Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèle multi-milieu'
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Chahinian, Nanée. "Paramétrisation multi-critère et multi-échelle d'un modèle hydrologique spatialisé de crue en milieu agricole." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20010.
Full textBuisson, Jocelyn. "Un modèle d'environnement pour la simulation multi-agents des déplacements en milieu urbain." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BELF0252/document.
Full textSimulation constitutes a major approach for the conception, development, analysis and evolution of urban systems. This thesis focusses on the modeling and simulation of movements (pedestrian, vehicle, cycle) within urban environments. The industrial context associated with this thesis requires to consider the movements of each entity in a three dimensional universe. In this thesis, we propose to address the scientific and technological challenges by using autonomous entities, called agents, to model the individuals. In agent-based simulation three elements must be defined: the agent behaviors, their interactions with other agents, and with the environment. The environment models the structure of the world and its endogenous dynamics. Unfortunately, it is still difficult to find an environment model that answers all the different scientific and technological problems addressed in this thesis. Consequently, an environment model named HEterogenous Dual Graph Environment (or HEDGE) is proposed. The HEDGE model is based on a decomposition of the environment using zones that are linked with navigation and perception links. This graph structure is at the center of our model. It is designed to “naturally” model the environment, and it allows an efficient simulation of the system composed of the environment and the agents. The environment’s missions and dynamic processes are modeled using mechanisms, which are inspired by the laws of Physics. The actions provided by the agents and the endogenous dynamics algorithms correspond to physical forces to apply to objects in the world. A model of conflict detection and resolution between those forces is used to ensure the coherence of the environment model state. In the last part of this thesis, the HEDGE model is used in the context of two urban planning projects in the city of Belfort, and its metropolitan area. The product of this model’s application is used in the context of technical studies (preliminary studies, pre-project), communication (consultation and public debates) and promotion (exposition, valorization) in the form of interactive 3D software
Plattard, Odile. "Repenser l'évacuation d'une population littorale en milieu urbain dans un contexte multi-risques : le modèle STEP." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H087.
Full textThis thesis explore the issue of a pedestrian evacuation of coastal population in an urban environment in case of tsunami and seism, through the implementation of the model STEP. Studies examine two fields: Saint-Laurent-du-Var (France) and Siracusa (Italy). They provide varied configurations of disaster risk exposure and different evacuation strategies for a coastal urban population. Urban environment is the central point of this thesis. First, visibility in an urban context is evaluated through its effect on pedestrian evacuation. Second, by taking into account multi-hazard context through the impacts on buildings from a precursor earthquake and questioning the walkability of evacuation routes to safe areas. The STEP model is a hybrid modelisation combining agent-based and cellular automatons. It is implemented on Saint-Laurent-du-Var based on geographical data (topography, buildings). The tsunami is based on worst-case simulation data. Visibility in an urban context is determined by the height of safe areas and surrounding buildings; it creates “shadow-zones” where people have no line-of-sight to safe areas around them. Walkability of the urban environment is based on the probability of a building collapse according to seismic intensity. Debris may obstruct streets and force people to seek alternative routes to safe areas. According to the worst-case simulation data, three main evacuation scenarios were implemented and explored through parameters related to agents and safe areas. These three scenarios vary the visibility and walkability independently in order to better evaluate the effects of the results. The greatest impact seen within STEP simulations is determined by the location of safe areas and paying attention to seismic activity in an urban environment. This thesis shows the importance of considering specific evacuation requirements for coastal urban environments. It also demonstrates that multi-hazards should be a central concern when defining evacuation strategies for populations
Postic, Marie. "Auto-organisation de matériaux multi-échelles par séchage : des mécanismes de retrait des ménisques dans un milieu poreux modèle à la cristallisation de nanoparticules." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S127.
