a large number of state variables and parameter. Two major challenges are given by the time constraints for the solution and the uncertain character of the model parameters. The main objectives of this thesis are thus the investigation of projection based reduced order modelling techniques for the time efficient solution of the hydraulic system as well as the spectral propagation of parameter uncertainties for the improved quantification of uncertainties. The thesis gives an overview of the mathematical methods that are being used. This is followed by the definition and discussion of the hydraulic network model, for which a new method for the derivation of the sensitivities is presented based on the adjoint method. The specific objectives for the development of reduced order models are the application of projection based methods, the development of more efficient adaptive sampling strategies and the use of hyper-reduction methods for the fast evaluation of non-linear residual terms. For the propagation of uncertainties spectral methods are introduced to the hydraulic model and an intrusive hydraulic model is formulated. With the objective of a more efficient analysis of the parameter uncertainties, the spectral propagation is then evaluated on the basis of the reduced model. The results show that projection based reduced order models give a considerable benefit with respect to the computational effort. While the use of adaptive sampling resulted in a more efficient use of pre-calculated system states, the use of hyper-reduction methods could not improve the computational burden and has to be explored further. The propagation of the parameter uncertainties on the basis of the spectral methods is shown to be comparable to Monte Carlo simulations in accuracy, while significantly reducing the computational effort
Christophe, Claire. "Modélisation aléatoire de l'activité des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2548/.
Full textThis thesis studies some statistical and probability properties of the dynamic of Cytotoxic T Lym- phocyte (CTL, immune cells) and a tumor nodule. This work is in close collaboration with Salvatore Valitutti team at INSERM. Considering the complexity of developing an in vitro tumor nodule, we develop an agent based model to describe and understand the interaction between CTL and tumor. Numerical experiments highlight two important parameters in CTL immune response against tumor mass. Primarily the CTL displacement, in other words, direct CTL towards the nodule is in favor of the immune system rather than non oriented displacement. Moreover, the maximal number of tumor cells killed by one CTL is the second parameter, in this manner, the higher this number, the higher the probability to eradicate the nodule. To decipher the tumor nodule behavior during an immunotherapy process that consists direct- ing CTL toward tumor mass, a system of ODE, deduce from a microscopic analysis of stochastic processes, is developed. A Brownian motion describes the non-directed CTL displacement and a Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is proposed for biased displacement of CTL. Using hitting time and quasi- stationary distribution, we identify a phase transition in CTL number leading to tumor eradication, this number is lower under simulated immunotherapy (with a self-attracting CTL population). In the study of cytolytic activity of the CTL, we suggest a mixture model of Poisson distributions, to describe the number of target cells killed by one CTL. The EM algorithm is implemented to estimate the parameter of such mixture. A non asymptotic penalized criteria is proposed to estimate the number of components of the mixture. With such theoretical study applied on real dataset, we highlight the existence of two CTL subpopulations, one that kills on average many target cells, and a second which kill a few number of target cells
Barrué, Magali. "Conception et développement d'un modèle pour les interactions environnement-aménagement : application au réseau électrique de transport." Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30021.
Full textKon, Kam King Guillaume. "Revisiting Species Sensitivity Distribution : modelling species variability for the protection of communities." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10194/document.
Full textSpecies Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) is a method used by scientists and regulators from all over the world to determine the safe concentration for various contaminants stressing the environment. Although ubiquitous, this approach suffers from numerous methodological flaws, notably because it is based on incomplete use of experimental data. This thesis revisits classical SSD, attempting to overcome this shortcoming. First, we present a methodology to include censored data in SSD with a web-tool to apply it easily. Second, we propose to model all the information present in the experimental data to describe the response of a community exposed to a contaminant. To this aim, we develop a hierarchical model within a Bayesian framework. On a dataset describing the effect of pesticides on diatom growth, we illustrate how this method, accounting for variability as well as uncertainty, provides benefits to risk assessment. Third, we extend this hierarchical approach to include the temporal dimension of the community response. The objective of that development is to remove the dependence of risk assessment on the date of the last experimental observation in order to build a precise description of its time evolution and to extrapolate to longer times. This approach is build on a toxico-dynamic model and illustrated on a dataset describing the salinity tolerance of freshwater species
Jalbert, Jonathan. "Développement d'un modèle statistique non stationnaire et régional pour les précipitations extrêmes simulées par un modèle numérique de climat." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU032/document.
