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1
Waltisperger, Dominique. Stable and destabilised populations. Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1986.
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4
Impagliazzo, John. Deterministic aspects of mathematical demography: An investigation of the stable theory of population including an analysis of the population statistics of Denmark. Springer-Verlag, 1985.
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5
Zaba, Basia. The demographic impact of AIDS: Some stable population simulation results. Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 1994.
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6
Salhi, Mohamed. L' évaluation de l'enregistrement des décès par les méthodes pouvant reposer sur le modèle des populations stables. CIACO, 1987.
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7
Bourgeois-Pichat, Jean. La dynamique des populations: Populations stables, semi-stables et quasi-stables. Presses Universitaires de France, 1994.
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8
Rondeau, Gilles. Application du modèle transthéorique du changement à une population de conjoints aux comportements violents. CRI-VIFF, 2006.
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9
Burger, Joachim, Elke Kaiser, and Wolfram Schier. Population dynamics in pre- and early history: New approaches by using stable isotopes and genetics. De Gruyter, 2011.
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10
Sokol'skaya, Elena, and Boris Kochurov. Geoecology of the city: models of environmental quality. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1205961.
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The monograph examines the features of studying the geoecological state of urbanized territories, reveals the use of integrated assessment and mapping in urban diagnostics, and finds a solution to geoecological problems on the example of world cities that are leading in the rating for quality of life.
 The components of an information and analytical model of the urban environment for assessing the geoecological situation are described; an algorithm for a comprehensive study of the geoecological state aimed at an adequate assessment of the quality of the urban environment. Special attention is paid to the methodology of geoecological assessment of the quality of the urban environment based on multifactor modeling, which allows making recommendations for improving the comfort of living of the population.
 It is intended for a wide range of specialists in the field of geoecology of the city, and can also be used as a textbook for students of environmental, natural-geographical, engineering specialties.
11
Vaughan, Barbara, Ansley J. Coale, and Paul Demeny. Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations: Studies in Population. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.
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12
Imhoff, E. van. Optimal Economic Growth and Non-Stable Population. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
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13
Impagliazzo, John. Deterministic Aspects of Mathematical Demography: An Investigation of the Stable Theory of Population including an Analysis of the Population Statistics of Denmark. Springer, 2012.
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14
United Nations. Dept. of International Economic and Social Affairs., ed. Stable population age distributions. United Nations, 1990.
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17
Botsford, Louis W., J. Wilson White, and Alan Hastings. Population Dynamics for Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758365.001.0001.
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This book is a quantitative exposition of our current understanding of the dynamics of plant and animal populations, with the goal that readers will be able to understand, and participate in the management of populations in the wild. The book uses mathematical models to establish the basic principles of population behaviour. It begins with a philosophical approach to mathematical models of populations. It then progresses from a description of models with a single variable, abundance, to models that describe changes in the abundance of individuals at each age, then similar models that describe populations in terms of the abundance over size, life stage, and space. The book assumes a knowledge of basic calculus, but explains more advanced mathematical concepts such as partial derivatives, matrices, and random signals, as it makes use of them. The book explains the basis of the principles underlying important population processes, such as the mechanism that allow populations to persist, rather than go extinct, the way in which populations respond to variable environments, and the origin of population cycles.The next two chapters focus on application of the principles of population dynamics to manage for the prevention of extinction, as well as the management of fisheries for sustainable, high yields. The final chapter recapitulates how different population behaviors arise in situations with different levels of density dependence and replacement (the potential lifetime reproduction per individual), and how variability arises at different time scales set by a species’ life history.
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Chowdhury, Arjun. The Self-Undermining State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686710.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an informal rationalist model of state formation as an exchange between a central authority and a population. In the model, the central authority protects the population against external threats and the population disarms and pays taxes. The model specifies the conditions under which the exchange is self-enforcing, meaning that the parties prefer the exchange to alternative courses of action. These conditions—costly but winnable interstate war—are historically rare, and the cost of such wars can rise beyond the population’s willingness to sacrifice. At this point, the population prefers to avoid war rather than fight it and may prefer an alternative institution to the state if that institution can prevent war and reduce the level of extraction. Thus the modern centralized state is self-undermining rather than self-enforcing. A final section addresses alternative explanations for state formation.