Full textThe multi-scale organization of materials can give them specific physical properties making them interesting devices for applications in many fields that include optics and bio-detection. It is possible to achieve a hierarchical organization of nanoparticles via the evaporation of a colloidal suspension on a micro-textured surface. This work focuses on the self-organization of multi-scale materials through the drying of complex fluids in a porous medium consisting of an assembly of regularly arranged micron-sized pillars. More specifically, we have studied experimentally the physical mechanisms behind the retraction of menisci that occurs during the drying of a solution of surfactants and leads to the formation of dried-liquid films between pillars. In addition, we have developed a simple model based on experimental observations that allows us to predict the evolution of most of the macroscopic features of the drying drop, that is, its area, its perimeter, and the morphology of the obtained films. Then, we studied the drying of suspensions containing quantum dots functionalized with amphiphilic molecules and we characterized the resulting material using several techniques, including small angle X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. We conclude with a generalization of this technique to the drying of suspensions containing other particles such as gold nanorods and semiconducting nanorods
Daouk, Elias. "Etudes expérimentale et numérique de la pyrolyse oxydante de la biomasse en lit fixe." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0241/document.
Full textWood Multi-staged gasification in a fixed bed reactor is suitable for small-scale electricity generation. In these processes, the pyrolysis is performed in a continuous downward fixed bed reactor. The main feature of this reactor is the autothermal operation. Energy for heating, drying and pyrolysis is supplied by partial combustion of wood, known as “oxidative pyrolysis”. The air introduced from the top of the reactor induces a combustion front that propagates countercurrent with the solids and gazes flows. The work presented in this document aimed to achieve a better description of this process. A multi-scale approach was considered. Therefore, we have firstly studied the behavior of an isolated particle before focusing on the overall fixed bed. At the particle scale, we have quantified the effect of oxygen and of particle size on the oxidative pyrolysis kinetics. This led us to the setup of a kinetic model for this transformation.At the fixed bed scale, the propagation of the combustion front was studied considering the experimental and numerical approaches, which provides a better understanding of this step of the wood staged gasifiers
Caudeville, Julien. "Développement d'une plateforme intégrée pour la cartographie de l'exposition des populations aux substances chimiques : construction d'indicateurs spatialisés en vu d'identifier les inégalités environnementales à l'échelle régionale." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1960.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to develop an integrated and spatialized platform that allows characterizing the inequality linked to environmental exposure of population to chemical substances. A multimedia exposure model was used to assess the exposure dose of target population via inhalation of atmospheric contaminants and via ingestion of soil, food and drinking water. This model uses geo-referenced databases implemented in a GIS including environmental (water, air, soil, food), behavioral, and demographic data. A case study was performed across two regions in France (Picardie and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) for cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead. Exposure hotspot areas and determinants were identified by the spatial analysis of risk indicator variations. Uncertainties are associated with highlighting areas where potential hotspot exposure have been detected. Some of these uncertainties are simulated by the platform. The case study has allowed to demonstrate the platform feasibility and functioning. Hotspot areas with significantly elevated exposure indicator values might be used to define environmental monitoring campaigns, to manage and plan remedial actions. This work proposes also to improve “classical” health risk assessment with a better integration of essential determinant for the real population exposure at the territory scale
Tenailleau, Quentin. "Multi-exposition en milieu urbain : approche multi-echelle de l'exposition humaine au bruit et à la pollution atmosphérique." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA2052/document.
