Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèle structurel'
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Sall, Alioune. "Un test pour la bonne spécification d'un modèle structurel marginal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32526.
Full textEstimating the effect of a time-varying exposure using ordinary regression models may lead to bias if time-varying confounding variables are an effect of past exposures. Marginal structural models (MSMs) are a solution to this problem that is increasingly used, especially in health studies. One of the main assumptions of MSMs is that the relationship between outcome and past exposures is well specified. Thus, we developed a statistical test of this hypothesis. Different weights can be used to estimate MSM parameters and these should produce similar estimates when the model is correctly specified. A statistical test verifying if the differences observed are beyond those expected makes it possible to test that the model is correct. The performance of the test is investigated using a synthetic data simulation study, where different true relationships between exposures and outcome, as well as different sample sizes were considered. The simulation study demonstrates good test performance: rejection rates for correct models are low, while rejection rates for incorrect models are generally high, especially for large sample sizes. However, there are situations where the test is unable to detect specification errors. The test is applied to study the effect of repeated psychosocial work stressor exposure over a 5-year period on ambulatory blood pressure in a cohort of 1576 white-collar workers.
Prado, Cardenas Leonardo Adolfo. "La mondialisation et l'application du modèle néolibéral au Pérou." Paris 8, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA082018.
Full textVanegas, Orozco Maria Carolina. "Relations spatiales et raisonnement spatial pour l'interprétation des images d'observation de la Terre utilisant un modèle structurel." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00583410.
Full textVanegas, Orozco Maria Carolina. "Relations spatiales et raisonnement spatial pour l'interprétation d'images d'observation de la terre à l'aide d'un modèle structurel." Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00583410.
Full textHigh resolution remote sensing images allow discriminating between different objects that compose a scene. However, due to the large quantities of information it is difficult to differentiate the meaningful characteristics or regions necessaries for the description of the scene. Thus, the interpretation of these image requires the introduction of new tools which allows us to distinguish the objects of interest from the rest of the image. First we study the spatial relations which can be useful for the interpretation of satellite images. We focused on the following spatial relations: surround, relations between linear objects and regions, alignment and parallelism. For each of these relations we developed formal models within the fuzzy set framework, which take into account the semantics, the perception and the context of use of these relations. These relations were evaluated on real objects, obtaining satisfaction degrees which fit well with the intuition, even in the case of complex objects. Then we propose an application of spatial relations for higher level tasks. We introduce an interpretation system which is capable of finding the instantiations of an structural model in an image. The interpretation problem is described as a flexible constraint satisfaction problem. We proposed adapted propagation algorithms for flexible constraint satisfaction problems in order to cope with complex relations and to take into account the difficulties of properly detecting the objects in the image. We tested our algorithm in scenes containing harbors and airports and the results show the interest of incorporating this methodology in a more complete image interpretation system
Zhang, Yun Jie. "Modèle de croissance, mutation de l'avantage comparatif et changement structurel : le cas de la République de Corée." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998IEPP0024.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to analyze the explanatory factors which contribute to the economic take-off of some Asian economies with the help of the example of South Korea. We have found that the following elements play an very important role in their development process: a policy of export promotion in association with a selective protection of domestic market, a mobilization of both external resources (aids, foreign borrowing) and internal resources (savings, labor. . . ) Which are necessary to development. Finally, we notice also that the intervention of government is rather frequent in order to help the economy to advance in a more or less artificial way. All these factors have led to a fundamental transformation in the structure of production, employment and foreign trade
Fouquier, Geoffroy. "Optimisation de séquences de segmentation combinant modèle structurel et focalisation de l'attention visuelle : application à la reconnaissance de structures cérébrales dans des images 3D." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006074.
Full textParrot, Laurent. "Étude de l'impact de mesures macro-économiques sur une économie villageoise africaine : un modèle d'équilibre général calculable simplifié d'une petite ville." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010017.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is (I) to give an accurate framework of an African village-town economy and its global organization, and (II) to create two models, a social accounting matrix and a general equilibrium model. These two models are used in view to better understand the interactions between the actors of the economy. The general equilibrium model is relatively simple (the elasticities are equal to one or zero, and we use linear functions), but it gives an accurate idea of a complex economy, integrating local specificities. The linear model shows a town completely demand-driven and with no supply constraints. The general equilibrium model shows different results with the integration of more realistic constraints (decreasing return to scale, endogeneous crop prices, prices etc. . . ). It is possible to study price policies, credit policies, marketing policies, income policies, tax policies, and the effects of a deteriorating ecological environment on agriculture. The opportunity to be able to modelize a town or a village makes it possible to analyse the effects of such policies on the different households groups
Barsotti, Flavia. "Optimal capital structure with endogenous bankruptcy : payouts, tax benefits asymetry and volatility risk." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1319/.
