Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèle épidémique en réseau'
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Gallois, Passat Isabelle. "Analyse de modèles d'évolution sur un réseau, cas d'un système épidémique avec diffusion non locale." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0786.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the mathematic analysis of time-dependent models on complex networks. There are three chapters. The first two chapters concern a model for the spread of epidemics on networks while the third chapter concerns Price equation, which arises as a model for the growth of complex networks.Most part of this thesis is concentrated in the first two chapters, in which we propose and analyze a SIS-type epidemic model with nonlocal diffusion. This model is derived from a discrete model, by considering here the degree as a continuous variable taking nonnegative values. Hence the network is described by the degree distribution of its nodes, where the epidemic transmission takes place. Migration occurs along the edges of the network and corresponds to nonlocal diffusion. The evolution system for the density of susceptible and infected individuals reads as a coupled system of nonlinear equations with nonlocal terms, which are given by the mean values of these densities on the network. We provide the analysis of this time-dependent system, distinguishing the cases of limited transmision (chapter 1) and illimited transmission (chapter 2).We first rigorously prove the existence of a unique solution to the system, either locally or globally in time, using a fixed point method. Next we establish necessary and sufficient threshold conditions for the existence of an endemic equilibrium. We then investigate the linear stability of both the disease-free and the endemic equilibrium and compare our results to the ones obtained for the discrete system. In the case of equal diffusivities and illimited transmission, we reduce the system to a Fisher-type equation with nonlocal diffusion, for which we prove a comparison principle. This allows us to study the large-time asymptotics of the solution for arbitrary initial data.The last chapter deals with Price equation, which is a model for the growth of networks. The model reads as a discrete recursive equation that provides the time-evolution of the probability distribution of the degrees in a growing network. We show rigorously that the solution converges to a stationary state exhibiting a power-law tail, whose exponent is explicitly given
Hui, Zi. "Structure spatiale du réseau complexe et dynamique de diffusion." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812604.
Full textDarbon, Alexandre. "Épidémiologie sur réseau pour l'évaluation des risques dans la prévention et le contrôle des infections Network-based assessment of the vulnerability of Italian regions to bovine brucellosis Disease persistence on temporal contact networks accounting for heterogeneous infectious periods." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS077.
Full textMy doctoral thesis aims to propose solutions against the spread of infectious diseases in specific contexts, taking into account how host contacts evolve in time using a temporal network representation. It focuses on the determination of the epidemic threshold, a key indicator of the epidemic risk. By leveraging and extending a mathematical formalism from network theory, this work enables the computation of the epidemic threshold in real situations in order to identify public health measures. A first project addresses the persistence of bovine brucellosis in Italy despite the existing eradication measures. Using comprehensive data on cattle movements between Italian farms over several years, as well as time-stamped outbreak records, the epidemic threshold computation in each region of the country provides information on regions vulnerability and proposes factors that may explain disease persistence. An extension of the formalism is then presented, including heterogeneous average infectious periods in the epidemic threshold computation. This work shows in different epidemiological contexts how the classical assumption that the average infectious period is the same for all hosts in a population may bias epidemic risk assessments. This method also identifies the hosts in a population that are primarily responsible for the global epidemic risk
Bechah, Yassina. "Typhus épidémique : mise au point d'un modèle murin." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20672.
Full textChabot, Nicolas. "Forme asymptotique pour un modèle épidémique en dimension supérieure à trois." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11008.
Full textLindamulage, de Silva Olivier. "On the Efficiency of Decentralized Epidemic Management and Competitive Viral Marketing." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0145.
Full textThis thesis investigates decentralized decision-making in epidemic and viral marketing dynamics. The mathematical framework of game theory is exploited to design and assess the effectiveness of decentralized strategies. The thesis begins with a review of mathematical tools, emphasizing graph theory and game theory. Chapter 2 presents a networked epidemic game where each player (region or country) seeks to implement a tradeoff between socio-economic and health looses, incorporating constraints such as intensive care unit (ICU) availability. Nash equilibrium and Generalized Nash equilibrium are analyzed, and the influence of decentralization on global efficiency is measured using metrics like the Price of Anarchy (PoA) and the Price of Connectedness (PoC). The practical application of the game to a Covid-19 scenario is illustrated. Chapter 3 extends the analysis of Chapter 2 by incorporating opinion dynamics into the decentralized control of a networked epidemic. A new game model is introduced, where players represent geographical aera balancing socio-economic and health losses; the game is built to implement features of practical interests and to possess some mathematical properties (e.g., posynomiality) which makes its analysis tractable. The analysis focuses on the existence and uniqueness of the Generalized Nash Equilibrium (GNE), and an algorithm for computing the GNE is proposed. Numerical simulations quantify the efficiency loss induced by decentralization in the presence and absence of opinion dynamics. The results identify scenarios where decentralization is acceptable in terms of global efficiency measures and highlight the importance of opinion dynamics in decision-making processes. Chapter 4 explores a Stackelberg duopoly model in the context of viral marketing campaigns. The objective is to characterize the optimal allocation strategy of advertising budgets across regions to maximize market share. A relatively simple Equilibrium strategies are derived, and conditions for a "winner takes all" outcome are established. Theoretical findings are complemented by numerical simulations and an example illustrating equilibrium characterization.This thesis offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of decentralized decision-making in the context of epidemic and viral marketing dynamics. The findings have implications for healthcare management, business competition, and related fields
Meharouech, Ali Amira. "Wireless body-to-body sensor networks : optimization models and algorithms." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB122/document.
