Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèles de mobilités'
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Recotillet, Isabelle. "Modélisation empirique des mobilités professionnelles des jeunes." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHESA052.
Full textJin, Meihan. "Un modèle spatio-temporel sémantique pour la modélisation de mobilités en milieu urbain." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0067/document.
Full textMassive trajectory datasets generated in modern cities generate not only novel research opportunities but also important methodological challenges for academics and decision-makers searching for a better understanding of travel patterns in space and time. This PhD research is oriented towards the conceptual and GIS-based modeling of human displacements derived from large sets of urban trajectories. The motivation behind this study originates from the necessity to search for and explore travel patterns that emerge from citizens acting in the city. Our research introduces a conceptual modelling framework whose objective is to integrate and analyze human displacements within a GIS-based practical solution. The framework combines conceptual and logical models that represent travel trajectories of citizens moving in a given city. The whole approach has been implemented in a geographical database system, experimented in the context of transportation data, and enriched by a series of query interface manipulations and specific functions that illustrate the potential of our whole framework for urban studies. The whole framework has been experimented on top of the Geolife project and large trajectories datasets available in the city of Beijing. Overall, the findings are twofold: first, it appears that our modelling framework can appropriately act as an extensible geographical database support for the integration of large trajectory datasets; second the approach shows that several emerging human displacements can be explored from the manipulation of large urban trajectories
Iraqi, Mehdi. "Approches théoriques pour une optimisation géométrique des formes urbaines : vers un aménagement fractal de la ville." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC027/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to establish a urban structure that optimizes inhabitant's preferences. In other words, we want to find out which city shape answers the best the residents' aspirations, according to their consumption preferences for urban and green amenities. By considering a theoretical field of study and by characterizing the population by a Cobb-Douglas behavioral pattern, we will build step by step a city, assuming successive arrivais of new individuals, in order to find out which geometric shape gives the most suitable answer. The final goal of this thesis is there to suggest a city with a fractal shape as an appro- priate answer to the resident's expectations. We will show that this structure provides indeed both a balance between accesses to urban amenities and accesses to green amenities and a balance between amenities and budget, with an effective distance compensation that satisfies the overall exigencies of the city
Costantini, Hervé. "La mobilité sociale : Modèles et traces." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770978.
Full textHamouda, Ossama Mohamed Fawzi. "Modélisation et évaluation de la sûreté de fonctionnement d'applications véhiculaires basées sur des réseaux ad-hoc mobiles." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/998/.
Full textThis thesis focuses on developing methods and models making it possible to evaluate quantitative measures characterizing the dependability of mobile services as perceived by the users. These models and measures are aimed at providing support to the designers during the selection and analysis of candidate architectures that are well suited to fulfill the dependability requirements. We consider the case of vehicular applications using inter-vehicle communications based on ad-hoc networks and may have access to services located on fixed infrastructure. We propose an approach combining: 1) dependability models based on stochastic activity networks, in order to describe the system failure modes and associated recovery mechanisms, and 2) simulation and analytical models allowing the estimation of connectivity characteristics, taking into account different mobility scenarios and environment. This approach is illustrated on three case studies including a virtual black box based on cooperative data replication and backup, and an automated highway system (Platooning application)
Waroux, Thomas. "Représenter la vulnérabilité transfrontalière : un modèle pour la mobilité." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0044.
Full textFrom walking to driving, the evolution of territories can be exposed according to the succession of transport systems. This relationship is demonstrated by our method of systemic representation which is also represented and tested in a particular research context: cross-border territories. While cross-border cooperation and exchange projects are happen in metropolitan contexts, we are seeing a significant break in cross-border "between-the-border" territories. Are the border territories between the two more vulnerable than the "state" territories; because of their urban model and their transportation systems? The purpose of this thesis is to study the border processes operating in these two territories. The approach we used is resolutely far from classical studies. It is based on systemic theories and develops understanding and perception of transboundary urban phenomena, applied to the cross-border territory of Mons-Valenciennes. In order to build our systemic model, we experiment different representations on 20 study cases and urban models according to their transport systems; by their structural, functional and historical systemic triangulation. These representations are accompanied by a search for geographic information and transposable data in order to build our database in a cross-border Geographic Information System (GIS). We finally apply this GIS on the concerned cross-border territory in order to represent its vulnerability according to a systemic model for mobility
Bonneville, Jean-Baptiste. "Quel modèle économique pour une offre de transport de voyageurs porte-à-porte ?" Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1007/document.
Full textThe goal of providing passengers with seamless door-to-door mobility has today become a common objective, and a key priority for SNCF, France’s historical national rail group. After more than 30 years of growth thanks to the success of the TGV high-speed train, SNCF faces difficulties that have prompted it to reconsider its business model. The firm has decided to become a genuine multimodal operator with the capacity to provide a comprehensive territorial service through a variety of transport modes. The principal function of door-to-door transport is to enable travellers to go from A to B without using their own cars but a sequence of transport modes. This raises the possibility of the emergence of door-to-door mobility operators that provide a one-stop shop for travellers and offer continuity of service provision over an entire journey. This paper explores possible business models for a door-to-door mobility operator: the nature of the service, organisation between stakeholders and the revenue model. It begins with a detailed analysis of the idea of door-to-door service in the context of passenger transport. It then studies the main challenges for the stakeholders, in particular the evolution of France’s regulatory framework, issues relating to sustainable development and the effects of the digital economy. Different approaches to door-to-door provision exist within SNCF, reflecting the complexity of the company. Growing diversity in the system of actors has opened up new possibilities. Three contrasting business models were identified for door-to-door services: the integrated model, the platform model and the distributed model, all of which offer possible mid-term and long-term strategic directions for SNCF. Without being mutually exclusive, all three models are relevant in their distinct spheres. Nevertheless, the distributed model would seem to offer the greatest potential for rail transport to remain competitive with the private car
Nouri, Mohamed. "Etat et mobilité sociale : le modèle tocquevillien." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010286.
Full textThe central theme of Tocqueville's work is about the political development in France. Using comparative analysis between different societies, he tried to show that each particularism depends on a several elements, that he puted hierarchically. Methodologically his analysis is closed to the methodological individualism, and one of the purposes of this work is to compare this analysis with recent researches. This leads him to establish the conditions of emergence of conservatism and revolution in different societies, through a reflexion on the concepts of individualism, frustration. . . Going from this points, Tocqueville makes clear his theory on the despotism in the democratic societies
Francillette, Yannick. "Modèle adaptatif d'activités pour les jeux ubiquitaires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20229.
Full textNowadays, the technologies and mobiles services are a part of our daily life thanks to smartphones and tablet computers. Currently, we live the realisation of Weiser's vision. The features and services provided are more important than technical objects.In this thesis, we are interested in a kind of computer applications: video games. Like other sectors, video games have to deal with mobile revolution in order to reinvent themselves and to interest players. However, video games on mobiles devices have to deal with the variation of playing conditions. We can call these conditions the player's context.The main objective of this thesis is to propose a model for the design of games that are able to adapt to the player's context. This model has to be generic and allow the game to adapt the proposed activities and objectives to the current context.Our proposition has two main elements. The first one is a generic model of the activities and the objectives which are proposed by the game. We have called this model "gameplay component". It is a formalization of the objectif, challenge, reward game loop concept. It allows us to represent a game as a tree.The second element is a model for detecting game tree which are compatible with a defined context. This model is based on rules which are linked with the nodes of the game tree. Our approach consist of checking that the objective which is given by the root of the game tree can be reached in the current context.In order to valid our approach, we have conducted a laboratory experimentation. We have also used our experience about using of gameplay component in a industrial context in order to do a case study
Pasqua, Roberto. "Inférence et modèles de données personnelles : mobilité sociale, proximité spatiale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30195/document.
