Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèles à facteurs latents'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Modèles à facteurs latents.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Mero, Gulten. "Modèles à facteurs latents et rentabilités des actifs financiers." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1G011.
Full textThis thesis aims at using latent factor models and recent econometric developments in order to obtain a better understanding of underlying asset risk. Firstly, we describe the various latent factor models currently applied to finance as well as the main estimation methodologies. We also present how financial and econometrical theories allow us to link statistical factors to economic and financial variables, hence facilitating their interpretation. Secondly, we use a cross-sectional approach in order to explain and interpret the risk profile of hedge fund and stock returns. Our methodology is consistent with statistical properties inherent to large samples as well as the dynamic properties of systematic risk. Thirdly, we model a market where prices and volumes are influenced by intra-day liquidity shocks. We propose a mixture of distribution model with two latent factors allowing us to capture the respective impacts of both information shocks and liquidity frictions. This model enables us to build a static stock-specific liquidity measure using daily data. Moreover, we extend our structural model in order to take into account dynamic properties of liquidity risk. In particular, we distinguish two liquidity issues : intra-day liquidity frictions and illiquidity events deteriorating market quality in a persistent manner. Finally, we use signal extraction modeling in order to build dynamic liquidity measures
Frichot, Eric. "Modèles à facteurs latents pour les études d'association écologique en génétique des populations." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS018/document.
Full textWe introduce a set of latent factor models dedicated to landscape genomics and ecological association tests. It includes statistical methods for correcting principal component maps for effects of spatial autocorrelation (spFA); methods for estimating ancestry coefficients from large genotypic matrices and evaluating the number of ancestral populations (sNMF); and methods for identifying genetic polymorphisms that exhibit high correlation with some environmental gradient or with the variables used as proxies for ecological pressures (LFMM). We also developed a set of open source softwares associated with the methods, based on optimized C programs that can scale with the dimension of very large data sets, to run analyses of population structure and genome scans for local adaptation
Tami, Myriam. "Approche EM pour modèles multi-blocs à facteurs à une équation structurelle." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT303/document.
Full textStructural equation models enable the modeling of interactions between observed variables and latent ones. The two leading estimation methods are partial least squares on components and covariance-structure analysis. In this work, we first describe the PLS and LISREL methods and, then, we propose an estimation method using the EM algorithm in order to maximize the likelihood of a structural equation model with latent factors. Through a simulation study, we investigate how fast and accurate the method is, and thanks to an application to real environmental data, we show how one can handly construct a model or evaluate its quality. Finally, in the context of oncology, we apply the EM approach on health-related quality-of-life data. We show that it simplifies the longitudinal analysis of quality-of-life and helps evaluating the clinical benefit of a treatment
Lu, Yang. "Analyse de survie bivariée à facteurs latents : théorie et applications à la mortalité et à la dépendance." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090020/document.
Full textThis thesis comprises three essays on identification and estimation problems in bivariate survival models with individual and common frailties.The first essay proposes a model to capture the mortality dependence of the two spouses in a couple. It allows to disentangle two types of dependencies : the broken heart syndrome and the dependence induced by common risk factors. An analysis of their respective effects on joint insurance premia is also proposed.The second essay shows that, under reasonable model specifications that take into account the longevity effect, we can identify the joint distribution of the long-term care and mortality risks from the observation of cohort mortality data only. A numerical application to the French population data is proposed.The third essay conducts an analysis of the tail of the joint distribution for general bivariate survival models with proportional frailty. We show that under appropriate assumptions, the distribution of the joint residual lifetimes converges to a limit distribution, upon normalization. This can be used to analyze the mortality and long-term care risks at advanced ages. In parallel, the heterogeneity distribution among survivors converges also to a semi-parametric limit distribution. Properties of the limit distributions, their identifiability from the data, as well as their implications are discussed
Proust-Lima, Cecile. "Modèles mixtes à structure latente pour donnéeslongitudinales multivariées hétérogènes :application à l'étude du vieillissement cognitif etde la démence." Phd thesis, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00192386.
Full textProust-Lima, Cécile. "Modèles mixtes à structure latente pour données longitudinales multivariées hétérogènes : application à l'étude du vieillissement cognitif et de la démence." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21373.
