Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèles de Ville'
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Caillat, Gérard. "Ville modèle, modèles de ville. Nîmes (1476-1789)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30073.
Full textThe notion of model refers to a mode of representation, to an exemplary nature, and to a method of investigation. In the search of an identity, the city projects by different ways a representation of itself. The historians stack upon this idealized image one or several outlines of their own themes. Nimes appears so alternately as the example of the Latin colony, the Renaissant city filled with admiration for its own past, the fortified town Huguenot fighting for the religious freedom, the city of the Enlightenment spread around the vestiges of Augusteum. Today, the exceptional preservation of its antique monuments suggests that Romanity remained unchanged from the very beginning in the landscape and in the urban imagination. The archives of the consuls allow to establish on the contrary a slow maturation, accellerated by the violent disturbances of the civil wars and by the evolutions of defence systems. The city of Nemausus is familiar, but distant and legally worthless. The political body prefers to use the consular privilege, created by the counts of Toulouse, and on the particular status of the States of Languedoc to represent the community. Profoundly reformed in 1476, the consulate channels the local political debate until the Revolution. When, in the middle of the XVIIIth century, the industrial expansion shows the limits of its right on the space, it finds the means and the capacity to bend the choices of the royal power in town planning. The thesis, which covers in a equivalent way the three centuries of modern period, is organized in two parts, the identity of the city and the construction of the landscape
Gannon, Frédéric. "Modèles de la ville et politiques urbaines optimales." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100004.
Full textLe, Guen Marie. "Austin (tx) ville modèle, ville modelée : la (r)évolution de la culture de l'aménagement urbain dans une ville créative en plein essor." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2002/document.
Full textThe urban planning field strongly structures the Texas capital’s local political life. The actors confront each others on planning issues, ranging from the simple zoning case to the more complex elaboration of a comprehensive plan. The tense relationships between the actors in this domain are taking place against a backdrop of rapid demographic and economic growth, which sharpens urban development issues. While Austin's attractiveness is set as an exemplary model of the success of creative class theory, the goal of this work is to reveal the role of the various types of models in the structuring and evolution of Austin’s planning culture.The first section specifies the research objects and develops an appropriate methodology. The study of the urban planning culture is based on the analysis of urban planning professionals and on the comparative analysis of urban planning cultures, adapting them to a larger variety of actors to take into account all the people involved through a spatial strategy. The different types of active models in the global discursive and comparative urban planning community are first defined, then considered in the light of the policy mobility studies.The second section traces the history of Austin's urbanization through the lens of the theoretical models used to study its development, while pointing out the prevailing urban models at each period. The construction of contemporary models is analyzed through their dialectical relationship with the case of Austin in order to emphasize the mechanisms of scientific modeling and the reciprocal influence between these theoretical models and the urban planning actors.The third section analyzes Austin’s planning system, its governance and the conception of the urban planning held by the various groups of actors involved. It shows that beyond epistemic communities, real cultural communities are formed around policies imagined to overcome contemporary planning issues.The last section deepens the analysis of the actors’ interplay and of preveiling urban models thanks to a planning tool: the comprehensive plan. It highlights the mechanisms of cultural evolution in the field of planning and reveals the actors’ strategies to promote new urban models.The depth of the fractures revealed within the planning field explains the difficulties for its system to evolve. Its processes therefore remain very tense and litigious. The development of a common culture of planning could gradually restore a bond of trust and replace the mistrust that, for the moment, stalls the process of adaptation to the new urban realities of an emerging big large city
Le, Xuan Son. "Lieux et modèles : l'exemple des villes de fondation au XXe siècle." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647895.
Full textLemke, Laurent. "Modèles partagés et infrastructures ouverte pour l'internet des objets de la ville Intelligente." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM022/document.
Full textNowadays cities face several challenges and are concerned by ecological, energetic, economical, and demographical aspects. Smart cities, equipped with sensors, actuators, and digital infrastructures, are meant to tackle these issues.Current smart cities are operated by several actors without sharing sensor data or accesses to the actuators. This is a vertical organization, in which each actor deploys its own sensors and actuators, and manages its own digital infrastructure. Each actor may be interested in a different aspect of city management, for instance traffic management, air control, etc. The current trend is a transition towards a more horizontal organization, based on an open and shared mediation platform. In such a platform, sensor data and accesses to actuators can be shared among several actors. The costs related to nfrastructure deployment and management are therefore reduced for each individual actor. This PhD is a contribution to this volution towards horizontal organizations, with open and shared platforms. We propose: (1) an abstraction layer for the ontrol and supervision of the city; (2) a concurrency management mechanism; (3) a coordination mechanism that helps haring actuators; (4) a proof-of-concept implementation of these contributions. The abstraction layer we propose helps users control and supervise a city. It is based upon formal models inspired by the ones used in the programming of reactive systems. They represent the physical elements present in each smart city, with genericity principles. In order to ease application development, the interface of those models is made uniform. Since applications, especially control ones, may ave real-time constraints, we also list the constraints this poses on distributed infrastructures. As soon as actuators are shared, conflicts may occur between users. Our proposals include a concurrency management mechanism, based on eservation principles. We also provide a coordination mechanism for the users to be able to perform several actions in an tomic way.All these principles have been implemented as a proof of concept. We review several use cases, to demonstrate he potential benefits of our proposals
Hernandez, Frédérique. "Le processus de planification des déplacements urbains entre projets techniques et modèles de ville." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX32059.