Full textThe wide diffusion of smart portable devices allows the collection of a big amount of data concerning the activities of users from mobile apps. We focus our attention on location data, i.e. mobility traces, of a set of users in a crowd. Data collected from these mobile systems are studied following two axies: - Mobility models are used to simulate the behavior of users to develop opportunistic forwarding algorithms. We compare real and synthetic mobility traces to show the distance between the reality and the models. - Information on mobility may endanger the privacy of users. We analyze the impact of such information on privacy of users. The main contributions are: - We analyze the spatial and social properties of human motion from real traces collected by a highly accurate experimental localization system. - We compare the real traces with synthetic mobility traces generated from seven popular mobility models - We provide an inference algorithm based on co-location of users and we show its efficiency on different datasets. - We quantify the effect of probabilistic co-location information by means of a novel co-location attack
Milion, Chloé. "Méthodes et modèles pour l’étude de la mobilité des personnes par l’exploitation de données de radiotéléphonie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1199/document.
Full textThis work stands on the close relationship that exists between two areas one use every day, namely transportation and telecommunications. Due to a daily and intensive usage of both networks, actors of each area raise up some needs to ensure delivered services and their quality to their end-users. Then, we propose to the actor of transportation measurement of performed trips that can be treated with the knowledge of the transportation actors trade in order to ease the decision making process on matters that go from land uses up to network operation. The methodologies presented here from trip measurement are based on the exploitation of the digital footprints that are fund within a telecommunication network. Those footprints are reflecting how the network is used and already exist for operating purposes. The methods proposed in this work result from our knowledge of the telecommunication mechanisms and the huge amount of data that are generated at every time and every place where Orange is operating. We introduce that mobile equipment embedded onto individuals of whom we capture their activity can lead to estimate trips attributes, origin-destination trip tables, quality of service indicators and quantification of explain factor of trip choices. We also show how the mining of usage relationship through signaling data can lead to the characterization of land use
Pasquier, Hélène Marie Louise. "Définir l'acceptabilité sociale dans les modèles d'usage : vers l'introduction de la valeur sociale dans la prédiction du comportement d'utilisation." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20058/document.
Full textThe issue of this dissertation is to propose a psychosocial paradigm for the study of usage processes based on the concept of social acceptability, defined as the “value individuals attribute to objects and/or users depending on their social relationship” (Lefeuvre et al., 2008, p.101).This psychosocial paradigm finds its roots between sociological and ergonomic points of view, and is focused on the concept of social variables from acceptability models (from the HMI and MIS fields and TRA-TPB). We have established that social variables are initially neglected in usage models, nevertheless three possible evolution trajectories appear in existingmodels. This dissertation aims to enhance a usage prediction model based on the concept of social acceptability. Two hypotheses were tested. In this research, the first hypothesis states that when behaviour value is considered, social variables are a core determinant of behaviour prediction (Conner et Armitage, 1998 ; Rivis, Sheeran et Armitage, 2009 ; Manning, 2009), and the second hypothesis states that differences exist between the effects of social variables when the value of behaviour is considered. In order to empirically test these hypotheses, we operationnalized behaviour value in two ways. In studies 1 & 2, behaviour value was operationalized through behaviour valorization and tested in the transportation field. In studies 3 to 5, behaviour value was operationalized by the level of behaviour sociality and tested in the green mobility domain. Main results validate the relevance of a social acceptability oriented approach for the understanding of usage processes. Furthermore, results underline that social variables have a higher predictive power for valuable behaviours compared to less valuable behaviours
Bocquet, Aurelien. "Infrastructure logicielle multi-modèles pour l'accès à des servcies en mobilité." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00357495.
Full textFace à ces besoins, les intergiciels proposent des modèles de programmation et de communication différents, fournissant des moyens de communication efficaces dans certaines situations.
La mobilité introduit une problématique supplémentaire pour ces intergiciels. D'une part l'interopérabilité devient inévitable ; le nombre de composants répartis susceptibles d'être utilisés en mobilité est immense, et les composants peuvent être développés avec différents intergiciels. D'autre part le contexte varie, et avec lui les conditions et capacités de communication évoluent.
Nous traitons dans cette thèse des impératifs actuels d'un intergiciel en mobilité. Nous proposons pour cela une approche multi-modèles, basée sur les travaux actuels dans ce domaine, et présentant des concepts novateurs.
Cette approche se compose d'un modèle de programmation générique, proposant différents types de communications synchrones, asynchrones, et basées sur des patrons de conception. Elle se compose également d'une combinaison de modèles de communication, assurant l'interopérabilité avec les intergiciels standards, et offrant des possibilités de communications enrichies, capables de s'adapter aux changements de contextes.
Des politiques d'adaptation définissent les règles de combinaison des modèles en fonction d'observations du contexte, afin de se comporter au mieux face à ses évolutions.
Des mécanismes d'adaptation dynamique permettent à notre approche de proposer une prise en compte en temps réel des changements de contexte, et permettent également de reconfigurer le système pendant son exécution afin de répondre à des besoins de déploiement.
Nous avons validé notre approche au travers d'une application concrète aux problèmes engendrés par l'utilisation d'un proxy Internet à bord des trains : le développement d'un greffon multi-modèles a illustré et justifié notre approche, et l'évaluation de ce greffon a montré les bénéfices de celle-ci face aux changements de contexte.
Pour implémenter entièrement notre approche et proposer ainsi un intergiciel multi-modèles, nous avons conçu et développé notre infrastructure logicielle multi-modèles, proposant tous les concepts de l'approche. Une première version "statique" puis une version finale offrant les mécanismes d'adaptation dynamique ont été implémentées et permettent ainsi de profiter des bénéfices de notre approche multi-modèles.
Bocquet, Aurélien. "Infrastructure logicielle multi-modèles pour l'accès à des services en mobilité." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10132/document.
Full textThe middlewares are nowadays unavoidable when developing dlstributed applications. Every design needs adapted and efficient· tools. ln addition, their context of deployment needs special mechanisms in order to adapt to it. To do so, the middlewares offer different programming and communication models, supplying efficient ways to communicate in some situations. ln mobility, interoperability becomes unavoidable, and the context changes. This thesis deals with the requirements of a middleware in mobility. We thus propose a multi-model approach, based on the current works in this domain, and presenting innovative concepts. This approach is composed by a generic programming model and by a combination of communication models. Adaptation policies define the rules of combination of models, regarding context observations and dynamic adaptation mechanisms allow to handle the context in realtime, and to reconfigure the system when it is running. Our approach has been validated through a concrete application to problems caused by the use of an embedded Intemet proxy in trains: the design and development of a mufti-model graft iIIustrated and justified our approach, and the evaluation of this graft demonstrated the benefits of this approach via-a-vis the changes of context. We also designed and developed our multi-model software infrastructure, proposing ail these concepts, and thus allowing to benefit from our multi-model approach
Pentel, Alain. "Analyse économique de la mobilité résidentielle intra-urbaine dans l'agglomération lilloise." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50374-2000-31.pdf.
Full textHirtzel, Joanne. "Exploration prospective des mobilités résidentielles dans une agglomération urbaine au moyen d'un modèle de simulation multi-agents (MOBISIM)." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1005/document.
