Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèle numérique de terrain'
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Bakari, Bilel, and Bilel Bakari. "Identification automatique des vallées glaciaires à partir d'un modèle numérique de terrain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37413.
Full textLa vallée glaciaire est une forme de relief associée aux montagnes qui ont été affectées par une glaciation régionale. L’étude de cette forme de relief aide les chercheurs à mieux connaitre le développement du système glaciaire régional qui reflète les changements climatiques globaux. La tâche d’identification de ces formes sur un modèle numérique de terrain est primordiale pour toutes les études géomorphologiques ou environnementales. Avec le développement desSystèmes d’Information Géographique et des outils informatiques, l’automatisation de cette tâche devient une solution pour la diminution de la durée et du coût exigés par la méthode manuelle. Cependant, les méthodes automatiques actuelles comme la classification morphométrique ou l'analyse d’images par objets (Object Based Image Analysis) sont limitées pour l'identification d'une forme de relief entière comme la vallée glaciaire. Ces méthodes sont basées en général sur des approches de classification du terrain en éléments de relief sans la prise en considération du contexte géomorphologique. À cet égard, nous avons comme objectif le développement d'une méthode automatique d'extraction des formes des vallées glaciaires. Notre méthode est basée sur l’idée de la saillance issue de la cognition humaine en matière des formes de relief. Nous admettons que la vallée glaciaire est définie par l’assemblage spatial du fond et des versants dans un contexte géomorphologique donné. L’identification de ces formes est réalisée à partir de l’identification des cours d’eau et des contreforts comme éléments saillants de ces composants et par leur assemblage autour d’une saillance globale, le talweg. Nous avons appliqué notre méthode automatique sur des modèles numériques de terrain de différentes zones glaciaires parmi lesquelles la vallée Jacques-Cartier au Québec. Nous avons obtenu des entités spatiales qui caractérisent l'étendue géographique de la vallée glaciaire et de ses éléments composants accompagnées de leurs indicateurs de forme.
The glacial valley is a landform associated with mountains that have been affected by regional glaciation. The study of this kind of valley helps researchers to better understand the development of the regional glacial system that reflects global climate change. The task of identifying these forms on a digital elevation modelis essential for all geomorphological or environmental studies. With the development of GIS and IT tools, the automation of this task becomes a solution for reducing the time and cost required by the manual method.However, current automatic methods like morphometric classification or Object Based Image Analysis are limited when trying to identify an entire landform such as the glacial valley. These methods are generally based on land classification approaches of terrain elements without taking into consideration the geomorphological context. In this respect, we aim to develop an automatic method for extracting glacial valleys. Our method is based on the idea of salience resulting from human cognition of relief. We admit that the glacial valley is defined by the spatial assembly of the bottom and slopes in each geomorphological context. The identification of these forms is based on the identification of streams and foothills as salient elements of its components and their assembly around a global salience, the thalweg. We applied our automatic method on digital terrain models of different glacial zones, including the Jacques-Cartier Valley in Quebec. We obtained spatial entities that characterize the geographic extent of the glacial valley and its component elements accompanied with form indicators.
The glacial valley is a landform associated with mountains that have been affected by regional glaciation. The study of this kind of valley helps researchers to better understand the development of the regional glacial system that reflects global climate change. The task of identifying these forms on a digital elevation modelis essential for all geomorphological or environmental studies. With the development of GIS and IT tools, the automation of this task becomes a solution for reducing the time and cost required by the manual method.However, current automatic methods like morphometric classification or Object Based Image Analysis are limited when trying to identify an entire landform such as the glacial valley. These methods are generally based on land classification approaches of terrain elements without taking into consideration the geomorphological context. In this respect, we aim to develop an automatic method for extracting glacial valleys. Our method is based on the idea of salience resulting from human cognition of relief. We admit that the glacial valley is defined by the spatial assembly of the bottom and slopes in each geomorphological context. The identification of these forms is based on the identification of streams and foothills as salient elements of its components and their assembly around a global salience, the thalweg. We applied our automatic method on digital terrain models of different glacial zones, including the Jacques-Cartier Valley in Quebec. We obtained spatial entities that characterize the geographic extent of the glacial valley and its component elements accompanied with form indicators.
Che, Xiaomin. "Extraction et reconstruction du réseau hydrographique à partir du modèle numérique de terrain." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX22073.
Full textBatton-Hubert, Mireille. "Intégration d'une simulation spatio-temporelle à un modèle topologique et numérique de terrain." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066116.
Full textBaudemont, Frédéric. "Analyse numérique des formes de relief sur les modèles numériques de terrain." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MARN0063.
