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1
Nagasawa, Yujin. Perfect Being Theism and the Great Chain of Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758686.003.0003.
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This chapter explores exactly what perfect being theism means when it says that God is the being than which no greater is metaphysically possible. It considers the greatness of God in the light of the ‘great chain of being’, a hierarchy of all possible beings. It analyses God’s great-making properties, including knowledge, power, and benevolence, and considers various rigorous models of God’s relations to other possible beings, such as the ‘linear model’ and the ‘radial model’. It defends the radial model but also raises a potential problem it faces. The chapter concludes by arguing that the linear model should be taken seriously as a backup option for perfect being theists.
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Barham, Jeremy. Mahler and the Game of History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199316090.003.0017.
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For obvious reasons, the understanding and writing of music history have favoured a linear model founded in causality and chronology. Like many disciplines, however, historiographical studies have been subjected to critiques of various theoretical and imaginative types, particularly, but not exclusively, in recent times. These critiques are outlined here, and three historiographical models critically applied to the understanding of Mahler’s music: historicism, historical materialism (after Walter Benjamin), and a more radical rhizomatic model (after Deleuze). Posited, put into operation and questioned, these models cast multi-perspectival and multi-temporal light on how Mahler’s music continues to participate in contexts of contemporary mass-media and public consciousness.
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Schliesser, Eric. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.003.0016.
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The concluding chapter defends Adam Smith from Jonathan Israel’s criticism (and misrepresentation). Israel treats Smith as belonging to the moderate Enlightenment. While this chapter is agnostic about the moderate vs radical Enlightenment distinction, it suggests that Adam Smith offers enduring criticisms of applying Radical thought to political affairs. By contrast, this chapter treats Adam Smith as an exemplary philosopher not in terms of the doctrines defended, but rather as a model, who shows how philosophers of each generation need to develop normative and political ideals in light of other systematic commitments that may guide policy in a humane and responsible fashion.
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Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. How Firms Modify Their Business Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 describes how firms tackle business model innovation in practice. Most simply replicate their successful business model, a few try to fundamentally renew theirs, but many cannot change, suffering from ‘business model fixation’. Some corporate entrepreneurs replicate the existing model in one part of the firm but develop a radical new one elsewhere (dual focus). This chapter examines when, why, and the extent to which firms and industries focus on replication, renewal, or dual focus approaches. It considers how replication and renewal contribute to a firm’s performance, and to what degree this depends on the level of environmental dynamism and competitiveness. It is of note that one in three firms is in a permanent state of fixation, ignoring any warning signs that they should change.
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Kramer, Sina. Critical Models: Antigone, Rosa Parks and Claudette Colvin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625986.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 treats the figures of Antigone, Rosa Parks, and Claudette Colvin as models for the contestation of constitutive exclusion. First, Antigone’s constitutive exclusion from Thebes excludes her from the terms of intelligible political agency. When she challenges that exclusion, her contestation is politically unintelligible. While the radical alternative Antigone represents leads to her death in the play, that challenge survives in the multiple performances and adaptations of the play. Second, the choice to organize the Montgomery bus boycott around Parks rather than Colvin reveals the multiplicity of constitutive exclusion, since Parks could play some axes of her identity off others in her contestation in ways Colvin could not. The effect of this choice reinscribes the political unintelligibility of Colvin and reifies Parks as apolitical. While the terms of political agency are defined through the exclusion of Colvin, the radical potential she represents remains buried within those terms.
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Zierler, Wendy. Midrashic Adaptation. Edited by Thomas Leitch. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331000.013.7.
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An enduring mode of retelling and interpretation, the genre of rabbinic midrash can be adopted as a model for the study of biblical adaptation as well as adaptation writ large. This approach is source-centered, always emphasizing the relationship of the new text to the original text. At the same time, the midrashic approach allows for a radical reshaping of the materials to fit contemporary concerns. This essay explores several forms of midrashic adaptation of the stories the biblical Moses—exegetical, homiletic, narrative and running commentary, and figurative. In Hebraic tradition, Moses is not merely a character in a story: he is the speaker, writer, and transmitter of the Torah. Adaptations of Moses thus do not merely function as discrete re-enactments or interpretations but also provide commentary on the very idea of biblical adaptability and the unfolding nature of Torah.
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McDougal, Topher L. Trade Network Splintering and Ethnic Homogenization in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792598.003.0005.
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In violent conflict, civilians in both urban and rural areas, depend to some extent on the function of trade networks for their welfare. This chapter then seeks to understand the ways in which trade network morphologies shift during a conflict. Analyzing unique survey data via GIS and statistical models, this chapter scrutinizes the dispersal of production networks via a multiplication of petty traders during civil wars in Sierra Leone and Liberia. First, it argues that violent events tended to splinter production networks. Second, it argues that violent events also tended to have a localizing effect on the composition of traders, making them more homogenous with respect to the populations they serve. It implies that cities become hubs of activity for numerous overlapping, but ultimately separate, radial ethnic networks serving rural areas.