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Burger, Joachim, Elke Kaiser, and Wolfram Schier. Population Dynamics in Prehistory and Early History: New Approaches Using Stable Isotopes and Genetics. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2012.
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20
Railsback, Steven F., and Bret C. Harvey. Modeling Populations of Adaptive Individuals. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195285.001.0001.
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Ecologists now recognize that the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems are strongly affected by adaptive individual behaviors. Yet until now, we have lacked effective and flexible methods for modeling such dynamics. Traditional ecological models become impractical with the inclusion of behavior, and the optimization approaches of behavioral ecology cannot be used when future conditions are unpredictable due to feedbacks from the behavior of other individuals. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to state- and prediction-based theory, or SPT, a powerful new approach to modeling trade-off behaviors in contexts such as individual-based population models where feedbacks and variability make optimization impossible. This book features a wealth of examples that range from highly simplified behavior models to complex population models in which individuals make adaptive trade-off decisions about habitat and activity selection in highly heterogeneous environments. The book explains how SPT builds on key concepts from the state-based dynamic modeling theory of behavioral ecology, and how it combines explicit predictions of future conditions with approximations of a fitness measure to represent how individuals make good—not optimal—decisions that they revise as conditions change. The resulting models are realistic, testable, adaptable, and invaluable for answering fundamental questions in ecology and forecasting ecological outcomes of real-world scenarios.
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O'Rourke, Dennis, Justin Tackney, Joan Coltrain, and Jennifer Raff. Ancient DNA and Stable Isotopes. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.3.
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Genetic diversity in modern Arctic communities provides a baseline from which to assess population history. This is augmented by documenting patterns of genetic variation in prehistoric populations using ancient DNA methods, and inferring dietary resource information and adaptive strategies derived from stable isotope analyses. This chapter uses this multidisciplinary approach to examine population history and colonization events in the Aleutians of South Alaska, and the origin and population history of Paleoeskimo and Neoeskimo populations of the North American Arctic. The power to identify past demographic events relies on knowledge of both genetic and isotopic signatures of demographic events, and on acquisition of securely dated and well provenienced samples for analysis.
22
Impagliazzo, J. Deterministic Aspects of Mathematical Demography: An Investigation of the Stable Theory of Population Including an Analysis of the Population Statistics of Denmark (Biomathematics). Springer, 1985.
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23
Nolte, David D. From Butterflies to Hurricanes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805847.003.0009.
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Half a century after Poincaré first glimpsed chaos in the three-body problem, the great Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov presented a sketch of a theorem that could prove that orbits are stable. In the hands of Vladimir Arnold and Jürgen Moser, this became the Kolmo–Arnol–Mos (KAM) theory of Hamiltonian chaos. This chapter shows how KAM theory fed into topology in the hands of Stephen Smale and helped launch the new field of chaos theory. Edward Lorenz discovered chaos in numerical models of atmospheric weather and discovered the eponymous strange attractor. Mathematical aspects of chaos were further developed by Mitchell Feigenbaum studying bifurcations in the logistic map that describes population dynamics.
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Turchin, Peter. Historical Dynamics. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691180779.001.0001.
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Many historical processes are dynamic. Populations grow and decline. Empires expand and collapse. Religions spread and wither. Natural scientists have made great strides in understanding dynamical processes in the physical and biological worlds using a synthetic approach that combines mathematical modeling with statistical analyses. Taking up the problem of territorial dynamics—why some polities at certain times expand and at other times contract—this book shows that a similar research program can advance our understanding of dynamical processes in history. The book develops hypotheses from a wide range of social, political, economic, and demographic factors: geopolitics, factors affecting collective solidarity, dynamics of ethnic assimilation/religious conversion, and the interaction between population dynamics and sociopolitical stability. It then translates these into a spectrum of mathematical models, investigates the dynamics predicted by the models, and contrasts model predictions with empirical patterns. The book's highly instructive empirical tests demonstrate that certain models predict empirical patterns with a very high degree of accuracy. For instance, one model accounts for the recurrent waves of state breakdown in medieval and early modern Europe. And historical data confirm that ethno-nationalist solidarity produces an aggressively expansive state under certain conditions (such as in locations where imperial frontiers coincide with religious divides). The strength of the book's results suggests that the synthetic approach advocated can significantly improve our understanding of historical dynamics.