Full textLespagne, Christian. "Traitement statistique de modèles numériques du terrain topographique." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112376.
Full textMemier, Michel. "Stéréophotogrammétrie numérique : calcul de M.N.T. par corrélation automatique d'images SPOT." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE10083.
Full textMorlans, Richard. "Génération des trajectoires d'un robot d'exploration planétaire utilisant un modèle numérique de terrain issu d'images prises par satellite." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20119.
Full textGalloo, Jean-Claude. "Pollution atmosphérique par les oxydants photochimiques : étude sur le terrain et par simulation numérique au moyen d'un modèle lagrangien." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10138.
Full textAdiyaman, Özlem. "Relations entre volcanisme et tectonique en contextes de collision et de decrochement (Turquie) : approche par analyse structurale, géochimie, imagerie spatiale, modèles numériques de terrain et systèmes d'information géographique." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066486.
Full textFradette, Marie-Soleil. "Modèle d'ajustement pour réduire le biais sur le modèle numérique de terrain et le modèle de hauteur de canopée à partir de données LiDAR acquises selon divers paramètres et conditions forestières." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35009.
Full textSénégas, Julien. "Méthode de Monte Carlo en vision stéréoscopique : Application à l'étude de modèles numériques de terrain." Paris, ENMP, 2002. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005637.
Full textSquarzoni, Cristina. "Mesure des champs de déplacement de surface et modélisation numérique des glissements de terrain." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10262.
Full textAl, Bitar Ahmad. "Modélisation des écoulements en milieu poreux hétérogènes 2D / 3D, avec couplages surface / souterrain et densitaires." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7712/1/al_bitar.pdf.
Full textMourgues, Régis. "Surpression de fluide et décollements : modélisations analogique et numérique." Rennes 1, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007479.
Full textJung, Claudine. "Etude et correction de l'influence du relief sur la radiométrie d'une image de radar à ouverture synthétique par simulation de la réponse radar à partir d'un modèle numérique de terrain." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA077142.
Full textAubry, Laurent. "Acquisition, traitement et restitution des données d'une reconnaissance achéologique : la ville gallo-romaine du Vieil-Evreux." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066008.
Full textOzouville, Noémi d'. "Etude du fonctionnement hydrologique dans les îles Galápagos : caractérisation d'un milieu volcanique insulaire et préalable à la gestion de la ressource." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066369.
Full textA world renowned archipelago, the Galapagos Islands, still conceal its secrets. Among them the dynamics of fresh water remains as one of the great unknowns. The status of knowledge at the beginning of this study, 2003, was almost nil, limited to an inventory of water source points. Moreover, no appreciation of the functioning of the system exists. What conceptual flow model could be proposed for the volcanic islands of the Galapagos archipelago? Classically two flow models for volcanic islands exist: a basal aquifer relayed inland by dike impounded perched aquifers (Hawaii) or a unique continuous basal aquifer (Canary Islands). Neither one nor the other of these two models can be applied without reservation to Galapagos. The resolution of this scientific question is posed as a means of obtaining long-term solutions and management rules for the local authorities in charge of water management. In the unique and fragile volcanic environment of the Galapagos Islands social- economic development has run wild for the past 25 years. As a consequence, the pressure on the natural environment and on the resources is growing accordingly; this is especially true in the case of fresh water. An integrated approach to the management of water is an inevitable necessity today. This in itself requires that the understanding of the water cycle be acquired. Our close collaboration with four local institutions: the Charles Darwin Research Station (research), the Galapagos National Park System (protection of the ecosystems), the municipalities (exploitation of the resource), and the Galapagos National Institute (planning archipelago wide) ensure continuity between the scientific results produced and their use for rational water management
Babin, Philippe. "Analysis of error functions for the iterative closest point algorithm." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37990.
Full textIn recent years a lot of progress has been made in the development of self-driving cars. Multiple big companies are working on creating a safe and robust autonomous vehicle . To make this task possible, theses vehicles rely on lidar sensors for localization and mapping. Iterative Closest Point (ICP) is a registration algorithm used in lidar-based mapping. This thesis explored approaches to improve the error minimization of ICP. The first approach is an in-depth analysis of outlier filters. Fourteen of the most common outlier filters (such as M-estimators) have been tested in different types of environments, for a total of more than two million registrations. The experimental results show that most outlier filters have a similar performance if they are correctly tuned. Nonetheless, filters such as Var.Trim., Cauchy, and Cauchy MAD are more stable against different environment types. The second approach explores the possibilities of large-scale lidar mapping in a boreal forest. Lidar mapping is often based on the SLAM technique relying on pose graph optimization, which fuses the ICP algorithm, GNSS positioning, and IMU measurements. To handle those sensors directly within theICP minimization process, we propose an alternative technique of embedding external constraints. We manage to create a crisp and globally consistent map of 4.1 km of snowmobile trails and narrow walkable trails. These two approaches show how ICP can be improved through the modification of a single step of the ICP’s pipeline.
