Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèles de choix discret'
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Ghazouani, Samir. "Transport urbain à Tunis : analyse par les modèles de choix discret." Dijon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989DIJOE002.
Full textThe whole of this dissertation is concerned with three principal themes. At first, an analysis of fundamental concepts that help apprehension of urban transport problematic seemed needful. We keep in mind, essentially, factors that explain supply and demand of urban transport, working of transport system related to urbanization process, and special characteristics of urban transport in developing countries. Why this last point have been treated in a particular chapter? Because econometric analysis, principal purpose of this work, treat the case of third world's city (tunis). Before practical study, a descriptive report of urban transport in tunis is foregone, the objective of practical study consists to apply a new approach of econometric analysis to tunis. After detailed development of discrete choice models, an attempt consists to apply this kind of modelisation to explain urban travel demand in Tunis
Inoa-Peña, Ignacio. "Sur l’interdépendance entre localisation résidentielle et localisationprofessionnelle : modèles de choix discrets." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0792.
Full textThis thesis studies the interdependency between the choices of residential and workplace location. Issues such as the decision-making process, the accessibility to jobs, the geographical distribution of job types, and the spouses collective decision process, among others, are analyzed with discrete choice models. In this setting, we study the location decisions from two complementary points of view. (1) First, we study the interdependency between the two location choices without any within-household consideration. We develop a three-level nested logit model of residential and workplace location and study the effect of individual-specific attractiveness and accessibility (log-sum) measures. Results presented in the first chapter show that the individual-specific accessibility measure is an important determinant of the choice of residential location and its effect differs along the household life cycle. Additionally, the attractiveness of the types of employment is a better predictor of the workplace location than the usual total number of jobs. We analyze the evolution of the attractiveness and attractivity measures in the second chapter. (2) Second, we study the interdependency of residential location and workplaces within the household. This thesis contributes with a within-household bargaining process model of location decisions. As such, it applies the collectiveapproach à la Chiappori of household behavior to describe residential location choice of two-worker households. The last chapter develops and estimates a two-step structural model to disentangle bargaining powers from spouses' values of time. Results show that the nationalities of the couple, their education level, as well as the age difference between spouses play a crucial role in determining bargaining power
Diallo, Abdourahmane. "Théorie et estimation des modèles spatiaux à choix discret : application aux modèles d'occupation du sol en région PACA." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0167.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose and discuss some spatial discrete choice models that rely on the theory of random utility model, as well as some limit theorems. Although several estimation methods already exist - like likelihood maximization methods (LM) which consider ail the available information in the samples - we propose an approach by the generalized method of moments (GMM) to estimate the unknown parameters of these models. We start by recalling the theoretical results and estimate approaches of spatial discrete choice models that are going to be essential in the other chapters. In Chapter 2, we provide results of a central limit theorem in order to prove the consistency and the asymptotic normality of the estimators proposed in Chapters 3 and 4. The Chapter 3 extends KLIER and MCMILLEN's method in the case of a model that includes both a dependent variable and disturbances terms spatially lagged. Chapter 4 derives the multinomial case and panels data spatially lagged. Chapter 4 derives the multinomial case and panels data
Wiesel, Ehud. "Choix du transport commercial : un modèle de choix discret appliqué à la clientèle Thalys sur la liaison Paris-Bruxelles." Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7dc46cad-5219-4dd8-9181-dd6f36f6a4f5.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to decipher the choice-behaviour of clients and know their preference-systems. We seek to construct a concrete model, confronted with the real-life application that can explain the choice done by a client who wants to travel in the context of commercial transportation for intercity travel with compulsory reservation. Discrete choice theory is considered as modelling tool. Two delicate elements that appear in the implementation are the choice-set generation and the similarity among alternatives. The main source of information is the register of historic transactions. The choice-set of a client is not easily identifiable; the number of existing alternatives is very high and we only know which alternative was actually chosen. In addition, alternatives, share various aspects. We propose a multivariate extreme value model based on the available data that integrates latent classes. It takes account of transactions on the most detailed level and its implementation consists of several stages based on Marketing surveys and statistical estimation. The relevance of the model is emphasized via a case study that concerns the transactions made out during a one year period on a given link. Taking account of the network specificities we obtain estimators that we can interpret and that allow prediction of market-shares and price-elasticity evaluation. The obtained results, for different clients segments and periods of the year, are consistent and comparable with the real market-shares
Amegble, Koami Dzigbodi. "Tests non paramétriques de spécification pour densité conditionnelle : application à des modèles de choix discret." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25773.