Full textThe aim of this work was to propose statistical models for longitudinal, heterogeneous and multivariate data in order to describe the cognitive evolution and its association with dementia in the elderly. A nonlinear model with a latent process was proposed in which latent cognitive evolution is described by a mixed model including a Brownian motion, and psychometric tests which measure cognition are linked to the latent cognitive process by nonlinear estimated transformations. We then extended this model to account for the heterogeneity of the cognitive declines. We proposed two nonlinear latent class models for describing the profiles of cognitive decline and their association with either the probability of dementia at a given time or the risk of dementia with time. In addition to the description of the cognitive declines associated with dementia, we proposed a tool for detecting a dementia according to cognitive evolution
Amoualian, Hesam. "Modélisation et apprentissage de dépendances á l’aide de copules dans les modéles probabilistes latents." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM078/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on scaling latent topic models for big data collections, especiallywhen document streams. Although the main goal of probabilistic modeling is to find word topics, an equally interesting objective is to examine topic evolutions and transitions. To accomplish this task, we propose in Chapter 3, three new models for modeling topic and word-topic dependencies between consecutive documents in document streams. The first model is a direct extension of Latent Dirichlet Allocation model (LDA) and makes use of a Dirichlet distribution to balance the influence of the LDA prior parameters with respect to topic and word-topic distributions of the previous document. The second extension makes use of copulas, which constitute a generic tool to model dependencies between random variables. We rely here on Archimedean copulas, and more precisely on Franck copula, as they are symmetric and associative and are thus appropriate for exchangeable random variables. Lastly, the third model is a non-parametric extension of the second one through the integration of copulas in the stick-breaking construction of Hierarchical Dirichlet Processes (HDP). Our experiments, conducted on five standard collections that have been used in several studies on topic modeling, show that our proposals outperform previous ones, as dynamic topic models, temporal LDA and the Evolving Hierarchical Processes,both in terms of perplexity and for tracking similar topics in document streams. Compared to previous proposals, our models have extra flexibility and can adapt to situations where there are no dependencies between the documents.On the other hand, the "Exchangeability" assumption in topic models like LDA oftenresults in inferring inconsistent topics for the words of text spans like noun-phrases, which are usually expected to be topically coherent. In Chapter 4, we propose copulaLDA (copLDA), that extends LDA by integrating part of the text structure to the model and relaxes the conditional independence assumption between the word-specific latent topics given the per-document topic distributions. To this end, we assume that the words of text spans like noun-phrases are topically bound and we model this dependence with copulas. We demonstrate empirically the effectiveness of copLDA on both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation tasks on several publicly available corpora. To complete the previous model (copLDA), Chapter 5 presents an LDA-based model that generates topically coherent segments within documents by jointly segmenting documents and assigning topics to their words. The coherence between topics is ensured through a copula, binding the topics associated to the words of a segment. In addition, this model relies on both document and segment specific topic distributions so as to capture fine-grained differences in topic assignments. We show that the proposed model naturally encompasses other state-of-the-art LDA-based models designed for similar tasks. Furthermore, our experiments, conducted on six different publicly available datasets, show the effectiveness of our model in terms of perplexity, Normalized Pointwise Mutual Information, which captures the coherence between the generated topics, and the Micro F1 measure for text classification
Guo, Liang. "Facteurs macroéconomiques et risque de crédit." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100024.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the impact of macroeconomic factors on credit risk. In this thesis, we use two types of models which allow us to exploit a great number of series. The first model refers to the Global VAR model (GVAR), developed by Pesaran and al. (2004). With the GVAR model, we consider a fictitious portfolio of 83 firms which cover 16 developed countries. We find that default rates increase significantly during the recession but do not drop so much during the expansion. In addition, we confirm the fact that the firms of good credit quality are less sensitive to the variations of the economic condition than those of poor quality. The second model is the dynamic factor model (FAVAR type, Factor augmented vector autoregression model), proposed by Stock and Watson (2005). We have two empirical applications, respectively in United States and in the Euro area. We find the common factors explain slightly the firms’ default rates. This reultat shows a great advantage of the diversification strategy. Moreover, we find that the factor the most explanatory for the default rate is the one related to real activity, such as production and employment. Another important explanatory factor, is the one associated to stock indexes. Finally, we find that the contribution of the interest rate shock to default rates remains limited. The subprime crisis is thus not caused by the changement of federal fund rates
Tadde, Oladédji bachirou. "Modélisation dynamique des sphères anatomique, cognitive et fonctionnelle dans la maladie d’Alzheimer : une approche par processus latents." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0306/document.
Full textIn public health, the study of the progression of a chronic disease and its mechanisms may require the joint modeling of several longitudinal markers and their dependence structure. Modeling approaches exist in the literature to partially address these modeling objectives. But these approaches become rapidly numerically expensive and difficult to use in some complex diseases involving latent, dynamic and multidimensional aspects, such as in Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this thesis was to propose an innovative methodology for modeling the dynamics of several latent processes and their temporal influences for the purpose of causal interpretations, from repeated observations of continuous Gaussian and non Gaussian markers. The proposed latent process approach defines a structural model in discrete time for the latent processes trajectories and an observation model to relate longitudinal markers to the process they measure. In the structural model, the initial level and the rate of change of individual-specific processes are modeled by mixedeffect linear models. The rate of change model has a first order auto-regressive component that can model the effect of a process on another process by explicitly accounting for time. The structural model as defined benefits from the same causal interpretations as the models with differential equations (ODE) of the mechanistic approach of the causality while avoiding major numerical problems. The observation model uses parameterized link functions to handle possibly non-Gaussian continuous markers. The consistency of the ML estimators and the accuracy of the inference of the influence structures between the latent processes have been validated by simulation studies. This approach, applied to Alzheimer’s disease, allowed to jointly describe the dynamics of hippocampus atrophy, the decline of episodic memory, the decline of verbal fluency, and loss of autonomy as well as the temporal influences between these dimensions in several stages of Alzheimer’s dementia from the data of the ADNI initiative
Balikas, Georgios. "Explorer et apprendre à partir de collections de textes multilingues à l'aide des modèles probabilistes latents et des réseaux profonds." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM054/document.
