Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèle multi-états'
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Pelletier, Denis. "Modèle de durée de type multi-états, multi-épisodes, les prestataires de l'aide de dernier recours." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38173.pdf.
Full textClaudio, Karim. "Mise en place d'un modèle de fuite multi-états en secteur hydraulique partiellement instrumenté." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0482/document.
Full textThe evolution of equipment on drinking water networks has considerably bettered the monitoring of these lasts. Automatic meter reading (AMR) is clearly the technology which has brought the major progress these last years in water management, as for the operator and the end-users. This technology has allowed passing from an annual information on water consumption (thanks to the manual meter reading) toan infra-daily information. But as efficient as AMR can be, it has one main inconvenient : its cost. A complete network instrumentation generates capital expenditures that some operators can’t allowed themselves. The constitution of a sample of meters to equip enables then to estimate the network total consumption while minimizing the investments. This sample has to be built smartly so the inaccuracy of the estimator shouldn’t be harmful to the consumption estimation. A precise knowledge on water consumption allowsquantifying the water lost volumes on the network. But even an exact assessment of losses is still not enough to eliminate all the leaks on the network. Indeed, if the water distribution network is buried, and so invisible, so do the leaks. A fraction of leaks are invisible and even undetectable by the current technologies of leakage control, and so these leaks are un-reparable. The construction of a multi-state model enables us to decompose the leakage flow according to the different stages of appearance of a leak : invisible and undetectable, invisible but detectable with leakage control and finally detectable. This semi-Markovian model takes into account operational constrains, in particular the fact that we dispose of panel data. The leakage flow decomposition allows a better network monitoring but targeting and adapting the action of leakage reduction to set up according to the degradation state of the network
Campocasso, Sébastien. "Développement d'un modèle d'efforts de coupe multi-opérations et multi-matériaux. Application au tournage du cuivre pur dans différents états métallurgiques." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00933906.
Full textGuibert, Quentin. "Sur l’utilisation des modèles multi-états pour la mesure et la gestion des risques d’un contrat d’assurance." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10256/document.
Full textWith the implementation of the Solvency II framework, actuaries should examine the good adequacy between models and data. This thesis aims to study several statistical approaches, often ignored by practitioners, enabling the use of multi-state methods to model and manage individual risks in insurance. Chapter 1 presents the general context of this thesis and positions its main contributions. The basic tools to use multi-state models in insurance are introduced and classical inference techniques, adapted to insurance data with and without the Markov assumption, are presented. Finally, a development of these models for credit risk is outlined. Chapter 2 focuses on using nonparametric inference methods to build incidence tables for long term care insurance contracts. Since there are several entry-causes in disability states which are useful for actuaries, an inference method for competing risks data, seen as a Markov multi-state model in continuous time, is used. In a second step, I compare these estimators to those conventionally used by practitioners, based on survival analysis methods. This second approach may involve significant bias because the interaction between entry-causes cannot be appropriately captured. In particular, these approaches assume that latent failure times are independent, while this hypothesis cannot be tested for competing risks data. Our approach allows to measure the error done by practitioners when they build incidence tables. Finally, a numerical application is considered on a long term care insurance dataset
Ndir, Awa. "Epidémiologie et impact médico-économique des infections hospitaliéres causées par les Entérobactéries productrices de beta-lactamases à spectre étendu au Sénégal." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066668/document.