Full textDans ce travail, nous étudions la performance statistique (taille et puissance) en échantillon fini de deux tests non paramétriques de spécification pour densité conditionnelle proposés par Fan et al. (2006) et Li et Racine (2013). Ces tests permettent de vérifier si les probabilités conditionnelles postulées dans les modèles de choix discret (logit/probit multinomial à effets fixes ou aléatoires, estimateur de Klein et Spady (1993), etc) représentent correctement les choix observés. Par rapport aux tests existants, cette approche a l’avantage d’offrir une forme fonctionnelle flexible alternative au modèle paramétrique lorsque ce dernier se révèle mal spécifié. Ce modèle alternatif est directement issu de la procédure de test et il correspond au modèle non contraint obtenu par des produits de noyaux continus et discrets. Les deux tests explorés ont une puissance en échantillon fini supérieure aux tests existants. Cette performance accrue s’obtient en combinant une procédure bootstrap et l’utilisation de paramètres de lissage des fonctions noyaux par validation croisée par les moindres carrés. Dans notre application, nous parallélisons les calculs de taille et de puissance, ainsi que l’estimation des fenêtres de lissage, sur un serveur multi-processeurs (Colosse, de Calcul Québec). Nous utilisons des routines "Open MPI" pré-implémentées dans R. Par rapport aux simulations effectuées dans les articles originaux, nous postulons des modèles plus proches de ceux habituellement utilisés dans la recherche appliquée (logit et probit à variance unitaire notamment). Les résultats des simulations confirment les bonnes taille et puissance des tests en échantillon fini. Par contre, les gains additionnels de puissance de la statistique lissée proposée par Li et Racine (2013) se révèlent négligeables dans nos simulations. Mots clés : Bootstrap, choix discret, densité conditionnelle, Monte Carlo, produit de noyaux, puissance, taille.
Bonnet, Odran. "Individual housing choices and aggregate housing prices : discrete choice models revisited with matching models." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0010.
Full textThe first two of the three chapters of this thesis examine the identification and the estimation of discrete choice models. The first chapter proves the equivalence between matching models and discrete choice models, and draws the consequences in terms of identification and estimation. The second chapter builds on the results of the first, and uses matching algorithms to estimate the marginal willingness to pay of households for various housing and neighborhood characteristics in Paris (such as school performance, crime level, distance to employment areas). The third chapter deals with another topic: it first shows that the recent rise in the capital-income ratio highlighted by Thomas Piketty in his book is due to the rise in housing prices, and it then explores the consequences in terms of wealth distribution
Semeshenko, Viktoriya. "Agents apprenant en intéraction : modèles, simulations et expériences." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0070.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is to model socio-economic systems composed of a large number of heterogeneous agents making binary choices. We study the impact of the social interactions and agents' learning capacities on the system's dynamics, using methods of Statistical Physics and numerical simulations. We characterize the equilibrium collective states as well as the conditions necessary for the existence of multiple Nash equilibria. We consider adaptive agents within a framework of repeated choices. We study various learning algorithms and two learning scenarios corresponding to different assumptions about the information available to the agents. Starting from different initial conditions we study the evolution of the system and determine the conditions that prevent reaching the social optimum. We test the theoretical predictions running experiments under various information conditions. The results are interpreted in terms of learning, by adjusting the parameters to the empirical data
Latouche, Karine. "La valorisation économique du bien-être animal : une application au cas du porc." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010052.
Full textLaurent, Reynald-Alexandre. "Choix probabiliste et différenciation par attributs." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00226419.
Full textMarkley, Sébastien. "Intégration de données spatiales dans la modélisation des choix discrets : applications aux modèles de comportements d'achats des ménages français." Toulouse 1, 2008. http://publications.univ-tlse1.fr/680/.
Full textThe thesis was done in collaboration with the BVA Institute, a survey company that hoped to develop techniques of forecasting French spending based on data sets from their own consumer surveys. We developed a Conditional Logit model in order to predict the large surface stores chosen by each household, and used imputation in order to predict the products they chose. Since store choice was insensitive to household characteristics, the use of home-store distances and the geographic characteristics of store neighbourhoods was essential to our predictions. In the first chapter, we present Logit Models in general, and describe the data that we use to apply our modelling techniques. In the second chapter, we explore how we adapt the Conditional Logit model to choices of stores. Due to the fact that a choice of store has too many alternatives for estimation to be tractable, we test several modifications of our model that either reduce the size of each choice set, or that result from random draws of the alternatives. Since traditional evaluation methods based on likelihood were inappropriate for comparing these different techniques, we developed a criteria based on the model calibration to choose the best estimation technique. In the third chapter, we present the results of our estimations on our sample, presenting the technique that shows the best trade-off between predictive accuracy and cost of use. In the last chapter, we look at the use of imputation in order to predict product choice based on store choice
Sanga, Dimitri Mwakapoya. "Estimation des modèles économétriques de choix discrets/continus avec choix polytomiques interdépendants, une approche par simulation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0016/NQ43114.pdf.
Full textBensa, Françoise. "La place des activités du consommateur sur le lieu de vente dans le processus d'achat : un essai de modélisation." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOE002.
Full textIt is surprising to see that few researches have been devoted to the decision process within the point of sale while marketing researchers are very interested in consumer behavior. However, due to the quantity of information that stores are likely to give, everything leads us to believe that this information is going to influence the consumer, to make them change their purchase intentions and discover new needs. In addition to the mental activities for processing of information, consumers develop physical and perception activities within the store. The aim of this research being to point out the value of analysis of what takes place within the point of sale, it is founded on opposition between the external and internal dimensions of the store, whether this concerns the theoretical analysis of litterature or of methodology. The theoretical analysis studies the cognitive and affective reactions of the consumer out-of-store and in-store. It will permit us to propose a theoretical model founded on the activities of the consumer in front of the shelves. As a matter of fact, our first objective is to analyse the observable differences between individuals as far as these activities are concerned. It may be possible to explain these differences by the influence of in-store variables and by individual characteristics of the consumer. The second objective consists in clarifying if the activities of the consumer in front of the shelves can be considered as mediatory variable between purchase and external and internal variables in the point of sale
Stolyarova, Elena. "Rénovation énergétique de l'habitat en France : analyse microéconométrique du choix des ménages." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM011/document.