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Cullen, Christopher. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0010.
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By the end of the Han, specialists in the analysis and prediction of the motions of the heavenly bodies had established ways of working which were, in their essentials, to be continued and developed without radical discontinuity for the rest of the imperial age. The stability of these methods was underpinned by their incorporation into the ideology of imperial legitimacy, which claimed that the emperor had not simply the right, but the duty, to ‘grant the seasons’ to his people—a duty which was imagined to have been fulfilled by the model rulers of high antiquity....
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Führung gestaltet. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748903611.
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The central question addressed in the generational debate at the Socio-Economics Conference 2019 was ‘What do I expect from modern management culture?’. Generational change, digitalisation and cultural change are not only putting socio-economics and health management companies to the test, but the working world in general is becoming more dynamic, traditional business models and structures are undergoing transformation processes and disruptive developments are replacing normal phases of renewal and regeneration. These conference transcripts highlight, among other things, innovative ways of thinking, agile structures, management without a hierarchy, diversity management, managers in the future and a healthy business culture. The time of steady change is over; a time of radical change has begun.
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Tweedie, James. The Suspended Spectacle of History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873875.003.0005.
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This chapter examines both the history of the tableau vivant as an art form and its remarkable revival in the cinema of the late twentieth century. At once a quotation of an existing work of art and an always imperfect copy, the tableau vivant recognizes the persistent power of the original but transforms or parodies its source, creating something new even when it returns to old and familiar models. The chapter charts the development of a cinema of painters in the late twentieth century and identifies the tableau as one of its key strategies precisely because it exists at the threshold between citation and innovation. Focusing on the work of Jean-Luc Godard and especially Derek Jarman’s 1986 film Caravaggio, it emphasizes the archaeological and social possibilities of this return to painting, as filmmakers confront both the aging of cinema and the necessity of radical historical models in a moment of political retrenchment.
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Cohen, Stephen P. India and the Region. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.25.
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‘South Asia’ as a term was only invented in the 1960s. Since 1947 India has competed with Pakistan to be the inheritor of the ‘Raj’ tradition. This near-permanent conflict is the major restraint on Indian power and influence. Outside powers also play a regional role, but their vision of the region is unfocused, and not necessarily India-centric. The region is faced with the potential spread from Afghanistan of radical Islamic ideologies, as potentially destabilizing as the venerable Kashmir dispute. India’s regional influence is also hampered by its weak economic position and its mismanagement of military policies, while the acquisition of nuclear weapons did not ensure security. Despite this, with its enormous cultural and political influence, India remains a model for the region, but has yet to translate aspiration into achievement at the regional level, undercutting its relations with major outside powers.
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Forster, Michael N. Moral Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199588367.003.0008.
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Herder develops a number of very important principles both in meta-ethics and in first-order morality. In meta-ethics he argues for a form of sentimentalism, but a form of it that acknowledges a role for cognition in the sentiments involved and which emphasizes their radical variability between periods and cultures. He also invents a “genetic” or “genealogical” method predicated on such variability and applies it to moral values in particular in order to make them better understood. And finally, he develops an ambitious theory and practice of moral pedagogy that rests on his sentimentalism and which accordingly focuses on causal influences on moral character formation, such as role models and literature. In first-order morality he invents an important pluralistic form of cosmopolitanism to replace the more usual but problematic homogenizing cosmopolitanism of the Enlightenment; an influential ideal of individual Bildung, or self-formation; and a distinctive ideal of humanity.
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Wilson, Alastair. The Nature of Contingency. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846215.001.0001.
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Contingency is everywhere, but what is it? This book defends a radical new theory of contingency as a physical phenomenon. Drawing on the many-worlds approach to quantum theory and on cutting-edge metaphysics and philosophy of science, it argues that quantum theories are best understood as telling us about the space of genuine possibilities rather than as telling us solely about actuality. When quantum physics is taken seriously in the way first proposed by Hugh Everett III, it provides the resources for a new systematic metaphysical framework encompassing possibility, necessity, actuality, chance, counterfactuals, and a host of related modal notions. The framework is a modal realist one, in the tradition of David Lewis: all genuine possibilities are on a par, and the actual world is simply the one that we ourselves inhabit. It departs from Lewisian modal realism in that quantum possible worlds are not philosophical posits but scientific discoveries. Contingency and other modal notions have often been seen as beyond the limits of science. Rationalist metaphysicians argue that the metaphysics of modality is strictly prior to any scientific investigation: metaphysics establishes which worlds are possible, and physics merely checks which of these worlds is actual. Naturalistic metaphysicians respond that science may discover new possibilities and new impossibilities. This book’s quantum theory of contingency takes naturalistic metaphysics one step further, allowing that science may discover what it is to be possible. As electromagnetism revealed the nature of light, as acoustics revealed the nature of sound, as statistical mechanics revealed the nature of heat, so quantum physics reveals the nature of contingency.