Full textThe dissertation deals with modeling credit risk through a structural model approach. The thesis consists of three papers in which we build on the capital structure of a firm proposed by Leland and we study different extensions of his seminal paper with the purpose of obtaining results more in line with historical norms and empirical evidence, studying in details all mathematical aspects. The thesis analyses credit risk modelling following a structural model approach with endogenous default. We extend the classical Leland framework in three main directions with the aim at obtaining results more in line with empirical evidence. We introduce payouts and then also consider corporate tax rate asymmetry : numerical results show that these lead to predicted leverage ratios closer to historical norms, through their joint influence on optimal capital structure. Finally, we introduce volatility risk. Following Leland suggestions we consider a framework in which the assumption of constant volatility in the underlying firm's assets value stochastic evolution is removed. Analyzing defaultable claims involved in the capital structure of the firm we derive their corrected prices under a fairly large class of stochastic volatility framework seems to be a robus way to improve results in the direction of both higher spreads and lower leverage ratios in a quantitatively significant way
Zomo, Yebe Gabriel. "Contre-choc pétrolier et ajustement structurel dans un pays en voie de développement membre de l'OPEP : le Gabon." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF10101.
Full textGuy, Nicolas. "Modèle et commande structurés : application aux grandes structures spatiales flexibles." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0036/document.
Full textIn this thesis, modeling and robust attitude control problems of large flexible space structures are considered. To meet the required pointing performance of future space missions scenarios, we propose to directly optimize a reduced order control law on high order model validation and criteria that directly exploit the model structure. Thus, the work of this thesis is naturally divided into two parts : one part on obtaining a wisely structured dynamic model of the spacecraft to be used in the synthesis step, a second part about getting the law control. This work is illustrated on the example of the academic spring-masses system, which is the simplest representation of a one degree of freedom flexible system. In addition, a geostationary satellite study case is processed to validate developed approaches on a more realistic example of an industrial problem
Nganga, Irungu William. "Essais sur la dynamique de la soutenabilité de la dette du Kenya." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080024/document.
Full textExisting literature on debt sustainability emphasizes the existence of a threshold or a tipping point beyond which debt compromises growth and destabilizes the economy. This Ph.D. thesis goes beyond threshold testing and presents three additional approaches which could be used to further interrogate debt dynamics. Using annual time series data from 1963 to 2015, and employing a Structural Vector Autoregressive Model (SVAR), Markov switching models (MS) and Self-Exciting Threshold Autoregressive models (SETAR) for robustness, the three chapters cross-examine Kenya’s debt sustainability, by addressing three questions: First chapter, is the fiscal policy response to macroeconomic shocks consistent with a sustainable debt trajectory? The second chapter, given that the fiscal response may deviate from the sustainable path in the short-run, are these deviations systematically corrected in the long run? The third chapter, to what extent does coordination between monetary and fiscal policy, if any, alleviate or exacerbate debt sustainability in the long run? The results obtained confirm the following: (i) The primary balance reacts to macroeconomic shocks in a manner consistent with debt sustainability (ii) Fiscal consolidation might be counterproductive as a response to debt management. (iii) Debt drives growth in Kenya. (iv) Both sustainable and unsustainable fiscal regimes are dominant with each lasting an average of four years, while the No-Ponzi game condition weakly holds in the Kenyan economy in the long run. (v) The persistence of unsustainability regime for more than four years could threaten long-run fiscal sustainability
Lusivika, Nzinga Clovis. "Estimation d’effets individuels de traitements pris en combinaison dans les études observationnelles." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS218.
Full textRandomized controlled trials cannot be implemented in all situations for estimating effects of therapeutic strategies. Observational studies would then constitute an alternative for evaluating treatment effects. We have a specified interest in four types of methodological difficulties for such studies: 1) confounding by indication ; 2) presence of time-dependent confounding ; 3) The relationship between a given time-dependent treatment and its effect may vary over time ; 4) In real life, patients often receive multiple treatments, sequentially or simultaneously. In this context, the evaluation of individual effects of treatment is a methodological challenge. The overall objective of this thesis was to propose a methodological framework in which these methodological difficulties are accommodated, allowing the individual effects of treatments to be correctly estimated within the context of multi-treatments in an observational study. We evaluated the performance of the marginal structural Cox model when estimating the individual and joint effects of two treatments and showed that it performed well in the presence of three different scenarios of time-dependent confounding. We also showed the importance of estimating the interaction term when exploring the treatment effect from combination therapy. We compared the performance of weighted cumulative exposure marginal structural Cox model with that of a conventional TD WCE Cox model for estimating time-varying effects of treatments without bias in the presence of TD confounding. Our results showed that the WCE Cox MSM performed better and can be applied to real data whatever the strength of time dependent confounding
Chollet, Antoine. "Apprentissage et mobilisation de compétences managériales des joueurs de jeux de rôle en ligne massivement multijoueurs (MMORPG)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD049/document.