Full textText is one of the most pervasive and persistent sources of information. Content analysis of text in its broad sense refers to methods for studying and retrieving information from documents. Nowadays, with the ever increasing amounts of text becoming available online is several languages and different styles, content analysis of text is of tremendous importance as it enables a variety of applications. To this end, unsupervised representation learning methods such as topic models and word embeddings constitute prominent tools.The goal of this dissertation is to study and address challengingproblems in this area, focusing on both the design of novel text miningalgorithms and tools, as well as on studying how these tools can be applied to text collections written in a single or several languages.In the first part of the thesis we focus on topic models and more precisely on how to incorporate prior information of text structure to such models.Topic models are built on the premise of bag-of-words, and therefore words are exchangeable. While this assumption benefits the calculations of the conditional probabilities it results in loss of information.To overcome this limitation we propose two mechanisms that extend topic models by integrating knowledge of text structure to them. We assume that the documents are partitioned in thematically coherent text segments. The first mechanism assigns the same topic to the words of a segment. The second, capitalizes on the properties of copulas, a tool mainly used in the fields of economics and risk management that is used to model the joint probability density distributions of random variables while having access only to their marginals.The second part of the thesis explores bilingual topic models for comparable corpora with explicit document alignments. Typically, a document collection for such models is in the form of comparable document pairs. The documents of a pair are written in different languages and are thematically similar. Unless translations, the documents of a pair are similar to some extent only. Meanwhile, representative topic models assume that the documents have identical topic distributions, which is a strong and limiting assumption. To overcome it we propose novel bilingual topic models that incorporate the notion of cross-lingual similarity of the documents that constitute the pairs in their generative and inference processes. Calculating this cross-lingual document similarity is a task on itself, which we propose to address using cross-lingual word embeddings.The last part of the thesis concerns the use of word embeddings and neural networks for three text mining applications. First, we discuss polylingual document classification where we argue that translations of a document can be used to enrich its representation. Using an auto-encoder to obtain these robust document representations we demonstrate improvements in the task of multi-class document classification. Second, we explore multi-task sentiment classification of tweets arguing that by jointly training classification systems using correlated tasks can improve the obtained performance. To this end we show how can achieve state-of-the-art performance on a sentiment classification task using recurrent neural networks. The third application we explore is cross-lingual information retrieval. Given a document written in one language, the task consists in retrieving the most similar documents from a pool of documents written in another language. In this line of research, we show that by adapting the transportation problem for the task of estimating document distances one can achieve important improvements
Taib, Asmâa. "Le modèle à trois facteurs de Fama et French revisité." Toulouse 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU10002.
Full textThis thesis deals with the relation between stock returns and risk within the framework of the three factor model of Fama and French (1993). The aim of this research is to substitute Size and Book-to-Market ratio in the model by more relevant specific variables related to operating costs and debt. We think that systematic risk depends upon three risk factors : business risk, operating risk and financial risk. The business risk refers to the intrinsic risk of the firm likely captured by the stationary estimated beta of the CAPM. The other sources of risk are probably fluctuant. We show that they could be captured by two easily measured variables: Sales-to-Price ratio and Debt-to-Equity ratio. The specified model joints the principal factor of risk, beta, to the additional risk measured by the two hypothesized ratios. Our model is compared to the model of Fama and French and to the CAPM on the French stock market. Many empirical tests using time series and cross-section regressions are proposed from July 1991 to June 2004. Our three factor model is well-specified. It does a good job explaining common variation in stock returns and cross-section of average returns
Wabenga, James Yango. "Les facteurs démographiques comme déterminants des soldes extérieurs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30932/30932.pdf.
Full textThis thesis develops a dynamic general equilibrium model to analyze the impacts of the demographic factors on the external balance of countries. The model of Gertler [1999] is generalized in an international economy including two economic zones, the first one representing the developed countries, with an ageing population, and the other one including the developing countries, having a young population. The results of the simulations reveal that the rate of savings of a country depends on the structure of age of his population. The developing countries have a high rate of savings while developed countries have a low rate of savings. As a consequence, the model predicts that developing countries have an external balance surplus coupled with the debts and developed countries have an external balance deficit.
Grosjean, Nicolas. "Séparation des variables et facteurs de forme des modèles intégrables quantiques." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00854395.
Full textPegoraro, Fulvio. "Modèles à facteurs en temps discret pour la valorisation d'actifs financiers." Paris 9, 2006. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2006PA090063.
Full textThe general purpose of this thesis is to propose a discrete time dynamic modelling of several financial asset and commodity prices : stock options, zero-coupon bonds, coupon bonds, interest rate derivatives (swaps, caps, floors, options on zero-coupon), forward and futures contracts written on financial assets or commodities, options on forward and futures. These models can be applied to price derivatives, to forecast asset prices and returns, or to build hedging strategies. The proposed models are characterized by the following important common features : the definition of the factors, the specification of the historical factor dynamics, the introduction of a Stochastic Discount Factor, the imposition of absence of arbitrage restrictions, the derivation of the risk-neutral dynamics and asset pricing formulas, and the statistical inference on model parameters
Doz, Catherine. "Econométrie des modèles à facteurs dynamiques et exemples d'applications en macroéconomie." Paris 9, 1998. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1998PA090071.
Full textMayuto, Radjabu. "Facteurs d'influence sur l'intention entrepreneuriale des immigrants : vers un modèle intégrateur." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68541.