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Lorino, Philippe. Postface: A few lines of temporary, exploratory, and practical conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753216.003.0011.
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The potential to process more abundant data through more sophisticated algorithms reinforces the expectation that situations can be controlled. However, what slips through the net of massive data processing and sophisticated algorithms is a distilled concentrate of radical novelty, puzzling uncertainty, and tangled complexity, for which we might be little prepared since ordinary riddles are increasingly systematically solved by systems and not by us. More than ever, we need to consider situated action as a central object of study, taking seriously its disruptive power and complexity. Pragmatism teaches us how to use sophisticated models without ever forgetting that they are not ontological representations but semiotic mediations, that novelty always pops up when least expected, that there is no susbtitute for life experience, and that others are always the challenging expression of otherness. Governing (rather than controlling) collective action is therefore an endless and often challenging collective meaning-making effort.
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Choueiri, Youssef M. Arab Historical Writing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0025.
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This chapter traces the principal historiographical developments in the Arab world since 1945. It is divided into two major parts. The first part deals with the period extending from 1945 to 1970. During this period the discourse of either socialism or nationalism permeated most historical writings. The second part presents the various attempts made to decolonize, rewrite, or theorize history throughout the Arab world. The chapter then shows how in the various states of the Arabic world—some but not all of which have become fundamentalist Islamic regimes—Western models continued to be followed, though often with a more explicitly socialist approach than would be the case in America or Western Europe. By the 1970s, well before the shake-up of radical Islamicization that has dominated the past quarter-century, the entire Arabic world began to push hard against the dominance of residual Western colonial history.
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Levin, Frank S. The Nuclear Atom. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 describes how the concept of quantization (discretization) was first applied to atoms. This was done in 1913 by Niels Bohr, using Ernest Rutherford’s paradigm-changing, solar-system model of atomic structure, wherein the positively charged nucleus occupies a tiny central space, much smaller than the known sizes of atoms. Bohr, postulating a quantized version of this model for hydrogen, was able to explain previously inexplicable experimental features of that atom. He did so via an ad hoc quantization procedure that discretized the single electron’s energy, its angular momentum, and the radii of the orbits it could be in around the nucleus, formulas forwhich are presented, along with a diagram displaying the quantized energies. Despite this success, Bohr’s model failed not only for helium, with its two electrons, but for all other neutral atoms. It left some physicists hopeful, ready for whatever the next step might be.
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Beckert, Jens, and Richard Bronk. An Introduction to Uncertain Futures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a theoretical framework for considering how imaginaries and narratives interact with calculative devices to structure expectations and beliefs in the economy. It analyses the nature of uncertainty in innovative market economies and examines how economic actors use imaginaries, narratives, models, and calculative practices to coordinate and legitimize action, determine value, and establish sufficient conviction to act despite the uncertainty they face. Placing the themes of the volume in the context of broader trends in economics and sociology, the chapter argues that, in conditions of widespread radical uncertainty, there is no uniquely rational set of expectations, and there are no optimal strategies or objective probability functions; instead, expectations are often structured by contingent narratives or socially constructed imaginaries. Moreover, since expectations are not anchored in a pre-existing future reality but have an important role in creating the future, they become legitimate objects of political debate and crucial instruments of power in markets and societies.
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Pauly, Louis W. The Anarchical Society and a Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0011.
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If Hedley Bull came back today and revised his most famous book, he would likely devote a chapter to the economic forces that transformed our world during the past four decades. Among other systemic changes, the radical unleashing of finance and the partial return of a pre-1914 economic ideology justifying open and integrating capital markets might surprise an advocate of the virtues of the states system. But by following Bull’s reasoning, his model of empirical observation, and his underlying moral sensibilities—as well as suggestions from his constructive critics—this essay traces the emergence since the late 1970s of a variegated global capacity to assess systemic financial risks, design collaborative policies to prevent systemic crises, and manage them when they nevertheless occur. The challenge of deeply legitimating that nuanced and complex capacity remains, which, as Bull anticipated, means that considerations of justice must soon be addressed.
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Frangipane, Marcella. Arslantepe-Malatya: A Prehistoric and Early Historic Center in Eastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0045.
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This article discusses findings from excavations at Arslantepe–Malatya. Arslantepe is a tell about 4.5 hectares in extension and 30 meters high, at the heart of the fertile Malatya Plain, some 12 kilometers from the right bank of the Euphrates, and surrounded by mountains, which, in the past, were covered by forests. In the earliest phases of its history, in the Chalcolithic period, it had close links with the Syro-Mesopotamian world, with which it shared many cultural features, structural models, and development trajectories. But in the early centuries of the third millennium BCE, far-reaching changes took place in the site that halted the development of the Mesopotamian-type centralized system and reoriented Arslantepe's external relations toward eastern Anatolia and Transcaucasia. A further radical change occurred in the second millennium BCE, when the site interacted with the rising Hittite civilization, which exerted a strong influence on it. But it was with the Late Bronze I and, more evidently, Late Bronze II, that the expanding Hittite state, which expanded as far as the banks of the Euphrates, imposed its cultural and political domination over the populations in the Malatya region, heralding another important stage in the history of Arslantepe.