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Vanderschraaf, Peter. The Dynamics of Anarchy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199832194.003.0004.
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A computational model of interaction in anarchy is presented and used to predict the outcome of anarchy. Hobbes’ and Locke’s classic a priori analyses of the State of Nature are compared, including the reasons for their divergent conclusions. Several game-theoretic models of anarchy are examined that employ Hobbes’ realistic assumption that typically in anarchy some moderates most desire mutual cooperation, while other dominators most desire to exploit others’ cooperation. A priori type-based game-theoretic models yield inconsistent conclusions and rest upon unrealistic assumptions. A dynamical Variable Anticipation Threshold type-based model is explored, where individuals in anarchy modify their behavior as they learn from repeated interactions. Under quite general conditions, a population converges to Hobbes’ war of all against all even if only a small percentage of its members are dominators. This analysis gives a dynamical vindication of Hobbes’ conclusion that for a sizable population in anarchy, war is indeed inevitable.
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Gelfand, Alan, and Sujit K. Sahu. Models for demography of plant populations. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.17.
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This article discusses the use of Bayesian analysis and methods to analyse the demography of plant populations, and more specifically to estimate the demographic rates of trees and how they respond to environmental variation. It examines data from individual (tree) measurements over an eighteen-year period, including diameter, crown area, maturation status, and survival, and from seed traps, which provide indirect information on fecundity. The multiple data sets are synthesized with a process model where each individual is represented by a multivariate state-space submodel for both continuous (fecundity potential, growth rate, mortality risk, maturation probability) and discrete states (maturation status). The results from plant population demography analysis demonstrate the utility of hierarchical modelling as a mechanism for the synthesis of complex information and interactions.
27
Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Design and analysis of health state valuation data for model-based economic evaluations and for economic evaluations alongside clinical trials. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0009.
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This chapter focuses upon the needs of two approaches, economic evaluations based on decision analytic models, and those alongside clinical trials in terms of the collection and analysis of health state values. The first section of the chapter presents requirements that are likely to be common to any study in which health state values are collected from patients and/or members of the general population, including: who to ask, mode of administration, timing of assessments, sample size, and handling uncertainty. The second section of the chapter considers issues specific to trial-based economic evaluations, and the final section considers issues specific to the design and analysis of health state valuation data for economic models.
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Faust, Lisa J., Claudine André, Raphaël Belais, et al. Bonobo population dynamics: Past patterns and future predictions for the Lola ya Bonobo population using demographic modelling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0018.
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Wildlife sanctuaries rescue, rehabilitate, reintroduce and provide life-long care for orphaned and injured animals. Understanding a sanctuary’s population dynamics—patterns in arrival, mortality and projected changes in population size—allows careful planning for future needs. Building on previous work on the population dynamics of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in sanctuaries of the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA; Faust et al. 2011), this chapter extends analyses to the only PASA bonobo sanctuary. Its authors analysed historic demographic patterns and projected future population dynamics using an individual-based demographic model. The population has been growing at 6.7 per cent per year, driven by arrivals of new individuals (mean = 5.5 arrivals per year). Several model scenarios projecting varying arrival rates, releases and breeding scenarios clarify potential future growth trajectories for the sanctuary. This research illustrates how data on historic dynamics can be modelled to inform future sanctuary capacity and management needs. Les sanctuaires de faune secourent, réhabilitent, réintroduisent, et fournissent des soins pour toute la vie aux animaux orphelins et blessés. Comprendre les dynamiques de la population d’un sanctuaire—les motifs d’arrivée, mortalité, et de changements projetés de la taille de la population—permet une planification prudente pour les nécessités du futur. En se basant sur le travail déjà fait sur les dynamiques de la population chimpanzé (Pan troglodytes) dans les sanctuaires du Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA; Faust et al. 2011), nous étendons notre analyse au seul sanctuaire bonobo par PASA. Nous avons analysé les motifs démographiques historiques et avons projeté les futures dynamiques de la population en utilisant un modèle démographique basé sur l’individu. La population augmente de 6.7 per cent par an, poussée par l’arrivée de nouveaux individus (moyenne = 5.5 arrivées par an). Plusieurs scénarios modèles montrent une trajectoire de potentielle croissance pour le sanctuaire. Cette recherche illustre comment modeler les données sur les dynamiques historiques pour informer la capacité future du sanctuaire et les besoins gestionnaires.
