Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèle de gravité'
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Motavallianbaran, Seyed Hani. "Détermination d’un modèle lithosphérique sous la chaine centrale de l’Alborz basée sur l’interprétation intégrée de données gravimétriques, du géoïde et de la topographie." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112007.
Full textThe wish to understand the Earth's origin, evolution and composition, curiosity of the human to comprehend our planet's future evolution plus the geological needs compel researchers to investigate tectonic evolution and their present day structure and behavior. Some key parameters to better understand these subjects are depth of the Moho (the boundary between crust and mantle) and of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB). The targeted area of this research includes the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran and the South Caspian Basin. The Alborz Mountains separate the South Caspian Basin from Central Iran. For our research, the definition of the LAB is an isotherm and we try to calculate the temperature distribution in the lithosphere. We also consider local isostasy to be valid for our modeling. Gravity, geoid, topography and surface heat flow data are used in this research to model the Moho and LAB discontinuities. Potential field data are sensitive to the lateral density variations which happen across these two boundaries but at different depth. In this research 1D, 2D and 3D modeling has been conducted in our targeted area. In 1D modeling, our data are topography and geoid undulations. The method is a 1D inversion based on a two-layered model comprising crust and lithospheric mantle. Using gravity, geoid, topography and surface heat flow data, we have modeled 2D distributions of the density and temperature in the lithosphere along three profiles crossing Iran in SW-NE direction from the Arabian foreland in the SW to the South Caspian Basin and the Turan Platform to the NE. Finally, a 3D algorithm has been developed and tested to obtain the density structure of the lithosphere from joint inversion of free air gravity, geoid and topography data based on a Bayesian approach with Gaussian probability density function. The algorithm delivers the crustal and lithospheric thicknesses and the average crustal density. The results show crustal root under the Alborz Mountains and a thin crust under the southernmost South Caspian Basin thickening northward until the Apsheron-Balkan Sill. Regarding LAB, the results show thick lithosphere under the South Caspian Basin compared to thin lithosphere of Central Iran
Rousseau, Célia. "Comment la gravité est intégrée lors de la planification motrice : approches comportementale et par imagerie cérébrale." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS055/document.
Full textGravity is immutable, ubiquitous and affects the dynamic of our daily movements. The gravitational attraction (9.81 m / s2) which varies less than 1% of the earth's surface, is an actress of the evolution of all living species. Thanks to an efficient sensorimotor system, the dynamical consequences of the effects of gravity on our movements are stored as internal representations. To circumvent the time delays of the afferent signals coming from the sensorimotor system (too long to plan quick movements), the Central Nervous System (CNS) acts in a proactive fashion by using suitable internal models developed during our past experiences. These models are mainly used during the motor planning to provide a motor command to initiate the action. Prior knowledge of our biomechanical system and our environment therefore characterizes the diversity of internal models of each individual. However, before movement’s execution, sensory feedback can also be used to develop an optimal strategy of the motor task. The role of this initial information coming from the sensory feedback to anticipate the effects of gravity remains to deepen. During this thesis, we have highlighted the critical role of the initial information to plan a movement. Once available (~ 100 ms after the beginning of the movement), the sensory feedback is then integrated into internal models to control the motor task and if it is necessary, to adjust the strategy during movement execution. The initial information is especially useful when we have to deal with a new dynamical context. Indeed, the CNS will much more rely on this information coming from the sensorimotor system, given that no internal model related to the unusual context has still been developed. During a learning phase new internal models will be established. The parameters which allow learning are various and depend on the sensorimotor system of each individual. We have shown that when all the sensory systems are affected by the effects of a new gravito-inertial environment, learning was facilitated. This result contrasts with the lack of adaptation - or interference - sometimes observed during learning tasks much easier. All these mechanisms observed at a behavioral stage are processed in the cerebral cortex, and the integration and encoding of the effects of gravity are processed in specific brain areas. In particular, concerning external objects, the vestibular network is engaged to predict the effects of gravity. Thus, we wanted to know if the same functional network was responsible of the processing of the dynamical constraints of gravity during movement’s execution. We have shown that the insular cortex, which is the core region of the visual vestibular system, plays an important role. Then, by using mental imagery paradigm that does not induce movement, we also observed differences in the circuitry within the insula when gravity-relevant signals related to movement’s execution are transmitted or not to the brain
Tixier, Christine. "Orientation géographique des échanges de la région Limousin à partir d'un modèle de gravité." Limoges, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIMO0511.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to identify the variables which influence the interregional and international trade of LIMOUSIN Region using a gravity model from 1990-2001. Our research is organized in four steps. The first one is a theoretical survey of the foundations of gravity model. The second one relates an empirical survey of empirical studies concerning the gravity model for international trade. Improvements of this specification have been proposed in the light of this survey. The third step consists in the analysis of the geographical orientation of interregional and international goods trade of LIMOUSIN Region according to different disaggregated levels and means of transport. The last step of this thesis proposes, considering the previous step, an econometric adaptation of gravity model to different disaggregated levels to show that geographical distance, economic “mass”, economic distance, adjacency or infrastructure levels (road, railway) are relevant factors to explain the trade of a Region. Due to scarcity of data at a regional level, it is difficult to adapt the gravity model as a tool as it is mainly used in international trade. Nevertheless, our results remain in conformity with the empirical literature
Smerlak, Matteo. "Divergence des mousses de spins : Comptage de puissances et resommation dans le modèle plat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22115/document.
Full textIn this thesis we study the flat model, the main buidling block for the spinfoam ap- proach to quantum gravity, with an emphasis on its divergences. Besides a personal introduction to the problem of quantum gravity, the manuscript consists in two part. In the first one, we establish an exact powercounting formula for the bubble divergences of the flat model, using tools from discrete gauge theory and twisted cohomology. In the second one, we address the issue of spinfoam continuum limit, both from the lattice field theory and the group field theory perspectives. In particular, we put forward a new proof of the Borel summability of the Boulatov-Freidel-Louapre model, with an improved control over the large-spin scaling behaviour. We conclude with an outlook of the renormalization program in spinfoam quantum gravity
Riello, Aldo. "Corrections radiatives en gravité quantique à mousse de spins : Une étude du graphe de Self énergie dans le modèle EPRL Lorentzien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4028/document.