Full textTo ensure that housing supply is suitable to households’ needs and preferences represents a major planning concern. These needs and preferences depend on the households’ characteristics and on their lifecycle changes (union, birth, divorce…). Residential choice factors are numerous (housing and residential environment characteristics) and their role is often different according to the types of households. Residential dynamics involve a great variety of elements, in interaction with each other, and the causal relationships are difficult to identify. Thus, it is not possible to predict the households’ residential behaviour, nor their possible evolutions, without a suitable tool. To study intra-urban residential dynamics, we use a residential mobility simulation model (Mobisim-MR), integrated in an agent-based LUTI simulation platform: Mobisim. For each simulated year, Mobisim-MR allows for determination of households which move and their new residential location. Prior to Mobisim-MR, we created a demographic microsimulation model (Mobisim-Démo) within the Mobisim platform. It allows reproducing households lifecycle evolutions in a dynamic and agent-based way. A part of the thesis is dedicated to the calibration of both models, a required stage preliminary to scenarios simulation. Another part of the thesis concerns the exploration of Mobisim-MR model behaviour, in order to assess the simulation results’ stability and their consistency (sensitivity analysis). Agent-based models use is quite recent in geography, explaining the lack of standard protocol to explore such models. A specific protocol has been designed to explore the behaviour of Mobisim-MR. This protocol takes into consideration the parameters characteristics, simulation technical constraints, and the initial design for which the model has been built.The last part of the thesis consists of thematic analyses aimed at studying the impact of two housing construction planning scenarios in the urban region of Besançon (named le Grand Besançon). These analyses highlight the ability of Mobisim-MR to answer concrete planning questions and to initiate discussion among urban planners
Salaün, Camille. "Apprentissage De Modèles Pour La Commande De La Mobilité Interne En Robotique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545534.
Full textLe, Duigou Sarah. "La dimension temporelle dans les modèles de recherche d’emploi : horizon, âge, expérience." Thesis, Le Mans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEMA2004/document.
Full textIn economics, it is today usual to use search models to modelize labor market, and assess public policy on this market. In this thesis, we introduce the age heterogeneity of workers in a search model which takes into account both labor market flows and endogenous wage distribution. We show that this heterogeneity affects greatly agents' economic behaviors in terms of wage setting, search intensity, and matches' productivity, by its two dimensions, the workers' experience and the workers' horizon. This model allows us to decompose the wage trajectory of workers over their life cycle into three main channels : the wage game, the human capital accumulation and the presence of institutions. Besides, we show that this last channel, as composed of unemployment benefits indexed on workers' last wage, accounts for the simultaneous strong wage progression and weak workers' mobility observed in the French data. Yet, the horizon can also be technological : firms' embodied technology becomes obsolete with time. Given this technological horizon, the presence of tenure-growing unemployement benefits yields a distorsion which fastens obsolescence. In this context, only a tenure-growing firing tax allows the economy to reach its social optimum
Janiak, Alexandre. "Essais sur la mobilité géographique, sectorielle et intra-sectorielle en périodes de changement structurel : le rôle du capital humain, du capital social et de l'ouverture aux échanges." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210600.
Full textLe changement structurel est un processus nécessaire qui améliore considérablement les conditions de vie dans nos sociétés. Il peut découler par exemple de l'introduction de nouvelles avancées technologiques qui permettent d'augmenter à long terme la productivité agrégée dans nos économies. En retour, la hausse de la productivité a un impact sur notre consommation de tous les jours. Elle nous permet notamment de vivre dans un plus grand confort. Les individus peuvent alors s'épanouir dans leur ensemble. Il est évident que le changement structurel peut prendre d'autres formes que celle du changement technologique, mais il est souvent issu d'une transformation des forces qui influencent les marchés et en général aboutit à long terme à une amélioration du bien-être global.
Mais le changement structurel est aussi un processus douloureux. Il peut durer plusieurs décennies et, durant cette période, nous sommes beaucoup à devoir en supporter les coûts. Comme nous allons l'illustrer dans ce chapitre introductif, le changement structurel a pour conséquence une modification du rapport aux facteurs de production, ce qui alors mène à modifier l'ensemble des prix relatifs qui caractérisent une économie. En particulier, la modification des prix est due à une transformation des demandes relatives de facteurs. Ces derniers se révèlent alors inutiles à l'exécution de certaines tâches ou sont fortement demandés dans d'autres points de l'économie.
Souvent, le changement structurel entraîne alors un processus de réallocation. Des pans entiers de travailleurs doivent par conséquent se réallouer à d'autres tâches. Les lois du marché les incitent ainsi à devoir s'adapter à un nouveau contexte, mais elles le font pour un futur meilleur.
Cette thèse s'intéresse à cette problématique. Elle suppose que tout processus de changement structurel implique un mouvement de réallocation des facteurs de production, notamment des travailleurs puisqu'il s'agit d'une thèse en économie du travail, mais qu'un tel processus engendre souvent des coûts non négligeables. Elle se veut surtout positive, mais la nature des questions qu'elle pose mène naturellement à un débat normatif. Par exemple, elle cherche des réponses aux interrogations suivantes: comment s'ajuste une économie au changement structurel? Quelle est la nature des coûts associés au changement? Ces coûts peuvent-ils en excéder les gains? Le processus de réallocation en vaut-il vraiment la peine? Les gains issus d'un tel processus sont-ils distribués de manière égale?
La thèse est composée de quatre chapitres qui chacun considère l’impact d’un changement structurel particulier.
Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’impact de l’ouverture internationale aux échanges sur le niveau de l’emploi. Il s’appuie sur des travaux récents en économie internationale qui ont montré que la libéralisation du commerce mène à l’expansion des firmes les plus productives et à la destruction des entreprises dont la productivité est moins élevée. La raison de cette dichotomie est la présence d’un coût à l’entrée sur le marché des exports qui a été documentée par de nombreuses études. Certaines entreprises se développent suite à la libéralisation car elles ont accès à de nouveaux marchés et d’autres meurent car elles ne peuvent pas faire face aux entreprises les plus productives. Puisque le commerce crée à la fois des emplois et en détruit d’autres, ce chapitre a pour but de déterminer l’effet net de ce processus de réallocation sur le niveau agrégé de l’emploi.
Dans cette perspective, il présente un modèle avec firmes hétérogènes où pour exporter une entreprise doit payer un coût fixe, ce qui implique que seules les entreprises les plus productives peuvent entrer sur le marché international. Le modèle génère le processus de réallocation que l’ouverture au commerce international suppose. En effet, comme les entreprises les plus productives veulent exporter, elles vont donc embaucher plus de travailleurs, mais comme elles sont également capables de fixer des prix moins élevés et que les biens sont substituables, les entreprises les moins productives vont donc faire faillite. L’effet net sur l’emploi est négatif car les exportateurs ont à la marge moins d’incitants à embaucher des travailleurs du au comportement de concurrence monopolistique.
Le chapitre analyse également d’un point de vue empirique l’effet d’une ouverture au commerce au niveau sectoriel sur les flux d’emplois. Les résultats empiriques confirment ceux du modèle, c’est-à-dire qu’une hausse de l’ouverture au commerce génère plus de destructions que de créations d’emplois au niveau d’un secteur.
Le second chapitre considère un modèle similaire à celui du premier chapitre, mais se focalise plutôt sur l’effet du commerce en termes de bien-être. Il montre notamment que l’impact dépend en fait de la courbe de demande de travail agrégée. Si la courbe est croissante, l’effet est positif, alors qu’il est négatif si elle est décroissante.
Le troisième chapitre essaie de comprendre quels sont les déterminants de la mobilité géographique. Le but est notamment d’étudier le niveau du chômage en Europe. En effet, la littérature a souvent affirmé que la faible mobilité géographique du travail est un facteur de chômage lorsque les travailleurs sans emploi préfèrent rester dans leur région d’origine plutôt que d’aller prospecter dans les régions les plus dynamiques. Il semble donc rationnel pour ces individus de créer des liens sociaux locaux si ils anticipent qu’ils ne déménageront pas vers une autre région. De même, une fois le capital social local accumulé, les incitants à la mobilité sont réduits.