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Hershinow, David. Shakespeare and the Truth-Teller. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439572.001.0001.
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The Truth-Teller makes the case that Shakespeare repeatedly responds to sixteenth-century debates over the revolutionary potential of Cynic critical activity—debates that persist in later centuries and that inform major developments in Western intellectual history. To live one’s truth may have been a radical (and controversial) proposition for ancient Greek democracy, but Shakespeare reveals it to be an equally vexed task for drama, which aimed both to represent political truths and warn against the dangers of over-identifying with the figure of the lone truth teller. The book contends that aspiring critics from the sixteenth century to the present cathect onto the figure of the Cynic because they mistake literary character for viable political formula. Shakespeare, the book argues, works to diagnose this interpretive error through his Cynic characterizations of Lear’s Fool, Hamlet, and Timon of Athens. Offering new ways of thinking about early modernity’s engagement with classical models as well as literature’s engagement with politics, The Truth-Teller insists upon the necessity of literary thinking to political philosophy.
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Comentale, Edward P. A Rambling Funny Streak. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037399.003.0004.
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This chapter uses the songs of Woody Guthrie to track a wider shift from regional song to national culture and, ultimately, pop idealism. It begins with Guthrie's own accounts of Oklahoma modernism—the whirlwind cycles of boom and bust that marked life in the Southwest during his early years. Guthrie's early experiences provided him with a typically modernist sense of cultural drift and discontinuity and attuned him to the growing rift between material reality and its public expression. These sensibilities informed Guthrie's most radical work with the Popular Front; his songwriting of this period, rather than a straightforward expression of folk ideology or class warfare, explores a new economy of sound for an increasingly migrant public. However, Guthrie later turned away from the fatalism of the socialist line to explore a certain “comic” mode, one that, in its own sonic rambling, upends the discursive categories of modern public life.
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McLennan, Rebecca M. Ideal Theory and Historical Complexity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888589.003.0008.
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After summarizing Fassin’s arguments, McLennan urges attention to five related questions. The first addresses the intersection between philosophy and the social sciences, specifically how, if at all, utilitarian, Kantian, and other ideal theories of punishment might usefully inform the study of past and present penal practices. Second, McLennan asks what in American history explains the particular brutality of state punishment in the U.S.—what she calls “delegated sadism”—notwithstanding many common features between French and American penal institutions. Building on this theme, she invites Fassin to reflect more on the nonlinearity of the history of penal policy in the U.S. and the ways in which penal welfarism and the slave plantation provided competing models for punishment in both North and South. Responding to Fassin’s call for the study of “penal theology,” McLennan suggests that nineteenth- and twentieth-century Christian theologies have not only fostered certain penal practices but generated radical critiques of incarceration and its effects. Finally, turning to mass incarceration’s more recent history, McLennan calls our attention to the gendered character of penal policy, especially in light of the fact that incarceration rates for women have risen much faster than for men.
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Rasula, Jed. Acrobatic Modernism from the Avant-Garde to Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833949.001.0001.
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This is a book about artistic modernism contending with the historical transfigurations of modernity. As a conscientious engagement with modernity’s restructuring of the lifeworld, the modernist avant-garde raised the stakes of this engagement to programmatic explicitness. But even beyond the vanguard, the global phenomenon of jazz combined somatic assault with sensory tutelage. Jazz, like the new technologies of modernity, recalibrated sensory ratios. The criterion of the new as self-making also extended to names: pseudonyms and heteronyms. The protocols of modernism solicited a pragmatic arousal of bodily sensation as artistic resource, validating an acrobatic sensibility ranging from slapstick and laughter to the pathos of bereavement. Expressivity trumped representation. The artwork was a diagram of perception, not a mimetic rendering. For artists, the historical pressures of altered perception provoked new models, and Ezra Pound’s slogan “Make It New” became the generic rallying cry of renovation. The paradigmatic stance of the avant-garde was established by Futurism, but the discovery of prehistoric art added another provocation to artists. Paleolithic caves validated the spirit of all-over composition, unframed and dynamic. Geometric abstraction, Constructivism and Purism, and Surrealism were all in quest of a new mythology. “Making it new” yielded a new pathos in the sensation of radical discrepancy between futurist striving and remotest antiquity. The Paleolithic cave and the USSR emitted comparable siren calls on behalf of the remote past and the desired future. As such, the present was suffused with the pathos of being neither, but subject to both.