Full textLittle research has been done to date on French households’ preferences for energy retrofits in the dwelling. However, the economic role of these choices is crucial for implementing an effective and realistic energy policy in the residential sector, both in terms of proposed aid and targets. Are households interested in retrofits with high energy-savings potential? How much are they willing to pay and is it sufficient to cover the up-front costs? How many households have no choice of heating system, and what is their profile?This work sets out to answer these questions empirically using discrete choice models. It starts by analyzing the technical, socio-demographic and spatial constraints that face households and create barriers to domestic energy choices. A method to detect household constraint is devised and applied to the choice of space heating system in 2006 and 2013. The second stage analyzes household preferences for heating equipment and retrofits. This second part is based on a discrete choice experiment specially carried out for this research among 2,000 households. This work sheds light on households’ preferences and heterogeneity, as well as their willingness to pay, the implicit discount rate and other economic impacts
Hounwanou, Sonagnon. "Pour une approche territoriale de la logistique urbaine : choix individuels de déplacement, localisation commerciale et impact sur l’environnement des flux de transport de marchandises en ville." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEM013.
Full textThe significance of shopping trips for a city is at least twofold. They are essential to supply households as they are critical for the retail sector viability. Despite, shopping trip flows are rarely taken into account while evaluating urban goods flows. Actually, urban goods flows are more often addressed in a transport operating perspective only. We noticed during these PhD works that there is another approach for urban logistics in the scientific literature. We call it the territorial approach because it introduces warehouses location and urban planning matters into urban logistics. But there still are several operating issues to address about this approach. That’s what we targeted during our reflections, investigating the before and the after of a relocation project of an important retail store from Saint-Etienne ‘city centre. The key contributions of our works are twofold. The data we collected first allowed us to develop and test a discrete choice modelling methodology making the link between retail location and individual shopping trips behaviours. Second, we suggest to link both upstream and downstream transport flows generated by a retail store and assess their environmental impacts. Then another question is emerging. Having the possibility to model the retail location choice of consumers, is it easier to compare the environmental impacts of both upstream and downstream flows generated by different commercial areas in the city?
Hammadou, Hakim. "Modélisation du choix modal voyageurs sur les déplacements longue distance : la valeur du temps." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50374-2001-35.pdf.
Full textArshakuni, Konstantin. "La genèse et la dynamique des nouvelles entreprises." Paris 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140388.
Full textGusarov, Nikita. "Performances des modèles économétriques et de Machine Learning pour l’étude économique des choix discrets de consommation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALE001.
Full textThis thesis is a cross-disciplinary study of discrete choice modeling, addressing both econometrics and machine learning (ML) techniques applied to individual choice modeling. The problematic arises from insufficient points of contact among users (economists and engineers) and data scientists, who pursue different objectives, although using similar techniques. To bridge this interdisciplinary gap, the PhD work proposes a unified framework for model performance analysis. It facilitates the comparison of data analysis techniques under varying assumptions and transformations.The designed framework is suitable for a variety of econometrics and ML models. It addresses the performance comparison task from the research procedure perspective, incorporating all the steps potentially affecting the performance perceptions. To demonstrate the framework’s capabilities we propose a series of 3 applied studies. In those studies the model performance is explored face to the changes in (1) sample size and balance, resulting from data collection; (2) changes in preferences structure within population, reflecting incorrect behavioral assumptions; and (3) model selection, directly intertwined with the performance perception
Denis, Marie. "Méthodes de modélisation bayésienne et applications en recherche clinique." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1T001.
Full textFor some years a craze for the methods of bayesian modelling was observed in diverse domains as the environment, the medicine. The studies in clinical research lies on the modelling mathematical and the statistical inference. The purpose of this thesis is to study the possible applications of such a modelling within the framework of the clinical research. Indeed, judgments, knowledge of the experts (doctors, biologists) are many and important. It thus seems natural to want to take into account all these knowledge a priori in the statistical model. After a background on the fundamental of the bayesian statistics, preliminary works within the framework of the theory of the decision are presented as well as a state of the art of the methods of approximation. A MCMC method with reversible jumps was organized in the context of models known well in clinical research : the model of Cox and the logistic model. An approach of selection of model is proposed as an alternative in the classic criteria within the framework of the regression spline. Finally various applications of the nonparametric bayesian methods are developed. Algorithms are adapted and implemented to be able to apply such methods. This thesis allows to advance the bayesian methods in various ways within the framework of the clinical research through several sets of data
Giroux, Amélie. "Modèle ICLV à noyau logit mixte : une application aux choix du type de service résidentiel pour les communications téléphoniques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24055/24055.pdf.
Full textLapparent, Matthieu de. "De la valeur du temps à la valeur du risque de perte en temps dans les transports : le cas des déplacements domicile-travail." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010017.
Full textHomocianu, George Marius. "Modélisation de l’interaction transport-urbanisme : choix résidentiels des ménages dans l’aire urbaine de Lyon." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22001/document.