Le troisième chapitre illustre donc un modèle caractérisé par diverses complémentarités qui mènent à des équilibres multiples (un équilibre avec beaucoup de capital social local, peu de mobilité et un chômage élevé et un autre avec des caractéristiques opposées). Le modèle montre également que le capital social local est systématiquement négatif pour la mobilité et peut être négatif pour l’emploi, mais d’autres types de capital social peuvent en fait faire augmenter le niveau de l’emploi.
Dans ce troisième chapitre, une illustration empirique qui se base sur plusieurs mesures montre que le capital social est un facteur dominant d’immobilité. C’est aussi un facteur de chômage lorsque le capital social est clairement local, alors que d’autres types de capital social s’avèrent avoir un effet positif sur le taux d’emploi. Cette partie empirique illustre également la causalité inverse où des individus qui vivent dans une région qui ne correspond pas à leur région de naissance accumulent moins de capital social local, ce qui donne de la crédibilité à une théorie d’équilibres multiples.
Finalement, en observant que les individus dans le Sud de l’Europe semblent accumuler plus de capital social local, alors que dans le Nord de l’Europe on tend à investir dans des types plus généraux de capital social, nous suggérons qu’une partie du problème de chômage en Europe peut mieux se comprendre grâce au concept de capital social local.
Enfin, le quatrième chapitre s’intéresse à l’effet de la croissance économique sur la qualité des emplois. En particulier, il analyse le fait qu’un individu puisse avoir un emploi qui corresponde ou non à ses qualifications, ce qui, dans le contexte de ce chapitre, détermine s’il s’agit de bons ou mauvais emplois.
Ce chapitre se base sur deux mécanismes qui ont été largement abordés par la littérature. Le premier est le concept de « destruction créatrice » qui dit que la croissance détruit de nouveaux emplois car elle les rend obsolètes. Le second est le processus de « capitalisation » qui nous dit que la croissance va créer de nombreux emplois car les entreprises anticipent des profits plus élevés dans le futur.
Alors que des études récentes, suggèrent que la destruction créatrice ne permet pas d’expliquer le lien entre croissance et chômage, ce chapitre montre qu’un tel concept permet de mieux comprendre la relation entre croissance et qualité des emplois.
Avec des données issues du panel européen, nous illustrons que la corrélation entre croissance et qualité des emplois est positive. Nous présentons une série de trois modèles qui diffèrent de la manière suivante :(i) le fait de pouvoir chercher un emploi ou non alors qu’on en a déjà un, (ii) le fait pour une entreprise de pouvoir acquérir des équipements modernes. Les résultats suggèrent que pour expliquer l’effet de la croissance sur la qualité des emplois, la meilleure stratégie est une combinaison entre les effets dits de destruction créatrice et de capitalisation. Alors que le premier effet influence le taux de destruction des mauvais emplois, le second a un impact sur la mobilité du travail des mauvais vers les bons emplois.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Nya, Kamtchoum Narcisse. "Modèles multicellulaires pour les réseaux mobiles 4G." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS079.
Full textIn order to meet the ever-increasing need for bandwidth and to offer ever more services, wherever users are, cellular networks are rapidly evolving towards technologies characterized by an increasingly sophisticated radio interface. For example, while the deployment of 4G networks was just beginning, operators already planned the first updates to LTE-A solutions and 5G technologies are currently receiving active attention. These rapid changes are motivated by the explosion of mobile traffic, as shown by numerous studies and observations on current networks. Users equipped with smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices mainly generate this traffic. However most of models for cellular networks in literature do not take into account mobility of users. Authors who have tried to take into account users' mobility, propose models based on hypotheses like users moving with infinite speed. In this thesis we have developed analytical models for 4G and 5G cellular networks taking into account user mobility in a realistic way. The proposed models were designed to be simple and easy to solve, allowing users and networks performance to be evaluated almost instantaneously. Our first analysis and results where on the impact of mobility in dense LTE-A networks with small cells. We developed two models to access static users performance in small cell with mixed users (static and mobile users). The first model is based on Markov chains and the second one on Processor-Sharing queue. Our second analysis and results where on LTE/LTE-A macrocells with two coding zones and visited by mobile users. We proposed a model based on queuing theory to study the performance of mobile users in a LTE/LTE-A macrocell with different radio conditions over its coverage area. Then, we have then extended these models to the case of homogeneous cellular networks where cells are statistically identical. These models allowed us to show the positive impact of user mobility on performance in a cell or in a network. Moreover, we showed that this performance gain was not a monotonous function of user mobility, which is an important result showing the impact of hard handover implemented in LTE and LTE-A networks on performance. Finally, we turned our attention to heterogeneous networks with different type of cells and visited by users with different profiles (speed, amount of data to be transferred)
Gandia, Rodrigo. "Innovation in ecosystem business models : An application to MaaS and Autonomous vehicles in urban mobility system." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC018.
Full textThe concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has become widespread in Western countries and has become a solid market option, presenting a transport system offer based no longer on ownership but use. This approach places the user at the heart of urban mobility issues, so consumers must be open to adopting new technologies and services, such as autonomous vehicles. Based on our research, this Ph.D. thesis aims to analyze the concept of MaaS in order to identify the conditions for its implementation and diffusion in tomorrow's urban mobility. We found that to take a sustainable place in the urban mobility system, MaaS must be considered as a modular and adaptable business model applicable to all socio-political, regulatory, environmental, and economic contexts. To this end, the business model of this innovative ecosystem must take into account consumer acceptance, coordination of the multiple actors making up the value chain within a MaaS and existing transport systems that are specific with their development of technological
Simatos, Florian. "Étude de modèles probabilistes de réseaux pair-à-pair et de réseaux avec mobilité." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005681.
Full textZhang, Jian. "Modèles de Mobilité de Véhicules par Apprentissage Profond dans les Systèmes de Tranport Intelligents." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECLI0015/document.
Full textThe intelligent transportation systems gain great research interests in recent years. Although the realistic traffic simulation plays an important role, it has not received enough attention. This thesis is devoted to studying the traffic simulation in microscopic level, and proposes corresponding vehicular mobility models. Using deep learning methods, these mobility models have been proven with a promising credibility to represent the vehicles in real-world. Firstly, a data-driven neural network based mobility model is proposed. This model comes from real-world trajectory data and allows mimicking local vehicle behaviors. By analyzing the performance of this basic learning based mobility model, we indicate that an improvement is possible and we propose its specification. An HMM is then introduced. The preparation of this integration is necessary, which includes an examination of traditional dynamics based mobility models and the adaptation method of “classical” models to our situation. At last, the enhanced model is presented, and a sophisticated scenario simulation is built with it to validate the theoretical results. The performance of our mobility model is promising and implementation issues have also been discussed
Simatos, Florian. "Etudes de modèles probabilistes de réseaux par-à-pair et de réseaux avec mobilité." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2009. http://pastel.paristech.org/5681/01/thesis.pdf.
Full textDjaoudi, Amirouche. "Séparation de solutions peptidiques modèles par électrodialyse avec membranes d'ultrafiltration." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10164/document.
Full textElectrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes (EDUF) is an innovative and performant separation technique, particularly used for the selective bioactive peptide fractionation from enzymatic hydrolysates. However, considering the solution mixture complexity used, the peptide separation mechanisms in EDUF process remain unclear. The purpose of this thesis was to study a peptides models mixture separation in order to identify the peptides separation mechanisms in EDUF process. Both anionic and cationic synthetic peptides were selected. First, the anionic and cationic peptides were characterized in terms of electrophoretic mobility. For both peptides, electrophoretic mobility was measured in order to define the optimal conditions for their migration. Furthermore, peptide electrodialytic separation results have showed, under the operating conditions used, the important role played by water dissociation on anionic peptide and membrane fouling on cationic peptide electromigration. KCl addition was performed in order to increase the system conductivity and to slow down water splitting, which led to a restore of the anionic peptide initial flux. In contrast, the water dissociation did not affect the cationic peptide electromigration. An important cation exchange membrane fouling caused by the cationic peptide explain this phenomena. The study also confirms that the peptide transfer in EDUF is mainly governed by electromigration
Estacio, Moreno Alexander. "Modèles d'apprentissage pour l'analyse de la mobilité : applications à des parcours de vie en Colombie." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066111.