Full textIn the globalized economy, migration as a new development tool is one of the new paradigmsin which entrepreneurship actors play an important role. Among them, immigrants play asignificant role in host countries. Changes in the context of globalization are fostering the need for a deeper understanding of the complexity of immigrants’ entrepreneurial processand behavior. The overall objective of this thesis is to show that specificity of the determinants of immigrants’ entrepreneurial emergence depends on their individual characteristics and those of host environments. To achieve this overall objective, a sub-objective is chosen per article among the three that make up this thesis. In the first article, it was a question of developing a synthesis and an integrative conceptual framework of the sub-fields of study of the immigrant entrepreneurial activity sets. In the second article, we proceeded to generate a theory for an entrepreneurial intention model that fits with the international reality of immigrants. In the third article, we assessed the effect of key determinants on the entrepreneurial intention of immigrants. Results and contributions include the identification of four subfields of study and four factor levels that explain the entrepreneurial process (individual, ethnic group, business and environmental characteristics), understanding entry into entrepreneurship implies that the immigrant has a cognitive ability subject to assessing perceived constraints and opportunities in terms of perceived risk, the use of structural equations model allowed us to highlight the distance of entrepreneurial culture as a perceived feasibility reducer, while entrepreneurship institutional support should act as its amplifier in order to maximize entrepreneurial intention (for the ultimate act).
Decreux, Yvan. "Analyse des effets de l'ouverture commerciale sur les rémunérations des facteurs en Tunisie." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010014.
Full textNassiri, Abdelhak. "Sortie du chômage et accès aux stages : une recherche économétrique de facteurs d'hétérogénéité." Toulouse 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU10038.
Full textThe central theme of the paper is the study of the transition from unemployment to public policy employment measures in the French labour market. The statistical approach used is based on competing-risks duration models, with the two exiting states being employment and training course-jobs created by public policy measures. Nonparametric methods are also used to estimate specific hazard functions from unemployment to each of these two states. Throughout this study, we have dealt with three difficulties: (1) taking into account observable as well as unobservable heterogeneity in a sample of French unemployed workers; (2) minimizing the impact of parametric hypotheses on the functional forms of the model; (3) rejecting the hypothesis about the independence of the competing risks. This enables us to get knowledge of the factors determining the process of exit from unemployment, and particularly of the transition from unemployment to training course-jobs versus other jobs. The main result highlights employers' "deviant" interpretation of public policy employment measures designed, a priori, to help unemployed workers. Indeed, the measures do primarily intended to favour young people, since they are the most risky to unemployment, and particularly the long-term unemployed. However, incorporating additional individual characteristics like educational background and qualification
Beaudoin, Marc-Olivier. "Skymions q-BPS : facteurs de forme électromagnétiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24867.
Full textBarrette, Benoit. "Facteurs cellulaires et moléculaires influençant la régénération axonale dans les systèmes nerveux central et périphérique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20332.
Full textLes réponses cellulaires et moléculaires qui sont mises en place après une lésion de la moelle épinière et des nerfs périphériques diffèrent. Les processus de réparation qui veillent à rétablir l’intégrité tissulaire favorisent la régénération axonale seulement dans le système nerveux périphérique (SNP) lésé. Des inhibiteurs associés aux débris de myéline exerceraient un blocage de la repousse axonale dans le système nerveux central (SNC) lésé. L’objectif de cette étude visait, dans un premier temps, à répertorier et à mesurer l’expression génique des récepteurs connus de ces inhibiteurs dans toutes les régions encéphaliques de la souris avant et à la suite d’une contusion de la moelle épinère. Les résultats démontrent que les expressions des récepteurs NGR1, NGR2 et LINGO-1 sont les plus importantes et disséminées dans tout le cerveau. L’expression du co-récepteur p75NTR est plus restreinte, mais détectable dans certaines voies surpra-spinales, tandis que l’expression de TROY est presque inexistante. L’expression de ces récepteurs ne varie pas suivant un traumatisme de la moelle épinière au niveau thoracique. À l’opposé, les débris de myéline sont rapidement neutralisés par les cellules immunitaires dans le SNP lésé, ouvrant la voie à la régénération axonale. Pour évaluer la corrélation possible entre la régénération axonale et le recrutement des cellules immunitaires, nous avons étudié la repousse des axones du nerf sciatique chez la souris transgénique CD11b-TKmt-30 dans laquelle des traitements au ganciclovir entraînent la mort des cellules myéloïdes, normalement recrutées au site de lésion et dans le segment nerveux distal. Les résultats indiquent qu’en diminuant l’apport en cellules immunitaires myéloïdes (CD11b+), le rétablissement des fonctions sensori-motrices est compromis et associé à une absence de régénération axonale, une accumulation des débris de myéline, une déprivation en neurotrophines et à une déstablilisation de la vasculature et/ou une inhibition de l’angiogénèse. Ainsi, les cellules immunitaires (CD11b+) sont requises pour supporter la régénération axonale par de multiples mécanismes. En contrepartie, les cellules immunitaires ont un accès restreint au SNC ce qui abrogerait la régénération des voies supra-spinales lésées par l’action des inhibiteurs associés à la myéline reconnaissant leur récepteur à la surface des cônes de à croisssance.