Full textMedia relate instances where MMORPG players are being recruited to responsibility positions, thanks to their managerial skills, acquired through playing. Do MMORPG players really develop such skills though playing, and if so, under what conditions? To explore these research questions, we're basing our works on the Social Learning Theory as well as the Social Cognitive Theory, both resulting from of Albert Bandura's researches. Literature reviewing as well as an exploratory qualitative study (13 players and older MMORPG players) led us to propose a managerial skill learning structural model of the MMORPG player. Two analyses were realized.The first one, in an exploratory aim, allowing to refine measuring tools, saw 414 questionnaires being validated (on 707 collected). The second one, with a confirmatory aim, allowing to verify hypothesis, saw 2 628 questionnaires being validated (on 3 690 collected). Once we've drawn the MMORPG player's profile, we're showing that there are managerial skill learning phenomena perceived by the players that are developed then mastered in MMORPG, under specific conditions linked to the game's environment, as well as the internal state of the player. The proposed model is thus validated.Conclusions of this research offer possibilities for players as well as organizations in various domains, such as recruitment or training, by benefiting MMORPG's potential. Longitudinal studies would deserve to be done in order to explore the MMORPG's player learning evolution, and confirm our results
Nyock, Ilouga Samuel. "La congruence objective entre le profil structurel organisationnel et l'individu : effets sur la satisfaction au travail et l'engagement normatif envers l'organisation : utilisation du modèle de la régression polynomiale." Lille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL30001.
Full textWe cannot understand the psychological dynamics of an individual at work if we do not take into account the complex interactions between his motivations and the organisational practices. Yet, the researches done so far have not taken into account this approach. And it is what we have tried to demonstrate in the first of our work. In the second part, our goal was to show that if the existence of links between the personality of an individual and the organisation around him is established, this can serve as a starting point for the construction of the psychological climate. Taking into account not only all the interactions between the two components, but also and almost individuals' attitudes and behaviours at work. In this perspective, we have used objective congruence indices which consist mathematically in the solution of the equation of polynomial regression. These congruence indices permit to study the links between the factors couple (the organisational structural profile and the individual cultural references) and the dependent variables (satisfaction at work and the normative commitment toward the organisation) on the basis of coefficients which are given to them in the structural modelling equation. This procedure permits to examine the form of answers surface which represent the relations between the two factors and employees attitudes in three dimensions. The factors taken separately must obey to a gathering of constraints, so preserving the direct effects of each of the two independent variables, taken separately (Edwards, 1993, 1994). The main result of our work reveals that objective congruence effect, on the satisfaction at work and the normative commitment toward the organisation between the idea of the organisational improved status of involvement toward the colleagues and the individual importance attached to interpersonal solidarity, is really true. This effect is more showed on Gabonese employees than on their French counterparts. Moreover, it is noticed that levels of satisfaction and normative commitment, related to social support, increase with the congruence and decrease with the gap
Mercadier, Mathieu. "Banking risk indicators, machine learning and one-sided concentration inequalities." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/a5bdd121-a1a2-434e-b7f9-598508c52104/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0001.pdf.
Full textThis doctoral thesis is a collection of three essays aiming to implement, and if necessary to improve, financial risk measures and to assess banking risks, using machine learning methods. The first chapter offers an elementary formula inspired by CreditGrades, called E2C, estimating CDS spreads, whose accuracy is improved by a random forest algorithm. Our results emphasize the E2C's key role and the additional contribution of a specific company's debt rating and size. The second chapter infers a one-sided version of the inequality bounding the probability of a unimodal random variable. Our results show that the unimodal assumption for stock returns is generally accepted, allowing us to refine individual risk measures' bounds, to discuss implications for tail risk multipliers, and to infer simple versions of bounds of systemic measures. The third chapter provides a decision support tool clustering listed banks depending on their riskiness using an adjusted version of the k-means algorithm. This entirely automatic process is based on a very large set of stand-alone and systemic risk indicators reduced to representative factors. The obtained results are aggregated per country and region, offering the opportunity to study zones of fragility. They underline the importance of paying a particular attention to the ambiguous impact of banks' size on systemic measures
Shajari, Parastoo. "Ajustement avec croissance : les enseignements du modèle intégré FMI-Banque mondiale en matière de politique économique dans le cas de quelques pays de la région MENA et de la Méditerranée." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE0005.
Full textThe IMF and the World Bank began the implementation of structural adjustment programs in 80s to help countries affected by economic crises and achieve objectives such as restoration of balance of payments, controlling inflation and growth. The aim of this thesis is to study the method of macroeconomic analysis which accentuate on the programs advocated by the IMF and the World Bank from the model known as the "Integrated Model IMF-World Bank". The purpose of this research is to make a comprehensive assessment of the applicability of this model to analyse the performance of adjustment programs in the case of six countries in the Mediterranean and MENA region, namely, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey during the 1974-2004 period. Then we analyze the effects of the different policies on the different targets variables
Gharbi, Moufida. "L' impact du commerce extérieur sur l'économie tunisienne." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0119.
Full textThis work tries, using existing literary resources and some econometric concepts, to explain more significantly the effects of trade on economic growth in a specific country (Tunisia). To provide some answers to this question, we focused on the nature of the causal link between trade and growth. Nevertheless, the study addresses in the first instance, the question of a simultaneous variation between trade and growth, in a second stage, the situation of the major determinants of the Tunisian trade and one last time, we study the effects of foreign trade on economic performance and the welfare in Tunisia. The first chapter discusses the delimitation of the different concepts that will be studied (definitions, motivations, roles, rules. . . Foreign trade) and the presentation of the commonly used instruments analysis. The second chapter presents the available advantages of Tunisia to boost its trade. Therefore, trade policies implemented are reviewed, as well as high-quality infrastructure, human capital skills, the attractiveness and the investment climate. The third chapter provides a descriptive analysis of the evolution and structure of Tunisian foreign trade (physiognomy changes over time, characteristics) between 1961 and 2011. Given the endogeneity of the advantages of the country and the evolution of its foreign trade (findings of two previous chapters), the purpose of the fourth chapter is to identify the main determinants of the Tunisian foreign trade between 1967 and 2011 using a gravitational dynarnic model "enriched" estimated by the method of instrumental variables time series (IV). .