Pouderoux, Joachim. "Création semi-automatique de modèles numériques de terrains - Visualisation et interaction sur terminaux mobiles communicants." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354701.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à la création de ces modèles à partir d'une source importante de données topographiques constituée par les cartes topographiques. Nous présentons une chaîne complète de traitements permettant de générer un MNT à partir d'une carte topographique numérisée. Nous détaillons particulièrement de nouvelles méthodes de reconstruction des courbes de niveaux et d'interpolation de ces courbes pour générer un MNT. Les différents travaux effectués dans cette thématique s'intègrent au sein de la plate-forme logicielle AutoDEM que nous avons développée durant cette thèse.
Puis, dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons une nouvelle technique permettant de visualiser des MNT en 3D sur une large gamme de dispositifs allant de stations de travail reliées à de grands écrans jusqu'à des terminaux mobiles (TM) à faibles capacités tels que les PDA ou les téléphones portables. L'intérêt majeur de la technique présentée, qui repose sur un mode connecté client-serveur, réside dans l'adaptation dynamique du modèle 3D aux capacités d'affichage du terminal. Nous nous intéressons également à des techniques de rendu à distance et présentons deux techniques permettant d'offrir d'une part une visualisation interactive temps réel et d'autre part un panorama virtuel à l'utilisateur.
Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous décrivons des techniques nouvelles permettant à un utilisateur mobile disposant d'un TM de naviguer et d'interagir avec des données géographiques (cartes ou plans 2D et scènes 3D). La première est une technique d'interaction tangible et bi-manuelle reposant sur la détection par analyse du flux vidéo d'une cible décrivant un code couleur. La deuxième est une technique de sélection à deux niveaux adaptée aux TM ne disposant pas de dispositif de pointage continu.
Idier, Déborah. "Dynamique des bancs et dunes de sable du plateau continental : observation in-situ et modélisation numérique." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT035H.
Full textBusson, Jean. "Caractérisation et modélisation numérique des transferts gravitaires de la plate-forme au bassin en contexte carbonate." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0406/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis focuses on the controls of the gravitational processes transferring the carbonate production of the platform towards the basins. This work consists in 1) a geological synthesis of the gravity-driven sedimentation in carbonate systems and a typology of favorable configurations for the distal transfer of coarse material 2) an innovative numerical modeling workflow combining the forward stratigraphic modeling and the computation of the mechanical stratigraphy. It estimates the instability mechanisms during the evolution of the system. This work is based on two Plio-Quaternary analog cases: The Great Bahama Bank (GBB) Western leeward slope and the Exuma Sound/San Salvador deep basin and major canyon system, which constitutes an exceptional conduit of distal transport of carbonate sands to the abyssal plain. A common characterization of gravitational transfer processes was established for these two zones. Oedometer and triaxial tests were conducted for the determination of geomechanical parameters of the sediments. The numerical modeling workflow was applied to a 2D transect of the western slope of the GBB over the 1.7-0 Ma interval. It precises the progradation mechanism of the leeward margin related to the development of marginal cemented lowstand wedges. The modeling of the mechanical stratigraphy underlines the control of the gravitational instabilities by the geometry of the platform and fluid overpressures. The latter develop under the effect of transient piezometric head in the emerged platform, promoting the destabilization of the platform margin
Mazagol, Pierre Olivier. "Recherche de variables contribuant à l'organisation d'un paysage de moyenne montagne : le cas des Hautes Chaumes du Forez." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351560.
Full textNaaim, Mohamed. "Modélisation numérique des effets hydrodynamiques provoqués par un glissement solide dans une retenue." Grenoble 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE10034.
Full textJUNG, Il Kyun. "Simultaneous localization and mapping in 3D environments with stereovision." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010250.
Full textDo, Hiep-Thuan. "Extensibilité des moyens de traitements pour les données issues des vastes systèmes d'informations géographiques." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660083.
Full textKassouk, Zeineb. "Apports de la télédétection, de la géomatique et du modèle numérique de terrain topo-bathymétrique intégré pour l'aide à la gestion des milieux humides littoraux : application à l'estuaire de la Rance (Ouest de la France) et au lac Ichkeul (Nord de la Tunisie)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST1069.