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Ingalls, Monique M. Transnational Connections, Musical Meaning, and the 1990s “British Invasion” of North American Evangelical Worship Music. Edited by Jonathan Dueck and Suzel Ana Reily. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859993.013.004.
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Monique Ingalls’ essay, on the “British invasion” of U.K. contemporary evangelical congregational worship songs into the U.S. market, points to how a transnational musical network provides ways for powerful individuals within the music industry to locate “authentic” religious faith. The U.K. worship music industry imagined different uses and, consequently, formats for its music than that of the American-based Christian music industry: the American-based industry modeled its songs on pop, focusing on radio-friendly short song formats; but U.K. industry modeled its music and performances on charismatic worship services that had a long and powerful emotional trajectory. As a set of U.S. Christian music industry elites traveled to the U.K. and experienced U.K. performances, they began to locate “authentic” worship in the developing U.K. style—largely through their own embodied experiences of worship. These mobile individuals laid the groundwork for the “British invasion” of the U.S. Christian music market, which led to a new genre term: “modern worship.” While Ingalls sees these industry executives as real agents, she also interprets their experiences and choices as part of an emergent discourse in which, as she aptly puts it, “religious rationales [exist] side by side, and in many ways justify, the capitalist logic within the evangelical media industry.”
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Abacı, Uygar. Kant's Revolutionary Theory of Modality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831556.001.0001.
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This book offers a comprehensive study of Kant’s views on modal notions of possibility, actuality or existence, and necessity. It aims to locate Kant’s views on these notions in their broader historical context, establish their continuity and transformation across Kant’s precritical and critical texts, and determine their role in the substance as well as the development of Kant’s philosophical project. It makes two overarching claims. First, Kant’s precritical views on modality, which appear in the context of his attempts to revise the ontological argument and are critical of the tradition only from within its prevailing paradigm of modality, develop into a revolutionary theory of modality in his critical period, radicalizing his critique of the ontotheological and rationalist metaphysical tradition. While the traditional paradigm construes modal notions as fundamental ontological predicates, expressing different modes or ways of being of things, Kant’s theory consists in redefining them as subjective and relational features of our discursivity, expressing different modes in which our conceptual representations of objects are related to our cognitive faculty. Second, this revolutionary theory of modality does not only become a crucial component of Kant’s critical epistemology and his radical critique of rationalist metaphysics, but it is in fact directly constitutive of the critical turn itself, as Kant originally formulates the latter in terms of a shift from an ontological to an epistemological approach to the question of possibility. Thus, tracing the development of Kant’s understanding of modality comes to fruition in an alternative reading of Kant’s overall philosophical development.
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Shields, James Mark. Against Harmony. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190664008.001.0001.
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Against Harmony traces the history of progressive and radical experiments in Japanese Buddhist thought and practice from the mid-Meiji period through the early Shōwa period (1885–1935), when historical events coalesced to eliminate all such experiments. It is a work of both intellectual history and of critical, comparative thought. Perhaps the two best representations of progressive Buddhism during this period were the New Buddhist Fellowship (1899–1915) and the Youth League for Revitalizing Buddhism (1931–1936). Both were nonsectarian, lay movements comprising young men with education in classical Buddhist texts as well as Western literature, philosophy, and religion. Their work effectively collapses commonly held distinctions between religion, philosophy, ethics, politics, and economics. Unlike many others of their day, these “New Buddhists” did not regard the novel forces of modernization as problematic and disruptive, but rather, as an opportunity to explore and expand the possibilities of the dharma. Moreover, these and similar Buddhist and Buddhist-inspired movements experimented with novel, alternative forms of modernity, rooted in variations on what might be called “dharmic materialism.” In short, they did not simply inherit or mimic the dominant Western model(s). For this reason, their work remains of relevance in the early twenty-first century.
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Howells, Coral Ann, Paul Sharrad, and Gerry Turcotte, eds. The Oxford History of the Novel in English. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.001.0001.
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This book explores the history of English-language prose fiction in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific since 1950, focusing not only on the ‘literary’ novel, but also on the processes of production, distribution and reception, and on popular fiction and the fictional sub-genres, as well as the work of major novelists, movements, and tendencies. After World War II, the rise of cultural nationalism in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand and movements towards independence in the Pacific islands, together with the turn toward multiculturalism and transnationalism in the postcolonial world, called into question the standard national frames for literary history. This resulted in an increasing recognition of formerly marginalised peoples and a repositioning of these national literatures in a world literary context. The book explores the implications of such radical change through its focus on the English-language novel and the short story, which model the crises in evolving narratives of nationhood and the reinvention of postcolonial identities. Shifting socio-political and cultural contexts and their effects on novels and novelists, together with shifts in fictional modes (realism, modernism, the Gothic, postmodernism) are traced across these different regions. Attention is given not only to major authors but also to Indigenous and multicultural fiction, children's and young adult novels, and popular fiction. Chapters on book publishing, critical reception, and literary histories for all four areas are included in this innovative presentation of a Trans-Pacific postcolonial history of the novel.