Full textMotivated by the rising demand for remote and improved healthcare, while decreasing the cost of using network infrastructures to ensure time and data rate-constrained applications, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) still form a strongly growing research field. Besides, engineers and researchers are investigating new solutions to supplement mobile communications through developing opportunities for cooperative WBANs. In this context, using network users themselves as relays could complement and extend existing infrastructure networks, while improving network capacity and promoting radio spectrum usage. Yet, network operators, that are already planning for the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing technologies integration, should also think about this new possibility of creating a new type of mobile ad hoc network, where network users themselves are used as simplified ad hoc base stations, to fulfill the desire of sharing real-time information between colocated persons carrying body sensors. This emerging type of network is called Body-to-Body Network (BBN). In a BBN, a radio device situated on one person gathers the sensor data from the sensor nodes worn by that person, and transmit them to a transceiver situated on another person in the nearby area, in order to be processed or relayed to other BBN users. BBNs can find applications in a range of areas such as healthcare, team sports, military, entertainment, as well as exciting social networking experiences. Operating in the popular Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band, the communication links in a BBN will be heavily susceptible to interference between the different radio technologies sharing the limited radio spectrum. Thus, inter-body interference become an important concern for protocol design and quality of service for the BBN end user. Yet, higher layer MAC and networking mechanisms need to be in place to overcome this interference problem. To date, very few studies, that perform in-depth analysis of this type of body-centric scenario, exist. The interference problem in such distributed system, should be tackeled with distributed mechanisms, such as Game Theory. The decision makers in the game are either the WBANs/people forming the BBN or the network operators who control the inter-WBAN communicating devices. These devices have to cope with a limited transmission resource (ISM band) that gives rise to a conflict of interests. This thesis aims at exploring the opportunities to enable inter-WBAN communications by ensuring feasible sharing of the radio spectrum through two challenging research issues. First, mutual and cross-technology interference mitigation, and second, the design of a BBN specific routing protocol applied to an epidemic control application within mass gathering areas, such as the airport, as use case in this thesis. In a first phase, a game theoretical approach is proposed to resolve the distributed interference problem in BBNs. The Socially-aware Interference Mitigation (SIM) game performs twofold: at the WBAN stage, it allocates ZigBee channels to body sensors for intra-WBAN data sensing, and at the BBN stage, it allocates WiFi channels to mobile devices for inter-WBAN data transmitting and relaying. Two algorithms, BR-SIM and SORT-SIM, were developed to search for Nash equilibra to the SIM game. The first (BR-SIM) ensures best response solutions while the second (SORT-SIM) attempts to achieve tradeoff between sub-optimal solutions and short convergence time. Then, in order to highlight the social role of BBNs, the second part of this thesis is devoted to propose an epidemic control application tailored to BBNs, in indoor environment. This application implements a geographic routing protocol, that differentiates WBANs traffic and ensures real-time quarantine strategies. (...)
Valdano, Eugenio. "Analyse quantitative de la vulnérabilité des réseaux temporels aux maladies infectieuses." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066211/document.
Full textInfectious disease modeling represents a powerful tool for assessing the vulnerability of a population to the introduction of a new infectious pathogen. The increased availability of highly resolved data tracking host interactions is making epidemic models potentially increasingly accurate. Integrating into them all the features emerging from these data, however, still represents a challenge. In particular, the interaction between disease dynamics and the time evolution of contact structures has been shown to impact the way pathogens spread, changing the conditions that lead to the wide-spreading regime, as encoded in epidemic threshold. Up to now researchers have characterized the epidemic threshold on time evolving contact structures only in specific settings. Using a multilayer formalism, we analytically compute the epidemic threshold on a generic temporal network, accounting for several different disease features. We use this methodology to assess the impact of time resolution and network duration on the estimation of the threshold. Then, thanks to it, we assess the global vulnerability of different systems to pathogen introduction, and in particular we analyze the networks of cattle trade movements Data collection strategies often inform us only about past network configurations, and that limits our prediction capabilities. We face this by developing a data-driven methodology for predicting targeted epidemic that relies only past contact data. Our work provides new methodologies for assessing and predicting the risk associated to an emerging pathogen, both at the population scale and targeting specific hosts
Meharouech, Ali Amira. "Wireless body-to-body sensor networks : optimization models and algorithms." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB122.