Full textI present the first quantitative study of radiative corrections within the EPRL model of quantum gravity. This model is the most advanced proposal of Lorentzian 4-dimensional background-independent quantum gravity. It is a realization of the path-integral quantization of general relativity as a sum over geometries. The present study focuses on the properties and geometrical features of the analogue of the self-energy graph within the model, often referred to as the "melon"-graph. Here, I show that the dominating contribution to such a graph is characterized by a degree of divergence much smaller than that of closely related topological quantum field theories. Moreover, I work out in detail the dependence of the amplitude from the boundary data, and find that the self-energy graph does not simply induce a wave function renormaliziation. This happens for reasons deeply related to the model foundations. However, it turns out that the amplitude reduces to a wave function renormalzation in the limit of large quantum numbers. Then, I show the consequences of this calculations on a concrete spinfoam observable: the quantum-metric two-point function. In doing this, I show how the insertion of the self-energy graph in the bulk of the (first-order) spinfoam used in the calculation, has non-trivial effects on the correlation function, modifying its leading order contributions. Most interestingly, this effects do not disappear in the limit of large quantum number. Finally, I discuss the consequences of these calculations for the model itself, and I point out and comment those general features which seem to be common to any spinfoam model based on the present model-building schemes
Sabra, Mahmoud. "Les choix stratégiques des firmes multinationales et la relation entre les exportations et les IDE : application d’un modèle Probit bi-varié, et d’un modèle de gravité dynamique aux pays Méditerranéens." Thesis, Toulon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUL2002/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we discuss the relationship between exports and FDI, and we aim to find a long-term relationship between these variables. In the course of the thesis analysis, we study empirically the exports and FDI determinants, at macro and micro analysis. This allows us to detect precisely the relationship between the both variables. In other words, this thesis carry out the following points: at micro level (company level), the multinationals are likely to implement the two activities (exports and FDI) to serve the foreign market, but the multinationals strategic choice can also choose between exports and FDI. On this point, the productivity of the multinational corporations and their other characteristics have a crucial role to clarify the mechanism of the choice between strategies and the relationship between exports and FDI. In fact, this is the first empirical part, which is the first similar application on the French companies. In the part, we also distinguish between strategic decisions based on company on the company size (large, very large and both groups of French enterprises).At the macro level, we will seek to identify the simultaneous determinants of exports and FDI. To do so, a gravity system is estimated bivariate dynamic equations to illuminate the role of these determinants and the relationship between exports and FDI. This is the second empirical part, which is applied on the capital and goods exchange between France and ten Mediterranean partners. The choice of these countries based on their importance in French trade. Moreover, the lack of the literature applied to these countries in this area is extra motivation
Kubicki, Agnès. "Modèle rhéologique pour la diffusion d'ondes de gravité en air humide saturé et application à la convection nuageuse." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-407.pdf.
Full textBaurès, Robin. "Influence de la gravité sur la perception et l'interception d'objets en mouvement." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA113004.
Full textIn order to explain Humans' success in interceptive actions of gravitationally accelerated objects, despites the low capacity of the visual system to detect it, several studies have recently suggested that gravity has been embodied in a quantitative internal model of gravity thereby permitting access to exact time-to-contact (TTC) when intercepting a free falling object. However, we may wonder if theoretical and methodological concerns in these experiments can not call into question the effective demonstration of the existence and use of such a model. The goa l of this doctoral work was to determine how our knowledge of gravity influences our perception and actions. We conducted six ex perimentations issued from three different paradigms, perceptive judgment, indirect interception and direct interception. Our results refute the use of a quantitative internal model of gravity, and plead in favour of the use of our knowledge of gravity as a qualitative implicit physics knowledge, which would modulate our perceptive judgements a nd interceptive movements but without giving access to the quantitative effects of gravity
Sabra, Mahmoud. "Les choix stratégiques des firmes multinationales et la relation entre les exportations et les IDE : application d’un modèle Probit bi-varié, et d’un modèle de gravité dynamique aux pays Méditerranéens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUL2002.
Full textIn this thesis, we discuss the relationship between exports and FDI, and we aim to find a long-term relationship between these variables. In the course of the thesis analysis, we study empirically the exports and FDI determinants, at macro and micro analysis. This allows us to detect precisely the relationship between the both variables. In other words, this thesis carry out the following points: at micro level (company level), the multinationals are likely to implement the two activities (exports and FDI) to serve the foreign market, but the multinationals strategic choice can also choose between exports and FDI. On this point, the productivity of the multinational corporations and their other characteristics have a crucial role to clarify the mechanism of the choice between strategies and the relationship between exports and FDI. In fact, this is the first empirical part, which is the first similar application on the French companies. In the part, we also distinguish between strategic decisions based on company on the company size (large, very large and both groups of French enterprises).At the macro level, we will seek to identify the simultaneous determinants of exports and FDI. To do so, a gravity system is estimated bivariate dynamic equations to illuminate the role of these determinants and the relationship between exports and FDI. This is the second empirical part, which is applied on the capital and goods exchange between France and ten Mediterranean partners. The choice of these countries based on their importance in French trade. Moreover, the lack of the literature applied to these countries in this area is extra motivation
Baurès, Robin. "Influence de la gravité sur la perception et l'interrception d'objets en mouvement." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00265175.
Full textBourgine, Jean-Emile. "Modèles de matrices et problèmes de bord dans la gravité de Liouville." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00541162.
Full textRegnault, Nicolas. "Solutions exactes de la gravité réduite : effet Hall quantique de spin." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001360.
Full textMartin, Armel. "Influence des ondes de gravité de montagne sur l'écoulement de grande échelle en présence de niveaux critiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812517.
Full textDihissou, Wasiu. "La relation entre le commerce international et les investissements directs étrangers : cas des principaux pays de l'OCDE." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0027/document.
Full textThis paper studies the nature of the relationship between international trade and foreign trade direct investment, both theoretically and empirically. Theoretically, there is in general two sorts of relations between international trade and direct foreign investment: substitution and complementarity. The nature of that relation may either be the consequence of exogenous factors, determinants of country specialization or the result of endogenous strategy of multinational firms in the organization of their activities internationally. We speak of complementarity relation when there is a positive link between international trade and investment, and substitution relation when there is a negative link between international trade and investment. Empirically, with the gravity model, we apply econometric technics on yearly data of the panel during 2000 and 2014 period on bilateral data of eighteen countries main investors of OECD, at first in manufacturer industry and then depending on geographical areas, with a set of seventy-five countries divided up in these geographical areas. The seventy-five partner countries consist of seventeen other countries of OECD, seventeen Latin America countries non-OECD, three eastern European countries non-OECD, and thirty-eight Asian countries non- OECD. Regarding the analysis of the geographical area, the estimations point out, in exportation as in importation, a substitution relation for the OECD area and Latin America non-OECD area and a complementarity relation for eastern European non-OECD area. However, for Asian non-OECD area, the estimations show, a substitution relation in exportation and a complementarity relation in importation
Collet, François. "Short scale study of 4-simplex assembly with curvature, in euclidean Loop Quantum Gravity." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4076/document.