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Salguero-Gomez, Roberto, and Marlène Gamelon, eds. Demographic Methods across the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838609.001.0001.
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Demography is everywhere in our lives: from birth to death. Demography shapes our daily decisions, as well as the decisions that others make on us (e.g. bank loans, retirement age). Demography is everywhere across the Tree of Life. The universal currencies of demography—survival, development, reproduction, and recruitment—shape the performance of all species, from lions to dandelions. The omnipresence of demography in all things alive and dead, and its multiple applications to better understand the ecology, evolution, and conservation/management of species, allows us to—in principle—apply the wide array of quantitative methods to, for example, bacteria or humans. However, demographic methods to date have remained taxonomically siloed, despite the fact that, to a large extent, they are widely applicable across the Tree of Life. In this book, we walk nonexperts through the ABCs of data collection, model construction, analyses, and interpretation across a wide repertoire of demographic artillery. This book introduces the reader to some of the demographic methods, including abundance-based models, life tables, matrix population models, integral projection models, integrated population models, and individual based models, to mention a few. Through the careful integration of data collection methods, analytical approaches, and applications, clearly guided through fully reproducible R scripts, we provide a state-of-the-art thorough representation of many of the most popular tools that any demographer (or demographically inclined mind) should equip themselves with.
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Klingler-Vidra, Robyn. The Venture Capital State. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501723377.001.0001.
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The Venture Capital State investigates the diffusion of the globally acclaimed Silicon Valley venture capital (VC) policy model. The spread of this model has been ubiquitous, with at least 45 states across a range of countries, in terms of geography, culture, and size, attempting to build local VC markets. In contrast to the transcendent exuberance for VC, policymakers in each and every state have implemented a distinct set of policies. Even states of similar population and economic sizes that are geographically and culturally proximate, and at comparable levels of industrialization, have not implemented similar policies. This book explains why: policymakers are “contextually rational” in their learning; their context-rooted norms shape preferences, underpinning their distinct valuations of studied models. The normative context of those learning about the policy – how they see themselves and what they deem as locally appropriate – informs their design. Findings are based upon deep investigations of VC policymaking in an East Asian cluster of states: Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore. These states’ VC successes reflects their ability to effectively adapt the highly-lauded model for their local context, not their policymakers’ approximation of the Silicon Valley policy model.
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Dezzani, Raymond J., and Christopher Chase-Dunn. The Geography of World Cities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.423.
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World cities are a product of the globalization of economic activity that has characterized post-World War II capitalism, and exhibit characteristics previously found in primate cities but with influence extending far beyond the range of the metropolitan state. They are the culmination of postwar urbanization mechanisms coupled with the rise of transnational corporations that have served to concentrate unprecedented population and economic power/potential. The potential for both human development advantage and disadvantage is historically unprecedented in these new and highly interconnected urban amalgams. In general, human settlement systems are usually understood to include the systemic (regularized) ways in which settlements (hamlets, villages, towns, cities) are linked with one another by trade and other kinds of human interaction. Geographers, historians, and economists have developed models of urban structure and patterning incorporating population location/movement and the location of economic activity to be able to rationally explain and predict urban growth and allocate resources so as to implement equitable distributions. The resulting models served to illustrate the importance of the interactions between specific geographic location, population concentrations, and economic activity. But given the development of world cities, there is the relationship between the size of settlements and political power in intergroup relations to consider. The spatial aspect of population density is, after all, one of the most fundamental variables for understanding the constraints and possibilities of human social organization.
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Salverda, Wiemer, and Stefan Thewissen. How Has the Middle Fared in the Netherlands? A Tale of Stagnation and Population Shifts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0009.