Full textMotivated by the rising demand for remote and improved healthcare, while decreasing the cost of using network infrastructures to ensure time and data rate-constrained applications, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) still form a strongly growing research field. Besides, engineers and researchers are investigating new solutions to supplement mobile communications through developing opportunities for cooperative WBANs. In this context, using network users themselves as relays could complement and extend existing infrastructure networks, while improving network capacity and promoting radio spectrum usage. Yet, network operators, that are already planning for the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing technologies integration, should also think about this new possibility of creating a new type of mobile ad hoc network, where network users themselves are used as simplified ad hoc base stations, to fulfill the desire of sharing real-time information between colocated persons carrying body sensors. This emerging type of network is called Body-to-Body Network (BBN). In a BBN, a radio device situated on one person gathers the sensor data from the sensor nodes worn by that person, and transmit them to a transceiver situated on another person in the nearby area, in order to be processed or relayed to other BBN users. BBNs can find applications in a range of areas such as healthcare, team sports, military, entertainment, as well as exciting social networking experiences. Operating in the popular Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band, the communication links in a BBN will be heavily susceptible to interference between the different radio technologies sharing the limited radio spectrum. Thus, inter-body interference become an important concern for protocol design and quality of service for the BBN end user. Yet, higher layer MAC and networking mechanisms need to be in place to overcome this interference problem. To date, very few studies, that perform in-depth analysis of this type of body-centric scenario, exist. The interference problem in such distributed system, should be tackeled with distributed mechanisms, such as Game Theory. The decision makers in the game are either the WBANs/people forming the BBN or the network operators who control the inter-WBAN communicating devices. These devices have to cope with a limited transmission resource (ISM band) that gives rise to a conflict of interests. This thesis aims at exploring the opportunities to enable inter-WBAN communications by ensuring feasible sharing of the radio spectrum through two challenging research issues. First, mutual and cross-technology interference mitigation, and second, the design of a BBN specific routing protocol applied to an epidemic control application within mass gathering areas, such as the airport, as use case in this thesis. In a first phase, a game theoretical approach is proposed to resolve the distributed interference problem in BBNs. The Socially-aware Interference Mitigation (SIM) game performs twofold: at the WBAN stage, it allocates ZigBee channels to body sensors for intra-WBAN data sensing, and at the BBN stage, it allocates WiFi channels to mobile devices for inter-WBAN data transmitting and relaying. Two algorithms, BR-SIM and SORT-SIM, were developed to search for Nash equilibra to the SIM game. The first (BR-SIM) ensures best response solutions while the second (SORT-SIM) attempts to achieve tradeoff between sub-optimal solutions and short convergence time. Then, in order to highlight the social role of BBNs, the second part of this thesis is devoted to propose an epidemic control application tailored to BBNs, in indoor environment. This application implements a geographic routing protocol, that differentiates WBANs traffic and ensures real-time quarantine strategies. (...)
Crépey, Pascal. "Modélisation des dynamiques spatiotemporelles des épidémies et réseaux stochastiques multi-échelles." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066570.
Full textWeyl, Benoit. "Modèle fonctionnel d'un sol intelligent." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6217.
Full textYonaba, Harouna. "Modélisation hydrologique hybride : réseau de neurones - modèle conceptuel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26583/26583.pdf.
Full textChaix-Couturier, Carine. "Éléments pour un modèle de la performance d'un réseau de soins." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077045.
Full textSir, Ondo Enguier Pater Noster. "Mise en place d'un système de surveillance syndromique des maladies infectieuses à potentiel épidémique au Gabon." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0267.
Full textInfectious diseases remain one of the leading causes of death in the world. In Gabon, it is estimated that more than half of the available data are not collected, and that more than half of the potentially collected data are not transmitted centrally, thus explaining the slowness of the responsiveness of the health system. A syndromic surveillance network for infectious diseases with epidemic potential (SuSyMIPE) has been set up in four sites (Gamba, Koulamoutou, Libreville and Oyem) sentinels. For each syndrome, a group of diseases was mentioned. The daily notifications of cases coded by "Short Message Service" (SMS) were transmitted at the end of the afternoon. From January to October 2016, 5348 cases of suspected syndromes were recorded, 28.1% (n = 1502) of Koulamoutou 24.5% (n = 1310) of Libreville, 24% (n = 1284) Gamba and 23, 4% (n = 1252) from Oyem. 71.3% (n = 3816) of the cases were fevers, 19.7% (n = 1053) of the respiratory syndromes and the cases of diarrheal syndromes accounted for 9% (n = 479). This network enabled us to detect the measles epidemic early in two provincial capitals (Libreville and Oyem) in 2016. In total, between weeks 13 and 19, 79 suspected cases were reported, mainly 82.3. % (n = 65) in Oyem and 17.7% (n = 14) in Libreville. The sex ratio M / F was 0.88 (37/42), and the mean age was 49.37 ± 72.82 months. However, only 53.3% (n = 16/30) were confirmed for measles. The implementation of this syndromic surveillance system allowed us to respond more quickly and more efficiently to the measles episodes that occurred
Kelif, Jean-Marc. "Modèle Fluide de Réseaux Sans Fils." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004761.
Full textTellez, Portas Jorge Luis. "Spécification et implémentation d'un modèle d'information pour la gestion des réseaux WDM." Paris, ENST, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENST0041.
Full textClemot, Hélène. "Etude de l’intégration des systèmes houlomoteurs au réseau électrique : Développement d’un modèle « de la vague au réseau électrique »." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0048/document.