Full textA study of symmetrical assembly of three euclidean 4-simplices in classical, Regge and quantum geometry. We study the geometric properties and especially the presence of curvature. We show that classical and Regge geometry of the assembly have curvature which evolves in function of its boundary parameters. For the quantum geometry, a euclidean version of EPRL model is used with a convenient value of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter to define the transition amplitude of the assembly and its components. A C++ code is design for compute the amplitudes and study numerically the quantum geometry. We show that a classical geometry, with curvature, emerges already at low spin. We also recognize the appearance of the degenerate configurations and their effects on the expected geometry
Roussel, Clément. "Expérimentation d’un gravimètre mobile léger et novateur pour la mesure du champ de gravité en fond de mer." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1099/document.
Full textOne of the major challenges of modern gravimetry consists in determining mathematical models and digital maps of the Earth’s gravity field, the reliability of which is identical whatever the spatial scale considered in terrestrial, coastal, marine and submarine domains. Today, the harmonics of high degree corresponding to the short wavelengths of the gravity field are still affected by great uncertainties due to the diversity and the differences in precision and resolution of the gravimetric techniques making it possible to reach them. The main obstacle to improve the resolution and accuracy of models is that gravimetry and gradiometry mobile devices, the only instruments that allow homogeneous precision and spatial resolution acquisitions, are still bulky and energy-intensive, which prohibits their installation on terrestrial, aerial, surface and submarine drones. The interest of this type of carrier is to make acquisitions very close to the sources which considerably increases the restitution of the local variations of the gravity. The development of a new type of gravimetric sensor with small size and lower energy consumption appears therefore essential to answer the problematic posed by the measurement of the short wavelenghts of the gravity field.As part of its research in gravimetry, the Laboratoire Géomatique et Foncier (Cnam/GeF EA 4630), in collaboration with the Laboratory for Research Geodesy (LAREG) of the National Institute for Geographic and Forest Information (IGN), the Oceanic Domains Laboratory (LDO, UMR, CNRS 6538, UBO), the French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER) and the Marine Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOM), develops an innovative instrument which allows the dynamic measurement of the Earth’s gravity field in the subsea domain.The system, called GraviMob (Gravimetry Mobile System), does not require a stabilized platform and is rigidly attached to the carrier vehicule, in this case an Autonomous Underwater Vehicule (AUV). The heart of the system consists of triads of accelerometers, allowing a vector measurement of the gravity. A Kalman filter, integrating the position and orientation data of the carrier vehicle, performs the estimation of the gravity field in a frame adapted to its interpretation. This instrumental prototype has been tested in the Mediterranean Sea during the year 2016. The comparison of the gravimetric signal obtained near the seabed with the surface gravimetric profiles, previously acquired by the SHOM, indicates a repeatability of the general trend of the gravimetric signal to within 5 mGal.This manuscript deals successively with the establishment of the observation equation of the GraviMob system, the calibration and orientation of the accelerometers, the gravity field estimation strategy by a Kalman filter, integrating an evolution model of the gravity field components and an observation model taking the measurement noise into account, the processing and analysis of the measurements acquired during its experimentation in the Mediterranean Sea, then the comparison of the gravimetric signal obtained with the reference data
Ro'i, Laïsa. "L'intégration régionale océanienne : enjeux, contraintes et perspectives." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40025/document.
Full textThe purpose of this dissertation is to shed new light on the interactions between trade integration andmonetary integration, using the Oceanian region as a case study. The Oceanian continent has not enjoyed excessiveattention amongst researchers in international economics. And yet, the region offers a striking illustration of themechanisms through which small island economies interact with the global economy, via complex regional processes.As such, it constitutes an excellent research field for the question of the sequencing between monetary integration andtrade integration. The approach adopted in this thesis is steeped in applied economics, and uses various methodologies(panel econometrics, multinomial discrete choice models, gravity equations) to bring a fresh perspective on the variousdimensions of the regional integration process, and on the interactions between the monetary and trade components ofthat process. The study yields three key conclusions. Firstly, the study assesses the actual integration dynamics at work,and concludes that there is a positive impact of intra-regional trade agreements, both on trade flows between membercountries and on exports to non-member countries. Secondly, the study creates a new mapping of exchange rate regimesin the region, and uses it to identify a path dependency between anchoring choices and historical determinations. Thirdly,the models analyzed suggest that the impact of common currency arrangements on intra-regional trade flows should notbe over-estimated. Rather, a closer look at the gravity equations describing the interaction between common colonialascendency and common currency arrangements suggests that history is the over-riding factor. Finally, a prospectiveanalysis leads to consider anchoring to the australian dollar as a possible option, while noting the asymmetrical impactof such an integration scheme on intra-regional trade flows
Charbonnier, Séverin. "Liouville theory and random maps." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS265/document.