Full textEvery day, 15% of the European population is exposed to average noise or air pollution levels exceeding theEuropean legal threshold. Levels and distribution of each pollutant across the city depend of individual sourcesemissions, dispersion phenomenon, and urban environment. Consequently, spatial variability of multi-exposure levelremains mostly unknown. The aim of this Ph. D. thesis is to identify and describe multi-exposure situations in the cityof Besançon. Environmental noise levels, and concentrations of several air pollutants (NO2, benzene, PM10 and PM2.5),have been modeled using a fine scale grid (2m x 2m). Model compatibility has been maximized by the use of commoninput into the calculation software Mithra-SIG (for noise) and COPERT4/ADMS-urban (for air pollutants). In a firsttime, impact of the neighborhood definition on exposure levels has been explored for both pollutions. Twelveindicators, each representing a different definition of the exposure area in the dwelling vicinity, have been used toquantify exposure levels around the 10 865 inhabitable building of Besançon. Obtained results show a significantimpact of the neighborhood definition on the exposure levels. Different neighborhood definitions lead to a differentialbias caused by a different accounting for environmental variables. This bias exists for all studied pollutant, but indifferent proportion depending on the pollutant. In a second time, situations of multi-exposure to noise and NO2 havebeen identified in the city. Results indicate a complex relation between pollutants and allow the description of severalmulti-exposure situations across the city. This work constitute one of the firsts approaches of this kind in France andallow a better understanding of the existing relations between neighborhood, exposure area, environmental parametersand exposure levels
Thouron, Laëtitia. "Modélisation dynamique multi-échelle de la pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1206/document.
Full textUrban air pollution has been identified as an important cause of health impacts, including premature deaths. In particular, ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are regulated, which means that emission reduction strategies must be put in place to reduce these concentrations in places where the corresponding regulations are not respected. Besides, air pollution can contribute to the contamination of other media, for example through the contribution of atmospheric deposition to runoff contamination.The multifactorial and multiscale aspects of urban make the pollution sources difficult to identify. Indeed, the urban environment is a heterogeneous space characterized by complex architectural structures (old buildings alongside a more modern building, residential, commercial, industrial zones, roads, etc.), non-uniform atmospheric pollutant emissions and therefore the population exposure to pollution is variable in space and time.The modeling of urban air pollution aims to understand the origin of pollutants, their spatial extent and their concentration/deposition levels. Some pollutants have long residence times and can stay several weeks in the atmosphere (PM2.5) and therefore be transported over long distances, while others are more local (NOx in the vicinity of traffic). The spatial distribution of a pollutant will therefore depend on several factors, and in particular on the surfaces encountered. Air quality depends strongly on weather, buildings (canyon-street) and emissions.The aim of this thesis is to address some of these aspects by modeling: (1) urban background pollution with a transport-chemical model (Polyphemus / POLAIR3D), which makes it possible to estimate atmospheric pollutants by type of urban surfaces (roofs, walls and roadways), (2) street-level pollution by explicitly integrating the effects of the building in a three-dimensional way with a multi-scale model of transport chemistry (SinG) and (3) a microscale process which is the traffic-related resuspension of the particles present on the road surface with three different formulations (deterministic, semi-empirical and empirical).The interest of this thesis is to compare and evaluate the operability and performance of several air quality models at different scales (region, neighborhood and street) in order to better understand the characterization of air quality in an urban environment
Kaczmaryk, Anne. "Approches multi-continuum de la dualité homogénéisation-inversion des propriétés hydrodynamiques en milieu poreux fracturé." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Kaczmaryk-Anne/2008-Kaczmaryk-Anne-These.pdf.
Full textThe quite-systematic scarcity of sampled data hampers the study of underground media. This is why the question remains of getting suited interpretations based on in situ data to evaluate macroscopic parameters ruling flow and mass transport in underground reservoirs. The aim of this work is to invert dynamic data by means of tools with a physical view on the reservoir functioning (opposed here to a systemic approach). Hydraulic interference testing has been held in two campaigns over the fractured limestone aquifer of the Hydrogeological Experimental Site (HES) in Poitiers (France). Drawdown data are interpreted by enhanced dual-medium approaches, with special care given to karstic draining observed on data of the second campaign. A tool for mass transport inversion is also developed with calculations handled by a Lagrangian approach in time over bond networks. Among various refinements, inversion is coupled with an analytical derivation of the model sensitivity to parameters. Finally, the trace of the network is eliminated by substituting the classical transport equations by the Langevin equations. The latter include a force field yielding a hyperbolic term that would mimic the eventual channelling effects of a network. Several analytical developments of the mean displacement and dispersion of particles, both in transient and asymptotic context, testify that the substitution is feasible. This work should be pursued however, for instance by addressing with the tools mentioned above field tracer test experiments carried out in various contexts
Rulleau, Bénédicte. "Services récréatifs en milieu naturel littoral et évaluation économique multi-attributs de la demande." Bordeaux 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR40036.