Full textInfections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL-E) are of major concern in clinical practice worldwide because of limited therapeutic options effective to treat them. Studies from Africa showed that ESBL are frequent in the continent, however the impact of these multidrug resistant infections is yet to be adequately determined. The aim of this thesis was to describe the epidemiological situation of ESBL-E in Senegal and to assess their clinical and economic impact. Methods : Two retrospective studies were carried out in inpatients from whom an Enterobacteriaceae strain was isolated from diagnostic samples drawn during a 6-month period (Study 1) and from blood cultures drawn within a 2-year period among pediatric patients (Study 2). Case-case-control studies were carried out to identify risk factors to acquire an ESBL-E infection. Patients infected by an ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were defined as cases 1, those infected by an Enterobacteriaceae non-producer of ESBL were cases 2 and patients not infected by any bacterial strain were controls. Multivariable analyses using a stepwise logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors to acquire an ESBL-E infection and risk factors for death. Retrospective cohort analyses were performed to assess the prolonged length of stay attributable to ESBL production using a multistate model. Besides, a cost-of-illness analysis was performed to estimate the additional cost attributable to the prolonged length of stay. Results : Incidence rate of ESBL-infections was 3/1,000 patient-days (PD) and 1.5 cases/1,000 PD for bloodstream infections in children. Risk factors to acquire an ESBL infection were the presence of urinary catheter, central venous catheter and mechanical ventilation. Newborns were also identified as a patient- at risk to acquire an ESBL-E infection. ESBL production was identified as an independent risk factor for death. Besides, ESBL production was associated with an increased LOS (+4days) and cost (€100). Conclusion : Our findings show an important clinical and economic impact of ESBL infections in Senegal. Control of ESBL-E spread is an emergency especially in pediatric populations and can be achieved by the promotion of hand hygiene and proper management of excreta. Results also emphasize the need to revise current antibiotic prescriptions guidelines and to implement an antibiotic stewardship program to preserve the effectiveness of our last-resort antibiotic drugs
Ho, Emmeline. "Vers un modèle vibronique innovant pour les hydrocarbures conjugués." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS087/document.
Full textThe present work is focused on the rationalization of the excitation transfer mechanism in polyphenylene ethynylenes (PPEs). A static study was performed using TDDFT, allowing to confirm both the localization of the excited states of meta-PPEs on para building blocks and the hierarchy in the interactions governing the photochemical properties of PPEs. Conical intersections were identified, along with few components of their branching spaces. Studying those supported the assumption of an energy transfer proceeding through internal conversion between excited states localized on different building blocks.In addition, we proposed a multiscale vibronic model for the energy of the eletronic states. In particular, we expressed the energies of the frontier orbitals of PPEs in terms of the energies of the frontier orbitals of benzene and acetylene, using an effective Hückel-type Hamiltonian. Perfoming different optimizations, we achieved to propose an expression for the energy of the electronic transition in terms of a reduced number of local nuclear coordinates
Couchoud, Heyer Cécile Gabriella. "Modélisation de la trajectoire des patients avec une insuffisance rénale chronique terminale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10054/document.
Full textIn order to better understand and then optimize the trajectories followed by end-stage renal disease patients, it was necessary to develop tools to model these complex trajectories. The different treatment modalities were not compared but a comprehensive approach was preferred taking into account an integrated vision where treatment modalities are considered complementary and non-competitive. We used compartments models which took into account competitive risk and a mixture model for survival with fraction not at risk. The model parameters were estimated from the data from the Renal Epidemiology and Information Network registry. Reimbursement data from the national health insurance (SNIIRAM) were also used. The prediction tool developed was used to evaluate the consequences in terms of expected 15- years restricted lifetime and average cost per month for different strategies in a medicoeconomic analysis, in partnership with the Haute Autorité de Santé. The final aim of this work is to offer decision support tools based on strategies best adapted to patients’ needs. The tools developed in this work could also serve as a basis for a simulation platform to accompany public decision-makers in their reflection on health organization
Dantan, Etienne. "Modèles conjoints pour données longitudinales et données de survie incomplètes appliqués à l'étude du vieillissement cognitif." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21658/document.
Full textIn cognitive ageing study, older people are highly selected by a risk of death associated with poor cognitive performances. Modeling the natural history of cognitive decline is difficult in presence of incomplete longitudinal and survival data. Moreover, the non observed cognitive decline acceleration beginning before the dementia diagnosis is difficult to evaluate. Cognitive decline is highly heterogeneous, e.g. there are various patterns associated with different risks of survival event. The objective is to study joint models for incomplete longitudinal and survival data to describe the cognitive evolution in older people. Latent variable approaches were used to take into account the non-observed mechanisms, e.g. heterogeneity and decline acceleration. First, we compared two approaches to consider missing data in longitudinal data analysis. Second, we propose a joint model with a latent state to model cognitive evolution and its pre-dementia acceleration, dementia risk and death risk
Nguile, Makao Molière. "Pneumonies nosocomiales acquises sous ventilation mécanique : prédiction du diagnostic et influence sur le pronostic." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538779.
Full textNguile, Makao Molière. "Pneumonies nosocomiales acquises sous ventilation mécanique : prédiction du diagnostic et influence sur le pronostic." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM073.