Full textThe objective of the thesis is to propose a modeling of the residential behaviors of the households: the choice of change of residence (or removal), and the choice of the new location. This type of models aims at envisaging the probability that a household changes residence and its choice of new location, according to a certain number of explanatory variables. In our case, modeling is founded on the discrete choice theory (random utility approach). Research is based on the Lyons case, the model being built on the urban area of Lyon, on data of the year 1999. In terms of results, side of residential mobility, it should be retained that the variables which explain the variation of the degree of mobility (of the rate of removal) of the households are the age of head, the number of children and the statute of occupation of housing. With regard to the households location, the preferences of the households for a zone are related on the characteristics of those and particularly to accessibility on various opportunities and services, which confirms that among the factors which influence the location behavior of the households one finds accessibilities, and thus, the assumption of the existence of a relation between transport and land use. It was also found that the characteristics of the households like age of head, income or household size have an influence on their location choices. The study and the results of the models suggest that improvements and new directions of research are possible. Thus, on the side of residential mobility, there could be other variables which justify the housing change, like characteristics of the residence, residential environment or other characteristics of the households not observed. It would be also interesting to estimate the location model at a finer geographical level (îlot). Other alternatives of modeling of the residential decisions of the households would be to model a hierarchical structure of the choices, by a hierarchical or nested logit, or to model the life cycle, whit its components family, residential and professional, which are in interdependence (in condition of availability of necessary data)
Godbout, Claudia. "Étude du choix de localisation des immigrants au Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25861/25861.pdf.
Full textTerracol, Antoine. "Essais sur la perception des minima sociaux en France." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010043.
Full textPrieto, Marc. "Equipement des ménages et comportement de demande de produits differenciés : application des méthodes d'analyse des données et de choix discrets au cas de l'automobile en France." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUED003.
Full textIn the european context of automotive markets changes ( success of low cost vehicles and second hand markets) , this PhD dissertation deals with households' behaviour relative to motorisation and automobile demand. The analysis is carried out on data from market and household surveys. The households' motorisation is approached using data mining methods. After comparing motorisation in Europe, we use discriminant analysis to evaluate households characteristics which allow us to distinguish several households relative to car ownership. The automobile demand analysis concerns demand for segments according to vertical product differentiation. The repartition of demand for segments is the subject of a comparison between several european countries. Using econometric tools, we try to evaluate if demands for segments tend to converge in Europe. Discrete choice methods are used in order to evaluate households' demand for segments in France. We evaluate segment choice for new and used car sales. Changes in households' size, age and income are simulated to measure impacts on demand for several segments
Aissaoui, Hind. "Choix de localisation résidentielle des ménages en milieu urbain : les apports récents des modèles de choix discrets en présence d'un nombre élevé d'alternatives." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2093/document.
Full textThis thesis, focusing on the choice of residential location, is based on the theoretical framework of urban micro-economy and random utility. Though discrete choice modelling is the most appropriate in this field, the difficulty lies in choosing the appropriate model to the spatial context of residential location choice (spatial autocorrelation, large number of alternatives), on the one hand, and in the way of defining the spatial scale, on the other hand. For this purpose, we proceeded in two stages. We estimated a multinomial logit with random sampling of alternatives to understand the process of residential location choice before taking into account the spatial autocorrelation, and estimating a nested logit model. It also allowed to investigate the feasibility of applying a new method to correct biases of sampling alternatives in the case of nested logit model. In terms of results, we have shown that social environment are the most important determinants of residential location choice. Though job accessibility still weigh on household choice decision. In terms of methodology, we were able to test the feasibility of estimating a nested logit model with sampling of alternatives to analyze the choice of location of Lyon urban area. However, we could not overcome the difficulty of distinguishing spatial autocorrelation from nesting. The use of 1999 and 2007 databases to model residential location choice also helped to provide answers on the temporal transferability of location choice models and discuss in future work the predictive power of a location choice model
Bourdon, Marie-Bénédicte. "Analyse des substitutions entre énergies dans le secteur résidentiel." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOE008.
Full textHere we first make an attempt for identifying factors which have an impact on demand for energy in home. In a first step, we analyse , over the last decades, the intensity of energy use of various technical possibilities of supplying energy. Focusing the analyse on home appliances and various types of heating equipment we present a retrospect view on the dynamics of household energy demand. I a second step we introduce an econometric modelling process dealing on substitution between various types of energies. Starting with a "translog" model, we find more accurate predictive confidence intervals through a bootstrap process. At this level we must take in account the imperfect condition by which the energy market is ruled ; thus as validation a discrete choice model is tested that reveals a tendency toward complementary rather than substitution effects. Finally a forecast analysis is used to predict house heating units in year 2020
Pencolé, Yannick. "Diagnostic décentralisé de systèmes à évènements discrets : application aux réseaux de télécommunications." Rennes 1, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003581.
Full textYaméogo, Nadège-Désirée. "Analyse de la demande résidentielle d'électricité à partir d'enquêtes indépendantes : correction de biais de sélection et d'endogénéité dans un contexte de classes latentes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19745.
Full textLaroche, Pierre. "Processus décisionnels de Markov appliqués à la planification sous incertitude." Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0012_LAROCHE.pdf.
Full textMaini, Jean-Luc. "Vectorisation, segmentation de schémas éléctroniques et reconnaissance de composants." Le Havre, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LEHA0008.
Full textOuaras, Hakim. "Contribution à la modélisation de l'intégration Transport-Occupation du sol et évaluation de projets d'investissement dans une optique du développement durable." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CERG0540/document.