Coudin, Élise. "Inférence exacte et non paramétrique dans les modèles de régression et les modèles structurels en présence d'hétéroscédasticité de forme arbitraire." Thèse, Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1506.
Full textEvain, Timothée. "Nouvelles méthodes de segmentation en imagerie tomographique volumique à faisceau conique dentaire." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENST0066/document.
Full textCone-Beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the new standard imaging method for dental practitioners. The image processing field of CBCT data is still underdeveloped due to the novelty of the method and its specificities compared to traditional CT. With Carestream Dental as industrial partner, the first part of this work is a new semi-automatic segmentation protocol for teeth, based on shape and intensity constraints, through a graph-cut optimization of an energy formulation. Results show a good quality of segmentation with an average Dice coefficient of 0.958. A fully functional implementation of the algorithm has led to a software available for dentists, taking into account the clinical context leading to temporal and technical difficulties. A preliminary extension to multi-objects segmentation showed the necessity to get more stringent shape constraints as well as a better optimization algorithm to get acceptable computation times. The second part of this thesis, more prospective, is about the creation of a structural model of the maxillo-facial space, to formalize the a priori knowledge on organs and theirs spatial relations. This model is a conceptual graph where structures and relationships are seen as concepts. In particular, the spatial relations “Along” and “Aligned”, modeled in a fuzzy set framework, have been extended to 3D objects
Marchetti, Fabien. "Modelling and characterisation of anisotropic multilayered plates on a wide frequency range." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI130.
Full textThis PhD thesis concerns the modelling and the dynamic characterisation of anisotropic multilayered structures. In the first chapter, a classification of some analytical models and experimental methods of characterisation is presented in the form of a bibliographical synthesis where the main published results are gathered. The second chapter introduces an extension of an equivalent model of multilayered structures to the case of anisotropic materials. This model describes the first dispersion curves of the structure and considers the shear phenomena that can affect the bending mode in high frequencies. The main advantage of the model lies in its simplicity and rapidity thanks to a number of kinematic variables independent of the number of layers. The characteristics of the multilayer are defined by the 5 flexural rigidities of a thin equivalent plate which is compared to the multilayer. The results of the model are validated by means of an experimental study on carbon fiber composite plates. A particular interest is dedicated to the modelling of structural damping. An energetic loss factor, based on a temporal and spatial definition of the attenuation, is compared to an equivalent one. A new definition of the spatial attenuation is suggested for high damped structures and is compared to literature. In the third chapter, the methodology of the characterisation technique CFAT is adapted for anisotropic plates. This inverse method is based on the displacement field analysis of the structure and has, by means of its local aspect, relevant advantages for industrial applications. This adaptation is, as a first step, introduced for the identification of sources (initial objective of the method) and applied, in a second step, for the characterisation. Several numerical and experimental applications are presented to validate the results of the method. Finally, the fourth chapter deals with the experimental characterisation of a honey comb sandwich on a high frequency range (1 to 300 kHz). The complex dynamic behaviour of this thick structure is described through the promissing results given by the simulations of our model and the estimations of RIC. These results are also compared to the ones of a reference model and other characterisation methods
Feng, Lu. "Connexion entre modèles dynamiques de communautés végétales et modèles architecture-fonction – cas du modèle GreenLab." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20190/document.
Full textPlant architecture implies the development of both topological and geometrical structure over time, which determines resource acquisition, in the meantime interacts with physiological processes. However it has long been overlooked in traditional community dynamics models. Based on plant architecture, functional-structural plant models (FSPM) have showed their particular capability in addressing questions like interactions between plant and environment (e.g. light interception), between structure development and growth (e.g. carbon allocation), as they take into account morphogenesis with organ-level explicit descriptions. Anyway, high demand of time and memory for simulation and inverse calculation prevents FSPM from further agricultural or sylvicultural practice. This thesis attempts the combination of a mathematic FSPM GreenLab and a crop model or an empirical forest model (EFM) to introduce individual-based architectural support for community growth study. In the case of maize, disagreement from stand level (by crop model PILOTE) and individual level (by GreenLab) growth simulations implies different emergence time of individuals, which is used to quantify the distribution. By supposing that theoretical projective area (Sp) is determined by the growth situation and the final size of individual architecture, the variance of Sp is reversely computed with the variance of organ compartment measurements to characterize individual variability. In the case of Black pine, architecture dynamics built in GreenLab according to Rauh's model (architecture model for pine tree) are adapted to the simulation of an EFM PNN. As a consequence, thinning scenarios are well incorporated in the final stand visualization. From these preliminary applications, following conclusions can be drawn: (i) FSPM is able to provide individual performances (i.e. organ development and expansion) inside an area of crop field for crop models. (ii) The crop model may regulate the combined form of individuals from integral level. Both aspects are significant to deepen understanding of stand growth. (iii) Architecture conceptions integrated in FSPM may be adapted to EFM simulations for a data-driven visualization. (iv) EFM can guarantee ecological/sylvicultural function for 3D stand visualization. To take into consideration biomass processes, additional observations are needed. As models are independent in combinations, the same methods can be extended to linkage with other stand models
Keyhani, Ali. "A Study On The Predictive Optimal Active Control Of Civil Engineering Structures." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/223.