Full textNosocomial Pneumonia is the most frequent and severe infection encountered in intensive care unit, notably in patients under mechanical ventilation. The objective of this thesis is to develop tools to optimize the prevention of Ventilation Associated nosocomial Pneumonias (VAP) using the information of OUTCOMEREA database. Thus, a VAP score was built from a hierarchical logistic regression mixed model to compare the care structures. As the logistic regression model presenting a few shortcomings, we oriented our work towards multi-state models. In particular, we studied the Progressive Disability model from which the attributable mortality due to VAP was evaluated efficiently and patients groups with bad prognosis were identified. This model has been simplified to a Disability model. Thereafter, the covariates were included via the Breslow estimator and the mortality was re-estimated. From the Disability model, a global and individualized prediction of VAP in the three days following observation time was built. The prediction performance is evaluated by a loss function weighted by events frequency over time
Saint, Pierre Philippe. "Modèles multi-états de type Markovien et application à l'asthme." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010146.
Full textSomda, Serge Manituo Aymar. "Individualisation du suivi post-thérapeutique des patients traités du cancer en fonction des facteurs pronostiques et du type de rechute." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10042/document.
Full textThere still are open questions about the organization of the surveillance of patients who received treatment for cancer. Current practices are mainly based on expert recommendations. Little scientific evidence are found to confirm them. This thesis proposes a methodology to organize the post-therapeutic follow-up of patients treated for cancer. This follow-up will be individualized according to the patient’s characteristics. It will also be flexible and adapt to the characteristics of the disease, its severity and the expected types of recurrences. The first part considers the determination of the patient’s follow-up period. The cumulative incidence functions of the different recurrence types are modeled by a direct competing risks modeling approach. The second part proposes a methodology to determine the optimal visit dates. This approach involves modeling the dates of recurrence by a multi-state approach using a homogeneous Markov assumption. Finally, an algorithm is proposed to evaluate a post-therapeutic surveillance program. This algorithm simulates dynamic states transitions by a discrete events simulation approach. All models are based on the natural history of the disease
Belmansour, Ahmed-Tidjani. "Évaluation de l'efficacité de lignes de production avec machines multi-états et stocks intermédiaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28247/28247.pdf.
Full textBeuscart, Jean-Baptiste. "Risques concurrents et modèles multi-états dans les analyses de survie en dialyse." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879223.
Full textSoro, Wassy Isaac. "Modélisation et optimisation des performances et de la maintenance des systèmes multi-états." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27614/27614.pdf.
Full textFitouhi, Mohamed Chahir. "Optimisation de la planification intégrée de la maintenance préventive et de la production des systèmes multi-états." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28234/28234.pdf.
Full textGillaizeau, Florence. "Développement et validation de modèles multi-états semi-Markoviens pour le pronostic de patients atteints de maladies chroniques." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=4d095022-cb29-4792-ba3b-3d879e9bac06.
Full textImproving the management of patients with chronic diseases requires a better understanding of their health outcomes and associated factors. Achieving this clinical goal necessitates the use of analysis methodologies adapted to the nature of these data : occurrence of multiple events, population at risk of several causes of death, presence of many confounding factors because of the observational nature of the data, etc. Multistate models allow to study the different stages of the disease progression. In this thesis, we propose two extensions to these models by integrating theories developed in other contexts : relative survival and propensity scores. We have developed a relative survival multi-state model (semi-Markovian) with additive risks to assess whether some factors increase the risk of death specifically related to the disease under study (net survival). To expand the use of multi-state models in medical research, we also suggest to simplify their implementation by using the Inverse Probability Weighting of individuals with the propensity score as adjustment method. These extensions were evaluated on simulated data and their interest is illustrated on real data in renal transplantation and valvular heart diseases
Avril, Alexis. "Importance relative des conditions environnementales et individuelles au moment du départ, pendant le transit et à l'installation dans le processus de dispersion chez les mammifères : l'exemple du lièvre d'Europe Lepus europaeus." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10085/document.