Full textPower quality is an important issue for the development of marine renewable energies, in particular wave energy. Due to the oscillatory nature of the oceans waves, the wave energy converters output power profile can present fluctuations in the range of seconds. The impact of these devices on the electric grid therefore needs to be investigated for wave farms to be connected to the grid. In order to emulate an operating direct drive wave energy converter, study power quality improvement and test different control strategies, a wave-to-wiremodel has been developed.Simulations carried out with this model for different grid strengths and different levels of sea-state showed that it is necessary to foster solutions to improve power quality. Thus, the wave energy converters aggregating and dispersion effects on power quality have been investigated. As it does not seem sufficient to meet the grid codes requirements, another solution have been considered, consisting of the insertion of an energy storage system into the chain. Finally, a part of the model has been validated using a hardware-in-the-Loop test bench including a motorbench, power modules to emulate the grid and power electronic's control and super capacitors module
Vignaud, Yvon [Charlie]. "Interfaces rigides des modèles sur réseau : une application de la positivité par réflexion." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22019.pdf.
Full textWe study interfaces for four spin models on the lattice Zd, d ≥ 3: the Ising model at low temperature, the Potts model at critical point, a continuous symmetry model and its associated clock approximation. Interfaces of the last two models were not previously dealt with. For each model, we use specific boundary conditions that force the existence of an interface; related Gibbs measures then satisfy the so-called chessboard estimates, which are powerful correlation inequalities. These estimates are a simple way of showing that such interfaces are rigid, in the sense that they deviate only locally from a perfect hyperplane. This method is a restricted version of the so-called reflection positivity method, since reflections in certain directions are forbidden by the chosen boundary conditions. In the case of Ising and Potts models, our method drastically simplifies historical proofs respectively devised by Dobrushin and Messager et al. , since its requires neither Pirogov-Sina˘ı theory nor cluster expansions. Besides, PS-theory is not directly available for the continuous model and its clock approximation, their ground states being infinitely degenerated; our method is thus a true alternative to such techniques
Vermet, Franck. "Étude asymptotique d'un réseau neuronal: le modèle de mémoire associative de Hopfield." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598243.
Full textBélanger, Valérie. "Analyse d'un réseau d'approvisionnement et de distribution : conception d'un modèle de simulation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24851/24851.pdf.
Full textGoncalves, Pedro. "Un Modèle du réseau neuronal de l'intégrateur oculomoteur : théorie pour la dissection." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066200.
Full textScioldo-Zurcher, Paul. "Modèle de système de gestion et de pilotage du réseau de transport." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF2E424.
Full textBurnod, Yves. "Modèle de cortex cérébral et implémentation sur un réseau de processeurs parallèles." Angers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ANGE0005.
Full textVallerand, Johann. "Essai d'élaboration d'un modèle de passage à l'organisation-réseau de la PMI." Grenoble 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE2A001.
Full textMosetlhe, Thapelo Cornelius. "Contrôle de la pression sans modèle dans les réseau de distribution d'eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG073.
Full textManagement of water distribution networks (WDNs) is critical for the security of water resources. Climate variability increases the need to properly manage the available resources. A significant amount of water is lost in water supply systems in South Africa, and the quantity of these losses depends mostly on the pressure in the system. Therefore, pressure control in WDNs is one of the interventions commonly employed to improve the reliability and sustainability of the water supply. Excessive pressure in water supply systems (WSSs) increases water loss and pipe breakages, and the need for frequent repairs. On the other hand, inadequate pressure could lead to inward flows (infections) into the system and/or non-delivery of water to the end-user. This could lead to ill-health for the end-user and to socio-economic issues in the society.In general, the pressure control problem is addressed by installing pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) in WDNs and determining their appropriate settings. Various approaches have been proposed to determine the appropriate settings. Classical, optimal and advanced control schemes have been used. These methods rely on the accuracy of a model in order to precisely control a real WDN. Therefore, any variation between the parameters of a model and a real WDN could render a control scheme useless.This research project now proposes the utilisation of the reinforcement learning (RL) technique to control node pressures in WDNs. An emulator-based quadratic approximation of the hydraulic simulation is used as an environment interacting with the RL agent. From these interactions, the RL agent receives the data on current pressures and then proposes appropriate control settings of the PRVs. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the conventional optimisation scheme that is commonly used for simulation cases. The results show that the proposed scheme can achieve the desired results, when compared to the benchmark optimisation procedure. However, unlike the optimisation procedure, the proposed scheme achieved the results without the numerical solution of the WDNs. Therefore, this scheme could be applicable in situations where the model of a network is not well defined
Ibrahim, Mouhamad. "Evaluation des performances des réseaux tolérants aux perturbations." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339402.
Full textChe, Xiaomin. "Extraction et reconstruction du réseau hydrographique à partir du modèle numérique de terrain." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX22073.
Full textRünneburger, Estelle. "Évolution de la canalisation génétique dans un modèle quantitatif de réseau de régulation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS547/document.