Full textPrecipitation extremes plays a major role in flooding events and their occurrence as well as their intensity are expected to increase. It is therefore important to anticipate the impacts of such an increase to ensure the public safety and the infrastructure sustainability. Since climate models are the only tools for providing quantitative projections of precipitation, flood risk management for the future climate may be based on their simulations. Most of the time, the Extreme value theory is used to estimate the extreme precipitations from a climate simulation, such as the T-year return levels. The variance of the estimations are generally large notably because the sample size of the maxima series are short. Such variance could have a significant impact for flood risk management. It is therefore relevant to reduce the estimation variance of simulated return levels. For this purpose, the aim of this paper is to develop a non-stationary and regional statistical model especially suited for climate models that estimates precipitation extremes. At first, the non-stationarity is removed by a preprocessing approach. Thereafter, the spatial correlation is modeled by a Bayesian hierarchical model including an intrinsic Gaussian Markov random field. The model has been used to estimate the 100-year return levels over North America from a simulation by the Canadian Regional Climate Model. The results show a large estimation variance reduction when using the regional model
Doré-Savard, Louis. "Évaluation comportementale et imagerie d'un nouveau modèle murin de douleur cancéreuse osseuse et exploration du potentiel analgésique des agonistes des récepteurs neurotensinergiques dans ce modèle." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6647.
Full textDupraz, Marlène. "Convergence dans l'évolution de la spécialisation d'hôte chez des tiques : modèle tiques-oiseaux de mer à distribution mondiale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT124/document.
Full textIntimate and repeated interactions between hosts and parasites can lead to parasite specialization to a given host via behavioral, morphological and/or genetic adaptations that act in combination with restricted gene flow. Specialization is a key process leading to the generation of parasite biodiversity and can help us understand the emergence of pathogenic organisms. Although little studied, host specialization has already been demonstrated to occur in previous studies of two nidicolous tick species: Ixodes uriae a hard tick parasitizing colonial seabirds in polar regions, and soft ticks of the complex Ornithodoros capensis sensu lato, that also exploit colonial seabirds, but this time in temperate and tropical zones. Both of these species act as vector to a wide variety of pathogenic organisms, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. However, the factors involved in host specialization remain unknown. In this context, the aim of my thesis was to determine 1) whether the evolution of host specialization is always accompanied by the same phenotypic changes and 2) whether these changes could help to identify the selective factors that influence this phenomenon. In this context, tick collections were conducted during the breeding period of the host birds in different areas of their distribution and morphometric analyses, based on landmark and contour methods, were performed on each individual tick. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were also carried out using the same individuals. Overall, the results demonstrate that morphological convergence occurs within these systems, highlighting the role of selection in the divergence process. Indeed, the ecological characteristics of the hosts, but also their micro-habitat, may exert significant selective pressures on ticks and may cause the observed divergence among populations. Likewise, the biological characteristics of each tick species, particularly in relation to dispersal capacity, may also come into play and will greatly modify the epidemiology of associated infectious agents.Keywords: Argasidae, convergent evolution, host-parasite interactions, Ixodidae, transmission ecology, seabirds
Munoz, François Julien. "Distribution régionale des espèces et dynamique des métapopulations : modèle hiérarchique d'habitat et inférence du taux relatif extension/colonisation." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20012.
Full textA species cannot survive locally unless its biological requirements are met (niche concept). However, because of the stochasticity of its own dynamics and of the dynamics of its environment, every population is doomed to go extinct. Hence the fate of a metapopulation depends on the balance between colonization and extinction of individual populations. The floristic atlas of the French Drôme district by Luc Garraud is the basis and the motivation of our research on this topic. We consider a species' distribution as the spatial map of a single metapopulation. A global theoretical investigation of the processes involved allows us to propose new developments. We show that self-organized spatial and temporal structures are of importance. We also demonstrate that appropriate spatial statistics using spectral analysis allow to evidence metapopulation dynamics. Finally we propose an inference framework that sequentially estimates niche properties and metapopulation features. We use this framework to establish some general ecological features of plant dynamics in the Drôme district. We highlight some principles that are of importance to infer ecological processes from spatial occurrence data. The uncertainty principle means that less precise indexes of spatial structure can provide more relevant ecological information, because they filter out local contingent structures. Also, local processes should be inferred using observations at an intermediate scale and not at the scale of the overall system: this allows taking into account the effect of emergent structures. The niche concept and its spatial counterpart, the habitat, are at the meeting point of such ideas. The perspectives we propose in our work offer interesting and promising milestones in the fields of population and community ecology
Coffo, Mieke Ineke Rik. "Contribution à la modélisation, à l’optimisation et à l’étude expérimentale d’un lanceur à rails augmenté et du projectile." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA2010/document.