Full textKeyhani, Ali. "A Study On The Predictive Optimal Active Control Of Civil Engineering Structures." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/223.
Full textVergnaud, Eric. "Structure et exploitation d'un modèle macroéconomique trimestriel." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010027.
Full textPitilakis, Dimitris. "Soil-structure interaction modeling using equivalent linear soil behavior in the substructure method." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECAP1067.
Full textA numerical procedure, coded into a numerical code (MISS3D-EqL), is developed to accommodate for the effects of the nonlinear soil behavior on the soil-structure interaction (SSI) using an equivalent linear approach. Equivalent linear behavior is assumed for the soil, while the response of the structure to the ground shaking and its effects on the soil are properly taken into account using the substructure method. The proposed procedure is validated against other numerical software and experimental means, such as shaking table and centrifuge tests. The effects of the equivalent linear soil behavior on the soil-structure system response are clearly demonstrated by analyses of representative case studies. A recursive analysis of typical soil profiles and infrastructures is performed to reveal the further softening of the system and the increased energy dissipation, compared to the linear case, due to the equivalent linear soil behavior. Special emphasis is given to the estimation of the foundation dynamic impedance functions. Dynamic stiffness and radiation dashpot coefficients are estimated for typical footings resting on typical soil profiles with equivalent linear behavior. The effects of the nonlinear soil behavior on the dynamic coefficient are shown compared to the linear elastic case. The dynamic stiffness coefficient decreases with increasing input acceleration amplitude, with decreasing soil shear wave velocity and with decreasing soil shear modulus, while it depends on the frequency content of the earthquake. The radiation dashpot coefficient is unaffected by the nonlinear soil behavior for most practical applications
Belkhouja, Mustapha. "Modelling nonlinearities in long-memory time series : simulation and empirical studies." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX24010/document.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the detection and the estimation of structural changes in long memory economic and financial time series. Within the rest three chapters we focused on the univariate case to model both the long range dependence and structural changes in the mean and the volatility of the examined series. In the beginning we just take into account abrupt regime switches but after we use more developed nonlinear models in order to capture the smooth time variations of the dynamics. Otherwise we analyse the efficiency of various techniques permitting to select the number of breaks and we assess the robustness of the used tests in a long memory environment via simulations. Last, this thesis was completed by an extension to multivariate models. These models allow us to detect the impact of some series on the others and identify the relationships among them. The interdependencies between the financial variables were studied and analysed both in the short and the long range. While structural changes were not considered in the last chapter, our multivariate model takes into account asymmetry effects and the long memory behaviour in the volatility
Barbieri, Antoine. "Méthodes longitudinales pour l’analyse de la qualité de vie relative à la santé en cancérologie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS026/document.
Full textThe health-related quality of life is a major objective in oncology clinical trials to improve patients’ care and better evaluate the impact of the treatments on their everyday life. Auto-questionnaires are usually used to measure this endpoint. In this work, different statistical models for the longitudinal analysis of health-related quality of life in oncology are proposed and applied to clinical trial data. First, we present different models derived from the item response theory (IRT) to achieve a longitudinal analysis directly on raw data (multi-response outcomes) for each dimension. Within the generalized linear mixed model background, a conceptual selection of the IRT models concluded that the graded response model seems to be the most suitable. Then, we propose a structural equation model which allows taking into account the multidimensional nature of data at each time and the longitudinal aspect induced by the repeated measurements. At each measurement time, the model allows to link all the observed variables issued from the questionnaire given explanatory variables. Two factors are estimated, each summarizing a set of observed variables. The longitudinal analysis is performed on the global health status and on the factors, thus reducing the number of tests. Finally, an approach based on a mixture of mixed models is used to obtain latent classes from quality of life trajectories. The approach has resulted in the identification of homogeneous subpopulations and their latent trajectory according to specific patient profiles
Evain, Timothée. "Nouvelles méthodes de segmentation en imagerie tomographique volumique à faisceau conique dentaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENST0066.