Full textThis thesis explore several aspects of random maps through the study of three models. First, we examine the properties of a measure defined on the set of planar Delaunay triangulations with n vertices, a model in which the edges of the maps are decorated with angles. We show that the measure is the Weil-Petersson volume form on the moduli space of planar Riemann surfaces having n marked points. Two other properties, first steps toward the continuous limit study of the model, are also shown. Second, we define correlation functions on isoperimetric planar Strebel graphs with n faces, which are trivalent maps whose edges are decorated by positive lengths, and whose faces have a fixed perimeter. Kontsevich's theorem allows us to compute the correlation functions in terms of the intersection numbers of Chern classes of moduli space of Riemann surfaces. The continuous limit of the one-point function is computed in different regimes for the perimeter of the marked face via the saddle-point approximation. We identify the regime in which the behaviour of the one-point function is not trivial. The correlation functions can be computed in a systematic way by the Topological Recursion. To do so, we compute the spectral curve of the model, and show that there exists a critical spectral curve. We deduce from the latter that the continuous limit of isoperimetric Strebel graphs is a (3,2) minimal model dressed by Liouville theory: it corresponds to pure gravity. Last, we address the problem of symmetries in the Ising model on random maps. Some correlation functions of this model count the bi-colored maps with marked faces having mixed boundary conditions. They are computed via a recursive formula and the spectral curve of the model. We prove here that the correlation functions of maps with one mixed boundary, computed from the recursive relation with generic spectral curve, are invariant under rotation and inversion of the mixed boundary. We describe the consequences of such symmetries, suggesting a possible reformulation of the model in terms of spin chains
Meguellati, Fatima. "Estimation par approximation de Laplace dans les modèles GLM Mixtes : application à la gravité corporelle maximale des accidents de la route." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10204/document.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the construction of statistical methods for the evaluation (modeling and estimation) of some indices used to analyze the injury severity of road crashes. We focus on four points during the development of the adopted methodology: the random variables (or factors) selection, the construction of mixed logistic-Normal model, the parameters estimation by Laplace approximation and PQL (penalized quasi-likelihood) and the performance comparison of the estimation methods. In a first contribution, a logistic-Normal model is constructed with "collision type" as random variable to analyze the maximum injury severity observed in a sample of crashed vehicles. Estimation methods based on the Laplace approximation of the log-likelihood are proposed to estimate and analyze the contribution of variables in the model. We compare, by simulation, this Laplacian approximation to those based on the adaptation of Gauss-Hermite polynomials (AGH). We show that the two approaches are equivalent with respect to the accuracy of the estimate although AGH is superior. A second contribution is to adapt some algorithms of PQL family to estimate the parameters of a second model and compare its performance to Laplace and AGH methods in terms of bias. Two examples of simulated data illustrate the obtained results. In a third and dense contribution, we identify several mixed logistic-Normal models with more than one random effect. The convergence of the algorithms (Laplace, AGH, and PQL) and the precision of the estimates are investigated. Simulations as well as a database of detailed crash data are used to analyze the models performance to detect vehicles containing users with maximum injury severity. Programming oriented R accompany all results. The thesis concludes with perspectives on GLM Mixed models selection criteria and the extension of these models to the multinomial family
Millogo, Doslalo Albert. "Commerce et migrations internationales dans le bassin méditerranéen : cas de la France." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL2010/document.
Full textThe Euro-Mediterranean trade has grown up a lot in the early 2000. At the same time, the migration issue has been highlighted due to an explosion of illegal immigration in the Southern Europe countries. The aim of this thesis is to study some current economic impact this immigration in the French case. We address the issues of trade and migration relationship, migration policy, and spatial location of immigrants in France. Using recent data and shaping factors little used empirically, we highlight the specific characteristics of immigration in France. We also provide explanations to the contribution of immigrants to the domestic, as well as increasing bilateral trade with the country. In terms of economic policies, it lies firstly in the implementation of facilitating business opportunities between France and the countries of origin. This is necessary to take more profit from the positive impact of immigration on bilateral trade. On the other hand, problems identified in migration policies call for a necessary harmony of policies, at European level, for more effective management. Such objectives require the involvement of countries of origin to facilitate legal migration, and limit illegal entries. Finally, the spatial location of immigrants indicates that their concentration at regional level has a negative impact on their contribution to production. The solution may lie in a detailed analysis of the structure, and the integration of immigrant populations’ process
Madignier, Antoine. "Déterminants du choix des partenaires commerciaux dans les échanges de blé et de produits dérivés du blé des pays du Maghreb." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10043/document.
Full textLast years' rise of commodity price volatility and commodity chain reorganization which began in the 1990's questioned the issue of supply in wheat and wheat products for Maghreb countries. This work will try to understand the different wheat and wheat product import mode and their influence on trade partner choice. We settle our analyze on a theoretical framework in which actors perceive the goods they import, process or sell as a collection of characteristics corresponding to five logics (price, quality, related services, relations with the supplier and the risk of unavailability) and select their favorite variety in terms of these characteristics. Filière organization selects which actors are able to impose their preferences in international markets. A survey among actors shows a preference for the characteristics relating to quality and price on the three other logics, with a greater sensitivity of private actors for quality, public players are more focused solely on price. Finally, an analysis of imports using gravity equations confirms, on the one hand, predominance of variables associated with quality and prices on other variables to explain the choice of trading partner. On the other hand, it shows that the larger the share of imports carried by private companies on a filière, the more the variables associated with quality are influential in the choice of supplier
Lenormand, Maxime. "Initialiser et calibrer un modèle de microsimulation dynamique stochastique : application au modèle SimVillages." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822114.
Full textRazi, Yazdan Pedram. "Contribution à l'étude de l'action des vibrations sur les écoulements de convection thermique ou solutale en présence ou en l'absence de gravité." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30234.
Full textIn the present work, we study the effect of the action of mechanical vibration on the convective motion in mono and multi-component fluids in the presence or in the absence of gravity. In the framework of the Boussineq approximation, the induced convective motion due to the temperature field in the presence of gravitational and vibrational fields are studied. In the first part of this work, the linear and weakly non-linear stability analysis of Horton-Rogers-Lapwood problem under the effect vertical vibration (parallel to the temperature gradient) has been carried out. Two different approaches (time-averaged and direct methods) are used to study the thermal stability analysis of this problem. By applying the results obtained from the scale analysis method to the coefficients of the Mathieu equation, the criteria for comparing the results from these two stability analysis approaches are found. In the second part of this work, the influence of directions of vibration of high frequency and small amplitude on the onset of Soret driven convection is addressed. The linear stability analysis in an infinite horizontal layer filled by a binary mixture is performed. The stability of quasi-equilibrium solution for an arbitrary direction of vibration in the presence or in the absence of gravity for long wave mode is then examined. For this case, an analytical relation giving the critical parameter is found. .
Le, gall Anne. "Influence de la graviception vestibulaire sur le développement et les fonctions cognitivo-motrices à l'âge adulte : étude longitudinale chez un modèle murin vestibulo-déficient." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC421.