Full textThis thesis was supervised by Professor Jean-Marie Kauffmann of the University of Franche-Comté. The co-director at the Royal Military Academy was Dr. Johan Gallant and the experiments at Franch-German Research Institute ISL were directed by Dr. Markus Schneider. A conventional electromagnetic railgun is composed of two conducting rails connected by a projectile. The magnetic field generated by the current in the rails interacts in the projectile resulting in an electromagnetic force accelerating the projectile. The projectile used in this thesis is two brush projectile. For a conventional railgun the most efficient way to increase the force on the projectile is to increase the current in the rails. But the current density is limited. The heating of the sliding contacts between the brushes and the rails due to the Joule losses and the friction can cause the contacts and can result in contact transition which we want to avoid. One way to reduce the heating is to add more current brushes to obtain a better current distribution between the brushes. Another way is to add an extra pair of rails and create an additional magnetic field. This augmenting field allows us to increase the electromagnetic force without increasing the current through the projectile. In this thesis the current and heat distribution in a two brush projectile in a parallel augmented railgun is studied through simulations and experiments. Because the current brushes and the inner rails form a closed loop, the augmenting field will induce a loop current and influence the current distribution between the brushes. The first simulation model is a global model of the railgun in PSice which allows us to predict the global currents as well as the average temperature in the brushes, the force on the projectile and the position and the velocity of the projectile. The model takes into account the velocity skin effect and was validated based on experiments. The second model is a finite element model in ANSYS for a fixed projectile. This model allows a local study of the current and temperature distribution in the projectile. A model for the contact between the rails and the projectile is introduced. The local model is used to calculate the time-dependent coefficients for the force equation used in the global model. Both simulation models are compared and a good correspondence is found. The LARA railgun of ISL with a length of 1.5 m and a square caliber of 15 mm has been used for the experiments. A maximum of three capacitor banks was used for the non-augmented and the augmented configuration. The muzzle velocities obtained in the experiments vary between 48 and 214 m/s. To determine the current distribution between the brushes a technique proposed by [SCH05a] has been used. It is based on the measurement of the voltage between two pins in the rails in combination with the voltage in a loop. When applied to this velocity range, the eddy currents in front of the projectile hamper the interpretation of the signals and the results are not what we expected. An analytical method for the determination of the current distribution based on the voltage in the loop was introduced. The results are then compared with the results of the simulations. The maximum current in the rails found with PSpice shows a good correspondence with the experiments, the calculated decrease of the current is slightly overestimated. The errors on the velocities are less than 10%. Both simulation models and experiments show that the brush towards the breech carries the greater part of the current for the non-augmented as well as the augmented railgun. In the last part a parametric study is carried out with ANSYS for the preliminary design of an augmenting circuit for an existing railgun
Koladjo, Babagnidé François. "Estimation non paramétrique du nombre d'espèces : Application à l'étude de la faune ichtyologique du bassin du fleuve Ouëmé." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112153.
Full textThis manuscript is structured in two parts. The #rst part composed of Chapters 2to 4 deals with the problem of estimating the number of classes in a population withan application in ecology. The second part, corresponding to Chapter 5, concernsthe application of statistical methods to analyze fisheries data.In the first part, we consider a heterogeneous population split into several classes.From a sample, the numbers of observed individuals per class, also called abun-dances, are used to estimate the total number of classes in the population. In theliterature devoted to the number of classes estimation, methods based on a mix-ture of Poisson distributions seem to be the most effcient (see for example the workof Chao and Bunge (2002) in the parametric framework and that of Wang and Lind-say (2005) in a non-parametric framework). Applications of these approaches to realdata show that the distribution of abundances can be approximated by a convexdistribution. We propose a non-parametric approach to estimate the distribution ofabundances under the constraint of convexity. This constraint defines a theoreticalframework for estimating a discrete density. The problem of estimating the numberof classes is then tackled in two steps.We show on the one hand the existence and uniqueness of an estimator of adiscrete density under the constraint of convexity. Under this constraint, we provethat a discrete density can be written as a mixture of triangular distributions. Usingthe support reduction algorithm proposed by Groeneboom et al. (2008), we proposean exact algorithm to estimate the proportions in the mixture.On the other hand, the estimation procedure of a discrete convex density is usedto estimate the zero-truncated distribution of the observed abundance data. Thezero-truncated distribution estimate is then extended at zero to derive an estimateof the probability that a class is not observed. This extension is made so as tocancel the first component in the mixture of triangular distributions. An estimateof the total number of classes is obtained through a binomial model assuming thateach class appears in a sample by a Bernoulli trial. We show the convergence inlaw of the proposed estimator. On practical view, an application to real ecologicaldata is presented. The method is then compared to other concurrent methods usingsimulations.The second part presents the analysis of fisheries data collected on the Ouémériver in Benin. We propose a statistical approach for grouping species accordingto their temporal abundance profile, to estimate the stock of a species and theircatchability by artisanal fishing gears
Besnard, Aurélien. "Distribution et sélection d’habitat des passereaux prairiaux en plaine d’inondation." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0022/document.