Full textGenetic canalization is defined as the capacity of an organism to undergo a normal development even when the genome is altered by mutations. Currently, three main hypotheses are prone to explain the apparition of such a process: evolutionary, congruent and intrinsic. To test these hypotheses, I chose to study gene regulatory networks. To this end, I used a theoretical model, ran in silico simulations, and analyzed the genetic architecture by using quantitative genetics tools. I first studied the evolutionary behavior of the model, and its capacity to respond to stabilizing selection. In addition to the sensitivity analysis to model parameters, I evidenced the absence of mutation-selection-drift equilibrium after several thousand generations, which reveals the evolution of canalization. I also showed that networks submitted to frequent and large mutations, and/or selected toward extreme phenotypic optima are more prone to evolve genetic canalization. This result leads us to propose a two-fold mechanism able to explain the evolution of canalization in gene regulatory networks: shrinkage of mutational targets and redundancy in genetic regulation. At the end of this manuscript, I propose some possible future studies, such as the study of canalization towards environmental perturbations, and use of alternative models
Krichen, Mariem. "Modèle technico-économique pour le déploiement d'un réseau femto avec le partage de ressources." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0011.
Full textNowadays, the mobile operators want to offer a correct quality of service to their clients while they are in the heart of a catastrophic scenario with data request doubling from one year to another, networks reaching their capacity limits and stable revenues due to flat rate. The solution that we propose in this thesis is the exploitation of femto accesses, set up at clients place, through sharing resources. Since many types of cells should be managed with the introduction of femto cells, self-configuration mechanisms would be vital for mobile operators. The first part of this thesis compares the performances of three algorithms for the self-confi guration of the physical cell identifier in LTE. In the second part of the thesis, we present a techno-economic model where two types of actors interact. First, the femto access providers are the mobile operator clients who own femto access at their place and accept to share part of their bandwidth with other clients. Then, the femto access requesters are the mobile operator clients who need a good quality of service outdoor. In sharing femto access problem, requesters are competing to access providers resources. This competition is modeled as a game where requesters rely on a learning mechanism to address their requests. Through simulations, we evaluate the performances of this mechanism for different network loads and scenarios where competition between requesters differs. Finally, this mechanism is implemented on a static context then on a dynamic one. We propose a solution to mobility issues based on cells categorization
Bailly-Reyre, Aurélien. "Spins mobiles sur réseau comme modèle pour cristaux liquides et excitations topologiques et skyrmions." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CERG0956/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we are initially interested in the phase transitions that take place in liquid crystals (LC), from a theoretical and numerical point of view. Indeed, the results presented here are derived from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and analytical developments based on statistical physics and condensed matter models. A strong analogy exists between spin systems and LC. For example, the latter have phases where the molecules are all aligned in the same direction (orientational order) comparable to spins in ferromagnetic materials. Other phases, called cholesteric, are characterized by a molecular arrangement very similar to the helimagnetic structures. But LC being an intermediate state of matter, between the solid and the liquid phase, it is necessary to take into account the motions of the molecules in the models and to adapt accordingly the MC algorithm.After a short and general introduction on LC and their applications in the first chapter, the second chapter is devoted to MC methods and the adaptation of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm in order to introduce the mobility of molecules in our systems.Chapter III is a test case to simulate LC. We consider a set of molecules on a lattice. The number of molecules is smaller than the number of the lattice sites to allow for a molecule mobility between sites. The interaction between nearest neighbouring spins is supposed to be a Potts model. The lowest energy state corresponds to the case where all the spins are packed at the bottom of the tank. This solid ground state becomes a liquid at high temperatures.This system is first treated with a mean-field analysis whose results are confirmed by the MC simulations. It appears that the surface layers undergo a melting and that the core of the remaining solid undergoes a first-order phase transition.The following chapter is devoted to particularly topological structures which are skyrmions and stripe structures. These structures are often observed in LC. We use a Dzyaloshinski-Moria (DM) interaction of strength D in addition to an exchange interaction J to study properties of thin films. In a first part of the chapter, we study the spin-wave excitations, also termed magnons, that are the result of a collective excitation of spins. Using the Green's function, we calculate the spin-wave spectrum which is used next to determine properties at T=0 and at finite temperatures. In the second part of the chapter, we apply a magnetic field H orthogonal to the thin film making appear a crystal of skyrmions. Using MC simulations, we show that skyrmions arranged on a super-structure of a triangular geometry. Depending on the value of D/H, these simulations also show a labyrinth-like structure very close to the filament-shaped structures found in certain LC.The next chapter is devoted to the study of the dynamics leading to the formation of the nematic and smectic phases using a mobile Potts model. We observe here how the nematic and smectic LC are dynamically formed upon cooling from the isotropic phase. The choice of the interactions is crucial to model these two phases.In the chapter VI, we deal with the dipolar interaction in nanodots using the Heisenberg spin model. The first part of the chapter is devoted to the determination of the ground state exhibiting a vortex around the center of the dot. The spins lie in the xy plane at the border of the dot but go out of the xy plane at the dot center to give rise to a non-zero z component. We then study the effect of the temperature and the melting of the dot. The melting temperature of the dot do not depend on the size of the system. This is very different with the case of localised spins where the transition temperature increases with increasing the film thickness. This chapter is not directly related to LC. It was the first step towards a more complicated model describing the mechanism leading to cholesteric LC phases
Khraibani, Hussein. "Modélisation statistique de données longitudinales sur un réseau routier entretenu." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECDN0040.