Full textEarth’s gravity is a fundamental mechanical constraint for living organisms against which we have adapted our strategies of posture and locomotion as well as all metabolic and cardiovascular regulations. Beyond the mechanical stimulus, the vestibular organ is the first sensory system to emerge in protochordates about 500 million years ago, as early as the visual system, encoding the gravity strength into the brain. The vestibular system has since then been devoted to balance and gaze stabilization supported by postural and ocular reflexes, recently fortified with a key role in spatial and social cognition in adults. Its encoding abilities of head movements, body accelerations and Earth's gravity make this system a major player in the perception of verticality, navigation, orientation and spatial memorization. We have hypothesized that vestibular sensory perception of gravity might play a crucial role not only in adults, but also during the first stages of development in both sensorimotor and cognitive functions. For the first time, we have investigated an original mouse model (Head-Tilt mice, B6Ei.GL-Nox3Het/J) with selective congenital absence of vestibular gravisensors. Our data highlights that mouse pups suffered from a delay in the acquisition of sensorimotor reflexes, spatial olfactive guidance, path integration and ultrasonic communication while maternal care remained normal. In addition, a delay in locomotor development and the appearance of were observed during the late stage of development. We demonstrate that development on Earth has a critical period dependent on the vestibular sensory perception of gravity, at least between postnatal days 6 to 10 in rodents. We have shown that otolithic information plays a key role in the adult motor functions, spatial and non-spatial memory processes, reference frames choice but also in emotional regulation. These disorders have been correlated with early developmental delay. We are currently working on the effects of early sensory stimulation on development and adult functions in our Het mouse model as well as on the structural and functional characterization at the cerebral level of observed developmental and behavioral impairments. Observations in Het mice corroborate with symptoms reported in vestibulo-deficient children, supporting the need for better screening of vestibular diseases during childhood. Remarkably, the symptoms of our vestibulo-congenital deficient mice investigated here matched with the profile of validated mouse models of autism and re-update the significance of vestibular graviception in the physiopathology and therapy of autism spectrum disorders during its development
Dosso, Nouho David. "Financial development and climate change challenges with focus on resource-rich countries." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA131044.
Full textThis thesis explores, on the one hand, the interaction between financial development and natural resource management, and on the other hand, the challenges related to climate vulnerability and climate finance, with a particular focus on resource-rich countries. It is structured into three distinct chapters. The first chapter examines the complex relationship between natural resource abundance and financial development, emphasizing how institutional quality canmitigate the negative impact of resource abundance on the development of the financial sector. Based on an analysis of a panel of 100 countries over the period 1996-2017, this chapter demonstrates that strong institutions can significantly reduce the deleterious effects associated with natural resources. The second chapter introduces a new measure of climate vulnerability,called "CV03", which is characterized by its independence from the level of economic development. This chapter highlights the specific challenges faced by both less developed and more advanced countries in terms of climate resilience and shows how a more precise assessment of climate risks can better inform adaptation policies. Finally, the third chapter focuses on climate finance flows, particularly those coming from international bilateral aid. By examining financial allocations through a gravity model, it demonstrates that the countries most vulnerable to climate change are not always prioritized in the distribution of funds, whether in the form of grantsor loans. This chapter reveals that climate finance decisions are often influenced by the political and economic considerations of donor countries, raising questions about the equity and effectiveness of such aid. The results underscore the need for reforms to better align climate finance with the actual needs of the most vulnerable countries. The conclusions of this thesis open upprospects for future research, particularly on green capital markets, financial technological innovations, and more equitable distribution mechanisms for climate finance
Durandau, Guillaume. "Traitement des signaux EMG et son application pour commander un exosquelette." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6987.
Full textAhcar, Olmos Jaime Rafael. "An inquiry on Regional Trade Integration and Trade Potentials." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090055/document.
Full textRegional trade agreements (RTAs) have surged in a context of stalled multilateral trade negotiations. This doctoral thesis intends to advance scientific knowledge in the field. Thus, thanks to a gravity model theoretical framework, three chapters of applied empirical econometrics analysis have been completed. The first chapter examines the effects of RTAs, the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) and World Trade Organization memberships on bilateral trade flows. I put into practice different econometric specifications and estimation methods, notably Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML), which is the one that better seems to contend with well-known biases and endogeneity problems. I conduct this research with an international trade gravity model estimated across 153 countries from the year 1980 to 2012.I consistently found a strong positive impact of regional trade agreement RTAs on most specifications and low or non-significant results for WTO membership. The estimates from the PPML method that includes controls for unobserved heterogeneity show non-significant effects of the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) on trade.The second chapter, co-authored with my supervisor Jean-Marc Siroën, explores the effect of heterogeneity of RTAs in the scope of deep integration. We intend to determine if deeper RTAs promote trade more effectively than less ambitious agreements. We make use of two recently available data sets from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Trade Institute (WTI-DESTA) to generate credible indicators of deep integration. Additive and Multiple Correspondence Analysis derived indicators for the depth of the agreements are then computed and their significance is tested in a gravity model. We find that deeper agreements increase trade more than shallow ones, whereas the provisions they included are within or outside of the WTO domain.The third chapter investigates the existence of trade potentials between Colombia and the EU. I obtain in-sample predictions after the estimation of a gravity model with the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator. I control for unobserved omitted variable bias by the inclusion of exporter and importer time varying fixed effects, and run a series of sensitivity analysis.Untapped trade potentials are found between Colombia and a group of EU countries in both directions of the trade flows. Exports from Colombia have a gap to bridge with Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Sweden. In the other direction, Sweden, Ireland, Finland and Poland have an interesting margin to gain in the Colombian market
Smerlak, Matteo. "Divergence des mousses de spins : comptage de puissance et resommation dans le modèle plat." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662170.
Full textSallah, Kankoe. "Diffusion spatio-temporelle des épidémies : approche comparée des modélisations mathématiques et biostatistiques, cibles d'intervention et mobilité humaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0607.
Full textIn the first part of this thesis, we have developed a malaria transmission metamodel based on the susceptible-infected-resistant compartmental modeling framework (SIR) and taking into consideration human mobility flows between different villages in the Center of Senegal. Geographically targeted intervention strategies had been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of malaria both within and outside of intervention areas. However, combined interventions targeting both vector and host, coordinated on a large scale are needed in regions and countries aiming to achieve malaria elimination in the short/medium term.In the second part we have evaluated different methods of estimating human mobility in the absence of real data. These methods included spatio-temporal traceability of mobile phones, mathematical models of gravity and radiation. The transport of the pathogen through the geographical space via the mobility of an infected subject is a major determinant of the spread of an epidemic. We introduced the impedance model that minimized the mean square error on mobility estimates, especially in contexts where population sets are characterized by their heterogeneous sizes.Finally, we have expanded the framework of assumptions underlying the calibration of the gravity models of human mobility. The hypothesis of a zero inflated distribution provided a better fit and a better predictability, compared to the classical approach not assuming an excess of zeros: Poisson, Quasipoisson
Mourad, Abbas. "Modélisation de la morbi-mortalité du carcinome hépatocellulaire en France par stade de gravité : évaluation de différentes stratégies en fonction du dépistage et des ressources thérapeutiques." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00989711.