Full textThe intensification of agricultural practices in the last decades profoundly changed agricultural ecosystems. Grassland birds are particularly affected by these changes and have been declining sharply. The implementation of Agro-Environmental Schemes (AES) failed to halt this decline. Assessing their effectiveness requires a better understanding of the ecological responses of species in the ecosystem. We attempted to quantify and analyze the distribution and habitat selection of grassland birds in the floodplains of the Loire basin in Western France. This study aimed at building and testing relevant environmental predictors of moisture, climate, vegetation and landscape. Then, we established species response to these predictors and built local distribution models. This study confirmed the prominent rôle of moisture gradient for grassland bird populations in floodplains. The location on the gradient determines habitat quality for these species especially by affecting vegetation composition. It also controls the phenology of mowing, a key factor for reproductive success. Finally, this gradient is largely determined by flooding susceptibility, which may affect bird distribution when flood occurs in spring. In such years, we observed a spatial mismatch between AES and grassland bird distributions in floodplain. We also highlighted the avoidance of hedgerows by grassland birds, which stresses the incompatibility at fine scale between two objects of biodiversity conservation. Finally, we used the environmental predictors to model the distributions the main grassland birds, which models highlighted differences in habitat use between grassland species. These results emphasize the need to redefine the priorities of conservation at the landscape scale. They could also be considered to improve the efficiency of AES
Renno, Jean-François. "Génétique des populations et biogéographie de l'ichtyofaune néotropicale : le modèle Leporinus de Guyane." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20219.
Full textBinot, Ferréol. "Modélisation et estimation de paramètres des réseaux de distribution basse tension." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST024.
Full textThe development of new uses, driven by energy transition requirements, mainly on low-voltage (LV) networks, requires the development of more innovative tools for network management and planning. The development of these new tools requires a very good knowledge of the actual state and parameters of LV networks. The work of this thesis focuses on the development of state (SE) and parameter (PE) estimation algorithms dedicated to LV networks.To carry out the development of these algorithms, we have improved the characterization and modelling of LV cables by taking into account the impact of external parameters on the impedance matrix and the voltage profile. This model uses the 4×4 impedance matrix and takes into account the earthing resistances. This study will serve as a building block for both algorithms.The SE algorithm is based on the WLS algorithm and the augmented matrix method. For its development, we have adapted its quantities by taking into account the particularities of LV networks. This algorithm allows to obtain an increased accuracy of the network voltage profile (including the neutral to earth voltage) and gives accurate results even in case of errors or suppressed measurements. The algorithm will improve the operation of LV networks. The PE algorithm, which is based on the augmented vector algorithm, estimates both the lengths of the links and also directly the external conditions (conductor temperature). Thus, this algorithm corrects the data present in geographical information systems and gives a perfect knowledge of the network topology. The planning and operation of LV networks will be easier even with the development of new uses
Maxit, Laurent. "Extension et reformulation du modèle SEA par la prise en compte de la répartition des énergies modales." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777764.
Full textPiboule, Alexandre. "Influence de la structure du peuplement forestier sur la distribution de l'éclairement sous couvert. Cas d'une forêt hétérogène feuillue sur plateau calcaire." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001666.
Full textKochrad, Nidal. "Modèle de performance système du cycle thermodynamique récupéré opérant avec une turbine en céramique renversée." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9904.
Full textMakassikis, Constantinos. "Conception d'un modèle et de frameworks de distribution d'applications sur grappes de PCs avec tolérance aux pannes à faible coût." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591083.
Full textBertheloot, Jessica. "Distribution de l'azote chez le blé (Triticum aesticum L.) après la floraison:un modèle dynamique fondé sur une approche structure-fonction." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005134.
Full textMasmoudi, Nesrine. "Modèle bio-inspiré pour le clustering de graphes : application à la fouille de données et à la distribution de simulations." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMLH26/document.