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This chapter sets out how inequality and real incomes across the distribution evolved in the Netherlands from the late 1970s through the economic Crisis. Inequality grew, though not dramatically, while wages showed remarkably little real increase. This meant that real income increases for households relied for the most part on the growth in female labour-force participation and in dual-income couples. The chapter highlights the major changes in population and household structures that underpinned the observed changes in household incomes at different points in the distribution. It also sets out key features of the institutional structures in the labour market and broader welfare state, and the centrality of the priority given to wage moderation and the maintenance of competitiveness in the growth model adopted throughout the period.
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Francisco, Louçã, and Ash Michael. China, A New Global Player. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828211.003.0013.
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Chapter 12 provides a look at China, which has not been included in our analysis of largely developed economies. Chinese growth has been extraordinary with stunning effects, largely improvements, although pollution has worsened for a substantial share of the world's lower-income population. The Chinese model may well be unique, a complicated mix of socialist structures, state ownership of some large enterprises and much of finance, dirigiste state-led and state-financed development of the private sector, and some outright privatization at both the small and grand scale. But China faces the challenge of financialization that has some commonalities with financialization in the rest of the world yet with some uniquely Chinese features. There have been some precursors of financial trouble and ambiguity about the state as the final guarantor of private debt. Some of the key players and episodes as Chinese capitalism enters its financialized stage are profiled.
34
Kottler, Jeffrey, and Richard S. Balkin. Myths, Misconceptions, and Invalid Assumptions About Counseling and Psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190090692.001.0001.
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In Myths, Misconceptions, and Invalid Assumptions about Counseling the authors examine the science, art, and certainties and uncertainties of psychotherapy. In this book we have selected several dozen issues in our field, many of which are considered generally accepted principles or operating assumptions. We put them under close scrutiny to examine them more carefully. We’ve considered a wide variety of subjects, ranging from those that relate to our espoused beliefs, theoretical models, favored techniques and interventions, to accreditation and licensing requirements. We have also addressed some of the sanctioned statements about the nature and meaning of empirically supported and evidence based treatments. We even question what we can truly “know” for sure and how we can be certain these things are true. When considering the efficacy of psychotherapy, there is overwhelming evidence that the vast majority of clients are significantly improved as a result of our treatments. Advances in the models, methods, and strategies during the last few decades have allowed us to work more swiftly and efficiently, to reach a much more economically and culturally diverse population. But do we really know and understand as much as we pretend to? Is the foundation upon which we stand actually as stable and certain as we think, or at least claim to believe? Are the major assumptions and “truths” that we take for granted and accept as foundational principles really supported by solid data? And how might these assumptions, beliefs, and constructs we hold so sacred perhaps compromise and limit increased creativity and innovation? These are some of the uncomfortable and provocative questions that we wish to raise, and perhaps challenge, so that we might consider alternative conceptions that might further increase our effectiveness and improve our knowledge base grounded with solid evidence.
35
Hemer, Katie A., and Jane A. Evans. The Contribution of Stable Isotope Analysis to the Study of Childhood Movement and Migration. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.27.
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Stable isotope analysis is firmly established as a method for the investigation of past population mobility. The distinction between local and non-local individuals within a cemetery population relies on identifying an individual’s place of childhood residence through the analysis of strontium and oxygen isotopes present in human tooth enamel. Traditionally, studies investigating mobility focus on the analysis of a single tooth. More recently, however, it has become apparent that in order to investigate the mobility of an individual during childhood—and thus to consider the importance of children in the migration process—it is necessary to analyse a series of teeth which form at different stages during the early years of life. This chapter will consider the potential of—and challenges surrounding—this scientific approach to the investigation of childhood mobility in the past.
36
Scott, Jan. Psychological interventions for early stage bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0011.
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Clinical staging and early intervention models used in psychosis and depression have only recently been applied to individuals ‘at risk’ of bipolar disorder (BD), or experiencing a first episode of BD. This chapter briefly discusses the concept of staging and then reviews ongoing research into the adaptation and use of psychological interventions in ‘at risk’ and ‘first BD episode’ populations. Evidence indicates that the current interventions may not sufficiently target specific developmentally normal changes in cognitive–emotional and sleep–circadian regulation systems that may act as triggers for mood episodes. So the chapter discusses how to tackle these ‘dysregulations’ and how to ensure any ‘early stage’ therapy is sufficiently flexible to tackle the range of problems experienced, including mood symptoms, harmful alcohol or substance use, and/or co-morbid physical ill-health and that the therapy models must take into account that not all individuals in high-risk populations actually develop BD.