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Epstein, Rachel A. Banking on Markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809968.001.0001.
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States and banks have traditionally maintained close ties. At various points in time, states have used banks to manage their economies and soak up government debt, while banks enjoyed regulatory forbearance, restricted competition and implicit or explicit guarantees from their home governments. The political foundations of banks have thus been powerful and enduring, with actors on both sides of the aisle reluctant to sever relations. The central argument of this book, however, is that in the world’s largest integrated market, Europe, political ties between states and banks have been transformed. Specifically, through a combination of post-communist transition, monetary union, and economic crisis, states in Europe no longer wield preponderant influence over their banks. In the East, high levels of foreign bank ownership have disrupted politically infused bank–state ties, while in the Eurozone, European Banking Union has supra-nationalized bank governance. Banking on Markets explains why we have witnessed the radical denationalization of this politically vital sector, as well as the consequences for economic volatility and policy autonomy. Contrary to expectations, marketized bank–state ties and elevated foreign bank ownership levels mitigated volatility in Europe’s recent economic crises. But marketized bank–state ties also limit national economic policy discretion. The findings from Europe have implications for other world regions, which, to varying degrees, have also experienced intensified pressure on their traditional models of domestic political control over finance.
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Kachuck, Aaron J. The Solitary Sphere in the Age of Virgil. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197579046.001.0001.
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The Solitary Sphere in the Age of Virgil uses an enriched tripartite model of Roman culture—touching not only the public and the private, but also the solitary—in order to present a new interpretation of Latin literature and of the historical causes of this third sphere’s relative invisibility in scholarship. By connecting Cosmos and Imperium to the Individual, the solitary sphere was not so much a way of avoiding politics as a political education in itself. As reimagined by literature in this age, this sphere was an essential space for the formation of the new Roman citizen of the Augustan revolution, and was behind many of the notable features of the literary revolution of Virgil’s age: the expansion of the possibilities of the book of poetry, the birth of the literary cursus, new coordinations of cosmology and politics within strictly organized schemes, the attraction of first-person genres, and the subjective style. Through close readings of Cicero’s late works and the oeuvres of Virgil, Horace, and Propertius and the works of other authors in the age of Virgil, The Solitary Sphere thus presents a radical reinterpretation of classical Roman literature, and contributes to the study of premodern culture more generally, especially for traditions that have taken antiquity as too fixed a point in their own literary, religious, and cultural histories.
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Hermans, Hubert J. M. Society in the Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687793.001.0001.
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In this book, Hubert Hermans, internationally known as the creator of the dialogical self theory, launches a new and original theory in which he links society with the most intimate regions of self and identity. The basic assumption is that the self is organized as an inner society that is simultaneously functioning as part of the society at large as exemplified by developments like self-sabotage, self-radicalization, self-cure, self-government, self-nationalization, and self-internationalization. The book makes even a more radical step. It not only deals with the societal organization of the self but also poses the challenging question whether the self is democratically organized. To what extent do the different self-parts (e.g. roles, emotions, imagined others) receive freedom of expression? To what extent are they treated as equal or equivalent components of the self? The question is posed how the self, in its organizing capacity, responds to the apparent tension between freedom and equality in both the self and society. The theory has far-reaching consequences for such divergent topics as leadership in the self; cultural diversity in the self; the relationship between reason and emotion; self-empathy;, cooperation and competition between self-parts; and the role of social power in prejudice, enemy image construction, and scapegoating. The volume concludes with a trailblazing discussion of cosmopolitan, deliberative, and agonistic models of democracy and their consequences for a democratically organized self in a boundary-crossing society.
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Drezner, Daniel W. Mercantilist and Realist Perspectives on the Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.260.
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Mercantilism and realism would appear to go hand in glove with each other. If realism represents both a systemic worldview and explanatory model for world politics, then mercantilism would appear to be the paradigm’s default foreign economic policy doctrine. And, to be sure, there are obvious and strong areas of overlap. Both paradigms stress the autonomous role of the state—and warn against capture by particularistic interests. Both also stress the conditioning effects of the distribution of power in defining national economic interests. Despite these constants, however, over time, the two approaches diverged more and more. Most modern-day writers who sympathize with mercantilism do so from perspectives ranging from left-leaning social democracy to more radical Gramscian critiques. Realists, on the other hand, have tended to gravitate towards the conservative, Burkean side of the political spectrum. While realists and mercantilists might agree on the role that power plays in the global economy, they do not necessarily agree on the normative implications of that insight. Paradoxically, as realism has acquired a more “scientific” cast, it has become less influential in international political economy (IPE) scholarship. For realism to maintain its relevancy in IPE, it must reacquire its deftness in incorporating nonstructural variables into its explanatory framework. The paradigm retains some useful predictive power for how systemic political variables affect global economic outcomes, but it is of little use in discussing the reverse causal effects.