The cellular and molecular responses that are activated after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries are quite distinct. These processes help restore tissue integrity and facilitate axonal regeneration in the injured peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the injured central nervous system (CNS), axonal regrowth is believed to be prevented by several myelin-associated inhibitors. The goal of this study is to examine and measure mRNA expression for the most studied myelin-associated inhibitors in the brain before and after a spinal cord contusion. Results show that NGR1, NGR2 and LINGO-1 are widely expressed throughout the mouse brain. In contrast, the co-receptor p75NTR is more specifically expressed in neuronal descending pathways from the brainstem, whereas TROY mRNA expression is absent. Notably, expression for these receptors was not modulated after trauma. Because myelin debris are efficiently cleared by immune cells after PNS lesion, axonal regeneration can proceed. To prove the link between axonal regeneration and the recruitment of immune cells, we have studied sciatic nerve regeneration in the CD11b-TKmt-30 transgenic mouse model in which the recruitment of myeloid cells is severely impeded by ganciclovir treatments. Results demonstrate that depletion of myeloid CD11b+ cells leads to severe deficits in recovery of sensory-motor functions that are associated with axonal regeneration failure, myelin debris accumulation, decrease of neurotrophin expression, and vascular destabilization and/or angiogenesis inhibition. Thus, CD11b+ myeloid cells are required to stimulate axonal regeneration via multiple mechanims. These results also suggest that the limited access of immune cells in the injured CNS could be, at least partly, responsible for the lack of regeneration of central axons.
Ji, Zhi Ping. "Transport combiné ou transport routier? : étude des facteurs de choix entre deux systèmes de transport intérieur de fret." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENPC9423.
Full textNoureux, Sylvie. "Facteurs de croissance issus du cerveau : purification, stabilité, interactions avec héparine et molécules modèles." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112104.
Full textNGuema, Ondo James. "Les rendements boursiers et l'importance des facteurs de risque macroéconomiques canadiens." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26220.
Full textSaidane, Mohamed. "Modèles à Facteurs Conditionnellement Hétéroscédastiques et à Structure Markovienne Cachée pour les Séries Financières." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00089558.
Full textLourdault, Kristel. "Apport des modèles animaux pour la caractérisation de facteurs de virulence chez les leptospires." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077187.
Full textLeptospirosis is a Worldwide zoonosis, due to pathogenic leptospira strains. Virulence factors of leptospira are largely unknow because of the lack of genetic tools and because leptospira are poorly transformable. Recently, random transposon mutagenesis has been developed for pathogenic strains and a library with more than 1 000 mutants had been obtained. Beause the use of animal models is necessary to improve our understanding of virulence, we first assessed the kinetics of leptospira infection in the guinea pig model by quantitative PCR. Quantitative PCR was adapted to other susceptible animal models such as hamsters and gerbils and the reservoir model rats. We compared the susceptibility of animal models to pathogenic strains and gerbils have been choosen to study virulence of mutants. A clpB mutant had been obtained by random mutagenesis in a pathogenic strain of leptospira. We have shown that ClpB, a chaperone protein, is involved in leptospiral growth, in vitro thermic and oxidative stress resistance and in virulence in animal models. LigA and LigB are surface exposed lipoproteins. Competition experiments with ligA and ligB mutants have shown that LigB is involved in virulence and LigA in in vitro growth. LigB mutant shows a multiplication and dissemination defect when it is co-infected with the wild type strain. This work will help us to better understand the pathogenesis of leptospira
Molay, Eric. "Modélisation empirique de la rentabilité : le modèle à trois facteurs, une alternative au modèle de marché ?" Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32064.
Full textThe more and more widely use of the Fama and French three-factor model (1993) in academic literature confirms researcher's interest in this empirical model. This research contributes to the empirical validation of pricing models on the French stock market and a better understanding of the French investors'behaviour. Besides, the debate concerning about the three-factor model is still open. By confirming its sound descriptive ability in assessing stocks returns on a market other than the American one, this study provides partial answer to the critical views on the reliability of empirical tests on a single sample. The cross-sectional study renews the view on the cross-sectional relation between the expected returns and various factors including coefficient beta. .
Gbagbeu, Vramah Serge Marius. "Analyse des facteurs explicatifs du commerce international de biens environnementaux : Utilisation de modèles de gravité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29719/29719.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of the present study is to analyze the determiners of the trade of goods generally and the environmental goods in particular from the models of gravity of type CES and Translog inspired by the works of Novy (2012). Our results of estimation from these two models allow to say on one hand that the impact of the explanatory variables is more important on the flow of trade when we use the model Translog but this impact is not uniform and on the other hand that this impact is more important on the trade of the environmental goods to compared with the flow of the exchanges of all the goods in a general way. Finally, the value of the coefficients of regression so that of the elasticity cost of the trade from the model Translog are in the neighborhood of the results of the empirical studies which served as reference frame.
Benoist, Guillaume. "Infection congénitale par le CMV : apport des modèles expérimentaux et étude des facteurs pronostiques anténataux." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3133.
Full textHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV) is part of the herpesviridae family. The perinatal infection that can result from this virus is the leading infectious cause of congenital malformation, mental retardation and deafness. About half the pregnant women in France are not immune to CMV. Vertical transmission of CMV is about 30%. Current resources enable doctors to diagnose CMV infection in pregnant women as well as in the fetus and newborn. Prognostic factors for CMV fetal infection are poorly understood. We were able to demonstrate the prognostic value of fetal blood sampling by showing that fetal thrombocytopenia was an independent predictor of symptomatic CMV infection and have confirmed the strong prognostic value of the existence of fetal ultrasound abnormalities. Furthermore, we demonstrated the benefit of practicing magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal brain in addition to an ultrasound examination in order to determine fetal brain abnormalities. These data enable us to refine and determining the prognosis of infected fetuses. We also assessed the replicative capacity of CMV strain AD169 on transformed cells extravillous cytotrophoblast HIPEC65. We have shown that CMV has a complete replicative cycle in this line that appears at least as permissive as the MRC5 cell system used for comparison, during the first week of culture. These results are original and show that this system is certainly very interesting to study the characteristics of placental infection with CMV
D'Amours, Martin. "Interactions des facteurs endothéliaux dans la sysfonction endothéliale en insuffisance rénale chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19022.