Full textThrough the example of the European hare (Lepus europaeus), the aim of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the fluctuation of abundances in animal populations. In this context, dispersal may be seen as the main source of variation. After reminding the theoretical concepts needed to understand this work and briefly describing the interest of the model, we address the topic in two different but complementary approaches. The 1st one is dedicated to the identification of the factors that promote departures and favor settlement of dispersers. Age, sex and density appear to be the main explanatory variables. The 2nd approach is designed to identify the factors that modulate the success of dispersal. Although inducing supplementary emigrants, hunting appears as an important factor decreasing the success of dispersal by increasing the mortality risk during transience. In addition, density in the original site is proposed as one potential factor decreasing the phenotypic quality of dispersers. Overall, these results emphasize the importance of the environmental conditions encountered at the time of departure, during transience and settlement in the dispersal success. The combined action of hunting and density on dispersal is proposed as one potential cause for the short term fluctuations of abundances in the European hare
Boucherie, Quentin. "Analyse de la dynamique d'exposition aux médicaments psychoactifs : modélisation et impact sur l'estimation des risques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5048.
Full textIn pharmacoepidemiology, one of the main concerns is analysis of drug exposure time in claim databases. In real-life settings, trajectories of patients ‘exposure are complex especially with psychoactive drugs and difficult to measure with traditional methodologies. In a first stage, we have highlighted the methadone exposure paths including between its two dosages formulations. This work underlined the multiplicity of exposure trajectories to methadone and the difficulty of making an accurate description. Consequently, we developed a multi-state model on a large claims database (SNIIR-AM) in order to investigate variations of methadone exposure with time. In this work, we identified the presence of periods or drug exposure cannot be observed in these databases. These periods lead to an unobservable or immeasurable exposure time bias in which patients are misclassified as unexposed. In a second stage, we assessed their impact on the prevalence of long-term antipsychotic use in community-dwelling patients with dementia considering hospitalization periods during which drugs administered are not available within almost all health insurance databases. Under extreme bias hypothesis the prevalence of long-term antipsychotic users almost doubled. Finally, we sought to model unobservable periods due to hospitalization and to apply several methods for addressing this bias and assess their impact on risk estimates. This approach was applied to the study of the association between benzodiazepines and mortality and was performed on the EGB database. In this thesis work we have developed methodologies for a more accurate analysis of the dynamics of drug exposure
Sommen, Cécile. "Modèles pour l'estimation de l'incidence de l'infection par le VIH en France à partir des données de surveillance VIH et SIDA." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21653/document.
Full textThe knowledge of the dynamics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is crucial for planning current and future health care needs. The HIV incidence, i.e. the number of new HIV infections over time, determines the trajectory and the extent of the epidemic but is difficult to measure. The backcalculation method has been widely developed and used to estimate the past pattern of HIV infections and to project future incidence of AIDS from information on the incubation period distribution and AIDS incidence data. In recent years the incubation period from HIV infection to AIDS has changed dramatically due to increased use of antiretroviral therapy, which lengthens the time from HIV infection to the development of AIDS. Therefore, it has become more difficult to use AIDS diagnosis as the basis for back-calculation. More recently, the idea of integrating information on the dates of HIV diagnosis has improved the precision of estimates. In recent years, most western countries have set up a system for monitoring HIV infection. In France, the mandatory reporting of newly diagnosed HIV infection, coupled with virological surveillance to distinguish recent infections from older, was introduced in March 2003. The goal of this PhD thesis is to develop new methods for estimating the HIV incidence able to combine data from monitoring HIV and AIDS diagnoses and use of serologic markers collected in the virological surveillance in order to better understand the evolution of the epidemic in the most recent periods
Landais, Paul. "Epidémiologie et système d'information dans le cadre de l'insuffisance rénale terminale." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T046.
Full textLin, Yanhui. "A holistic framework of degradation modeling for reliability analysis and maintenance optimization of nuclear safety systems." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC002/document.