Full textCoastal wetlands are an important component of the natural environment of the coastal zone. Wetlands are affected by hydrologic and geomorphic controls that must be taken into consideration when attempting to understand wetland responses to disturbance, provide information for better wetland management, or aid in the restoration of lost habitat. The functioning of coastal wetlands is a result of complex linking of distinct biological, geomorphologic and human factors interacting in varying scales. Natural water circulation and water quality can altered the natural behaviours of that ecosystem. Remote sensing techniques (pixel based classification methods) and geographic information system are well used herein in monitoring coastal wetlands areas. But they are confronted to many difficulties such as combing together both onshore and offshore data and process and discriminate wetlands from uplands areas. The overall goal of our study is to develop improved methods for wetland monitoring and management in two cases studies those are located in different areas and climate zones, which are : - The Rance estuary in Western France is subject to many morphologic and biological modifications due to the management of the Rance tidal power station since 1966. The construction had required isolating completely open sea from the Rance estuary for more three years. Since that time, some environmental changes took place in the Rance estuary area, such as modifications and disappearance of sandbanks in some areas, leading to a new equilibrium since 1978. - The Ichkeul Lake in the North of Tunisia is one of the most important wetlands in the Mediterranean region. However, the decreasing of water discharge into the lake caused by the damming of three of the six major rivers feeding the lake coincided with severe drought periods, restricting supplies of fresh water, and modifying saltmarsh vegetation communities and other significant wetland degradation. Furthermore, one specific objective of our work is to investigate the capabilities of the object oriented classification methods combined to integrated topographic-bathymetric digital terrain model in those areas. In the case study of the Rance estuary morphological evolution after the settlement of the tidal power station is done by the comparison of the integrated Topographic-Bathymetric Digital Terrain Model (DTM), combining the 1953 bathymetric data, and 1957 topographic ones, with bathymetric profiles acquired in 1982 and 1998. It shows that increase of topography corresponding to accretion is frequently observed in coves characterised by low current energy. In contrast, the places exposed to high currents present generally strong eroded features, which decrease and erode the topography. The meandering of channels has also observed through time. The use of object-oriented classification of aerial photographs, acquired between 1953 and 2002 and the integrated DTM of salt marshes area in the Rance estuary, enhanced their surface regression from 1953 to 1978. It shows their stability since, due to hydrologic modifications induced in the Rance estuary after the tidal power plant management such us the change of tidal range and the period of slack water. In the case study of the Ichkeul, the application of object-oriented classification approach to identify Ichkeul wetland vegetation is based on the following multi-spectral imagery: the MSSLandsat (1972), TM-Landsat (1987), ETM+ Landsat (2001) and Aster-Terra (2007) acquired in growth period of vegetation. Results show the declining of vegetation communities in Ichkeul wetlands exposed to alternative fresh and salt-water diversion. Sarcocornia fruticosa, communities, Hordeum communities are the largest units in the study area. The Bolboschoenus communities is absent in the 1987 and 2001 vegetation maps. This is conformed by previews studies witch are showing that due to dry periods and rivers damming the Bolboschoenus disappeared for many years. The monitoring the lake Ichkuel sedimentation process was done by comparison of five sets of bathymetric data taken in 1967, 1983, 1986, 1993 and 2003. It shows the alteration of sedimentation process in the Ichkeul Lake as behaviour of the coastal zone after the settlement of dams. To conclude, owing to difference of climatic and hydrodynamic characteristics the responses of coastal wetland to natural and human will vary according to difference of their geomorphology and ecology. The Rance estuary seams to have new ecology balance ten years after the settlement of the tidal power station. However, the Ichkeul Lake is still affected by anthropogenic and climatic factors. Therefore, the used methodology provides detailed information on wetland vegetation and adjacent land-use/land-cover types in schorre wetland areas in the cases of the Rance estuary, and the Ichkeul marches areas. This technique is combining both integrated DTM and remote sensing data that is a useful tool for wetland vegetation monitoring and for resolve some major classification confusions that occur in such wetland areas
Gay, Olivier. "Modélisation physique et numérique de l'action d'un glissement lent sur des fondations d'ouvrages d'art." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10067.
Full textMascret, Ariane. "Développement d'une approche SIG pour l'intégration de données Terre/Mer." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers - ENSAM, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00542500.
Full textSchmitt, Vivien. "Investigation expérimentale et numérique d'un ouvrage de séparation particulaire en assainissement." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD023/document.