Full textRoad transportation has a direct impact on a country's economy. Infrastructures, particularly pavements, deteriorate under the effect of traffic and climate. As a result, they most constantly undergo maintenance which often requires expensive works. The optimization of maintenance strategies and the scheduling of works necessarily pass by a study that makes use of deterioration evolution laws and accounts for the effect of maintenance on these laws. In this respect, numerous theoretical and experimental works ranging linear and nonlinear regressions to more sophisticated methods such as Markov chain have been conducted. The thesis presents a survey of models and methods and focuses on the analysis of survival data (MADS), an analysis which constituted the objective of important works at LCPC. In order to acount for the fact that current databases contain repeated measurements of each pavement section, the thesis proposes a different approach based on the use of nonlinear mixed-effects models (NLME). First, it carries out a comparison between the NLME and MADS models on different databases in terms of the goodness of fit and prediction capability. The comparison then allows to draw conclusions about the applicability of the two models
Mermet, Eric. "Aide à l'exploration des propriétés structurelles d'un réseau de transport : conception d'un modèle pour l'analyse, la visualisation et l'exploration d'un réseau de transport." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1037.
Full textA transportation network is a complex spatial system characterized by four dimension types : geometric, topological, metric and relational. Thanks to these dimensions, it is possible to perform analysis situated in between the descriptive analysis of components from databases and functional analysis based on anthropogenic parameters. This analysis called structural helps to emphasize some properties of the network without usage context. It is established on the construction and analysis of indicators based on the relationship generated by the network: the relational indicators. They highlight their relational possibilities ; ie how their structure and spatial organization and topology of their components predispose to connect places in space in more or less easy way. Our work consists of designing a model for analysis and exploration of the structural properties of a transportation network. This type of analysis leads to a combinatorial complexity related to the number of relationships within the network, algorithmic complexity related to the calculation of indicators and visual complexity related to the difficulty to emphasize information. The proposed model aims to supply the user with the exploratory analysis of structural properties of the network by creating exploratory maps. Our model is composed of two parts. The first one allows to prepare static maps of exploration. The second one enables the visual combination of maps based on a graphic language. Both aspects of the model were developed in a prototype software called GeoGraphLab
Zembri-Mary, Geneviève. "Maillage autoroutier et territoire : Permanences et mutations du modèle de développement du réseau autoroutier français." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345108.
Full textLa thèse a pour objet d'analyser l'évolution de cette doctrine et de son application dans la mise
en oeuvre du réseau. Elle est amenée à poser les questions suivantes :
- Quelle relation est prise en considération par les différents acteurs entre le développement du réseau autoroutier et le territoire, de sa formalisation à son achèvement ?
- Comment cela se traduit-il dans la morphologie du réseau, sa fonction, ses modalités de réalisation ?
- Le modèle de départ qui fonde le développement du réseau autoroutier peut-il être remis en cause en regard des interrogations qui apparaissent ? Dans ce cas, quelles sont les conséquences pour ce dernier et pour le modèle ?
La première partie présente dans une première section la morphogenèse du réseau routier classique et met en évidence les valeurs qui lui sont attribuées par le pouvoir politique et les premiers économistes (utilité politique, économique et sociale) ainsi qu'un processus de maillage du territoire de plus en plus fin. Le cas du réseau ferré classique est ensuite exposé et mis en perspective, comme la route, avec les cas suisse et américain. Cette partie précise dans une deuxième section les éléments conceptuels et méthodologiques utilisés dans la thèse (processus de représentation de l'espace, territorialité des réseaux, patrimonialité des réseaux,
valeurs, référentiel, modèle) qui sont ensuite repris sous la forme d'une grille de lecture systémique de l'évolution du réseau autoroutier.
La deuxième partie montre le processus d'élaboration et de développement de ce réseau mené par les Pouvoirs publics. La première section explicite les conditions de passage de la route à la
solution autoroutière (années 1930-1960) en montrant les modifications qui interviennent dans l'usage de l'espace national. La deuxième section expose la doctrine et la mise en oeuvre du réseau autoroutier à travers l'analyse des fonctions qui lui sont attribuées, de ses modalités de financement, de planification et de concertation. Elle montre que la morphologie du réseau est définie par anticipation dans les années 1960 et que seules les modalités de réalisation de celui-ci font l'objet d'ajustements de la part des pouvoirs publics à partir des années 1980.
La troisième partie se focalise sur la question de la permanence ou de la mutation du réseau autoroutier par rapport au modèle à travers deux éléments révélateurs d'une mise en oeuvre plus difficile de la doctrine qui a présidé à son développement : l'équilibre financier des sociétés d'économie mixte concessionnaires et une montée en puissance de l'idée de desserte adaptée à la demande, visible à travers une remise en cause plus forte de l'infrastructure. Sont étudiés ici les comptes des SEMCA et trois cas de projets contestés. Cette partie analyse en dernier lieu les permanences et les mutations de la doctrine et pose la question de la formalisation d'une nouvelle doctrine fondée sur (i) une conception renouvelée du territoire (qui ne serait plus considéré comme homogène et isotrope) ainsi que de sa desserte (offre de transport diversifiée
en fonction du site et de la demande, autrement appelée demand-side management ) et sur (ii)
l'ouverture du cadre de la décision publique à de nouveaux acteurs.