Full textBastien, Renaud. "Formes et mouvements gravitropiques des tiges végétales : modèle universel et phénotypage." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764999.
Full textPoulet, Lucie. "Développement de modèles physiques pour comprendre la croissance des plantes en environnement de gravité réduite pour des apllications dans les systèmes support-vie." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC026/document.
Full textChallenges triggered by human space exploration of the solar system are different from those of the International Space Station because distances and time frames are of a different scale, preventing frequent resupplies. Bioregenerative life-support systems based on higher plants and microorganisms, such as the ESA Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) project will enable crews to be autonomous in food production, air revitalization, and water recycling, while closing cycles for water, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, during long-duration missions and will thus become necessary.The growth and development of higher plants and other biological organisms are strongly influenced by environmental conditions (e.g. gravity, pressure, temperature, relative humidity, partial pressure of O2 or CO2). To predict plant growth in these non-standard conditions, it is crucial to develop mechanistic models of plant growth, enabling multi-scale study of different phenomena, as well as gaining thorough understanding on all processes involved in plant development in low gravity environment and identifying knowledge gaps.Especially gas exchanges at the leaf surface are altered in reduced gravity, which could reduce plant growth in space. Thus, we studied the intricate relationships between forced convection, gravity levels and biomass production and found that the inclusion of gravity as a parameter in plant gas exchanges models requires accurate mass and heat transfer descriptions in the boundary layer. We introduced an energy coupling to the already existing mass balance model of plant growth and this introduced time-dependent variations of the leaf surface temperature.This variable can be measured using infra-red cameras and we implemented a parabolic flight experiment, which enabled us to validate local gas transfer models in 0g and 2g without ventilation.Finally, sap transport needs to be studied in reduced gravity environments, along with root absorption and leaf senescence. This would enable to link our gas exchanges model to plant morphology and resources allocations, and achieve a complete mechanistic model of plant growth in low gravity environments
Yücer, Ayçil. "Le commerce intra-national et international des Etats Brésiliens : déterminants, structure et interdépendances." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090062/document.
Full textWith the ambition of transposing trade analysis to an intra-national level, we work on the determinants and the structure of trade among Brazilian states, as well as their trade with international markets. In an introductory chapter, we present the stylized facts concerning the Brazilian trade while focusing mainly on the states’ characteristics. In chapter 1, we estimate the states’ domestic and foreign market export capacities by a gravity model of trade. Results show that the states with better foreign export capacities are not necessarily the same as those more oriented to the domestic market. Then in the second chapter, we use a gravity model to shed light on MERCOSUR’s creation and diversion effects as well as its “preference erosion” effect on trade among Brazilian states. We show that MERCOSUR increased Brazilian states’ trade with member countries, but had no significant effect on either interstate trade or Brazilian states’ trade with third countries. International organizations suggest the trade in value-added would be a “better” measure to understand the impact of trade on economy when import content in exports is important. Hence in a last chapter, we calculate the value-added exported by Brazilian states from an inter-state Input-Output table (2008) that we use to analyze and measure the vertical specialization between states. We also estimate a gravity model of trade in exported value-added that we extend to a trilateral frame: origin state, re-exporter state and importer country
Nguyen, Duc Bao. "Essays on regional trade agreements and international trade." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0203/document.
Full textThe subject of this dissertation focuses on the analysis of different aspects of the relationship between regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the multilateral trading system. We aim to provide a fresh understanding and views of the role of RTAs and regionalism in general as an important feature of international trade policy today. In chapter one we revisit the ex post effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade and extrabloc trade by adopting an empirical approach. We explore how regional trading blocs have influenced trade among members as well as trade with nonmembers. Our analysis confirms the widespread trade-enhancing effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade; however, in many cases, they lead to trade diversion effects that are detrimental to the rest of the world. Chapter two takes a closer look at how the implementation period of trade liberalization and partners’ levels of development affect the RTA dynamic effects on trade over time. We obtain distinct patterns of ex post RTA effects on trade across North-North RTAs, South-South RTAs and North-South RTAs. We empirically validate that RTAs formed by trading partners experiencing similar economic development status (North-North RTAs or South-South RTAs) are likely to lead to a larger increase in members’ trade during a shorter implementation period. Chapter three studies the mechanism through which RTAs impact the effect of financial development on trade flows between exporting and importing countries. In this joint work with Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, we show that the trade-enhancing role of financial development in the exporting country—especially through intermediated finance—is mitigated when there is an RTA between this country and its trading partner
Tayara, Saeed. "Commerce international et investissements directs étrangers : complémentarité ou substituabilité ?" Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT4001/document.
Full textThis work investigates, theoretically and empirically, the relationship between international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), which has been one of the key channels of economic globalization, and of the development of global value chains in the international segmentation of production. Theoretical models show that international and FDI may be substitutes or complements. The nature of this relationship may be the consequence of exogenous factors, determinants of country specialization, or the result of the endogenous strategy of firms in the organization of their international activities. The empirical validation relies on an adaptation of the gravity model, using panel econometrics with bilateral data for France during the 1993-2012 period. Estimates show a complementarity relationship between trade and FDI at the most aggregated level. However, a comparative analysis at a more disaggregated level reveals some signs of substitutability or complementarity according to the group of partner countries
Yücer, Aycil. "Le commerce intra-national et international des Etats Brésiliens : déterminants, structure et interdépendances." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831303.
Full textMillogo, Doslalo Albert. "Commerce et migrations internationales dans le bassin méditerranéen : cas de la France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2015. http://bu.univ-tln.fr/userfiles/file/intranet/travuniv/theses/eco_gestion/2015/2015_Millogo_Doslalo_Albert.pdf.