Full textRecreational services provided by the natural environment are hightly heterogenous and most of them are non market. For management and policy making purpose however, it is useful to fully appreciate preferences for forests attributes and give a monetary value for outdoor recreation. This study aims at contributing to the debate on the economic value of outdoor recreation demand in multidimensional contexts. It exemines the contributions of multi-attribute methods that come from Lancaster's characteristicss approach. More precisely, we focus on the Multiple Programmes Contingent Valuation Method (MPCVM) and on Choise Experiments (CE). These relatively new approaches aim at differentiating recreaction by relevant attributes in order to examine the consequences of multidimensional changes in their provision and to identify visitor's trade'offs between attributes. We propose here an application to Stated-owned coastal sites in the Gironde area (Southwest France), where three adjoining wilderness areas (the ocean, the sand and the forest) form one sole site. A survey was conducted in summer 2006 on tourists and main and secondary residents. The MPCVM studies any "substitution effect" the may be between the programmes (recreational quality of natural areas). It also allows for the calculation of visitors' Willingness-To-Pay. The CE is applied to forest recreation. It identifies the relative influence of an attribute on visit choice. Finally, these methods raise several questions about the formulation of individual choices and about the inclusion of these choices in the valuation process
El, Soueidy Charbel-Pierre. "Éléments finis discontinus multi-domaines en temps pour la modélisation du transport en milieu poreux saturé." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/EL_SOUEIDY_Charbel-Pierre_2008.pdf.
Full textThis work treats the modeling of mass transport in porous media. The advective part of the transport equation is solved using the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method. In the first part, the discretization of the spatial operator is considered and two approximation spaces are studied and compared for unstructured meshes in 2-D. The temporal discretization is tackled in the second part of this study. Two alternatives to the traditional explicit scheme are presented : a class of semi-implicit schemes and an explicit local time-stepping procedure which allows spatially varying time steps. Finally, the last part of this work consists of using the developed numerical tools to simulate density coupled flow and transport in porous media. The local time procedure is implemented in a 3-D numerical code and numerical experiments show that the model gives accurate results being highly efficient for this kind of problems
Ducatez, Raphaël. "Analyse mathématique de divers systèmes de particules en milieu désordonné." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED013/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the mathematical study of some systems of classical and quantum particles, in a disordered medium. It comprises four published or submitted works. In the first one we provide a new formula allowing to prove Anderson localisation in one space dimension and to characterise the decay at infinity of the eigenfunctions. The second contains one of the first proofs of localisation for infinitely many particles in interaction, in the Hartree-Fock approximation. The third work is dedicated to the Anderson model in a time-periodic perturbation. Under certain conditions on the oscillation frequency we prove the absence of diffusion. In the last work we show the decay of correlations for the one-dimensional Jellium model in an inhomogeneous background, using the Hilbert distance on cones and the Birkhoff-Hopf theorem
Drouin, Marie. "Modélisation des écoulements turbulents anisothermes en milieu macroporeux par une approche de double filtrage." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0066/document.