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Wood, John N., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Neurobiology of Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190860509.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of the Neurobiology of Pain represents a state of the art overview of the rapidly developing field of pain research. As populations age, the number of people in pain is growing dramatically, with half the population living with pain. The opioid crisis has highlighted this problem. The present volume is thus very timely, providing expert overviews of many complex topics in pain research that are likely to be of interest not just to pain researchers, but also to pain clinicians who are seeking new therapeutic opportunities to develop analgesics. Many of the topics covered are of interest to neuroscientists, as pain is one of the most amenable sensations for mechanistic dissection. The present volume covers all aspects of the topic, from a history of pain through invertebrate model systems to the human genetics of pain and functional imaging. Chapters include the role of ion channels, the opioid system, the immune and sympathetic systems, as well as the mechanisms that transform acute to chronic pain. Migraine and the interplay between sleep and pain are also discussed. New technology in the form of transgenic animals, chemogenetics, optogenetics, and proteomic analyses are providing significant advances in our research and are covered as well. Demystifying pain through an understanding of its fundamental biology, as outlined in this volume, is the most direct route to ameliorating this vast human problem.
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Cohen, Dov, Ivan Hernandez, Karl Gruschow, Andrzej Nowak, Michele J. Gelfand, and Wojciech Borkowski. Rationally Irrational? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0004.
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A commitment to honor is a commitment to irrationality—at least in the short-run—because it involves defending one’s honor, regardless of stakes or cost. Yet, circumstances giving rise to honor cultures—lawless environments, portable (easy-to-steal) wealth—create milieus where people must appear tough to deter predators. Thus, what seems irrational in the short-run may be rational in the long-run. This chapter describes three agent-based models exploring when an honor stance is advantageous and examining population dynamics of strategies in the environment. Models track empirical observations well. Further, models highlight: how prosocial reciprocity (not just vengeance) is crucial for honor to thrive; how positive and negative reciprocity become correlated over time in honor cultures; the rise of a strategy opposite to honor and how honor and its opposite exist symbiotically; how evolution cannot be outsmarted but can be “outdumbed”; cycling of strategies’ popularity; and Child × Environment interactions producing drift.
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Bellamy, Alex J. The Developmental Trading State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777939.003.0005.
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This chapter demonstrates that the downwards pressure that state consolidation placed on mass violence was amplified by the type of state that emerged. Across East Asia, governments came to define themselves as “developmental” or “trading” states whose principal purpose was to grow the national economy and thereby improve the economic wellbeing of their citizens. Governments with different ideologies came to embrace economic growth and growing the prosperity of their populations as the principal function of the state and its core source of legitimacy. Despite some significant glitches along the way the adoption of the developmental trading state model has proven successful. Not only have East Asian governments succeeded in lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, the practices and policy orientations dictated by this model helped shift governments and societies away from belligerent practices towards postures that prioritized peace and stability. This reinforced the trend towards greater peacefulness.
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French, Jeff. The case for social marketing in public health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717690.003.0001.
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This chapter explores the influence of paternalistic conceptions of public health fostered by more generic state paternalism that stresses the responsibility of the state to influence health and the conditions that create it. The limitations of such an approach are reviewed. The chapter also explores the growing realization that governments and their agencies cannot deliver the significant shifts in population-level behaviour change alone, and the implications of this realization. The second half of the chapter sets out the case for a new citizen-informed model of public health practice informed by social marketing principles. The rationale and practical implications of this new citizen-focused model are explored, including the added value contribution that can be made to public health programmes and policy through the application of social marketing principles. The chapter ends with a review of why social marketing is being increasingly applied as standard practice in many parts of the world.
41
Ee Tan, Shzr. State orchestras and multiculturalism in Singapore. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199352227.003.0015.