Full textThe installation of hydraulic structures to separate particles is a key element to improve the quality of water bodies. This PhD work focus on the study of a hydrodynamic separator used to capture large wastes before their discharge into the see. Tangential separation mechanism along a screen is used in this device. The first part of the work consists in studying the hydraulic behavior and the clogging effectiveness of the device with laboratory experiments. A CFD multiscale approach was developed in this work to optimize the shape of the screen in order to avoid clogging. This method, validated against experimental data, allows us to predict that expanded metal stripes are useful to develop turbulence and pressure gradients upstream the screen. This hydrodynamic phenomenon favor particles and pollutants ejection near the apertures. The last part of the work was to study the hydrodynamic behavior and the real efficiency with in situ experiments
Servadio, Zarah. "Apports de l’imagerie à haute résolution spectrale et spatiale dans les bilans de volume et bilans radiatifs au Piton de La Fournaise." Thesis, La Réunion, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LARE0020/document.
Full textRemote sensing opens new perspectives for the study and monotoring of volcanoes. In this thesis, different approaches were discussed. optical and thermal satellite imagery provides a synoptic view over a wide area. The understanding of surface state changes is particulary important in the monotoring of the activity of active volcanoes. Several, questions arise: • What advantages offer optical observation satellites of the Earth for calculations of lava volumes issues? • What are their limits? • Calculations of flow by remote sensing are reliable? • What is the interest of a multi-tool and multi-source approach? These issues were addressed by taking the Piton de la Fournaise to target. Several methods have been implemented and tested: 1) automatic extraction of the contours of flows of lava, 2) the cretion of numerical model of elevation (DEM) imaging satellite, 3) the calculation of flows from thermal images, 4) follow-up post eruptive flow modelling of cooling and the observed deformations in-situ measurement. The added value of this work is the ability to validate the results of remote sensing measurements from models because of the proximity of the sites studied in situ. The use of these techniques to obtain the average flow rates of lavas to several eruptions and follow topographic evolution of the volcano and its large structures. Satellite thermal measurements provide the means of forcing changes in the flow of eruptions over time, while Dems helped to obtain a total volume in the case of flows with high thicknesses. With these techniques, it was possible to define two types of erutions with changes similar to those observed on different volcanoes
Hostache, Renaud. "Analyse d’images satellitaires d’inondations pour la caractérisation tridimensionnelle de l’alea et l’aide à la modélisation hydraulique." Paris, ENGREF, 2006. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002016.
Full textThe Thesis aims at deploying methods of flood satellite image analysis beyond 2D flood area delineation in order to estimate water levels and to help hydraulic modelling. Based on Raclot (2003) works with aerial photographs, which provide ±20cm mean uncertainty, the water level estimation method uses satellite RADAR images of flood and a fine DEM. The method is composed of two steps : i) flood cartography and analysis of image hydraulic relevance for water level estimation, ii) fusion between relevant information resulting from the image with a fine Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and constraining the water levels extracted from image by concepts of coherence with respect to a hydraulic flow through a plain. It provides water level estimations with a ±38cm mean uncertainty for a RADARSAT-1 image of a Mosel Flood (1997, France). In addition, validation works with an ENVISAT image of an Alzette river flood (Luxembourg, 2003) allowed us to calculate a Root Mean Square Error of 13 cm on the estimates of water levels. To help hydraulic modelling, the PhD aims at reducing equifinality thanks to satellite images of flood. To meet this aim, a "traditional" step of calibration thanks to hydrographs is completed by comparison between simulation results and flood extends or water levels extracted from images. To deals with calibration uncertainties, Monte-Carlo simulations have been used. In perspective, the results of the thesis imply great benefits for flood evolution forecasting after acquisition of flood satellite images because the use of these images as initial conditions or calibration data provide better-constrained models
Benhammadi, Hicham. "Évaluation des modèles numériques de terrain obtenus par l'interférométrie radar." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60613.pdf.
Full textAigle, Pascal. "Stabilisation des talus de déblai par les techniques de drainage - simulation numérique des écoulements tridimentionnels à surface libre - Évaluation de l'augmentation de stabilité par méthode tridimensionnelle à la rupture." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10037.
Full textLê, Thanh Vu. "Visualisation interactive 3D pour un ensemble de données géographiques de très grande taille." Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3005.