Full textCone-Beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the new standard imaging method for dental practitioners. The image processing field of CBCT data is still underdeveloped due to the novelty of the method and its specificities compared to traditional CT. With Carestream Dental as industrial partner, the first part of this work is a new semi-automatic segmentation protocol for teeth, based on shape and intensity constraints, through a graph-cut optimization of an energy formulation. Results show a good quality of segmentation with an average Dice coefficient of 0.958. A fully functional implementation of the algorithm has led to a software available for dentists, taking into account the clinical context leading to temporal and technical difficulties. A preliminary extension to multi-objects segmentation showed the necessity to get more stringent shape constraints as well as a better optimization algorithm to get acceptable computation times. The second part of this thesis, more prospective, is about the creation of a structural model of the maxillo-facial space, to formalize the a priori knowledge on organs and theirs spatial relations. This model is a conceptual graph where structures and relationships are seen as concepts. In particular, the spatial relations “Along” and “Aligned”, modeled in a fuzzy set framework, have been extended to 3D objects
Lubbe, Lizel. "Cloning and Expression of the M-Gene from the Human Coronavirus NL-63 in Different Expression Systems." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2721_1266364969.
Full textIn this study, the HCoV-NL63 genome was transcribed from RNA to DNA from which the M gene was amplified with various primers designed for use in specific expression systems. The various genes were cloned into the pGEM vector and confirmed by sequencing. The genes were now expressed in cloning vectors suited for each expression system (pFastBac for baculovirus expression, pFlexi for bacterial expression and pCMV for mammalian expression). Clones were sequenced for a second time. The recombinant clone in pFlexi was expressed in KRX cells and a 36hr time course was performed. The recombinant pFastBac clone was used to infect Sf9 insect cells and P1 and P2 viral stocks were obtained. The recombinant pCMV clone was used to transfect Cos1 mammalian cells.
Taherzadeh, Reza. "Seismic soil-pile group-structure interaction." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ECAP1096.
Full textDespite the significant progress in simple engineering design of surface footing with considering the soil-structure interaction (SSI), there is still a need of the same procedure for the pile group foundation. The main approach to solve this strongly coupled problem is the use of full numerical models, taking into account the soil and the piles with equal rigor. This is however a computationally very demanding approach, in particular for large numbers of piles. The originality of this thesis is using an advanced numerical method with coupling the existing software MISS3D based on boundary element (BE), green's function for the stratified infinite visco-elastic soil and the matlab toolbox SDT based on finite element (FE) method to modeling the foundation and the superstructure. After the validation of this numerical approach with the other numerical results published in the literature, the leading parameters affecting the impedance and the kinematic interaction have been identified. Simple formulations have then been derived for the dynamic stiffness matrices of pile groups foundation subjected to horizontal and rocking dynamic loads for both floating piles in homogeneous half-space and end-bearing piles. These formulations were found using a large data base of impedance matrix computed by numerical FE-BE model. These simple approaches have been validated in a practical case. A modified spectral response is then proposed with considering the soil-structure interaction effect
DAGANE, ISHAY. "Systeme darc-epios : elucidation structurale par rmn 13c. application du modele sous-structure/sous-spectre a la generation des structures." Paris 7, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA077265.
Full textFourel, Franck. "Modélisation, indexation et recherche de documents structurés." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004888.
Full textGallo, Yves. "Contribution aux méthodes de modifications structurales en dynamique : réanalyse modale de modèles enrichis, procédure modale combinée." Valenciennes, 1992. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/90d61773-5e5d-4e1d-b6a6-dc9a65a6d41f.
Full textMiner, andrew S. "Data structures for the analysis of large structured Markov models." W&M ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623985.
Full textDe, Antonio Liedo David. "Structural models for macroeconomics and forecasting." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210142.
Full textcentral debates in empirical macroeconomic modeling.
Chapter 1, entitled “A Model for Real-Time Data Assessment with an Application to GDP Growth Rates”, provides a model for the data
revisions of macroeconomic variables that distinguishes between rational expectation updates and noise corrections. Thus, the model encompasses the two polar views regarding the publication process of statistical agencies: noise versus news. Most of the studies previous studies that analyze data revisions are based
on the classical noise and news regression approach introduced by Mankiew, Runkle and Shapiro (1984). The problem is that the statistical tests available do not formulate both extreme hypotheses as collectively exhaustive, as recognized by Aruoba (2008). That is, it would be possible to reject or accept both of them simultaneously. In turn, the model for the
DPP presented here allows for the simultaneous presence of both noise and news. While the “regression approach” followed by Faust et al. (2005), along the lines of Mankiew et al. (1984), identifies noise in the preliminary
figures, it is not possible for them to quantify it, as done by our model.
The second and third chapters acknowledge the possibility that macroeconomic data is measured with errors, but the approach followed to model the missmeasurement is extremely stylized and does not capture the complexity of the revision process that we describe in the first chapter.
Chapter 2, entitled “Revisiting the Success of the RBC model”, proposes the use of dynamic factor models as an alternative to the VAR based tools for the empirical validation of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) theories. Along the lines of Giannone et al. (2006), we use the state-space parameterisation of the factor models proposed by Forni et al. (2007) as a competitive benchmark that is able to capture weak statistical restrictions that DSGE models impose on the data. Our empirical illustration compares the out-of-sample forecasting performance of a simple RBC model augmented with a serially correlated noise component against several specifications belonging to classes of dynamic factor and VAR models. Although the performance of the RBC model is comparable
to that of the reduced form models, a formal test of predictive accuracy reveals that the weak restrictions are more useful at forecasting than the strong behavioral assumptions imposed by the microfoundations in the model economy.