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State-sponsored orchestras organized along ideas about ‘ethnic’ affiliation have been emerging in Singapore since the 1980s. This follows the professionalization of its first symphony orchestra in 1979, and a strategic plan by the government to establish sister amateur orchestras rooted in the imagined Chinese, Indian and Malay traditions of the island’s multicultural population. This chapter examines the processes and results of sociocultural engineering through music. It pays particular attention to the application of the western symphonic model to small ensemble and solo traditions found or invented in the practice of existing South Indian, Southern Chinese, Indonesian and Malay performing arts. In this, orchestras—as flagship arts organizations—play important roles.
42
Cloyes, Kristin G., and Kathryn A. Burns. Aging prisoners and the provision of correctional mental health. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0057.
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The incarcerated population is aging. Newly arrested individuals and those aging in prison from mandatory lengthy sentences contribute to this dynamic. Screening for impairment and developing effective interventions and treatment for the incarcerated elderly has become a substantial challenge. The number of U.S. prisoners aged 65 or older grew at 94 times the rate of the overall prison population between 2007-2012. In 2011 7.9% of state and federal inmates were 55 or older; there were 26,700 over age 65. The number of inmates over 60 years of age in U.K. prisons increased by 120% between 2002 and 2013. Similar growth trends are reported in Sweden, Japan, Australia and Canada. This growth is complicated by the fact that chronological age does not necessarily match ‘health age’ or health status in prison. As a result, many prison systems have adjusted their definition of ‘elderly’ down to age 55 (and some as low as 40) to reflect the relatively poor health status of aging men and women in their institutions. Typical correctional health services in prisons across the U.S. are already hard-pressed to keep up with increasing demands for care of aging inmates. The responsibility to provide adequate health services for prisoners remains despite shrinking local, county, state and federal budgets. This chapter reviews the current status and prevalence of the incarcerated elderly, and presents best practice models for their care.
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Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.
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Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.
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Gorsky, Martin. The Political Economy of Health Care in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Edited by Mark Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0024.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of this article is to account for the coming of health systems within welfare states and to examine how these systems respond to demographic, financial, and technological changes in the contemporary period. The question of why the state entered this arena in the recent past is therefore of over-arching importance, and this article summarizes common theoretical approaches advanced to explain this process. It outlines the nineteenth-century foundations of social insurance and public provision of medical facilities on which state engagement was built. It traces the growth and development of health systems in the case-study countries, dividing events into three broad periods: the early twentieth century, in which they were largely put in place; the post-war ‘golden-age’ of the welfare state; and attempts since the 1970s to reform health systems in response to burgeoning costs and ideological critique. The conclusion reflects on how the different models adopted have impacted on population health.
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Tilly, Charles. States, State Transformation, and War. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0011.
Full textAbstract:
This article employs a stripped-down model of a state: a ruler, an apparatus of rule, a subject population, and external interactions of various sorts, from trade, diplomacy, and mass migration to war. It aims to identify common properties and systematic variations among states, including their involvement in war. First, using the example, of Tiglath-pileser I (ruler of Assyria, 1114–1076 bce), it places Middle Eastern empires in a much wider range of states across the entire world from the state's first emergence toward 3000 bce to the present. The rest of the discussion proceeds through four stages: an analysis of how states maintain themselves, a closer look at war's place in state transformation, a comparison among major types of state, and reflections on states and war in recent world history. Whether the states of today will break that interdependence is one of the day's most pressing political questions.
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Amrith, Sunil S. Eugenics in Postcolonial Southeast Asia. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0018.
Full textAbstract:
The rich vein of writing on race and racial thought in the region provides an essential point of entry to eugenics in Southeast Asia. This article focuses on the experience of postcolonial Malaysia and Singapore and suggests that traces of eugenic thought and practice have played a role in shaping strategies of state-directed development from the 1950s. The “science of racial improvement” exerts a powerful influence on the political elite of both countries, providing a rationale and a model for many attempts to understand, differentiate, and improve the population. This article focuses on close connections between race and racial aptitudes, and the politics of immigration control and colonial reservations. It further discusses the focus of eugenic policies in Southeast Asia on using state power to rebalance the plural society, and signification of racial improvement in the identification and exclusion of particular peoples.