Full textModeling is used to predict the future behavior of different phenomena. In urban planning it is also used to help planners to cope with multiple challenges of urban planning. The urban system is so complex that it is impossible to accurately predict the behavior of different agents. The urban economics has attempted to provide some explanation, but still not sufficient to identify all interactions between the different agents. The purpose of my thesis is within the framework of this subject. It is structured into two parts. In the first one we discuss the modeling of land use/Transport interactions, a study at a microscopic level. The second is the analysis of pollutant emissions and transport project assessment in the context of sustainable development. The latter is processed at a more aggregated level. We apply our models to Île-de-France region.In the first part we proceed by linking two softwares, a land use model (UrbanSim) and a transport model (METROPOLIS), to create an integrated system LUTI (Land-Use and Transport Interaction).The behavior of agents is intercepted through estimates. For that estimation is performed, such as: household location, employment location, urban projects location and the rent and selling prices of housing. The system is calibrated on data from Census 2006. The application is carried out on two levels of geographical units; the first one is a gridcell of 500 x 500 meters and the second in administrative zoning municipalities.In the second part, we were interested in the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in transport and a study of economic and environmental efficiency of the Seine-Nord Europe project. Indeed, in the context of French politics to fight against greenhouse gas emissions, modal shift from polluting modes of transport to clean modes is encouraged. This is the case of the project SNE, in which the authorities hope a modal shift from road to inland waterways. Its aim is to extend the use of this canal to wide-gauge barges. As it stands, the canal allow access only to narrow gauge barges, with load not exceeding 600 tones. Our aim is to perform a cost-benefit analysis for this extension by introducing a stochastic dimension to the function of demand and energy price
Zorgati, Sofiene. "Estimation mixte généralisée de la demande d'électricité résidentielle au Québec une approche par les modèles de choix discrets." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq21843.pdf.
Full textMariko, Mamadou. "Qualité des soins et demande des services de santé : application des modèles à choix discrets pour Bamako (Mali)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF10206.
Full textWith the 1980’s financial crisis which gas aggravated the poor economic trends and budget cuts in the health sector, policy makers in many developing countries have been constrained to introduce user fees. The main lesson to date from experiences in cost recovery is that without visible and fairly immediate improvements in the quality of care provided, increasing demand will not support the implementation of user fees. To examine the role of quality of health care in the utilization of health services, recent studies have been shown some limitations in that the measures of quality have been restricted at only structural attributes (drugs, equipment, number and qualifications of staff, and so on). While these attributes are necessary, they are not sufficient to increase the demand. One of the originalities of this study is that it considers also process attributes of quality of care to analyze simultaneously the influence of price and quality on health care demand. A nested multinomial logit (NML) is used to study the choice between six alternatives (no modern consultation, informal modern practitioner, public hospital, public dispensary, profit facility and non-profit facility). The estimations of this model are based on data from 984 patients in 1191 households and data from a stratified random sample of 42 facilities out 84 facilities identified. The results indicate that omitting attributes of process of care from the demand model leads to biased estimates of the price effect as well as the impact of some structural attributes of the quality (for instance, the number of practitioner). The simulations suggest the any government program which emphasizes regular supplying of generic drugs (less expensive), and training and sensitization of medical personnel to improve process quality in facilities would increase considerably the demand in spite of increasing user fees
Vermaut, Alexis. "Concentration spatiale des activités économiques at spécialisation des territoires : approche théorique et application aux régions et zones d'emploi françaises." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50374-2003-15.pdf.
Full textEspinoza, García Juan Carlos. "Robust optimization for discrete structures and non-linear impact of uncertainty." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, Ecole supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESEC0004/document.
Full textWe address decision problems under uncertain information with non-linear structures of parameter variation, and devise solution methods in the spirit of Bertsimas and Sim’s Γ-Robustness approach. Furthermore, although the non-linear impact of uncertainty often introduces discrete structures to the problem, for tractability, we provide the conditions under which the complexity class of the nominal model is preserved for the robust counterpart. We extend the Γ-Robustness approach in three avenues. First, we propose a generic case of non-linear impact of parameter variation, and model it with a piecewise linear approximation of the impact function. We show that the subproblem of determining the worst-case variation can be dualized despite the discrete structure of the piece-wise function. Next, we built a robust model for the location of new housing where the non-linearity is introduced by a choice model, and propose a solution combining Γ-Robustness with a scenario-based approach. We show that the subproblem is tractable and leads to a linear formulation of the robust problem. Finally, we model the demand in a Location Problem through a Poisson Process inducing, when demands are uncertain, non-linear structures of parameter variation. We propose the concept of Nested Uncertainty Budgets to manage uncertainty in a tractable way through a hierarchical structure and, under this framework, obtain a subproblem that includes both continuous and discrete deviation variables
Baillif, Clarisse. "L'impact du salaire anticipé sur les choix d'études et son rôle dans les inégalités sociales d'orientation en France : une analyse empirique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL12010.
Full textThe thesis provides an empirical analysis on the impact of incomes on study choices in France. We focus on men and women educational guidance's when they start high school and after they have obtained French high school diploma (le baccalauréat). Following Montmarquette et al. (2002), we construct a model which incorporates the probabilities of failure to complete an educational stage and we assume that study choices depends on global expected earnings, i.e. incomes for degrees weighed on probabilities of completing them. ln addition, we take into account the option value of degrees, the opportunity cost and the unemployment probabilities. Moreover, the perceived probabilities of success are corrected for the selectivity bias. Different results emerge from this work: first, global expected earnings have a significant and positive impact on study choices at both stages, for both male and female students. Social background is also an important determinant for the choice of study. The extent to which social inequalities with respect to field of study is due to income expectations is also assessed in this work (Goux et Maurin, 2001-b). The results show that the so-called 'income' effect of social background is inconsiderable and contributes very little to accounting for social inequalities among high school graduates. The fact remains nonetheless that the expected incomes of study is a decisive factor in choosing a field of study. For example, we find that a 5 % rise in the incomes expected for graduating in science allows an increase from 0,26 to 1,74 points (+ 4-30%) in the proportion of women's applicants for this field of study i.e. science
Vidal, Vincent. "Échantillonnage de Gibbs avec augmentation de données et imputation multiple." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23906/23906.pdf.