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Postema, Gerald. Bentham and the Common Law Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793052.001.0001.
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This work explores the relationship between Bentham's utilitarian practical philosophy and his positivist jurisprudence. These theories appear to be in tension because his utilitarian commitment to the sovereignty of utility as a practical decision principle seems inconsistent with his positivist insistence on the sovereignty of the will of the lawmaker. Two themes emerge from the attempt in this work to reconcile these two core elements of Bentham's practical thought. First, Bentham's conception of law does not fit the conventional model of legal positivism. Bentham was not just a utilitarian and a positivist; he was a positivist by virtue of his commitment to a utilitarian understanding of the fundamental task of law. Moreover, his emphasis on the necessary publicity and the systemic character of law, led him to insist on an essential role for utilitarian reasons in the regular public functioning of law. Second, Bentham's radical critique of common law theory and practice convinced him of the necessity to reconcile the need for certainty of law with an equally great need for its flexibility. He eventually developed a constitutional framework for adjudication in the shadow of codified law that accorded judges discretion to decide particular cases according to their best judgment of the balance of utilities, guaranteeing the accountability and appropriate motivation of judicial decision-making through institutional incentives. The original text of this work, first published in 1986, remains largely unchanged, but an afterword reconsiders and revises some themes in response to criticism.
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Neely, Michelle. Against Sustainability. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823288229.001.0001.
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Against Sustainability responds to twenty-first-century environmental crisis not by seeking the origins of U.S. environmental problems, but by returning to the nineteenth-century literary, cultural, and scientific contexts that gave rise to many of our most familiar environmental solutions. In readings that juxtapose antebellum and contemporary writers such as Walt Whitman and Lucille Clifton, George Catlin and Louise Erdrich, and Herman Melville and A. S. Byatt, the book reconnects sustainability, recycling, and preservation with nineteenth-century U.S. contexts such as industrial farming, consumerism, slavery, and settler colonial expansion. These readings demonstrate that the paradigms explored are compromised in their attempts to redress environmental degradation because they simultaneously perpetuate the very systems that generate the degradation to begin with. Alongside the chapters that focus on defamiliarization and critique are chapters that reveal that the nineteenth century also gave rise to more unusual and provisional environmentalisms. These chapters offer alternatives to the failed paradigms of recycling and preservation, exploring Henry David Thoreau’s and Emily Dickinson’s joyful, anti-consumerist frugality and Hannah Crafts’s and Harriet Wilson’s radical pet keeping model of living with others. The coda considers zero waste and then contrasts sustainability with functional utopianism, an alternative orienting paradigm that might more reliably guide mainstream U.S. environmental culture toward transformative forms of ecological and social justice. Ultimately, Against Sustainability offers novel readings of familiar literary works that demonstrate how U.S. nineteenth-century literature compels us to rethink our understandings of the past in order to imagine other, more just and environmentally-sound futures.
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Fernández L'Hoeste, Héctor D. Lalo Alcaraz. University Press of Mississippi, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496811370.001.0001.
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The book proposes a critical study of the work by Latino cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz, a key voice in the controversial topic of immigration. It contends that his production is significant for its documentation of the travails of the community and its assessment of the frictions resulting from a radical shift in national demographics: the rise of Latinos as the largest minority ethnicity and the eventual transition of the general population into a mode of plurality rather than majority. In his cartoons and comic strips, readers can recognize how Latinos have been used by opportunist politicians and media personalities seeking personal benefit. It is also possible to visualize how, in many cases, the political system has operated against Latinos in an almost systematic fashion, failing to acknowledge their lengthy historical record and contributions as Americans. The book chronicles the cartoonist’s evolution from a cultural actor willing to criticize injustice for the sake of retribution to one who effectively identifies and denounces the mechanisms behind rampant societal inequity—most crucially, the dynamics and implications of a hidden mainstream norm, supportive of a cultural ideology benefiting an exclusive segment of the population. In the evolution of his production, the search for a more acute representation and dissection of prejudice and exclusion becomes plain. In a sense, Alcaraz’s work is a testament not only to the growing pains of Latinos, but most importantly to those of the entire nation, as it comes to terms with the redefinition of US identity in the twenty-first century.
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Hurley, Michael D., and Marcus Waithe, eds. Thinking Through Style. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737827.001.0001.