Full textLeprêtre, Florian. "Méta-modélisation, simulation et optimisation de flux urbains." Thesis, Littoral, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03178850.
Full textThe efficient design and planning of urban infrastructure is a key issue for urban planning experts who want to achieve reliable and sustainable mobility for city dwellers. Ever-changing cities and changing population habits prompt urban planners to constantly reinvent their use of urban space in order to contribute to the fluidity of travel and passenger safety, while limiting the environmental impacts of traffic flows. Numerous optimization methods can be used to solve a variety of problems associated with urban mobility issues, such as optimizing traffic light settings, designing reliable road networks or optimizing the planning of a publix transit system. However, these methods are generally designed and parameterized for the study of very specific urban spaces, and seem difficult to generalize to other cities in the world for mobility optimization. Therefore, this paper introduces a methodology for modeling, simulation and optimization of urban flows. The reported work proposes a rigorous analysis of the intrinsic characteristics of urban mobility optimization problems, in order to achieve a better understanding of these challenges, and to enable the design of robust and efficient optimization algorithms. Finally, the work reported in this thesis aims to stimulate reflection on mobility problems, based on the views of urban planners and optimization experts, in order to achieve optimal and sustainable urban mobility
Wodociag, Sophie. "Les cadres pendulaires à l'international : caractérisation et analyse de leur relation au travail." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENA021/document.
Full textManagers who commute internationally represent an emerging category of personnel. During their international missions, they commute weekly between their headquarters and other worldwide locations. They are neither expatriates, nor sedentary managers. Who exactly are they? What organizational policies and procedures have been implemented to manage and help them? Are their difficulties known and recognized? So many questions that the literature has not yet addressed, whereas the use of shortterm international mobility has increased by 10% since 2002 and a further mobility intensification is foreseen? in the next five years (20% increase). Following an exploratory objective, our research focused on the characterization of the managers who commute internationally and their relationship with the workplace. We utilized several methods (qualitative and quantitative methods, use of the diary study) and complementary theoretical frameworks (Job-Demands – Resources Model (Demerouti and al., 2001) and Psychological Contract (Rousseau, 1989)). Our work consisted of three studies. The first quantitative study (1.841 participants), lead through a partnership with APEC, examined the contours and characteristics of the managers who commute internationally, highlighting the similarity of their level of exhaustion and emotional well-being with that of national commuters and sedentary managers. It confirmed that this category of personnel, more diversified than the expatriates, more feminized, experts as well as managerial profiles, was characterized by a specific behavior. Through the collection of life stories (1 0 participants), the second study defined the psychological contract of the managers who commute internationally: those that sacrificed their time, to the detriment of their private life, in exchange of professional career and enrichment. Conflicts between private and professional life emerged when the international commuting threatened the family well-being; in this situation, spousal support was considered a primary resource. The third study (30participants), a diary study, highlighted the importance of certain resources to manage daily this kind of mobility: professional opportunities, development and psychological detachment limited the burnout level during the mission. Finally, recommendations were addressed in order to improve the organizational valorization of the managers who commute internationally. Indeed, these later are the intermediary between the headquarters and the subsidiaries of multinationals, they diffuse the organizational information and culture. They represent a fundamental intangible value that the organization has to care of
I quadri pendolari internazionali rappresentano una categoria di personale emergente. A seconda delle loro missioni internazionali, viaggiano ogni settimana tra la loro sede di lavoro e altri paesi per il mondo. Essi non sono né degli espatriati e né dei quadri tradizionali. Chi sono realmente? Quale strumento di gestione ha implementato l’azienda per inquadrarli? Si conoscono le loro difficoltà ? Sono queste prese in considerazione dall’azienda? Tante domande che la letteratura non ha ancora affrontato, mentre l'uso della mobilità internazionale a breve termine è aumentato del 10% dal 2002 e tenderà ad intensificarsi ulteriormente nei prossimi cinque anni, con una crescita prevista del 20%. Con un obiettivo esplorativo, questa ricerca si interessa alla caratterizzazione dei quadri pendolari nella mobilità internazionale e della loro relazione con il lavoro. Lo studio è basato su un insieme di metodologie diversificate (metodologia qualitativa, analisi di dati quantitativi, uso del metodo diary study), su dei modelli teorici di analisi complementari (il JD-R Model (Demerouti et al., 2001) ed su il contratto psicologico (Rousseau, 1989). 3 studi complementari sono stati condotti. Il primo studio quantitativo (1 841 partecipanti) è concentrato sull'esame dei contorni e caratteristiche dei quadri pendolari internazionali, mettendo in evidenza la similarità del loro livello di esaurimento e di benessere emotivo con quello dei pendolari nazionali e quadri sedentari ; ha confermato che questa categoria di personale, più diversificata degli espatriati, più femminilizzata, includendo dei profili sia di esperti che di manager, si comporta in un determinato modo. Attraverso la raccolta di storie di vita (10 partecipanti), il secondo studio, a sua volta, ha definito il contratto psicologico dei quadri pendolari internazionali, essi sacrificano (a discapito della loro vita privata) il loro tempo in cambio di una evoluzione e di un arricchimento professionali. I conflitti tra le sfere di vita emergono quando il pendolarismo internazionale minaccia il benessere delle famiglie; il sostegno del coniuge si presenta allora come una risorsa fondamentale. Infine, il terzo studio (30 partecipanti), di tipo diary study, ha evidenziato l'importanza di alcune risorse per la gestione quotidiana di questo tipo di mobilità: opportunità di sviluppo professionale e distacco psicologico potrebbero contenere il livello di esaurimento professionale durante le trasferte. Infine, sono state suggerite delle raccomandazioni affinché le organizzazioni imparino a valorizzare questa categoria di personale che, facendo spola tra la sede centrale e le filiali delle multinazionali, è portatrice dell’informazione e della cultura dell’ organizzazione e costituisce un rilevante valore immateriale dell’azienda stessa
Deschamps, Pierre. "Discrimination and public policies." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0016/document.
Full textIn all three chapters of this dissertation, I try to see whether discrimination and own-group preferences exist, in different contexts, and what kind of public policies could mitigate or balance the negative effect of these preferences. In my first chapter, I rely on a famous ruling that changed the monopsony power of firms to see whether, as predicted by Becker, market failures have an impact on wage discrimination. I find that as monopsony power decreases, firms are no longer able to act on their prejudice, and wage discrimination disappears. This result shows that labour market context is essential in evaluating public policies, and that prejudice need not necessarily translate into wage discrimination. In the second chapter, I analyse the effect of another public policy, a 2015 reform that imposed gender quotas in academic recruitment committees. The reasoning of the policymakers was that increasing the share of women evaluators would improve the outcomes for women. I find the opposite instead; women are ranked worse by hiring committees after the reform. However, this result does not show that women discriminate against women. There is some evidence that this result is caused by the reaction of male jurors to the reform, since the negative effect of the reform is found only in committees that are helmed by male jury presidents. This chapter shows that it is necessary to evaluate public policies, lest reforms that are well-meaning in intention turn out to cause more harm than good. In the third and final chapter, I show two stylised facts: When cities decline, they tend to become more black, and black residents are disproportionately located in cities that pay low wages. One explanation for this could be that living in cities with a larger share of black residents is a positive amenity for black workers. I try to see whether workers have preferences for living in cities that have a larger share of co-ethnic residents, when controlling for wages, rents, transfers and network amenities. I find that these preferences are significant, and then try to see what share of the wage gap these preferences, and the imperfect sorting they imply, could explain
Bellahsene, Samir. "Prédistion de la mobilité pour la gestion des handovers dans les réseaux IP : modèles et algorithmes." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0018.