Full textHerida, Madjid. "Méthodes d’évaluation des systèmes de surveillance en santé publique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS279/document.
Full textEconomic evaluations approach in the public health surveillance systems evaluationsKey word: public health surveillance system evaluation, economic evaluation, discrete choice experimentsPublic health surveillance is closely linked to action as it provides accurate and validated information to health authorities in order that these same authorities can implement appropriate prevention measures and control strategies. In a context of emerging infectious diseases and of new health threats occurring, priorities for public health surveillance need to be reviewed and adapted regularly. This need of constant adaptation is facing limited resources and an increasing social demand of health security and protection against all health risks. Assessing the usefulness and the technical performance of surveillance systems are the main objectives of public health surveillance system evaluations and this has been recognized for many years through international guidelines. The efficiency of a surveillance system is a more recent question and takes a particular dimension in the context of budgetary constraints that all national agencies are facing.This work aimed to underline the interest and the added value of an external and formal evaluation process of surveillance systems in a national public health agency. Based on a generic evaluation protocol drawn up in accordance with international recommendations, this evaluation process has improved the surveillance strategy of the institution and has brought new questions up about the estimations of benefits of surveillance systems and their impact in the surveillances prioritizing process. A systematic literature review has drawn a clear picture of the state of the art and the knowledges in the field of public health surveillance system benefits estimation and evaluation this systematic review indicates that, to date, very few economic evaluations of public health surveillance systems have been performed worldwide. It also shows that the benefits of surveillance are mainly assessed by the costs of the number of cases or deaths prevented by the response and control measures. This approach has certain limits. It cannot be applied when the primary objective of the surveillance activities is not linked to immediate response. It does not take into account the existence value of a Public health surveillance system. In order to take the dimensions of a public health surveillance system, we have conducted a pilot study using discrete choice experiments applied to different emerging infectious diseases surveillance systems. This study, novel in the field of public health surveillance, was performed among a convenient sample and shows the importance of certain criteria such as the prevalence and the case fatality ratio. For the first time, marginal willingness to pay for these criteria have been estimated and these results give some insights into the question of the benefits, a public health surveillance system can bring.Economic evaluations of public health surveillance system remain an area where little has been carried out to date. Updating international recommendations for public health surveillance systems would be useful and should include an economic approach. The potential interest of the discrete choice experiments for valuing benefits of a public health system used in this pilot study need to be confirmed in a larger scale
Baillif, Clarisse. "L'impact du salaire anticipé sur les choix d'études et son rôle dans les inégalités sociales d'orientation en France : une analyse empirique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL12010.
Full textThe thesis provides an empirical analysis on the impact of incomes on study choices in France. We focus on men and women educational guidance's when they start high school and after they have obtained French high school diploma (le baccalauréat). Following Montmarquette et al. (2002), we construct a model which incorporates the probabilities of failure to complete an educational stage and we assume that study choices depends on global expected earnings, i.e. incomes for degrees weighed on probabilities of completing them. ln addition, we take into account the option value of degrees, the opportunity cost and the unemployment probabilities. Moreover, the perceived probabilities of success are corrected for the selectivity bias. Different results emerge from this work: first, global expected earnings have a significant and positive impact on study choices at both stages, for both male and female students. Social background is also an important determinant for the choice of study. The extent to which social inequalities with respect to field of study is due to income expectations is also assessed in this work (Goux et Maurin, 2001-b). The results show that the so-called 'income' effect of social background is inconsiderable and contributes very little to accounting for social inequalities among high school graduates. The fact remains nonetheless that the expected incomes of study is a decisive factor in choosing a field of study. For example, we find that a 5 % rise in the incomes expected for graduating in science allows an increase from 0,26 to 1,74 points (+ 4-30%) in the proportion of women's applicants for this field of study i.e. science
Bouscasse, Hélène. "Essays on travel mode choice modeling : a discrete choice approach of the interactions between economic and behavioral theories." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2106/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to incorporate aspects of psychology and behavioral economics theories in discrete choice models to promote a better understanding of mode choice at regional level. Part II examines the inclusion of latent variables to explain mode choice. A literature review of integrated choice and latent variable models – that is, models combining a structural equation model and a discrete choice model – is followed by the estimation of an integrated choice and latent variable model to show how the heterogeneity of economic outputs (here, value of time) can be explained with latent variables (here, perceived comfort in public transport) and observable variables (here, the guarantee of a seat). The simulation of scenarios shows, however, that the economic gain (decrease in value of time) is higher when policies address tangible factors than when they address latent factors. On the basis of a mediation model, the estimation of a structural equation model furthermore implies that the influence of environmental concern on mode choice habits is partially mediated by the indirect utility derived frompublic transport use. Part III examines two utility formulations taken from behavioral economics: 1) rankdependent utility to model risky choices, and 2) reference-dependent utility. Firstly, a rank-dependent utility model is included in discrete choice models and, in particular, a latent-class model, in order to analyze intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity when the travel time is subject to variability. The results show that the probability of a delay is over-estimated for train travel and under-estimated for car travel, especially for car users, as train users are more likely to take into account the expected travel time. In the models that account for risk aversion, the utility functions are convex, which implies a decrease in value of time. Secondly, a new family of discrete choice models generalizing the multinomial logit model, the reference models, is estimated. On my data, these models allow for a better selection of explanatory variables than the multinomial logit model and a more robust estimation of economic outputs, particularly in cases of high unobserved heterogeneity. The economic formulation of reference models shows thatthe best empirical models are also more compatible with Tversky et Kahneman’s reference-dependent model