Full textRugishi, Muhindo G. "Modélisation des fluctuations macroéconomiques et comparaison des performances de modèles dynamiques d'équilibre général estimés : une approche par l'estimation bayésienne et les modèles à facteurs." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19318.
Full textKuntz, Emmanuelle. "Influence de facteurs de croissance d'origine gastro-intestinale et/ou tumorale sur le pancréas chez le rat diabétique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13032.
Full textDiabetes mellitus is due to a specific destruction of pancreatic beta cells secreting insulin (type 1 diabetes) or peripheric insuline resistance associated to a decreased beta cell mass (type 2 diabetes). Beta cell mass and secretory function could be improved by growth factors, including gastro-intestinal or tumoral factors. Cholecystokinin (CCK) or epiregulin could be candidates to improve pancreatic beta cell proliferation or secretory function. My work was to study the role of cholecystokinin and epiregulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetic animal models, and in insulinoma cell line (INS-1E, RINm5F). We have observed a dose-dependent trophic effect of CCK-8 on exocrine pancreas from diabetic rats. However,CCK-8 effects were reduced in the two models of diabetic rats due to a decreased sensitivity attributed to the loss of one binding site of CCK1 receptors. Furthermore, we have shown that CCK-8 exerts a proliferative effect on pancreatic beta cells from type 1 diabetic rats leading to an improvement on basal glucose levels. We have demonstrated that epiregulin stimulates INS-1E and RINm5F cell proliferation and enhances insulin secretion mediated by the activation of ErbB1 receptor
Muhindo, Gyenano Rugishi. "Modélisation des fluctuations macroéconomiques et comparaison des performances de modèles dynamiques d'équilibre général estimés : une approche par l'estimation bayésienne et les modèles à facteurs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24801/24801.pdf.
Full textThériault, Sébastien. "Prédiction précoce du risque de diabète gestationnel : développement de modèles combinant facteurs cliniques et marqueurs biochimiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30778/30778.pdf.
Full textThis project aims to develop an early risk-prediction tool for gestational diabetes (GDM). This is a case-control study from a prospective cohort including 7929 pregnant women recruited between 2005 and 2010 in the Quebec City metropolitan area. External validation of four predictive models proposed in the literature allowed the identification of clinical variables (including past history of GDM, body mass index and family history of diabetes) performing particularly well for the prediction of GDM requiring insulin therapy. An original model combining some of these clinical variables with three readily available biochemical markers (HbA1c, SHBG and hsCRP measured between 14 and 17 weeks of gestation) yielded area under the ROC curve of 0.90 and sensitivity of 72% at a false-positive rate of 10%. This project allowed the identification of predictive factors for GDM available early in pregnancy, which could improve the management of high risk women.
Laugier, Florence. "Développement de modèles de pré-mélanome : mise en évidence de facteurs impliqués dans l’initiation du mélanome." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC095.
Full textMelanoma is a skin or mucosal cancer induced by melanocytes transformation. It is the 8th most frequent cancer in France and unlike most cancers it is frequent in young adults. At a metastatic stage, the five-years overall survival is low (10% to 25 %). Currently, few treatments are available at this stage and many are subject to resistance. In a first part, we have studied the mechanisms regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in melanocytes and melanoma. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is involved in tell survival and proliferation. We have discovered a feedback mechanism involving mTORC2, which reactivated AKT following PI3K inhibition. Targeting several points of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was necessary to prevent this feedback mechanism and efficiently inhibit melanocyte proliferation. RICTOR, a protein of the mTORC2 complex, is involved in this feedback. We found frequent RICTOR locus amplification (43%) in melanoma and showed that RICTOR overexpression cooperated with NRAS oncogene to stimulate melanoma tell proliferation. In a second part, we have studied oncogenic properties of KIT, a receptor frequently altered in acral, mucosal and CSD (chronic sun damaged) melanoma. We have shown that moderate hypoxia (3% 02) cooperated with KIT L576P mutation to transform melanocytes. This cooperation involved MITF inhibition by hypoxia and HIF1a. Low MITF level induced a melanoma initiating cells (MIC) phenotype of the transformed cells. Finally, cAMP and MITF activators limited transformed melanocytes proliferation and MIC phenotype
La, Scola Bernard. "Etude des facteurs déterminant les formes cliniques de la fièvre Q par l'utilisation de modèles animaux." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/1999AIX20659.pdf.
Full textClénet, Florence. "Facteurs de variabilité de l'effet de substances anxiolytiques sur le labyrinthe en croix surélevé chez la Souris." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT30VS.
Full textAnimal models of anxiety such as the mouse elevated plus maze (EPM) are currently used to study drugs anxiolytic-like and anxiogenic-like effects. HG1 is a 5-HT-modulin antagonist, which shows an anxiolytic-like profile in the mouse four plate test, black and white box and EPM. HG1 mechanism of action in the mouse EPM implicates the GABA-ergic system and 5-HT1A/1B receptors. Fluvoxamine, paroxetine and citalopram show an anxiolytic-like profile in this test whereas sertraline has no effect and fluoxetine shows an anxiogenic-like profile. However, numerous experimental factors such as apparatus, conditions of housing, age, gender or developemental factors influence the sensitivity of the model towards GABA and serotonergic drugs and the reproductibility of the results. Our experiments focused on the influence of the light/dark cycle and the strain on the variability of anxiolytic drugs effects
Ali, Hussein. "Structure, contenu, fonctionnement et facteurs de contingence des systèmes d'information marketing dans les grandes entreprises." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010050.