The last chapter, “What are Shocks Capturing in DSGE modeling”, contributes to current debates on the use and interpretation of larger DSGE
models. Recent tendency in academic work and at central banks is to develop and estimate large DSGE models for policy analysis and forecasting. These models typically have many shocks (e.g. Smets and Wouters, 2003 and Adolfson, Laseen, Linde and Villani, 2005). On the other hand, empirical studies point out that few large shocks are sufficient to capture the covariance structure of macro data (Giannone, Reichlin and
Sala, 2005, Uhlig, 2004). In this Chapter, we propose to reconcile both views by considering an alternative DSGE estimation approach which
models explicitly the statistical agency along the lines of Sargent (1989). This enables us to distinguish whether the exogenous shocks in DSGE
modeling are structural or instead serve the purpose of fitting the data in presence of misspecification and measurement problems. When applied to the original Smets and Wouters (2007) model, we find that the explanatory power of the structural shocks decreases at high frequencies. This allows us to back out a smoother measure of the natural output gap than that
resulting from the original specification.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lombard, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution à la réduction des modèles éléments finis par synthèse modale." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351693.
Full textUne nouvelle technique de synthèse modale est proposée: elle permet l'obtention de modèles réduits exempts de coordonnées de jonction. Ses performances sont comparées vis-à-vis des méthodes de sous-structuration classiques lors de la réduction de modèles de structures automobiles. Un modèle sous-structuré d'une caisse nue de véhicule de 450 000 ddl, présentant une forte connectivité, est condensé à 2000 ddl par cette méthode.
L'usage de transformations de coordonnées physiques avec la prise en compte des chargements appliqués est généralisé à l'ensemble des méthodes de réduction.
La robustesse des modèles réduits paramétrés est traitée ainsi que les techniques d'adaptation, par réductions multiplies, des données issues du modèle aux observations mesurées sur la structure dans des objectifs de recalage de modèle et d'optimisation de comportement.
Coursolle, Pierre-Yves. "A framework for locally structured spaces - application to geometric models of concurrency." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789652.
Full textThe usage of methods from Algebraic Topology in the study of concurrent processes was initiated in 1998. One of its key ingredient is the realization of precubical sets in the category of locally ordered spaces. Nevertheless, the formalization of the concept of a locally ordered space is not firmly set: various non-equivalent definitions have indeed appeared in the literature. This is a serious drawback, as we see in the third chapte, because the colimits of locally ordered spaces are extremely sensitive to seemingly anodyne modification in their definition. We end up with plethora of similar yet non-equivalent mathematical notions, all grounded on topology, intended to formalize the same idea.In this thesis, we design a unified framework to compare these notions. The key idea is to replace, for every set X, the powerset of X ordered by inclusion by a mere preordered set T(X). Intuitively, the members of T(X) are to be thought as parts of X endowed with an additional structure and we require that inclusions take these structures into account. Given T, we can define T-topological spaces and T-continuous maps by replacing the subsets by the members of the T(X) in the classic definitions of topological spaces and of continuous maps in terms of topological bases. By fixing the appropriate axioms on the T(X), we obtain a concrete category. We show that many standard notions of topology, like convergence, compactness, or initial topology, can be extended to this framework. Thus T is a kind of template which fix the form of the spaces associated to it, that is why such a T is called a topological theory.In the seventh chapter, we develop a natural generalization of Krishnan’s streams as T-topological spaces satisfying a simple additional stability property. Indeed, for a well choosen T, we recover standard streams
Atallah, Tarek. "Measuring the Transition toward Less Energy Intensive Economies : modeling Solutions for the Demand-Side." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED024.
Full textThe world is currently witnessing a transition in the energy scene that is significantly characterized by global economic growth dynamics, climate change negotiations and volatile energy prices. Rapidly evolving regulatory and macro-economic environments heavily impact on the demand-side of energy, forcing governments to acquire an ever-increasing set of quantitative tools to better assess the results of their taxation policies.This thesis addresses some of these issues by analyzing various facets of energy demand in order to generate sensible demand and price elasticities with real-life applications in sustainable energy management. For that purpose, a combination of cluster, decomposition and multiple econometric analysis is undertaken at global, regional and country-specific levels for households complemented by a policy analysis. A special focus is made on modeling consumer demand behavior for resource-rich economies of the Gulf Cooperation Countries, and the potential impact of removing residential electricity subsidies on the net societal welfare of Saudi Arabia
Besset, Sébastien. "Optimisation du comportement vibro-acoustique des structures à l'aide d'une synthèse modale généralisée." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2006. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/sbesset.pdf.