Full textIn this work, we present a novel method based on behavior of real ants for solving unsupervised non-hierarchical classification problem. This approach dynamically creates data groups. It is based on the concept of artificial ants moving complexly at the same time with simple location rules. Each ant represents a data in the algorithm. The movements of ants aim to create homogenous data groups that evolve together in a graph structure. We also propose a method of incremental building neighborhood graphs by artificial ants. We propose two approaches that are derived among biomimetic algorithms, they are hybrid in the sense that the search for the number of classes starting, which are performed by the classical algorithm K-Means classification, it is used to initialize the first partition and the graph structure
Vidot, Kevin. "Distribution et fonction des ions métalliques et des composés phénoliques dans les parois de fruits charnus : modèle pomme et raisin." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4020/document.
Full textColour, firmness, taste and long storage ability, are the main quality parameters that define consumer choice, processing and shelf-life of fleshy fruits. These quality criteria rely on physiological and physicochemical mechanisms that involve metallic ions, phenolic compounds and cell wall. To better understand these mechanisms, the thesis study was realised on two cider apples varieties and extended to wine grapes. The development of cryo-microscopy methods associated to X-ray and deep UV fluorescence highlighted the identification and distribution at the tissue scale of metallic ions and phenolic compounds. Transition metals and flavanols were mostly found in the cuticle while calcium, magnesium and phenolic pigments were co-localised in the sub-cuticle tissue layers. A homogeneous distribution of potassium was observed from the sub-cuticle to the outer cortex cell layers, a region that is rich in phenolic acids. Among these acids, hydroxycinnamic acids were found to be potentially esterified within cell wall. The impact of these compounds on the quality of fruit during consumption or processing was considered by studying the interactions between metal ions, cell wall pectin and phenolic compounds in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. All results: distribution of metal ions and phenolic compounds, as well as possible interactions and mechanisms of reaction, are summarized in a conceptual model that will serve as a basis for future work aiming at better controlling the organoleptic properties of fresh and processed fruit
Mahdi, Khouloud. "Modèle d'exploitation de flux d'événements complexes (CEP) par des patrons spatiotemporels agrégés dans un contexte de réseau de distribution énergétique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29754.
Full textDiop, Fallilou. "Analyses probabilistes pour l'étude des réseaux électriques de distribution." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC055/document.
Full textThe current changes on the electrical system bring out economic and technical issues in the management of the latter. Among these issues, the impact of distributed generation and VEs on the technical constraints of the distribution network. The aim of this thesis is to study probabilistic models to estimate the impacts of photovoltaic production and electrical vehicles on medium and low voltage distribution networks. Two different probabilistic models of production and consumption were studied : one based on the fitting of historical data by one probability density function, the other one based on the data clustered in groups defined by a standard profile and a probability of occurrence. Three probabilistic load flow technics have been studied in this thesis. The first is based on the Monte Carlo simulation method, the second is based on the PEM approximation method and the last, based on the use of clustering, is called pseudo Monte Carlo method
Cornea, Adriana. "Bootstrap raffiné pour les lois stables parétiennes avec applications aux rendements des actifs financiers." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX24023.
Full textThe supremacy of the stable Paretian distributions over the Gaussian distributions is by now a stylized fact in the financial theory and pratice. It is well known that the asymptotic inference about the expected returns is not always reliable and the nonparametric bootstrap can be used as an alternative. However, several studies have emphazide the fact that the nonparametric bootstrap is invalid foe the stable Paretian distributions. The reason is that the expected returns are highly influenced by the risk of the investement opportunities, risk which is always greater in stable Paretian financial market than in a Gaussian market. The widely accepted solution to the nonparametric bootstrap failure is the m out of n bootstrap. But, in this thesis it is shown that the m out of n bootstrap can also fail to provide valid inference results in small sample and can perform worse. Than the nonparametric bootstrap. In addition, in this dissertation a refined bootstrap method that overcomes the drawbacks of both of the nonparametric bootstrap and the m out of m bootstrap, is introduced. Then, the behavior of the refined boostrap is investigated through a simulation study. Finally, its performance is illustrated using returns of hedge funds and jumps of the futures S&P500 index
Cunha, Lima Cintra Francisco. "Croissance et distribution des revenus au Brésil : approches théorique et historique." Paris 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00796523.
Full textCartiser, Nathalie. "Intérêts et limites de l'analyse de la moelle osseuse en toxicologie médicolégale : contribution à l'interprétation quantitative des concentrations médullaires." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00847114.