Full textIn this research, we study the factors that influence the structure, the content and the function of marketing information systems in large companies. We found that the factors that have the most important influence on marketing information systems are : the company structure, the nature of its customers, the nature of its products and the level of internationalization of its activities. According to these factors, we present the characteristics and the model of marketing information systems in the following situations : centralized and decentralized companies, industrial and public companies, services companies, multinational companies
Somda, Serge Manituo Aymar. "Individualisation du suivi post-thérapeutique des patients traités du cancer en fonction des facteurs pronostiques et du type de rechute." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10042/document.
Full textThere still are open questions about the organization of the surveillance of patients who received treatment for cancer. Current practices are mainly based on expert recommendations. Little scientific evidence are found to confirm them. This thesis proposes a methodology to organize the post-therapeutic follow-up of patients treated for cancer. This follow-up will be individualized according to the patient’s characteristics. It will also be flexible and adapt to the characteristics of the disease, its severity and the expected types of recurrences. The first part considers the determination of the patient’s follow-up period. The cumulative incidence functions of the different recurrence types are modeled by a direct competing risks modeling approach. The second part proposes a methodology to determine the optimal visit dates. This approach involves modeling the dates of recurrence by a multi-state approach using a homogeneous Markov assumption. Finally, an algorithm is proposed to evaluate a post-therapeutic surveillance program. This algorithm simulates dynamic states transitions by a discrete events simulation approach. All models are based on the natural history of the disease
Hashmi, Reza. "Modèles de survie appliqués à la démence : modèle conjoint de marqueurs et d' événements." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20936.
Full textBennabi, Zouaoui Sid-Ahmed Amine. "Facteurs de contingence dans la mesure de satisfaction clients." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100098/document.
Full textEven if during the last twenty years the practice of barometric measurement of customer satisfaction has developed significantly among companies, the reliability of performance indicators derived from these measures has not necessarily been mastered. Satisfaction as a performance indicator is now accepted by managers however, its everyday use poses some issues, including those affecting the ability of barometric indicators to accurately assess performance. The theoretical question we address in this thesis is the study of the representation and the sensitivity of indicators of satisfaction which are affected by the existence of certain exogenous sources (demographic and geographic factors), which we refer to as contingency factors. Our research is based on the review of indicators of satisfaction when they are used as instruments for comparing shops: on a transverse view (comparison between management units) and another longitudinal view (changes in time indicators). Through three proposals, we have looked for a series of contingency factors on operating satisfaction indicators to know if the indicators fulfill their roles. To achieve the results, an explanatory theoretical framework for action of contingency factors and statistical analysis based on the methods of calculating fiducial-Bayesian importance were established. Data analyses are based on two satisfaction surveys: accumulations in terms of individuals interviewed in each barometer with 175 000 individuals in the first one and 40 000 individuals for each quarter (16 quarters are available) in the second one. The conclusion of our work shows the failure of the barometric satisfaction indicator to match the requirements of theperformance monitoring tools. The most important of these being the geographical contingency factors
Bourdillon, Nicolas. "Facteurs limitants de la consommation maximale d'oxygène en hypoxie aiguë : le rôle de la diffusion tissulaire." Paris 13, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA132021.
Full textNear InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a technique based on light diffusion through the living tissues. Muscle exploration is reported in terms of oxy and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations. The subjects, men and women, endurance trained or sedentary, performed multiple incremental tests in normoxia and at various levels of hypoxia (altitude from 1000 to 4500m). During each test, multiple parameters from the oxygen transport chain were monitored to evaluate the importance of tissue diffusion in the limiting factors of maximal oxygen consumption. Moreover, we identified the pulmonary and muscular diffusion coefficients for oxygen and computed a capillary recruitment coefficient building a mathematical model of oxygen transport. This work also lets us assess the composition of the NIBS signal in terms of arteriolar, capillary and venous blood. The greater decrease in peak oxygen consumption in athletes at altitude is mainly explained by the plateau found in the pulmonary but not muscular diffusion coefficient. NIRS showed that the muscle caracteristics of the trained subjects were closer from the sedentary ones at altitude, despite the greater capillary recruitment. We conclude that in acute hypoxia, athletes lose their advantage of adaptations to training due to a greater decrease in arterial oxygen content compared with sedentary subjects
Boyard, Chloé. "Facteurs environnementaux de variation de l'abondance des tiques Ixodes ricinus dans des zones d'étude modèles en Auvergne." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00930307.
Full textBoyard, Chloé. "Facteurs environnementaux de variations de l'abondance des tiques Ixodes ricinus dans des zones d'étude modèles en Auvergne." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21813.
Full textFlandrin-Le, Maire Gwénaëlle. "Les facteurs financiers dans le cycle économique : l'importance des effets de patrimoine pour les ménages et pour les entreprises." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010012.
Full textKouki, Slim. "An experiment on the parameter uncertainty of hydrological models with different levels of complexity in a climate change context." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26979.