Full textModal synthesis methods are an efficient way of analyzing the dynamic behaviour of complex structures. The aim of this thesis is to generalize modal synthesis methods to allow the description of systems featuring acoustical cavities using specific modes. These modes are linked to the various elements resulting from a systemic approach to the problem. Thus, volume modes describe acoustical cavities, surface modes describe two-dimensional elements, and line modes describe the linear elements and singularities of the system. Structures considered in this report resemble those found in the automotive industry. Constituting elements are thus plates, shells, hollow parts and acoustic cavities. Concerning the hollow parts, a specific modal analysis method allows to take into account their structural form, using only a small number of degrees of freedom. The modal analysis methods described in this work can be used to optimize complex structures based on acoustical criteria. These criteria stem from the matrices appearing in the modal analysis process. They are linked to the pressure level in the acoustic cavities, and allow a separate analysis of the various “vibro-acoustical paths” responsible for the noise. First, the optimization is performed on the geometry of the hollow parts of the structure. Secondly, porous media are introduced on the plates constituting the structure, and the fluid-structure coupling method is adapted to take the resulting phenomena into account
Besset, Sébastien Jézéquel Louis. "Optimisation du comportement vibro-acoustique des structures à l'aide d'une synthèse modale généralisée." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/sbesset.pdf.
Full textBouka, Léonce-Yembi. "Structures phonologiques et structures prosodiques: le modèle bekwel." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212523.
Full textDöll, Carsten. "La robustesse de lois de commande pour des structures flexibles en aéronautique et espace." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ESAE0004.
Full textSetio, Herlien D. "Synthèse modale des structures assemblées : Extension aux cas non-linéaires et dissipatifs." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ECDL0020.
Full textKavaguchi, De Grandis Audrey. "La chèvre dans l’étude de la structure et des propriétés biomécaniques des tendons." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10319/document.
Full textTendons transmit muscles forces to bone and allow movement. It is a complexorganized tissue, composed by few cells and an extracellular matrix (collagen fibers, elasticfibers, and a ground substance. Fibers give to tendon its elastic characteristic and resistanceand ground substance its viscosity.Tendinopathy is a medical problem associated with sport, with a high morbidity whichaffects performance. It is an association of degeneration, pain, stiffness and local edema.Imaging can be used to quantify and qualify the changes in the morphology of the tendon.The tendon homeostasis and physiopathology remain poorly understood, but a change at theconnections of the fibrils, decreasing its strength.The purpose of this study is: development of surgical model of induced localtendinopathy in goats with clinical follow up transposable for humans and horses;development of a device to evaluate the mechanical properties of tendons, and demonstratethat the goat is a good experimental animal model for the study of tendinopathy. The studyhas been performed in 84 days with a clinical follow up, US imaging and tensile test.Goat is an ungulate easy to house and handle. The modified splitting allows easy andreproducible resection of some tendon fibers with an identifiable lesion in US imaging andclinical symptoms. The variability of mechanical behavior is not correlated with"macroscopic" aspects (weight, animal morphology or cross sectional area), thus reducing theeffective is difficult. However, our model appears in the state, can be used to evaluatetreatments for human and horse’s tendinopathy. The development of our model couldstrengthen its relevance
VIGLIETTI, ANDREA. "Low Fidelity and High Fidelity Structural Models for Hybrid Composite Aircraft Structures." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2710182.
Full textBodgi, Joanna. "Synchronisation piétons-structure : Application aux vibrations des passerelles souples." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004784.
Full textEl, Hussieny Ossama. "Modèle numérique de simulation du comportement au feu des ossatures métalliques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ECAP0076.
Full textArnst, Maarten. "Inversion of probabilistic models of structures using measured transfer functions." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECAP1037.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to develop a methodology for the experimental identification of probabilistic models for the dynamical behaviour of structures. The inversion of probabilistic structural models with minimal parameterization, introduced by Soize, from measured transfer functions is in particular considered. It is first shown that the classical methods of estimation from the theory of mathematical statistics, such as the method of maximum likelihood, are not well-adapted to formulate and solve this inverse problem. In particular, numerical difficulties and conceptual problems due to model misspecification are shown to prohibit the application of the classical methods. The inversion of probabilistic structural models is then formulated alternatively as the minimization, with respect to the parameters to be identified, of an objective function measuring a distance between the experimental data and the probabilistic model. Two principles of construction for the definition of this distance are proposed, based on either the loglikelihood function, or the relative entropy. The limitation of the distance to low-order marginal laws is demonstrated to allow to circumvent the aforementioned difficulties. The methodology is applied to examples featuring simulated data and to a civil and environmental engineering case history featuring real experimental data
Leonardis, Eleonora De. "Méthodes pour l'inférence en grande dimension avec des données corrélées : application à des données génomiques." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0033/document.
Full textThe availability of huge amounts of data has changed the role of physics with respect to other disciplines. Within this dissertation I will explore the innovations introduced in molecular biology thanks to statistical physics approaches. In the last 20 years the size of genome databases has exponentially increased, therefore the exploitation of raw data, in the scope of extracting information, has become a major topic in statistical physics. After the success in protein structure prediction, surprising results have been finally achieved also in the related field of RNA structure characterisation. However, recent studies have revealed that, even if databases are growing, inference is often performed in the under sampling regime and new computational schemes are needed in order to overcome this intrinsic limitation of real data. This dissertation will discuss inference methods and their application to RNA structure prediction. We will discuss some heuristic approaches that have been successfully applied in the past years, even if poorly theoretically understood. The last part of the work will focus on the development of a tool for the inference of generative models, hoping it will pave the way towards novel applications
Danwé, Raïdandi. "Une méthode simplifiée pour l'étude d'assemblage de structures." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DENS0010.
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