Full textComponents of nuclear safety systems are in general highly reliable, which leads to a difficulty in modeling their degradation and failure behaviors due to the limited amount of data available. Besides, the complexity of such modeling task is increased by the fact that these systems are often subject to multiple competing degradation processes and that these can be dependent under certain circumstances, and influenced by a number of external factors (e.g. temperature, stress, mechanical shocks, etc.). In this complicated problem setting, this PhD work aims to develop a holistic framework of models and computational methods for the reliability-based analysis and maintenance optimization of nuclear safety systems taking into account the available knowledge on the systems, degradation and failure behaviors, their dependencies, the external influencing factors and the associated uncertainties.The original scientific contributions of the work are: (1) For single components, we integrate random shocks into multi-state physics models for component reliability analysis, considering general dependencies between the degradation and two types of random shocks. (2) For multi-component systems (with a limited number of components):(a) a piecewise-deterministic Markov process modeling framework is developed to treat degradation dependency in a system whose degradation processes are modeled by physics-based models and multi-state models; (b) epistemic uncertainty due to incomplete or imprecise knowledge is considered and a finite-volume scheme is extended to assess the (fuzzy) system reliability; (c) the mean absolute deviation importance measures are extended for components with multiple dependent competing degradation processes and subject to maintenance; (d) the optimal maintenance policy considering epistemic uncertainty and degradation dependency is derived by combining finite-volume scheme, differential evolution and non-dominated sorting differential evolution; (e) the modeling framework of (a) is extended by including the impacts of random shocks on the dependent degradation processes.(3) For multi-component systems (with a large number of components), a reliability assessment method is proposed considering degradation dependency, by combining binary decision diagrams and Monte Carlo simulation to reduce computational costs
Idjimarene, Sonia. "Power laws behavior and nonlinearity mechanisms in mesoscopic elastic materials." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037944.
Full textAkrouche, Joanna. "Optimization of the availability of multi-states systems under uncertainty." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2545.
Full textDependability has become a necessity in the industrial world during the twentieth century. Dependability is an activity domain that proposes means to increase the attributes of the system in a reasonable time and with a less cost. In systems engineering, dependability is defined as the property that enables system users to place a justified confidence in the service it delivers to them and it is a measure of a system’s availability, reliability, and its maintainability, and maintenance support performance, and, in some cases, other characteristics such as durability, safety and security. The key concept that our work is based on is the availability. The availability A(t) is the ability of a system to be operational at a specific moment. The cost of some system with high availability is very expensive. The designer must compromise between the availability and the economic costs. Users can reject systems that are unsafe, unreliable or insecure. Therefore, any user (or industry) will ask this questionbefore getting any product: "What is the optimal product in the market?" To answer to this question, we must combine the following two points : - The best availability of the system : the user wants a product that lasts as long as possible. - The best cost of the system : the user wants a product without costing him a fortune. Availability calculation is based primarily on knowledge of failure rates and repairs of system components. Availability analysis helps to calculate the ability of a system to provide a required level of performance depending on the level of degradation. Several methods have been used to calculate the availability of a system, amongst which we find the Universal Generating Function (UGF), Inclusion-Exclusion technique, Markov models, etc. These methods employ different probabilistic techniques to evaluate this criterion, but these proposed approaches remain effective only for very specific cases, for example the cases of binary systems. A binary system is a system where only two cases are possible : perfect functioning and total failure. While the transition to multi-state systems (MSS) drastically restricts the application of most of these methods. In real life, the systems corresponds to MSS. In such scenarios, systems and their components can operate at different performance levels between working and failure states. However, the evaluation of the availability of the MSSs is more difficult than in the binary case, because we have to take into account the different combinations of the component failure modes. Throughout this thesis, we search for a method that helps us to compute and to optimize the availability of MSS
Lavigne, Thierry. "Surveillance des infections nosocomiales en réanimation : intérêt d'une approche multimodale clinico-biologique et étude d'impact." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ123/document.
Full textMonitoring the infection acquired in intensive care units (ICU-AI) is a strategic tool for the control of hospital-associated infections. We enhanced the national surveillance database REA-RAISIN with the local diagnosis-related group database. This allows us to have data on the whole hospitalization and assess additional risk factors. The assessment of the impact of these ICU-AI on mortality and length of stay needs appropriate and multiple statistical analysis to take in account various potential bias, including time-dependent bias and competitive risk. This impact is a function of the kind of IAR. Mortality is most affected by bacteremia, more lightly by pneumonia and stay equivalent for patients with or without urinary tract infections. On the other hand, excess of length of stay was the most important for patients with pneumonia and urinary tract infections but moderate for those with bacteremia.Finally, studying the carriage of methicillin-resistant S. aureus appeared insufficient to detect outbreaks and does not measure the risk associated with SASM carriage