Full textReal-time terrain rendering remains an active area of research for a lot of modern computer based applications such as geographic information systems (GIS), interactive 3D games, flights simulators or virtual reality. The technological breakthroughs in data aquisition, coupled with recent advances in display technology have simultaneously led to substantial increases in resolution of both the Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and the various displays used to present this information. In this phD, we have presented a new out-of-core terrain visualization algorithm that achieves per-pixel accurate shading of large textured elevation maps in real-time : our first contribution is the LOD scheme which is based on a small precomputed quadtree of geometric errors, whose nodes are selected for asynchronous loading and rendering depending on a projection in screenspace of those errors. The terrain data and its color texture are manipulated by the CPU in a unified manner as a collection of raster image patches, whose dimensions depends on their screen-space occupancy ; our second contribution is a novel method to remove artifacts that appear on the border between quadtree blocks, we generate a continuous surface without needing additional mesh ; our latest contribution is an effective method adapted to our data structure for the geomorphing, it can be implemented entirely on the GPU. The presented framework exhibits several interesting features over other existing techniques : there is no mesh manipulation or mesh data structures required ; terrain geometric complexity only depends on projected elevation error views from above result in very coarse meshes), lower geometric complexity degrades terrain silhouettes but not details brought in through normal map shading, real-time rendering with support for progressive data loading ; and geometric information and color textures are similarly and efficiently handled as raster data by the CPU. Due to simplified data structures, the system is compact, CPU and GPU efficient and is simple to implement
Nghiem, Huu-Luyen. "Evaluation des dommages induits par des mouvements de terrain sur des structures en maçonnerie à l'aide de la modélisation physique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI012/document.
Full textMasonry structures present a significant proportion of individual houses and are especially more vulnerable when subjected to ground movements. To deal with consequences of this problem, a test-platform has been developed in order to simulate ground movements and their effect on structure models on the surface. This thesis is based on a reduced physical model and develops damage assessment methods for masonry structures using physical modelling. Firstly, a small-scaled physical model under Earth's gravity (1g) has been developed to reproduce this phenomenon. This model of soil-foundation-masonry interaction has a scale factor of 1/40. The analogue soil consists of the Fontainebleau sand. The foundation part of the structure is made of liquid silicon and masonry walls are made from small wooden blocks. To measure displacements fields of the soil and the structure, a digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used. Discussions about the use of this technique when performing a test, especially the consideration of measurement errors, are also addressed. Secondly, we first assess the damage through conventional methods based on damage indicators and graphs. Then, new easy to use tools based on the DIC technique are proposed to carry out a more effective damage assessment. The first tool helps identify failure modes in the structure, based on the Winkler soil-structure interaction model. To do this, the inverse problem of soil-structure interaction is resolved, and the failure modes, based on internal forces, are identified. Then, a DIC-M model is proposed to reproduce the crack propagation in the masonry wall. The key point of this model consists in the simulation of the block movements in a discrete element system (DES). Consequently, cracks can appear easily, and then the crack identification and quantification become easier. More precisely, a new damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks allows to better quantify the damage and the cartography the cracks. The measurement uncertainty is determined by Monte-Carlo simulation. Thirdly, the performance of proposed tools is discussed through an example of assessing potential damages. An individual house in masonry subjected to ground movements was studied using physical experimentation. A test campaign related to the most sensitive positions of the structure with respect to the subsidence centre is performed. Damage assessment is conducted using deformation measurement and crack characteristics. The comparison between conventional and developed methods shows the relevance of the damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks, and this indicator can be considered as a new tool for damage assessment in practice. Finally, operational recommendations are suggested in order to obtain a better estimation of the damage level of the structure
Hostache, Renaud. "Analyse d'images satellitaires d'inondations pour la caractérisation tridimensionnelle de l'aléa et l'aide à la modélisation hydraulique." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002016.
Full textServadio, Zarah. "Apports de l'imagerie à haute résolution spectrale et spatiale dans les bilans de volume et bilans radiatifs au Piton de La Fournaise." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858749.
Full textLesouëf, Dorothée. "Étude numérique des circulations locales à la Réunion : application à la dispersion de polluants." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633096.
Full textHauquin, Thomas. "La rupture brutale des piliers conditionne-t-elle les effondrements miniers ? : approches énergétiques par modélisation numérique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0164/document.