Full textThe possibility to estimate the impact of climate change on the hydrological behavior of hydrosystems, the hydrological risks, and the associated resources is a necessity in order to anticipate the inevitable and necessary adaptations that must consider our societies. In this context, the doctoral project presents a study on the evaluation of the uncertainty of hydrological projections for the future climate when considering: (i) The non-robustness of hydrological model parameter identification, (ii) the use of several ensembles of equifinal parameter sets over a given calibration period and (iii) the use of different model structures for the hydrological model. To quantify the impact of the first source of uncertainty on the model outputs, four climatically contrasted sub-periods are first identified within the observed time series. The models are calibrated on each of these four periods, then generated outputs are analyzed on calibration and validation data. The calibration and validation tests were performed according to the configurations of four Different Split-sample Tests (Klemeš, 1986; Wilby, 2005; Seiller et al., 2012; Refsgaard et al., 2014). In order to study the second source of uncertainty related to the model structure, the equifinality of the parameter sets is taken into account by considering an ensemble of equifinal parameter sets for each sub-period calibration. Finally, to assess the third source of uncertainty, five hydrological models of different levels of complexity are applied (GR4J, MORDOR, HSAMI, SWAT, and HYDROTEL) on the watershed of the Au Saumon River (Québec, Canada).The three sources of uncertainty are assessed in the past observed period and in future climate conditions. Results show that, given the evaluation approach followed in this Ph.D. research, the use of different levels of complexity of hydrological models is the major source of variability in streamflow projections in future climate conditions for the five models tested. This is followed by the lack of robustness of parameter identification. The hydrological projections generated by an ensemble of equifinal parameter sets are close to those associated with the optimal set. Therefore, it seems that greater effort should be invested in improving the robustness of models for climate change impact studies, especially by developing more suitable model structures and proposing calibration procedures that increase their robustness. This work serves to provide a detailed response on our ability to make a diagnosis of the impacts of climate change on water resources of the Au Saumon watershed and proposes a novel methodological approach that can be directly applied or adapted to other hydro-climatic contexts.
Flageollet, Alexis. "Prévision de l'inflation et analyse des cycles économiques dans un environnement riche en données : une application des modèles à facteurs dynamiques à la zone euro." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100044.
Full textWe have implemented several modeling strategies which are consistent with specific issues of the euro area, i. E. : the increasing amount of information available for euro area as well as the main concerns of the European Central Bank. In this thesis, we have investigated whether it is worth exploiting a large and heterogeneous set of data in order to forecast inflation and extract the common economic fluctuations in the euro area. The recent developments in statistics have allowed us to apply factor models to a large number of non-stationary data. We have been mainly focusing on providing a methodological approach in order to distinguish common effects from specific country effects on the one hand and short run dynamics from long run dynamics on the other hand. Finally, we have compared the forecasting performances of factor models to several indicator models and to a smaller-dimension model based on economic theory
Véganzonès, Marie-Ange. "Du décollage au déclin : les facteurs de la croissance argentine au 20e siècle." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997IEPP0022.
Full textThis PhD dissertation analyses the factors of Argentina growth during the XXth century, in line with recent developments of growth theory. This work highlights that the slow-down of Argentina growth from world war ii can be partly attributed to the economic policy choices done during this period. It is shown that excessive import substitution strategy along with financial repression participate in the poor performances of the country. Similarly, the increase in public expenditures as well as of deficit, together with the lowering of public intervention efficiency, have an important part of responsibility in this result. Political and economical instability is furthermore identify as a factor of low growth. Finally, the worsening from the 60th of educational policy participates in the slow down of Argentina growth performances
Grundmann, Geneviève. "Dénitrification en sol de culture : définition des conditions imposées par les facteurs de l'environnement en vue de sa modélisation." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10037.
Full textLoinard, Céline. "Rôle des facteurs de transcription HIF et CHOP-10 dans le processus de néovascularisation post-ischémique." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P640.
Full textTherapeutic angiogenesis is viewed as a highly promising strategy to ensure revascularization of ischemic tissues by promoting the growth of new vessels or the maturation of pre-existing ones. First, we investigated whether inhibition of PHD via upregulating HIF might promote post-ischemic neovascularization. PHDs silencing induced a specific and transient downregulation of their respective mRNA and protein levels and as expected upregulated HIF-1a. As a consequence levels of pro-angiogenic and pro-arteriogenic actors were enhanced leading to activation of post-ischemic inflammatory response and neovascularization. Of interest, co-administration of shHIF-1a with shPHD3 abrogated shPHD3-related effects suggesting that activation of HIF-1a-dependent pathways mediated the pro-angiogenic effects of PHD silencing. Inhibition of PHD activated endogenous HIF-a signaling and subsequently promoted post-ischemic neovascularization. Second, we analyzed the role of CHOP-10 in postnatal neovascularization. In skeletal muscle and BM-MNC, CHOP-10 was upregulated by ischemia and diabetes. Neovascularization process was increased in nondiab and diab CHOP-10 KO mice. This effect was associated with a reduction in the number of apoptotic cells and an upregulation of eNOS levels. In line with these results, overexpression of CHOP-10 inhibited basal transcriptional activation of the eNOS promoter. Interestingly, enhanced post-ischemic neovascularization in CHOP-10 KO was fully blunted in CHOP-10/eNOS KO mice. This study identifies CHOP-10 as an important transcription factor modulating vessel formation and maturation
Dubois, Éric. "Économie politique et prévision conjoncturelle : construction d'un modèle macroéconométrique avec prise en compte des facteurs politiques." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010069.
Full text