Full textService continuity is one of the main quality of service requirements in cellular networks. However, the continuity of user sessions is not always guaranteed as the changes of radio channel, namely handovers, during mobile user movements between the network cells, imposes short session disconnections. Thus, in the case of applications such as multimedia applications where a session discontinuity cannot be transparent to the users, the continuity of a service like VoIP is not guaranteed unless an efficient handover procedure is implemented. The handover procedure consists in handing off a call to a new cell when the mobile user crosses the current-cell boundaries and moves to an adjacent cell while the call is in progress. During this procedure, the mobile terminal should scan all the neighbouring cells to determine the one offering the best quality of signal a service. The coverage density of current mobile networks is often important and, to increase network capacity, mobile operators further deploy cells with small size, like picocells and femtocells. Thus, the time needed by any mobile terminal to scan all its neighbouring cells and classify those offering the best quality of signal and service can be long enough to become a critical issue for service continuity. Consequently, for multimedia applications that require short service interruption time, the number of cells to scan, before a handover is initiated, may play a decisive role in service continuity. In this context and in the case of mobile IP networks, like LTE and Wimax, we propose in this thesis a solution based on mobility prediction to limit the number of cells to scan. The objective is to predict the next cell(s) to be visited by the mobile user. If a unique cell is predicted, no radio signal measurement is needed, otherwise only the predicted cells will be scanned and the one offering the best quality of signal is selected. Thus, mobility prediction allows the network to anticipate the preparation of the handover in the predicted cell, enabling seamless handovers and thus limited call dropping rates. The solution we propose requires regular learning from the past movements of mobile users. It consists on an algorithmic approach based on graph theory and Markov chains. We define the notion of local and global profiles. The local profile is a set of closed sequences of cells the user has the tendency to regularly cross in the same way. Similarly, the global profile is a set of cell sequences often followed by a large number of users. A major difficulty of this approach is that a local or global profile does not necessarily translate into a unique path in the neighbourhood graph of cells, but as a set of paths sufficiently close, that we detect with the use of graph theory. Thus, our mobility prediction model consists in combining the notion of local and global profiles in order to compute the probability of the next moves, and thus predict the next cell of the user. We provide an implementation scheme of this model in LTE architecture. This scheme is aware of the elementary position in the network of the entities dedicated to manage mobility of users. It also takes into account the needs in terms of user data confidentiality. In order to assess the performance of our prediction model, we use data sets from real networks. The analysis of these data approves the validity of our local and global profiles approach. The comparison between prediction accuracies obtained with our prediction model and one of the best models found in the literature proves the efficiency of our prediction approach
Sutter, Bertrand. "Biosynthèse isoprénique chez les procaryotes : un modèle innovateur, Zymomonas mobilis." Mulhouse, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MULH0176.
Full textBoulet, Xavier. "Articulation d’échelles en simulation de mobilité." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2021.
Full textMobility surveys and studies generally concern large geographical areas and consider extensive and multimodal transport networks. In addition, very local mobility issues, on a neighborhood scale, require special modeling and allow realistic simulation of travel and supervision on a smaller scale. Other mobility contexts call for different scales of representation of space, time, and modeled entities. This question of simulation scales is crucial in transport studies in order to best adapt the used models to the addressed problems. Some studies require multi-scale simulations in order to obtain the combined advantages of the different scales and to change the observation point of view according to the simulated area. Thus, several ad hoc solutions for specific cases exist in the literature. This thesis proposes a model and a generic tool that can be used for many cases of multi-scale simulations. The proposed solution is a middleware allowing to make two existing simulators of different scales work together with minimal modifications. The middleware coordinates the simulators and allows the execution of a correct and consistent multi-scale simulation. Experiments show that the middleware improves the relevance of the mutual corrections of the simulators and the relative ease of integration with existing simulators. When advanced scheduling of simulators is required, coordination of simulators comes at the cost of higher execution time, linked to the mutual waiting of simulations and the re-execution of certain time steps
Pele, Nicolas. "Dépense des ménages pour leur mobilité quotidienne : une approche par les formes urbaines." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2022/document.
Full textDaily mobility is at the heart of debate on urban sustainability. A mean to carry out our daily activities and a key to social interactions, economic aspects and especially household expenditures linked to mobility are a major current issue.This thesis proposes a discussion on the interactions between urban form and daily mobility through mobility expenditures. Two interrelated methods of analysis are used to investigate these interactions.The first one relies on a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the built environment on daily mobility budgets. Household surveys are especially suited to this analysis because they provide a wealth of information on individuals’ attributes, their mobility, equipment, opinions and housing characteristics. Combined with various local or national databases, it is possible to estimate a household budget for every surveyed household. The case study for this analysis is the Lyon urban area. It contains very different built environments, and hosts a diverse array of transport modes. Furthermore, numerous databases are available for our analysis.First, we build a typology of territories based on the main daily mobility determinants: density, diversity, design, accessibility to destinations, distance to transit and demography. Then, an analytical framework of relations between urban form and daily mobility is built to identify three indicators to apprehend them: motorization, modal choice and distance per mode. This typology of territories is tested on these three indicators and appears to be highly significant. An analysis of the mobility evolution between 1995 and 2015 also identify various new issues related to prices, behavioral and demographic evolutionsThis line of questioning is extended through the identification and quantification of the effects of built environment characteristics on household mobility budgets. Using a Structural Equation Modelling method, causal paths between local urban form and household expenditures are presented. This method is applied to different types of population and territories – workers and retired households of the Lyon agglomeration then on the same types in suburban areas – in order to understand householdmobility budgets.The second method consists of testing various morphological and functional organizations of the territory in order to measure their effects on daily mobility budgets. This work is conducted using a land use and interaction model (LUTI), SIMBAD, which allows us to conduct a systemic and multiscale analysis of urban form on daily mobility budgets. Different scenarios of urban form are thereafter simulated, contributing to the debate on the durability of monocentric, sprawled or polycentric citiesin a Transit Oriented Development urban form. Besides, lessons learned from data processing of Households Surveys encourage us to conduct a multiscale analysis. A discussion on the differentiation of impacts depending on the global form of the territory is conducted.This thesis work presents innovative methodological elements to analyze the interactions between urban form and mobility budgets, including the construction of structural equations models and the use of a LUTI model to simulate urban environments. It also offers novel results, which contribute to the current scientific literature
Nagot, Florence. "Analyse microéconomique de la périurbanisation : un modèle de localisation résidentielle." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOE010.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to analyse the microeconomic facotrs behind counterurbanisation, which is defined as migration by working people who elect to reside in ruralareas while employed in urban ones. This implies analysing the resedential choices of the working population. We refer to analyses of choice of occupational tenure in the context of life cycle theory, to hedonic theories of the housing market and to analyses of residential mobility. But primarily, commuters' residential location choices can be analysed through residential location models belonging to new urban economics. Supplementary hypotheses can be added to the basic assumptions of such models. A framework for analysis of counterurbanization can be constructed, assuming the existence of spatial differentiation in housing supply, of transport time and of locational attributes. As a focal point of this analytic framework, a simultaneous equations model is constructed to estimate the weight of the various factors involved in counterurbanization. The complete analytic framework is used to analyse the empirical observations contained in a jousing survey (insee enquete logement 1988). It is shown, at the scale of "periurbanized" areas that the size of the center influences land prices. Household location's distance is apparently influenced by the level of income : a higher income induces, for low income levels, movement away from the center, while it induces, for higher income levels, after saturation of the household's housing demand, a move towards the center; locational choice also appears to be the result of differentiated demands for land adjoining the housing and for collective amenities
Shabou, Mohamed Saif. "Extrêmes hydro-météorologiques et exposition sur les routes : Contribution à MobRISK : modèle de simulation de l'exposition des mobilités quotidiennes aux crues rapides." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU031/document.