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What is ‘style’, and how does it relate to thought in language? It has often been treated as something merely linguistic, independent of thought, ornamental; stylishness for its own sake. Or else it has been said to subserve thought, by mimicking, delineating, or heightening ideas that are already expressed in the words. This ambitious and timely book explores a third, more radical possibility, in which style operates as a verbal mode of thinking through. Rather than figure thought as primary and pre-verbal, and language as a secondary delivery system, style is conceived here as having the capacity to clarify or generate thinking. The book’s generic focus is on non-fiction prose, and it looks across the long nineteenth century. Leading scholars survey twenty authors, to show where writers who have gained reputations as either ‘stylists’ or as ‘thinkers’ both in fact exploit the interplay between the what and the how of their prose. But the study demonstrates more than that celebrated stylists might after all have thoughts worth attending to, or that distinguished thinkers might be enriched for us if we paid more due to their style. More than reversing the conventional categories, the innovative chapters collected here show how ‘style’ and ‘thinking’ can be approached as a shared concern. At a moment when, especially in nineteenth-century studies, interest in style is re-emerging, this book revaluates some of the most influential figures of that age, re-imagining the possible alliances, interplays, and generative tensions between thinking, thinkers, style, and stylists.
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Zöller, Mark A., and Robert Esser, eds. Justizielle Medienarbeit im Strafverfahren. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845297255.
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In terms of media relations, judicial authorities are caught in a complex area of activity between the freedom of the press and free media coverage on the one hand and upholding the fundamental rights of the accused and third parties on the other. A further particular and multifaceted constitutional significance can in turn be ascribed to the press, radio, television and the new forms of the media, which derives not only from the fundamental right of the freedom of the press and that of media coverage, as stipulated by Art. 5 I 2 of Germany’s Basic Law, but also from the principle of democracy laid down in Art. 20 I of the same law. The regulatory proposal offered in this study represents a model which is both in keeping with the interests of those involved and practicable, and which in this difficult constitutional context will allow judicial authorities to make an appropriate decision with regard to providing the media and the public with information about ongoing criminal proceedings. With contributions by Prof. Dr. Robert Esser, RA Hanns W. Feigen, RA Prof. Dr. Björn Gercke, PräsLKA a.D. Wolfgang Hertinger, Prof. Dr. Gerrit Hornung, Dr. Horst Hund, Prof. Dr. Albert Ingold, Prof. Dr. Dieter Kugelmann, RiAG Dr. Markus Mavany, Min Herbert Mertin, Steffen Rittig, Prof. Dr. Josef Ruthig, Prof. Dr. Mark A. Zöller.
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Gartzke, Erik A., and Paul Poast. Empirically Assessing the Bargaining Theory of War: Potential and Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.274.
Full textAbstract:
What explains war? The so-called bargaining approach has evolved quickly in the past two decades, opening up important new possibilities and raising fundamental challenges to previous conventional thinking about the origins of political violence. Bargaining is intended to explain the causes of conflict on many levels, from interpersonal to international. War is not the product of any of a number of variables creating opportunity or willingness, but instead is caused by whatever factors prevent competitors from negotiating the settlements that result from fighting. Conflict is thus a bargaining failure, a socially inferior outcome, but also a determined choice.Embraced by a growing number of scholars, the bargaining perspective rapidly created a new consensus in some circles. Bargaining theory is radical in relocating at least some of the causes of conflict away from material, cultural, political, or psychological factors and replacing them with states of knowledge about these same material or ideational factors. Approaching conflict as a bargaining failure—produced by uncertainty and incentives to misrepresent, credible commitment problems, or issue indivisibility—is the “state of the art” in the study of conflict.At the same time, bargaining theories remain largely untested in any systematic sense: theory has moved far ahead of empirics. The bargaining perspective has been favored largely because of compelling logic rather than empirical validity. Despite the bargaining analogy’s wide-ranging influence (or perhaps because of this influence), scholars have largely failed to subject the key causal mechanisms of bargaining theory to systematic empirical investigation. Further progress for bargaining theory, both among adherents and in the larger research community, depends on empirical tests of both core claims and new theoretical implications of the bargaining approach.The limited amount of systematic empirical research on bargaining theories of conflict is by no means entirely accident or the product of lethargy on the part of the scholarly community. Tests of theories that involve intangible factors like states of belief or perception are difficult to pursue. How does one measure uncertainty? What does learning look like in the midst of a war? When is indivisibility or commitment a problem, and when can it be resolved through other measures, such as ancillary bargains? The challenge before researchers, however, is to surmount these obstacles. To the degree that progress in science is empirical, bargaining theory needs testing.As should be clear, the dearth of empirical tests of bargaining approaches to the study of conflict leaves important questions unanswered. Is it true, for example, as bargaining theory suggests, that uncertainty leads to the possibility of war? If so, how much uncertainty is required and in what contexts? Which types of uncertainty are most pernicious (and which are perhaps relatively benign)? Under what circumstances are the effects of uncertainty greatest and where are they least critical? Empirical investigation of the bargaining model can provide essential guidance to theoretical work on conflict by identifying insights that can offer intellectual purchase and by highlighting areas of inquiry that are likely to be empirical dead ends. More broadly, the impact of bargaining theory on the study and practice of international relations rests to a substantial degree on the success of efforts to substantiate the perspective empirically.