Full textBertheloot, Jessica. "Distribution de l'azote chez le blé (Triticum aesticum L. ) après la floraison : un modèle dynamique fondé sur une approche structure-fonction." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.paristech.org/5134/01/These_Jessica_Bertheloot_2009.pdf.
Full textBoufayed, Fakher. "Simulation du transport électrique dans un polyéthylène pour câble d'énergie par un modèle de conduction bipolaire avec distribution exponentielle de pièges." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30004.
Full textThis thesis work has been developed in the framework of a European Project, HVDC, aimed at evaluating environmental, economic and operational benefits to develop HV transmission under DC stress. The contribution of the thesis to this project consists in the development of a dissymmetric bipolar model of transport intended to account for the space and temporal evolution of the space charge generated by the injection of charged particles in Polyethylene materials subjected to a DC stress. An exponential distribution and a maximum level of trap depth have been adopted for the model. This study closely associates numerical modeling and experimental measurements carried out by our partners in the project. A detailed study on the criticality of the parameters of the model was carried out, which enabled us to choose a single set of parameters for the validation of the model. Simulation results were compared with experimental measurements resorting to the time- and space- evolution of internal charge density and to current transients
Brazey, Denis. "Reconnaissance de formes et suivi de mouvements en 4D temps-réel : Restauration de cartes de profondeur." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAM0019.
Full textIn this dissertation, we are interested in several issues related to 3D data processing. The first one concerns people detection and tracking in depth map sequences. We propose an improvement of an existing method based on a segmentation stage followed by a tracking module. The second issue is head detection and modelling in 3D point clouds. In order to do this, we adopt a probabilistic approach based on a new spherical mixture model. The last considered application deals with the restoration of deteriorated depth maps. To solve this problem, we propose to use a surface approximation method based on interpolation Dm-splines with scale transforms to approximate and restore the image. Presented results illustrate the efficiency of the developed algorithms
Leca, Jérôme. "Cinématique et dynamique galactiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAE003/document.
Full textDynamically self-consistent galactic models are necessary for analysing and interpreting star counts, stellar density distributions, and stellar kinematics in order to understand the formation and the evolution of our Galaxy. This thesis aims to modify and improve the dynamical self-consistency of the Besançon Galaxy model in the case of a stationary and axisymmetric gravitational potential. Each stellar orbit is modelled by determining a Stäckel approximate integral of motion. Generalised Shu distribution functions (DFs) with three integrals of motion are used to model the stellar distribution functions. This new version of the Besançon model is compared with the previous axisymmetric BGM2014 version and we find that the two versions have similar densities for each stellar component. The dynamically self-consistency is improved and can be tested by recovering the forces and the potential through the Jeans equations applied to each stellar distribution function. Forces are recovered with an accuracy better than 1 % over most of the volume of the Galaxy
Moua, Yi. "Correction de l’effet du biais d’échantillonnage dans la modélisation de la qualité des habitats écologiques : application au principal vecteur du paludisme en Guyane française." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0002/document.
Full textSpecies distribution models are identified as relevant to map and characterize the habitat quality of Anopheles genusmosquitoes, transmitting malaria, and thus to both participate in the estimation of the transmission risk of this disease and inthe definition of targeted vector control actions. The malaria transmission depends on the presence and distribution of thevectors, which are themselves dependent on the environmental conditions that define the quality of the ecological habitats of the Anopheles. However, in some areas, Anopheles collection data remain scarce, making it difficult to model these habitats. In addition, the collection of these data is very often subjected to significant sampling biases, due, in particular, to unequal accessibility to the entire study area. This thesis provides a solution to the mapping of malaria vectors, considering two very few studied aspects in modeling: the low number of available presence sites and the existence of a sampling bias. An original method for correcting the effect of the sampling bias is proposed and then applied to presence data of Anopheles darlingi species - the main vector of malaria in South America - in French Guiana. Then, a distribution model of An. darlingi was built to obtain a map of habitat quality consistent with entomologists’ knowledge and providing high prediction performances. The proposed correction method was then compared to existing methods in an application context characterized by the scarcity of the species occurence data and the presence of a sampling bias. The results show that the developed method is adapted to cases where the number of sites of presence is low. This thesis contributes, on the one hand, to fill theoretical and applicability lacuna of current methods intended to correct the effect of the sampling bias and, on the other hand, to supplement the knowledge on both the spatial distribution and the bio-ecology of the main malaria vector in French Guiana