Full textFlash floods are considered as ones of the most dangerous natural hazard due to their rapidness and suddenness that leave little time for exposed people to protect themselves. Although the relatively small spatial extension of those events, several studies showed strong human impacts regarding the number of affected people. Recently, daily mobility is pointed at as important social factor increasing individual exposure and vulnerability to flash flooding : almost half of the victims are motorists trapped while travelling on flooded roads. Therefore, several studies have been conducted for assessing roads’ sensitivity to flooding in the Gard area, frequently exposed to sever flash flood events.This thesis goes a step further by integrating social dimension in order to quantify and analyze road users’ exposure to flash flood during their itineraries. It contributes to the development of MobRISK : A simulation model for assessing motorists’ exposure to roads submersion by integrating individual travel-activity patterns and behavioral adaptation regarding weather disruptions. In order to assess population exposure to September 2002 flash flood event, we conducted an application of MobRISK in a study area located in the north-ouest of the Gard department.The results show that risk of flooding is mainly located in principal road links with considerable traffic load. However, a lag time between the timing of roads’ submersion and persons crossing these roads contributes to reduce the potential vehicle-related fatal accidents. It is also found that socio-demographic variables have significant effect on individual exposure and that young working males are the most exposed persons to road flooding. Finally, different behavior scenarios are built and tested by integrating individual travel adaptation decisions regarding perceived weather disruptions. The comparison of motorists’ exposure for each scenario highlights the important role of risk attitudes and threat evaluation processes on reducing population exposure.Thus, the proposed model demonstrates the benefits of considering spatiotemporal dy- namics of population exposure to flash flood and presents an important improvement in exposure assessment methods. Such improved characterization of road users’ exposure can present valuable information for flood risk management services and emergency planning
Sallah, Kankoe. "Diffusion spatio-temporelle des épidémies : approche comparée des modélisations mathématiques et biostatistiques, cibles d'intervention et mobilité humaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0607.
Full textIn the first part of this thesis, we have developed a malaria transmission metamodel based on the susceptible-infected-resistant compartmental modeling framework (SIR) and taking into consideration human mobility flows between different villages in the Center of Senegal. Geographically targeted intervention strategies had been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of malaria both within and outside of intervention areas. However, combined interventions targeting both vector and host, coordinated on a large scale are needed in regions and countries aiming to achieve malaria elimination in the short/medium term.In the second part we have evaluated different methods of estimating human mobility in the absence of real data. These methods included spatio-temporal traceability of mobile phones, mathematical models of gravity and radiation. The transport of the pathogen through the geographical space via the mobility of an infected subject is a major determinant of the spread of an epidemic. We introduced the impedance model that minimized the mean square error on mobility estimates, especially in contexts where population sets are characterized by their heterogeneous sizes.Finally, we have expanded the framework of assumptions underlying the calibration of the gravity models of human mobility. The hypothesis of a zero inflated distribution provided a better fit and a better predictability, compared to the classical approach not assuming an excess of zeros: Poisson, Quasipoisson
Abdulalli, Abusaif. "Reseaux ad-hoc : étude de modèles de mobilité et de protocoles de routage minimisant la consommation d'énergie." Valenciennes, 2008. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9d7396e4-4c5f-40f5-bee2-d336b156addc.
Full textWireless ad-hoc networks became more and more popular in the past few years, owing to their use of deployment. In such a network, the hosts (or nodes) exchange data packets via radio links, without resorting to any hierarchic scheme nor supervisory control. In fact, the data transfers are driven by special distributed routing protocols and each node may potentially contribute in the data transportation from some source to some destination. The main resulting problems are the node mobility (which complicate routing protocols), as well as the limitations of the available frequency bandwidth (and thus of the data flow rate) and of the available energy consumption (related to the more or less extended lifetime of batteries). Mobility, energy consumption minimization and suited routing protocols are the key points of our study. The existing mobility models have thus been looked over first and, using simulation, the characteristics of the corresponding modeled trajectories together with the effects on energy consumption have been studied. Next, the leading routing protocols have been detailed, their impact on energy consumption and the influence of node mobility have been considered (using again simulation). Finally, a new protocol, called LEMFN, has been introduced, which consists in the fusion and extension of two already known protocols, with the main objective of energy consumption reduction in mind. The new algorithm has been studied by simulation and compared to other ones
Harb, Frédéric. "Etude d' un système biomimétique simple : diffusion brownienne et mobilité électrophorétique d' une protéine membranaire modèle insérée dans une bicouche lipidique supportée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4073/document.
Full textAfter the genome, the new challenge is the proteome. We have progressed toward electrophoretic separation of membrane proteins in a medium that they love, a supported lipid bilayer. The main parameter, measured by FRAPP, was the diffusion coefficient of different objects (lipids, proteins). Studying bilayer behaviour has showed that, on particular supports and in a given temperature range, ripple phase can exist, despite the proximity of the support. Adding salt decreases coulombic interactions which turns to increase the diffusion coefficient over several orders of magnitude, reaching the value for a free-standing bilayer in the fluid phase, meanwhile the main characteristic steps of the global gel/fluid transition are still observed. Estimation of the value of the interaction energy has been made and compared to results of a preliminary DSC study. α-Hémolysin self-inserts spontaneously as an heptameric pore in supported bilayers and diffuses freely. Incubating in a gel/fluid mixture leads to protein complex formation. Diffusion varies with size as 1/R2, R being the equivalent radius of the inserted part of the object. Applying an electric field results in an electrophoretic motion where direction and magnitude are modulated by the charge of the object. Electrophoretic mobility varies also as 1/R2. Size dependence, magnitude of mobilities and a simple building protocol allow to hope carrying out soon a real electrophoretic separation of a protein mixture
Francois, Cyrille. "Évaluation environnementale stratégique de la mobilité quotidienne des personnes d’une aire urbaine : couplage entre Modèle Transport-Urbanisme et Analyse de Cycle de Vie." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSET002/document.
Full textBy considering social, spatial and technological dimensions of people’s daily mobility, this thesis aims to develop an original environmental assessment method. In the recent years, passenger travel, as well as freight transportation, have grown significantly. Car is now the predominant mode of passenger transport and its impacts on environment, land-use planning, lifestyle and economy are well documented and at the centre of heated academic and political debates. The environmental assessment of peoples’ daily mobility requires an integrated approach to account for the transport system, but also the urban system in which it operates. In order to achieve this, this thesis introduces a method coupling two tools developed in two distinct scientific fields - land-use planning and environmental sciences: on the one hand, Land-Use and Transport Interaction models (LUTI) and, on the other hand, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. Together, these tools can account for both technological processes involved in daily mobility, as well as interactions among stakeholders and territories. Throughout this thesis, the chosen evaluation framework is a strategic one, meaning that mobility is assessed through global and local environmental indicators on a large territory for medium and long-term alternatives. We describe the global context and the general approach in the first section of the thesis. The second part describes the SIMBAD-LCA method, which involves the integration of the LUTI model SIMBAD with a LCA method, in order to assess environmental impacts of the daily mobility of inhabitants in the Lyon urban area. The third part aims to illustrate the evaluation capability of the method in two steps. First, through a multicriteria assessment executed on disaggregated objects such as households and territories. Then, contrasted scenarios are built to assess broad and diversified alternatives. Finally, using the SIMBAD-LCA method, effects of technological, urban form and socio-economic parameters on environmental impacts associated with daily mobility are compared and discussed
Lhoussaine, Cédric. "Réceptivité, mobilité et π-Calcul." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11046.