Full textThe Euro-Mediterranean trade has grown up a lot in the early 2000. At the same time, the migration issue has been highlighted due to an explosion of illegal immigration in the Southern Europe countries. The aim of this thesis is to study some current economic impact this immigration in the French case. We address the issues of trade and migration relationship, migration policy, and spatial location of immigrants in France. Using recent data and shaping factors little used empirically, we highlight the specific characteristics of immigration in France. We also provide explanations to the contribution of immigrants to the domestic, as well as increasing bilateral trade with the country. In terms of economic policies, it lies firstly in the implementation of facilitating business opportunities between France and the countries of origin. This is necessary to take more profit from the positive impact of immigration on bilateral trade. On the other hand, problems identified in migration policies call for a necessary harmony of policies, at European level, for more effective management. Such objectives require the involvement of countries of origin to facilitate legal migration, and limit illegal entries. Finally, the spatial location of immigrants indicates that their concentration at regional level has a negative impact on their contribution to production. The solution may lie in a detailed analysis of the structure, and the integration of immigrant populations’ process
Delepouve, Thibault. "Quartic Tensor Models." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS085/document.
Full textTensor models are probability measures for random tensors. They generalise matrix models and were developed to study random geometry in arbitrary dimension. Moreover, they are strongly connected to quantum gravity theories as, additionally to the standard bare-bones models, they encompass the field theoretical approach to loop quantum gravity known as group field theory.In the present thesis, we focus on the restricted case of quartic tensor models, for which a far greater number of rigorous mathematical results have been proven. Quartic models can be re-written as multi-matrix models using the intermediate field representation, and their perturbative expansions can be written as series expansions over combinatorial maps. Using a variety of map expansions, we prove analyticity results and useful bounds for the cumulants of various tensor models : the most general standard quartic model at any rank and the simplest renormalisable tensor field theory at rank 3. Then, we introduce a new class of models, the enhanced models, which perturbative expansions display new behaviour, different to the so called melonic behaviour that characterise most known tensor models so far
Rodriguez, sierra Hersson stuardo. "Opportunités et défis commerciaux pour l'Amérique Centrale dans le cadre d'un accord d'association avec l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24004/document.
Full textWith the object of taking advantage of the Partnership Agreement between Central America and European Union –EU- the study reviews the theories and the “state of the art” regarding Regional Trade Agreements in order to deepen trade relations between Central America and the EU. Its evolution and its determinants as well as the results of the negotiations of the Agreement, as the basis to identity trade opportunities and challenges presented for the Central American region in light of the establishment of a free trade zone within the framework of above-mentioned agreement.For the above-mentioned reason, the results of formal tests regarding trade relations between the two regions are described applying a trade model with two econometric approaches: the Gravity Model and Panel Data technique.As a result, it was identified that in order to take advantage of the opportunities of the Agreement, Central American countries will need to carry out structural changes in different areas among which the ones aimed at increasing, diversifying, and improving the exportable production quality, in order to satisfy the demand and to comply with the norms and regulations necessary to access the European market.It is concluded that many of the factors that have limited Central American exports to the European Union are the ones related to macroeconomics and of a structural nature and that the issue of tariff reduction by itself it is not a sufficient condition to guarantee taking advantage of the Agreement due to the fact that its benefit will be measure in light of the changes that will take place in Central America
Ding, You. "Spinfoams : simplicity constraints ans correlation functions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22074/document.
Full textIn this thesis we study the implementation of simplicity constraints that defines the recent Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine spinfoam model and two-point correlation functions of this model. We define in a simple way the boundary Hilbert space of the theory; then show directly that all constraints vanish on this space in a weak sense. We point out that the general solution to this constraint (imposed weakly) depends on a quantum number in addition to those of loop quantum gravity. We also generalize this construction to Kami´nski-Kisielowski-Lewandowski version where the foam is not dual to a triangulation. We show that this theory can still be obtained as a constrained BF theory satisfying the simplicity constraint, now discretized on a general oriented 2-cell complex. Finally, we calculate the twopoint correlation function of the Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine spinfoam model in the Lorentzian signature, and show the two-point function we obtain exactly matches the one obtained from Lorentzian Regge calculus in some limit
Abi, Zeid Antoine. "Les mutations géographiques et technologiques de l’industrie automobile : une analyse par l’approche gravitationnelle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA059.
Full textEmerging countries (EC) endowed with dynamic markets became the main automotive production area. Developed countries are still the main exporters. In this thesis, we measure the theoretical value of exports of EC based on the parameters (GDP, trade costs) of an augmented gravity model. The car exports of the majority of EC risk stagnation because of weak knowledge economy & high trade costs in these countries. Iran has an opportunity to increase its automotive exports under the condition of improving its domestic products and/or building export-platforms for global automakers. The exports of Turkey & Mexico risk stagnation unless Mexico increases its exports to Europe & Asia, and Turkey increases the added-value of its industry. Electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries are the future of the automotive industry. China & the USA are expected to be the main exporters in the field of li-ion batteries. The growth of American batteries exports is highly probable notably to countries with advanced ICT infrastructure
Al, Habbaki Patricia. "Les incidences des politiques de commerce extérieur et de change sur les échanges commerciaux des pays du Mashrek (Liban, Syrie Jordanie et Egypte)." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR1007/document.
Full textDespite the strengthening of their commercial openness, the Mashreq countries trade has rather always displayed negative results. According to the literature, opening up trade is one of the conditions leading to any country’s vigorous growth. Nevertheless, the trend found in the light of these countries’ trade data, indicates an alarming reality. The openness was neither translated into accelerated levels of investments nor created new job opportunities. Are the trade and exchange rate policies pursued by the Mashreq countries responsible for this persistence in trade deficits ? Motivated by outstanding worsening deflection of the trade balance in the overall Lebanese external trade profile, the current research examines the dynamic behavior of the Lebanese exports and imports compared to its neighboring countries (Syria, Egypt, and Jordan) in a regional and international changing economic context. An empirical analysis of the trade flows determinants was adopted in order to establish to what extent the trade and Exchange policies would be responsible for the observed stylized facts
Robertson, Niall. "Non-compact conformal field theory and lattice models - the open case Conformally invariant boundary conditions in the antiferromagnetic Potts model and the SL(2, ℝ)/U(1) sigma model Integrable boundary conditions in the antiferromagnetic Potts model." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS099.