Magnani, Riccardo. "Sur la quantification des effets du vieillissement démographique : une approche intégrée de micro-macro-simulations." Cergy-Pontoise, 2006. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/06CERG0325.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this PhD thesis is to quantify the economic impacts of population ageing, in particular on the macroeconomic system and on the pension system, using a general equilibrium approach. The thesis is divided in two parts. The first one is made up by two chapters in which we analyse the Italian demographic phenomenon. In particular, the first chapter is devoted to the detailed description of the OLG model of the type Auerbach-Kotlikoff (1987) - with endogenous growth, human capital accumulation and immigration - and shows the effects of the pension system reforms introduced during the 90’s. In the second chapter, we analyse different reforms (the increase in the retirement age, immigration policies, and the reduction in pension benefits) that could be introduced in order to solve the long run financial problem of the Italian pension system. The second part of the thesis develops a new methodology allowing integrating macro general equilibrium models and microsimulation models, where individuals make discrete choices (work-leisure, type of profession, etc. ). This methodology is described in the third chapter. In the fourth chapter, we apply this methodology in order to analyse the effects of Canadian population ageing at the macro level and at the micro level, in particular on the evolution of the individual choices, of the income distribution, and of inequalities
Tounsi, Bayrem. "Contributions à la chaîne logistique e-commerce : Intégration dans l'e-fulfillment et tarification de services de livraison." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10206/document.
Full textAll over the world, the growth of e-commerce has led to an increasing importance of the inherent supply chain. This thesis is dedicated to the study of two phases of the e-fulillment process. The first part is dedicated to to the warehouse where picking and shipping operations are conducted at the e-fulfilment process uphill. We propose a global model based on picking and shipping coordination, and tactical-operational integration. The solution method proposed is based on decomposition of the problem in three phases and it was shown to outperform significantly commercial solver. Then we propose, a second model that is based on a dynamic procedure with rolling horizon that takes into account the uncertainty of the future demand. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to last mile delivery system offering two families of services. We address a services pricing problem that takes into account the customers behaviour. Customers are sensitive to the tariff of a delivery service, but also to its quality. We propose a bilevel model where at the upper level, the provider control services tariffs. At the lower level, users react by choosing their delivery service according to a utility function which incorporates the provider tariff and the perceived congestion. We model the customers reaction using a nested logit model and compute the resulting stochastic user equilibrium (SUE). Based on a local search that exploits a sensitivity analysis for the SUE, a new heuristic algorithm for the bilevel services pricing problem is proposed and compared to others existing approaches
Durand, Martin. "Axiomatic and computational aspects of discrete optimization problems in collective settings : from Multi-Agent Scheduling to Participatory Budgeting." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS290.
Full textThis thesis focuses on several collective decision making problems, from multi agent scheduling to participatory budgeting. There are several agents, that can represent companies, citizens of a city, members of a research lab dots, for which a common solution has to be found. Such a solution can be a schedule of tasks of interest for the agents, a ranking of items that the agents have to sort or a selection of projects approved by the agents. Each agent has different interest over the possible solutions. This can be because the solution impacts directly the agents or because the agents express preferences over the possible solutions. Any solution can be evaluated thanks to different tools. We will mostly focus on fairness and efficiency. Fairness and efficiency can be formulated in different ways, depending on the context, from objective functions to binary properties. In all cases, our goal will be to find a solution that corresponds as much as possible to the interests or preferences of the agents. A solution is collectively satisfying if it is "close" to the preferences of the agents, according to some definition of closeness, or if the overall benefit of the agents is high. The solution should also be fair in the sense that no agent should be treated better than any other. We study different problems, especially scheduling problems, in which we have to find fair solution or fair decision making processes while guaranteeing some notion of efficiency
Delsart, Virginie. "Le développement contemporain de la flexibilité du travail et de l'emploi : une interprétation analytique d'une énigme historique." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b617e299-1742-4b92-a801-ffa5b20f33fd.
Full textRaza, Saqlain. "Essays on complementarity : organizational and market changes in agriculture." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0017/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to test for complementarity between different economic activities in agriculture. To do this, we have recourse to the two approaches proposed by the literature, i.e. the productivity approach and the adoption approach. First, we review the economics of complementarity and analyze the different empirical models to test for complementarity. Then, we propose three empirical analyses testing these models. The first examine closely the drivers of the branding and labeling strategies from French small agricultural co-operatives, with a focus on the coexistence of both quality signals. The second directly test for complementarity between branding and labeling using the adoption approach, by estimating a multinomal probit. This allow us to separate what is really due to complementarity and what is caused by unobserved heterogeneity. Third, in addition to adoption approach, we test for complementarity using a productivity approach in the mixed farming systems adopted by smallholder farmers in Punjab, Pakistan
Georgiadis, Stylianos. "Estimation des systèmes semi-markoviens à temps discret avec applications." Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2112/document.