Full textAt different locations around the world, the room-and-pillar mining method truns out to be associated with two major types of hazards affecting the surface: the continuous subsidence and the sudden collapse. The Lorraine iron basin (France) have known on many occasions both continuous subsidences and sudden collapses, notably since the decline of the French mining activity in the 1960’s. The collapses are more dangerous than the continuous subsidences. This is why researchers and engineers developed statistical methods capable of distinguishing between the sectors subjected to a collapse hazard and those subjected to a continuous subsidence hazard. The objective of that study if to develop indicators capable of making the same distinction but on the basis of mechanical criteria, for the purpose of improving the understanding of the collapse mechanism and for validating the statistical indicators. The main assumption of this work is that both the continuous subsidences and the collapses are caused by damage of the pillars within the mines. Chapter 1 presents a literature review concerning the actual knowledge about the pillars mechanical behaviour. We notice that pillars are traditionally characterized by two criteria: the factor of safety (pic compressive resistance/average vertical stress), which determines whether or not pillars are susceptible to fail, and a criterion of stability in case of a failure, which consists of comparing the flexural stiffness of the surrounding rock to the pillars axial stiffness in the post-pic domain of their behaviour. We identify two limits regarding the traditional approaches: i) The question of the average vertical stress has only been little studied in the case of pillars with irregular geometry, which is often the case in old mines; ii) The model allowing to estimate whether or not an instability is susceptible to occur comes from a 1D model proposed in the 1960’s and that has never been developed furthermore for being applied to real configurations in various geomechanical conditions. In Chapter 2, we develop a new method for taking the irregularity of the pillars dimensions into account in estimating their average vertical stress, for the purpose of having a better precision in the factor of safety calculation. We introduce the concept of relative extraction ratio and show, on the basis on numerical modelling, that a quadratic function of this ratio is more precise in estimating the average pillar stress than the classical tributary area method.Chapter 3 is devoted to the development and the application of an original explicit method for modelling pillar instability based on the kinetic energy. We show that the numerical results obtained in 2D configurations are compatible with the traditional 1D model of pillar instability. Moreover, we show how the modelling method we are using helps to locate and to quantify the kinetic energy in excess induced by the instability. The magnitudes of modelled kinetic energies are similar to Richter magnitudes of typical seismic energies recorded during real pillar bursts. The problem of the Lorraine iron basin collapses is treated in Chapter 4. Based on 3D modelling results, we show that pillar failure and instability criteria are capable of well distinguishing between the sectors affected by collapses and those affected by continuous subsidences in the iron basin. Both the sectors subjected to collapses and continuous subsidences are characterized by a factor of safety lower than one regarding the limit of elasticity. But the collapsed sectors are distinguished by a factor of safety also lower than one regarding the pic compressive resistance. This observation is confirmed by simplified 2D modelling, which suggests, furthermore, that the properties of the overburden have no effect on the occurrence of the collapses. Some studies provide contrary conclusions. So, we propose some points to be discussed
El, Hage Mhamad. "Etude de la qualité géomorphologique de modèles numériques de terrain issus de l'imagerie spatiale." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780682.
Full textHage, Mhamad El. "Etude de la qualité géomorphologique de modèles numériques de terrain issus de l’imagerie spatiale." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CNAM0846/document.
Full textThe production of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) has undergone significant evolution duringthe last two decades resulting from a growing demand for scientific as well as industrial purposes.Many Earth observation satellites, using optical and radar sensors, have enabled the production ofDEMs covering most of the Earth’s surface. The algorithms of image and point cloud processing havealso undergone significant evolution. This progress has provided DEMs on different scales, which canfulfill the requirements of many users. The applications based on geomorphology have benefitted fromthis evolution. Indeed, these applications concentrate specifically on landforms for which the DEMconstitutes a basic data.The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the parameters of DEM production byphotogrammetry and InSAR on position and shape quality. The position quality, assessed by DEMproducers, is not sufficient for the evaluation of shape quality. Thus, the evaluation methods ofposition and shape quality and the difference between them are described. A novel method of internalvalidation, which does not require reference data, is proposed. Then, the impact of image matchingand interferometric processing parameters as well as resampling, on elevation and shapes, is assessed.Finally, we conclude on recommendations on how to choose the production parameters correctly,particularly for photogrammetry.We observe little impact from most of the parameters on the elevation, except InSAR parameters.On the other hand, there is a significant impact on the elevation derivatives. The impact of matchingparameters presents a strong dependence on the terrain morphology and the landcover. Therefore,these parameters have to be selected by taking into account these two factors. The effect ofinterferometric processing manifests by phase unwrapping errors that mainly affect the elevation andless the derivatives. The interpolation methods and the mesh size present a small impact on theelevation and a significant impact on the derivatives. Indeed, the value of the derivatives and theirquality depend directly on the mesh size. The selection of this size has to be made according to theforeseen application. Finally, we conclude that these parameters are interdependent and can havesimilar effects. They must be selected according to the foreseen application, the terrain morphologyand the landcover in order to minimize the error in the final results and the conclusions
Tarayre, Hélène. "Extraction de modèles numériques de terrain par interférométrie radar satellitaire : algorithmie et artefacts atmosphériques." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT022H.
Full textQirjaku, Kaleshi Edvina. "Analyse structurale de la sigmoïde albanaise par imagerie satellitaire et modèles numériques de terrain." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066392.
Full textGonçalves, Gil Rito. "Qualités requises en modélisation numérique du relief : étude de l'équivalence entre modèle cartographique et modèle numérique." Marne-la-Vallée, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MARN0060.