La thèse s'achève sur un examen prospectif de la gestion du réseau autoroutier (avenir de la concession à la française, question de la péréquation des recettes de péage, question de la limitation des infrastructures par la tarification, conditions d'une éventuelle exploitation commune du réseau autoroutier et du réseau routier).
Maradei-Garcia, Maria-Paola. "Modèle cinétique regroupé, basé sur la génération du réseau d'étapes élémentaires, du reformage catalytique régénératif." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2262.
Full textCatalytic reforming is one of the main processes in petrochemical refining. It allows to obtain gasolines with high octane number. In petrochemical industry, it is significant to be able to control the processes in order to obtain high quality products at an acceptable economic cost. The knowledge of chemical reactions implied in the process is the response to this industrial problem. This knowledge coupled with the interest to optimize the industrial process allows the good prediction of the yields and thus a better quality control ; therefore, the use of kinetic models is essential. The "single events" method allows to kinetic modeling of a process while taking into account the interaction between molecules ; therefore, the chemical reactions are defined like elementary steps by using the chemistry of the carbocations. The kinetic constants are defined as independent of the symmetry of the molecules implied in an unspecified reaction. The experimental data obtained from the heptan or octan isomers feeds allowed us to study, on one hand, the influence of the operating conditions on the yield and selectivity of the main products and, on another hand, to estimate the kinetic parameters of the model. Otherwise, we could determine the influence of the aromatic compounds in the feed on the catalyst activity and selectivity. This influence has been taken into account in the model by introducing an adsorption constant on the acid phase for those aromatic species, what had not been done previously
Machado, Menotti Erasmo da Silva. "Un nouveau modèle pour l'évaluation et la gestion de QoS dans un réseau de paquets." Paris, ENST, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENST0011.
Full textIn this thesis we study evaluation models for end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) and we propose management methods in a packet network context. Firstly, we propose QoS evaluation models for packet networks based on the combination of two performance metrics. Secondly, we study some conventional resource allocation strategies, where we experiment on the QoS evaluation model considering three different approaches for class differentiation. We then formulate and solve the QoS control problem as a stochastic multiobjective optimisation problem. We subsequently propose a model for the evaluation of QoS at the session admission level, within the multiobjective context, in order to allow the concurrent admission of more than one sessions. Finally, we derive a method for resource sharing, where users are organised in three types of service : gold, silver and bronze
Dahyot, Rozenn. "Analyse d'images séquentielles de scènes routières par modèle d'apparence pour la gestion du réseau routier." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2001/DAHYOT_Rozenn_2001.pdf.
Full textGiraud, Nathalie. "Un modèle de réseau pour la propagation d'un incendie dans une structure massivement multi-compartimentée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4705/document.
Full textThis thesis work is devoted to the development of a semi-physical network model to predict real-time fire spread in polydisperse amorphous massively multi-compartmented spaces. This model takes into account short-range and long-range connections between adjacent and remote network sites. The physical phenomena of fire ignition and flashover, and of fire transmissions through the walls are simulated using time-dependent normal probability distributions. Mean durations of transmission though the walls are determined by a two-zone model which takes into account the fuel load, the room size and the thermal properties of walls. Specific experiments were conducted in a steel room, representative of a naval vessel compartment, in order to validate the zone model. Then a proof of concept is developed by applying the network model to different fire scenarios in a full-scale vessel mockup. A sensitivity analysis using a two-level full factorial design is performed to identify the most influential model parameters and to evaluate the sensitivity of the solution to variations of these parameters. A statistical study is conducted to produce fire risk maps. Finally, a special emphasis is put on the fire transmission by the ventilation ducts. This phenomenon is simulated using a time-dependent normal probability distribution where the mean duration is determined by means of a one-dimensional CFD model. This model is first validated using data obtained by DGA in a differentially heated duct and second, the influence of fire transmission through ventilation duct on its propagation throughout the vessel is investigated
Bernard, Marc-Olivier. "Croissance électrochimique, un modèle de gaz sur réseau en champ moyen. Croissance Laplacienne d'aiguilles parallèles." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPXX0046.
Full textPinto, Marinho Nuno. "Réduction d'un modèle de système électrique pour des études technico-économiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC051/document.
Full textThe simulation of complex processes in large scale power systems needs the reduction of the problem. How to reduce the spatial complexity of a large scale power network while minimizing information loss? To answer this question we have divided this work in three main steps: 1) network buses aggregation; 2) modelling of the clusters' links; 3) defining the equivalent branches maximum exchange capacity.The bus aggregations in a cluster implies that it will be treated as a coppper-plate by the market model. Therefore, the most frequent network congestions must be identified ideally placed at the clusters frontiers. After the reduction, the same power flow repartition must be found in both reduced and complete model. To do that, a methodology to define a PTDF matrix was developed. For economic purpose studies, the branches maximum capacity is a key parameter, to define this value, a methodology is proposed that estimates the equivalent transmission capacities using historical system operating set points.These approaches were applied to the European transmission network and allowed to define a reduced model that minimises the information loss
Jeong, Seung-Ju. "Le "Hub-and-spoke", principe d'exploitation d'un réseau ferroviaire pour le transport combiné : Modélisation et application au réseau européen." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENPC0217.