Full textThe present work concerns the estimation of a discrete-time system whose evolution is governed by a semi-Markov chain (SMC) with finitely many states. We present the invariance principle in a multidimensional form for the semi-Markov kernel (SMK) and some associated measures of the process. Afterwards, we study the nonparametric estimation of the stationary distribution of the SMC, considering two different estimators, and we prove that they hold the same asymptotic behavior. We introduce also the first hitting probability. We propose an estimator and study its asymptotic properties : the strong consistency and the asymptotic normality. On the other hand, we focus on the study of the dependability of semi-Markovsystems. We introduce the interval reliability whose special cases are the reliability and the availability measures and we study the asymptotic properties of a proposed estimator. Moreover, we present a comparison of nonparametric estimation for various reliability measures based on two estimators of the SMK, realizing a unique trajectory and multiple independent observations.Furthermore, this work provides results on the discrete-time semi-Markov case with general state space. We evaluate the average and diffusion approximation of Markov renewal chains. Finally, we are also interested in another class of processes for which we obtain results in the framework of queueing systems. We establish the average approximationfor the Engset model in continuous time and we apply this result to retrial queues
Samadzad, Mahdi. "Space disaggregation in models of route and mode choice : method and application to the Paris area." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1058/document.
Full textSpatial representation of modeling area in travel demand models has changed little over the course of last several decades. In this regard, the state-of-the-art still widely relies on the same centroid-connector system that has been used in classic models. In this approach continuum bidimensional space is lumped on centroids. It is an aggregate approach which ignores the physical variability linked to the scatteredness of disaggregate residence- and activity-places over the local space. Consequently the modeling performance in explaining route and mode choice behavior degrades at local scales: In route choice, disaggregate location influences the propensity between a distant interchange to a highway, or a nearby road. In mode choice, feeder service to public transportations influences the auto vs. transit modal share. We propose a disaggregate approach for spatial representation. Based on a zoning system, a stochastic disaggregate representation is used to characterize the space within a traffic analysis zone. For each zone, anchor-points are defined as the network nodes that are used for accessing to the network from within the local space. An itinerary between a pair of zones is then considered as a chain of legs composed of two terminal legs, corresponding to the intrazonal route sections, and one main leg between two anchor points. The route choice problem is transformed to a joint choice of a pair of anchor points. The vector of random terminal travel times is Multivariate Normal resulting in a Multinomial Probit model of choice of a pair of anchor points. To extend to the multimodal context, a transit composite mode is defined as a chain of access, main, and egress modal legs, and transit platforms are considered as anchor points connecting the feeder legs to the main line-haul leg. A Multinomial Logit mode choice model is estimated based on the 2001 Paris Household Travel Survey for the auto mode and the composite transit modes. It is joined with the two Multinomial Probit models corresponding to the choice of anchor points. The result is a joint model of mode and station choice with a disaggregate representation of the local space
Walter, Benjamin. "Two essays on the market for Bitcoin mining and one essay on the fixed effects logit model with panel data." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLG002.
Full textMy dissertation concatenates two independent parts. The first one dealswith crypto-economics whereas the second one is about theoretical econometrics. In the first chapter, I present a model which predicts bitcoin miners’ total computing power using the bitcoin / dollar exchange rate. The second chapter builds on a simplified version of the preceeding model to show to which extent the current Bitcoin protocol is inefficient and suggest a simple solution to lower the cryptocurrency’s electricity consumption. The third chapter explains how to identify and estimate the sharp bounds of the average marginal effect’s identification region in a fixed effects logit model with panel data
Saley, Issa. "Modélisation des données d'attractivité hospitalière par les modèles d'utilité." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS044/document.
Full textUnderstanding how patients choose hospitals is of utmost importance for both hospitals administrators and healthcare decision makers; the formers for patients incoming tide and the laters for regulations.In this thesis, we present different methods of modelling patients admission data in order to forecast patients incoming tide and compare hospitals attractiveness.The two first method use counting data models with possible spatial dependancy. Illustration is done on patients admission data in Languedoc-Roussillon.The third method uses discrete choice models (RUMs). Due to some limitations of these models according to our goal, we introduce a new approach where we released the assumption of utility maximization for an utility-threshold ; that is to say that an agent (patient) can choose an alternative (hospital) since he thinks that he can obtain a certain level of satisfaction of doing so, according to some aspects. Illustration of the approach is done on 2009 asthma admission data in Hérault
Piombini, Arnaud. "Modélisation des choix d'itinéraires pédestres en milieu urbain : approche géographique et paysagère." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00167224.
Full textCette recherche a pour objectif d'analyser les choix d'itinéraires pédestres en fonction des paysages urbains. Deux enquêtes sont pour cela mises en œuvre sur les sites de Lille et Besançon. La première a donné lieu au recensement de plus de 500 trajets en marche à pied ; la seconde a permis de qualifier précisément les paysages urbains. En mettant en œuvre plusieurs types d'analyses géographiques en partie inspirées des travaux des économistes et des psychologues, les caractéristiques des déplacements pédestres sont mises en évidence. Des modèles de choix discrets sont ainsi utilisés et le travail proposé conduit à élaborer une méthode originale d'évaluation des paysages urbains perçus par les piétons.