Full textLe, Corre Benjamin. "Thermoformage du verre - Développement numérique d'un modèle thermomécanique." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975511.
Full textAudenino, Pauline. "Apport de la fusion pour la qualité des modèles numériques de terrain radar dans un contexte multi modal." Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0087.
Full textRepresenting the Earth relif has been a major concern of human beings since the antiquity. Its modalities and performances have changed across ages. The recent development of numerical devices allowed new models to emerge, among them the Digital Terrain Models or DTM. These products are often pervaaded with errors due to the generation methods. They are also complex products to generate because of the diversity of the applications, which specifications they must fulfill. The aim of this thesis improvement of the quality of these models through a multi source fusion strategy. The term quality should not be understood in an absolute manner but in an "application dependant" way. The data fusion chosen method will finally be the possibility theory, as it is well adapted to the DTM's specificities. It will be linked with a classification of the points based on the confiance given by the DTM generation methods. The process will also be based on a comprehensive qualification environment, for which theoretical principles as well as practical tests will be given. This will allow us to evaluate and compare the input DTM and the outpout one. We will also see how DTM's fusion can be integrated into a more general environment of remote sensing data processing, by taking into account system's point of view. Finally the strategy will be applied to a pratical case, located in the South of France, near the Sainte Victoire mountain, and two DTM from different origins will be fusionned. The comparison of the performances of the outpout DTM with respect to the ones of the input DTM will exhibit a global improvement and so leads to interesting perspectives
Berthoz, Nicolas. "Modélisation physique et théorique du creusement pressurisé des tunnels en terrains meubles homogènes et stratifiés." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786231.
Full textRousseaux, Frédéric. "Étude des modèles numériques de terrains pour améliorer la fiabilité des calculs d'aléas et de vulnérabilité." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MARN0207.
Full textThe present thesis studies the impact of the relief’s representation on risk simulations. It aims at showing that the results of the risk simulations are modified according to the methods used to represent the relief. The approach consists in four parts. The first part is a bibliographic study related to the different methods used for the computed modelling of the relief and to the benefit of using some DTM in the risk studies. The second chapter proposes some coherent integration methods for vector data on DTM, and analyses their impact on the risk simulations’ results. The third part of the thesis deals with the location and the characterization of the errors on a DTM, as well as with their impact on the risk simulation. A method which consists in detecting the errors with crossing data on a DTM is proposed. In the last chapter, a method which enables the creation of a map including the potential errors is submitted. This map is created according to the automatic detection of the error areas which will have been defined in the second chapter. The following results were obtained : - Integrating a vector object is an interesting contribution which enables to improve in a significant way the risk simulations’ results - Detecting the errors underlines the areas which are the most often impacted, and highlights the importance of a DTM corrected from the artefacts. Nevertheless, most of the classical interpolation methods give similar results in terms of quality - By classifying the errors according to the types of morphological areas, a method aiming at detecting the areas comprising potential errors can be set up. Thus, the potential quality of a DTM can be assessed and the areas which are more or less accurate can be identified. Thanks to all these methods, the user is able to assess the quality of his DTM and to forecast more precisely how his DTM’s representation will impact the results of his simulations
Moretti, Laurent. "Modélisation numérique du signal sismique longue période généré par des effondrements gravitaires." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077217.
Full textLandslides play a key role in erosional processes and represent one of the major natural hazards. Despite the great amount of field, experimental and numerical work devoted to this problem, the understanding of the physical processes at work in gravitational flows is still an open issue, in particular due to the lack of observations relevant to their dynamics. Indeed, due to their relative short duration and the fact that they are unpredictable, they are difficult to observe directly. In this context the recorded seismic signal provides a temporal observation of landslides and makes it possible to get insight into their dynamics. We first estimated the force-time function responsible of the seismic waves by performing a waveform inversion. This force-time function is relevant to the dynamics of the landslide. We developed laws, based on the vision of a solid block sliding on a slope. These laws permit to simply link some quantities to the force applied to the ground surface. Based on the block model, we proposed a parametrization of the force. It permits to retrieve some characteristics defined explicitly as parameters. We saw that using the the simulation of the landslide and of the associated long-period seismic signal, permit to discriminate different scenarios and thus to get more accurate information on the dynamics. We also used a Bayesian inversion where the forward problem is the calculation of the force-time function during the landslide simulation. This permits for a landslide to give an accurate estimate of the volume and of the friction coefficient. Furthermore this method makes it possible to determine the error made on the estimation of these parameters
Fournier, Isabelle. "Développement d'un modèle numérique général de comportement des géomatériaux." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ48926.pdf.
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