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Frangipane, Marcella. Arslantepe-Malatya: A Prehistoric and Early Historic Center in Eastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0045.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses findings from excavations at Arslantepe–Malatya. Arslantepe is a tell about 4.5 hectares in extension and 30 meters high, at the heart of the fertile Malatya Plain, some 12 kilometers from the right bank of the Euphrates, and surrounded by mountains, which, in the past, were covered by forests. In the earliest phases of its history, in the Chalcolithic period, it had close links with the Syro-Mesopotamian world, with which it shared many cultural features, structural models, and development trajectories. But in the early centuries of the third millennium BCE, far-reaching changes took place in the site that halted the development of the Mesopotamian-type centralized system and reoriented Arslantepe's external relations toward eastern Anatolia and Transcaucasia. A further radical change occurred in the second millennium BCE, when the site interacted with the rising Hittite civilization, which exerted a strong influence on it. But it was with the Late Bronze I and, more evidently, Late Bronze II, that the expanding Hittite state, which expanded as far as the banks of the Euphrates, imposed its cultural and political domination over the populations in the Malatya region, heralding another important stage in the history of Arslantepe.
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Dieter, Fleck. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 15 Uniform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the provisions for the use of uniforms. Members of the armed forces have traditionally worn uniform to distinguish themselves from members of the civilian population and often to identify the unit or formation to which they belong. Military members and the UN civilian police of UN peace operations wear uniform as provided under para. 37 of the UN Model SOFA. As the UN does not have a standing army or police force, it relies on contributions by its Member States generally wearing their national uniforms, but wearing the UN badges and insignia and the now familiar blue berets or helmets. For NATO military operations, the wearing of uniform is usually regulated in status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs), considering that permission of the receiving state to display foreign national insignia is required as an expression of its sovereignty.
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De, Rohit. A People's Constitution. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174433.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
It has long been contended that the Indian Constitution of 1950, a document in English created by elite consensus, has had little influence on India's greater population. Drawing upon the previously unexplored records of the Supreme Court of India, this book upends this narrative and shows how the Constitution actually transformed the daily lives of citizens in profound and lasting ways. This remarkable legal process was led by individuals on the margins of society, and the book looks at how drinkers, smugglers, petty vendors, butchers, and prostitutes—all despised minorities—shaped the constitutional culture. The Constitution came alive in the popular imagination so much that ordinary people attributed meaning to its existence, took recourse to it, and argued with it. Focusing on the use of constitutional remedies by citizens against new state regulations seeking to reshape the society and economy, the book illustrates how laws and policies were frequently undone or renegotiated from below using the state's own procedures. It examines four important cases that set legal precedents: a Parsi journalist's contestation of new alcohol prohibition laws, Marwari petty traders' challenge to the system of commodity control, Muslim butchers' petition against cow protection laws, and sex workers' battle to protect their right to practice prostitution. Exploring how the Indian Constitution of 1950 enfranchised the largest population in the world, the book considers the ways that ordinary citizens produced, through litigation, alternative ethical models of citizenship.
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Miller-Davenport, Sarah. Gateway State. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181233.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores the development of Hawaiʻi as a model for liberal multiculturalism and a tool of American global power in the era of decolonization. The establishment of Hawaiʻi statehood in 1959 was a watershed moment, not only in the ways Americans defined their nation's role on the international stage but also in the ways they understood the problems of social difference at home. Hawaiʻi's remarkable transition from territory to state heralded the emergence of postwar multiculturalism, which was a response both to independence movements abroad and to the limits of civil rights in the United States. Once a racially problematic overseas colony, by the 1960s, Hawaiʻi had come to symbolize John F. Kennedy's New Frontier. This was a more inclusive idea of who counted as American at home and what areas of the world were considered to be within the U.S. sphere of influence. Statehood advocates argued that Hawaiʻi and its majority Asian population could serve as a bridge to Cold War Asia—and as a global showcase of American democracy and racial harmony. In the aftermath of statehood, business leaders and policymakers worked to institutionalize and sell this ideal by capitalizing on Hawaiʻi's diversity. Asian Americans in Hawaiʻi never lost a perceived connection to Asia. Instead, their ethnic difference became a marketable resource to help other Americans navigate a decolonizing world. As excitement over statehood dimmed, the utopian vision of Hawaiʻi fell apart, revealing how racial inequality and U.S. imperialism continued to shape the fiftieth state—and igniting a backlash against the islands' white-dominated institutions.