Full textIt is well known that lattice systems undergoing second-order phase transitions are described by Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) in the continuum limit. This thesis revolves around the study of open critical lattice models and their descriptions in the continuum limit by boundary CFTs, and is particularly concerned with models whose CFT descriptions have certain exotic properties such as being non-compact, a property identified by the appearance of a continuum of critical exponents in the language of statistical mechanics, and by the appearance of a continuum of conformal dimensions in the language of CFT. Tools from integrability such as the Bethe Ansatz, as well as numerical techniques such as exact diagonalisation are used to move between the lattice and field theory descriptions of the models under consideration.Particular focus is applied to the Potts model at its antiferromagnetic critical point, so-called due to the sign of the coupling constant at this critical point. A starting point in the analysis presented here is that new conformal boundary conditions in the antiferromagnetic Potts model are found and are shown to result in the appearance of the discrete character of the Euclidean Black Hole CFT on the lattice. Further study involving the lattice algebra representation theory results in an identity relating this discrete character to the string functions from the parafermion CFT.Motivated by the potential to apply the tools of integrability, the antiferromagnetic Potts model - and in particular its description as a staggered vertex model - is shown to map exactly to an integrable model constructed from the so-called D_2^2 algebra. This paves the way for an exact solution of the antiferromagnetic Potts model with two independent conformally invariant boundary conditions, both of which have convenient interpretations when the problem is formulated as a loop model. The continuum limit of the model with one of these boundary conditions is found to be non-compact, and a boundary renormalisation group flow is observed from a non-compact boundary CFT to a compact one
Allys, Erwan. "Au-delà des modèles standards en cosmologie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066141/document.
Full textThe current description of fundamental interactions is based on two theories with the status of standard models. The electromagnetic and nuclear interactions are described at a quantum level by the Standard Model of particle physics, using tools like gauge theories and spontaneous symmetry breaking by the Higgs mechanism. The gravitational interaction is described on the other hand by general relativity, based on a dynamical description of space-time at a classical level.Although these models are verified to high precision in the solar system experiments, they suffer from several theoretical weaknesses and a lack of predictive power at the Planck scale as well as at cosmological scales; they are thus not viewed anymore as fundamental theories. As its phenomenology involves both these extreme scales, cosmology is then a good laboratory to probe theories going beyond these standard models.The first part of this thesis focus on cosmic strings, topological defects forming during the spontaneous symmetry breaking of grand unified theories in the early universe. I show especially how to study these defects while taking into account the complete structure of the particles physics models leading to their formation, going beyond the standard descriptions in terms of simplified toy-models. The second part is devoted to the construction and the examination of different theories of modified gravity related to the Galileon model, a model which tries in particular to explain the dark energy phenomenology
Dufaux, Jean-François. "Modèles branaires en théories de gravité généralisées." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077058.
Full textMeunier, Bogdan. "Complexity, diplomatic relationships and business creation : a cross-regional analysis of the development of productive knowledge, trade facilitation and firm entry in regional markets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E001/document.
Full textThis thesis takes a cross-regional analytical approach of three distinct economic areas to evaluate productive knowledge and diplomacy in the context of regional integration alongside determinants of business creation. From the angle of European integration, we introduce a new synthetic control methodology to evaluate the impact of EU accession on the economic complexity index of new CEE member states its results indicating that accession to the EU acted as a catalyst for the productive knowledge of countries with low levels of complexity before accession, allowing a higher rate of development in the sophistication of their product export space. Expanding our analysis to include all European countries and North African states, we proceed in a second stage to analyse institutional and logistical infrastructure determinants of trade by extending the traditional Gravity model to incorporate elements of diplomacy (including the presence of embassies and ambassadors). Our results demonstrate the benefits of soft and hard infrastructure as well as diplomatic activity on the bilateral trade fixed effect CEE and North African countries, validating their importance of these variables as powerful drivers of regional integration. In a final part, we turn our analysis to the Russian Federation as a regional geography with a panel regression analysis of the determinants of firm entry and exit. The empirical evaluation concludes that institutional failures and the politico-economic environment exhibit statistically significant and economically meaningful effects both on the creation and destruction of Russian firms, with a robust estimate of the world oil price (irrespective of the difference in target regions) suggesting a possible high exposure of each Russian region to a global crisis
Cezar, Vasconcellos Barros Rafael. "The effects of Financial & Institutional Systems on International Trade, Specialization and Foreign Direct Investment." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957913.
Full textCarrozza, Sylvain. "Tensorial methods and renormalization in Group Field Theories." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112147/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory.Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand,and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum gravity
Bounoung, Fouda Boniface. "Impact de l'AGOA sur les pays élégibles : dynamique des échanges, dynamique de structure et dynamique des taux de croissance." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00289297.
Full textKamergi, Najla. "Upstream and downstream agri-environmental regulations : cross-country differences, determinants and trade effects." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL2006.
Full textThis thesis investigates the relationship between international agricultural trade and standards intended to protect the environment, considering both upstream and downstream measures. The work is structured around three chapters. In the first one, we analyze the network of environmentally-related non-tariff measures. Chapter 2 investigates the stringency and the determinants of agri-environmental regulations by measuring their efficiency in a large panel of 108 countries during the period 2003-2013. The last chapter examines the effects of agri-environmental regulations’ stringency and heterogeneity on the intensive margin of trade between 108 countries over the same period. To this end, we used non-parametric and econometric approaches. We employ the network analysis in the first chapter whereas we use a non-parametric frontier model and the double bootstrapped truncated regression in chapter two. In chapter three, we use a theoretically justified gravity model of trade.Our findings indicate that trade growth of southern countries has been conducive to rising environmentally-related trade conflicts. While Latin American and Southeast Asian countries are increasingly asserting themselves as major suppliers for many regions of the world, our results reveal new environmentally-related conflictual relation targeting developing and emerging countries on one side and increasingly spreading within southern agro-producers on the other. Further results show that the sector of crops has witnessed globally an increasing trend in average agri-environmental efficiency. An intriguing finding is that agricultural trade openness and the specialization in crop commodities’ exports hamper the inefficiency, supporting therefore the “environmental gains-from-trade” hypothesis. In addition, our results show that environmentally-related NTMs turn out to be levers for enhancing the agri-environmental performance of exporters, especially in the BRICS and high as well as middle-income countries. Nonetheless, low income countries react differently and record a deteriorating agri-environmental performance due to environmentally-related NTMs. We also show that the stringency of environmental regulations turns out to be trade reducing in the CAIRNS group, supporting thereby the pollution haven hypothesis. By contrast, rigorous agri-environmental policies have a significant trade-enhancing effect on bilateral agricultural exports of the EU and the USA. Surprisingly, low and middle income countries support also the Porter hypothesis, suggesting that strict environmental regulations can enhance their competitive advantage against foreign rivals. Finally, we conclude that difference in exporter and importer environmental regulations is more relevant to agricultural trade than trade agreements. However, trade effects vary according to the income groups of exporting and importing countries