Full textMartinet, Louis-Emmanuel. "Apprentissage spatial et planification de l'action dans un modèle de réseau neuronal inspiré du cortex préfrontal." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646738.
Full textBarrué, Magali. "Conception et développement d'un modèle pour les interactions environnement-aménagement : application au réseau électrique de transport." Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30021.
Full textEmelianoff, Cyria. "La ville durable, un modèle émergent : géoscopie du réseau européen des villes durables (Porto, Strasbourg, Gdansk)." Orléans, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ORLE1031.
Full textKharroubi, Ouissem. "Prévision des crues par modèle de réseau de neurones artificiels : application au bassin versant de l’Eure." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10034/document.
Full textThe growth of riparian populations generates an increase in vulnerability of our societies to flood. Therefore, a high social demand to prevent and predict these natural disasters must be tacking to protect the population against floods. To achieve this objective, the provision of flood forecasting tools, operational and reliable, is primordial. But the flood forecasting still an exercise far from being evident. Firstly, because the forecast requirements (precision and time anticipation) are becoming more and more higher. And secondly, because the physical flood forecasting tools is limited by the relative knowledge of floods hydro-systems. In this context, this thesis presents the work done to produce rainfall-runoff flood forecasting models based on artificial neural networks (ANN) in the Eure watershed (and two sub-basins) up to a 48 hours horizon forecasting. Firstly, an analysis of the geographical complexity of studied basins will be conducted in order to determine the different factors that influencing the hydrological Eure watershed regime. Then, a methodological process to data statistical analysis, has allowed a synthesis on the hydrological nature of the watersheds studied and brings the elements needed to the definition of the non-linear relations rainfall-runoff. This contribution has allowed the creation of a rainfall-runoff nonlinear model for flood forecasting. ANN model able to perform a reliable forecasting of flood up to a 48 hours horizon forecasting. This process has been tested on three watersheds and the test results show a reliable forecasts as well as an ability of generalization to other hydro-systems
Ding, Ni. "Load models for operarion and planning of electricity distribution networks with metering data." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862879.
Full textCombaret, Nicolas. "Construction d'un modèle de réseau de pores à partir d'une image 3D pour l'estimation de la perméabilité." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802468.
Full textLorival, Jean-Etienne. "Description d'un modèle analytique pour la détermination des caractéristiques d'une tension de bruit dans un réseau d'interconnexions." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00331748.
Full textDuigou, Thomas. "Dynamique d'un réseau métabolique avec un modèle à base de contraintes : approche par échantillonnage des trajectoires solutions." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112061/document.
Full textIn this thesis, I propose an approach based on the formalism of constraint-based models to study the dynamics of a metabolic system. By combining the sampling of the solutions space and the use of a "feasibility" constraint between the considered time periods, this approach allows to model the dynamic of a metabolic system taking into account the variability of experimental measurements. The feasibility constraint between time periods ensures that each "solution trajectory" corresponds to a succession of flux maps which leads to some kinetics of concentrations that are consistent with the experimental measurements. The generation of a population of solution trajectories allows several analyses. On the one hand, the predicted flux maps can be used to estimate the most plausible flux within the network studied. On the other hand, the distribution of predicted concentrations enables to assess the model used for studying the metabolic network. The fact that this approach is based on the formalism of constraint-based modeling allows, using the steady-state assumption of the system, to study metabolic networks of relatively large size, and to use experimental data that are easily measurable, such as biomass concentration and extracellular metabolites concentration. This approach by "solution trajectories" has been used to study the dynamics of the metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum, when grown under biotin-limited condition. The results allowed, first, to attest the functioning of the method, and second, to propose several hypotheses about biological phenomena that take place during this particular growth condition
Azzouz, Mohamed. "Etudes du modèle t-J sur le réseau triangulaire et des systèmes de spin quantiques quasi-unidimensionnels." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10109.
Full textLorival, Jean-Etienne. "Descritption d'un modèle analytique pour la détermination des caractéristiques d'une tension de bruit dans un réseau d'interconnexions." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20073.
Full textAdvancements in the field of VLSI have lead to more compact digital circuits with higher clock rates. Yet, they become more sensitive to noise, especially when those ones are generated by interconnection lines networks when lines are submitted to diaphonic or coupling phenomena; resulting then in the apparition of propagation delays through the lines or noise voltages known as crosstalk. In order to quantify, limit or suppress those coupling effects, integrated circuits designers try to propose interconnection lines model more and more precise at the condition they could be easily incorporated in simulation tools. In this context, to evaluate noise voltages characteristics, an analytical interconnection lines model is proposed in this manuscript. It is based on the quasi-TEM propagation modes existing in an interconnect network and also on a correlation method allowing a description of the network with 1st and 2nd order filters