Full textThis works deals with the modelling if anisothermal turbulent flows in macroporous media. This topic concerns many practical applications such as heat exchangers, nuclear reactors, canopies... Our aim is to model flows through porous matrices by means of a multi-scale approach. A macroscopic description of the flows is obtained thanks to a spatial average operator, while a statistical average operator is used to handle turbulence. The successive application of both filters leads to a loss of information. Therefore, at macroscopic scale, unknown contributions linked to turbulence (Reynolds stresses) and the presence of the solid matrix (dispersion) appear. We focus on dispersion terms. We propose a thermal dispersion model for hydrodynamically established flows. Mean temperature predictions obtained with this model are very accurate for channel flows with strong temperature and wall heat flux gradients. We also derive a wall temperature model based the mean temperature model. It gives good macroscopic results for thermally developping flows. In order to be able to simulate hydrodynamically developping flows, a turbulence model is needed. A two-scale analysis of energy transfers within the flow shows that the dynamic behaviour of unbalanced flows can be described using the dispersive kinetic energy. A turbulence model that accounts for dispersive energy is derived. It predicts very well the dynamics of a flows near a channel inlet and provides accurate boundary conditions for exit flows. Finally, a dynamic model based on the dispersive energy and its dissipation rate is proposed for the dispersion tensor
Daudé, Eric. "Modélisation de la diffusion d'innovations par la simulation multi-agents : l'exemple d'une innovation en milieu rural." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440100.
Full textRasoulzadeh, Mojdeh. "Modèles non locaux des écoulements en milieux poreux et fracturés multi-échelles." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL025N/document.
Full textThe thesis concerns the models of flow in multiscale fractured media which prove the memory effect at each scale. The analyzed process in these media is self-similar. The necessary and sufficient condition of self-similarity has been proposed so that it is possible to analyze the behavior of media for any number of scales. We analyzed the diffusion equation at each scale and applied the asymptotic homogenization method with the objective to construct the macroscopic model averaged over all scales of heterogeneity. A system of closed recurrent equations for the effective exchange kernels was obtained. The procedure of analytico-numerical solution of this system was developed. We showed a convergence of the results obtained for various numbers of scales to a stable limit behavior. The limit problem for the effective kernels from the recurrent equations obtained for a relatively large number of scales. In addition we analyzed the flow in a single fracture and circular channel immersed in porous reservoir at various Reynolds numbers. The Navier-Stokes equations was solved by the method of two-scale asymptotic method with the objective to obtain the flow equation averaged over the fracture aperture in the presence of inflow through the limits and irregular geometry of walls
Abuhadrous, Iyad. "Système embarqué temps réel de localisation et de modélisation 3D par fusion multi-capteur." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001118.
Full textEmery, Justin. "La ville sous électrodes : de la mesure à l'évaluation de la pollution atmosphérique automobile. : vers une simulation multi-agents du trafic routier en milieu urbain." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL018/document.
Full textBased on surveys, traffic is constructed from assumptions about the relationship between origins and destinations. In order to rebuild a road traffic wich would be closer to observation and on a wider set of road sections, it appears interesting to use counting data from urban sensors : this is our starting point of view. The insertion of these in-situ dataset in the road traffic measurement provides the opportunity to experience the potential of sensors to estimate Traffic Air Pollution (TAP) levels at the intraurban scale. However, this requires to change the nature of these estimation, here through the construction of a model of multi-agents simulation, in order to extract more information on the road traffic. More generally, this work can be seen as a a knowledge building approach on TAP emisssions which is discussed throughout this work. The implementation of the SCAUP (multi-agent simulation from Urban sensors for traffic air pollution) approach was developped in three stages: 1. Focusing on the quantification of road traffic devices through urban sensors; 2. Proposing a modeling approach for road traffic data simulation ; 3. Using as a reference the national framework used by AASQA to calculate RTA emissions. All is integrated within a technical matrix that forms the spine of the manuscript through three interrelated systems: quantification, modeling and evaluation. This work is part of an experimental approach dedicated to the calculation of TAP emissions based on traffic simulations. Sponsored by the ATMOSF’AIR BOURGOGNE local AASQA, this work could also be used in an operational mode for these organizations in charge of the air quality monitoring. At a time when the big data enters into new questions about the ability of researchers to extract knowledge, we propose a geographical approach that enables to replace the data in the center of an original road traffic simulation approach (data- driven)