Full textSchmutz, Benoit. "Les immigrés Africains face au marché du logement en france : ségrégation,discrimination et mobilité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24008.
Full textAfrican immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group: a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods); a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold: first, African immigrants do suffer from customer-based discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing; second, sorting mechanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and non-immigrants in France
Abid, Bessaoud Meriem. "Pilotage autonomique de la mobilité dans les réseaux sans fil hétérogènes." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066690.
Full textDera, Siriki. "Réforme de l'assurance emploi de 2012 et mobilité des travailleurs saisonniers vers les emplois permanents." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26945.
Full textBonhomme, Stéphane. "Inégalité, mobilité et hétérogénéité sur le marché du travail : contributions empiriques et méthodologiques." Paris 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163065.
Full textTouhbi, Saâd. "Élaboration d’un modèle multi-agents pour la génération synthétique de trafic : application à la mobilité urbaine de la ville de Marrakech." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS326.
Full textTraffic generation is an important process in traffic simulation. It defines a series of vehicle arrival at a road. This series is proven to be random since 1930. However, its distribution explains at a level the behavior of the motorists. The goal of this thesis is to establish a traffic generation toolbox to produce a series of vehicle arrival characterized by their entry point, their type, arrival time and their initial speed. A first step was to establish an analysis protocol for the time headway (TH) of the arriving vehicles consisting of four steps : (i) data processing and calculating TH, (ii) sampling of data according to different levels of traffic, (iii) model choice and estimation, (iv) and the comparison of the estimated models and the empirical data. The application of the latter on four roads with three lanes interrupted by a signalized intersection showed that : The Pareto IV model is not rejected for all levels of traffic in these roads, the Exponential model is proven to be inadequate for all levels of traffic, the Log-Normal and Pearson III are best suited for intermediate to high levels of traffic. These results helped in testing the traffic generation toolbox proving that it generates coherent level of traffic compared to the desired configuration. The latter was integrated in the simulation MarrakAir that estimated the level of pollution based on traffic. This was done to eliminate the necessity to have punctual data from sensors about vehicle arrivals
Ait, Ali Kahina. "Modélisation et étude de performances dans les réseaux VANET." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00827552.
Full textHorny, Guillaume. "Modèles de durée multivariés avec hétérogénéité multiple : applications au marché du travail." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/HORNY_Guillaume_2006.pdf.
Full textMany important questions in economics, and especially on the labor market, can be answered by the time elapsed in a given state. The individal behaviours differ and can traduce some complex interaction patterns that the econometrician observes only partially. This thesis is about handling a multiple unobserved heterogeneity in duration models. The existing tools to estimate duration models with several frailties are derived from parametric models and are often specific. This thesis provides a methodological contribution with more flexible semi-parametric approaches. We propose a general procedure to lead the inference in duration models with frailties, which is quicker and numerically more stable than the reference algorithm. We also pay particular attention to comparison of frequentist and Bayesian approaches, which enables us to model complex interaction patterns. The thesis also contributes to the methodological literature on the labor market. We are investigating it's regulation by the International Labour Organization (ILO), and our results indicate that conventions asking for only a broad agreement on general questions are ratified more easily than the more specific ones. Proximity between a convention implications and the legal and economic systems is a determining factor, more important than political guidelines or potential trade sanctions. We are also studying the job mobility with matched employers-employees data. Most studies do not include firms' retention policies, as it is unobserved, and we show that they differ largely from one firm to another. Moreover, the results let us think that the fit between the firms' and workers' characteristics, unobserved by the statistician, influences job mobility
Pomportes, Stephane. "Mobilité et gestion efficace des fréquences dans un réseau ad hoc à forte efficacité." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112318/document.
Full textWhen a major disaster occurs, such as an earthquake or fire, the efficiency of the rescue workers depends of the coordination between the different emergency teams. This coordination needs reliable communication equipments. In such a situation, however, the infrastructure for wireless communication is generally destroyed or unusable. It is therefore necessary to find adapted communication tools for the rescue workers known as opportunistic networks. These networks pose new challenging problems such as, for instance, resource allocation which is particularly important for the QoS satisfaction. In the first part of our thesis, we addressed the problem of resource allocation in ad hoc networks using the TDMA access mechanism. Our solutions aim to perform a fair distribution of channels and take into account an interference area twice as large as the transmission range. Evaluation of new policies for opportunistic networks deployed in disaster areas requires new mobility models. We developed a novel mobility model dedicated to the movement of rescue workers. Our model includes the group mobility and some characteristics of human mobility. It also incorporates a mechanism to circumvent obstacles presents in the simulation area
Legendre, Franck. "Réseaux auto-organisables : composition et modélisation de la mobilité." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066378.
Full textThis thesis focuses on self-organizing networks (SONs), networks composed of individuals equipped with communicating devices, which form spontaneously in an ad hoc fashion to respond to a given need. Due to mobility, different SONs will meet and face the issue of cooperating when they overlap. In many situations, overlapping networks may combine to form a new single network; this is called network composition. In this context, we first propose an interoperability scheme for composing networks using a geographical forwarding scheme based on a distributed-hash table for localization. We also propose a solution for the interoperation of existing flat ad hoc routing protocols. Our work on the composition of SONs leveraged the need for more realistic mobility models. We propose Ghost, a meta-modeling approach to design mobility models. The core of Ghost is composed of (i) atomic units governing mobility namely behavioral rules, (ii) an activity-task formalism, and (iii) a fluid approach
Conforti, Jacopo. "Techno-économie de certaines industries lithiques du Paléolithique supérieur final dans la Toscane tyrrhénienne : Chronologie, aspects culturels, mobilité et modèles de subsistance." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ2028.
Full textThe Epigravettian is probably the well documented phase of the Upper Palaeolithic in Italy. The evidences of this period, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the Holocene, are not, however, homogeneous both from the chronological view and of the researches in the various regions of the Peninsula. The oldest phases are, in fact, less documented than the final-terminal ones and only some areas (such as North-Eastern Italy) have been systematically investigated, using methodologies in according with the latest study trends.The classical chronological sequence in three macro-phases, based on the analytical typology of G. Laplace, has been partly revised and constantly updated. In this model the industries are framed within a continuous evolutionary process with the progressive emergence of regional specific features, especially in the final phase.Since the 2000s, new chronological models, more focused on technological and techno-economic data, have been proposed for the epigravettian lithic industries. However, the extensibility of these series outside the contexts where they were developed must still be largely demonstrated.This thesis analyses from the techno-economic view some Epigravettian industries of Tyrrhenian Tuscany, unpublished or already examined in the past, with the aim of to reconstruct the objectives of the lithic exploitation and determine, where possible, the role of the sites within the epigravettian human settlement of the territory.The precise determination of the lithotypes present in the industries, preliminary to the reconstruction of the operating chains and methods of supplying raw materials, saw the systematic use of observation under the binocular microscope. The same tool was also used for the characterization of the lithotypes collected during the intense sampling activity, aimed at expanding the knowledge of the lithic raw materials used - or potentially usable - by the human groups of the Northern Tyrrhenian Tuscany.In light of these data and absolute dating available, the industries were included within the classical chronology, but the possibility of placing them within the new models was also verified. This made it possible to evaluate whether the elements considered by these models as markers of real discontinuity of the technical traditions and the aims of exploitation are also present in the lithic industries examined in this work