Full textThe starting point for this research was the opportunity to follow, as an observer, the collective work meetings held for drawing up the Urban Travel Plans for Aix-en-Provence and Marseilles. We took the drafting of Urban Travel Plans as an “event”, a moment of constrained management which was superposed on common, everyday town management. Normative technical literature, as well as the legislative texts, position co-operation and exchanges between “actors” as one of the main levers in drawing up Urban Travels Plans. Although the legislative texts and the normative guides speak of the “actors”, the actors present at the work meetings speak of “projects” and technical issues. We have drawn up the hypothesis that the elaboration of an Urban Travel Plan is a scene where the interdependence between “projects”, rather than between partners is exacerbated. Basing our work on the theoretical developments proposed by Bruno Latour (symmetrical anthropology), we consider the operational projects as being what brings together and motivates the partners who draw up the Urban Travel Plan. We focused our interest on the many projects and their features
Le, Quoc Hung. "A propos du compartiment : une réflexion sur les modèles d'habitat dans le développement urbain d'Ho Chi Minh-Ville : du transfert à l'évolution." Paris 8, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA083263.
Full textBorn from a context in which the colonial power has dominated and opened South-East Asia to a world economy from the 16th century, the prototype of an oblong housing type - used both as residential and commercial building, known as compartiment chinois in French, and shophouse in English – is ubiquitous in every city of that region. Despite of its great diversity, physically and etymologically, according to places, times and contexts, the impact of the Chinese migrants and of the European colonization in the production of these building forms is widely acknowledged. Known as nhà ông (lit. “tube house”), or nhà phô (lit. “street house”) in common Vietnamese, this prototype is ubiquitous in Ho Chi Minh city where it plays a diversified and important role as “vector” of urbanization, despite of its controversial origins. Since the Economic Reform initiated in the late 1980s which opened the country to a context of globalization, the production of these dwelling forms is part of the urban development and modernization, of emerging economic and cultural exchanges with foreign countries through the media, tourism and foreign investment in particular. Since then, foreign and “exotic” building forms, styles and urban planning principles are becoming “ordinary” cityscapes under the new urbanism of Vietnam. Our discussion is about the production and evolution of these dwelling forms and their role in the process of urbanization and urban planning in Ho Chi Minh city. This research is organized into three parts. The first one is devoted to identify the image of the nhà phô as residential form on one hand, and to light up its dwelling style in the context of Ho Chi Minh city today on the other. The second part concerns the issue of urbanization, aiming to explore the socio-economic and political conditions within which it results in the spread and production of the nhà phô. The third part is to discuss how the “transnational cityscapes”, especially in residential buildings and styles, are adopted and applied to the homes of Vietnamese people and to the urban planning, and how this nhà phô gives a sense of national identity and modernity in urban planning
Pedrinis, Frédéric. "Représentations et dynamique de la ville virtuelle." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2092/document.
Full text3D virtual models of cities are multiplying throughout the world and now become accessible thanks to the will of the communes to propose them freely. Today, it is possible to access several thousand square kilometres of urban territories modelled in 3D.We present in this thesis a set of methods to enrich a 3D virtual city model, organize it to facilitate its use and then analyse it by detecting changes between two vintages or by measuring its visual atmosphere according to the user’s needs. We first propose an algorithm to complete a 3D model by adding a semantic definition thanks to the cadastre, and a method to compute the 3D plant canopy by crossing data. Then we propose strategies to organize the 3D model of the city according to geometric and semantic criteria in order to facilitate its browsing. We then present methods comparing two vintages of data representing the same territory in order to produce a single temporal model containing a set of versions. Finally, we try to measure the visual atmosphere of the city by analysing the composition of a field of vision as well as the amount of sunshine and the shadows on a territory. These measurements can be linked to external data in order to propose multiple interpretations according to the user’s needs.All this work is done in a context of interoperability and genericity since it aims to be used with datasets from all over the world. We therefore base our methods on the use of international standards for both input and output data. It is thus possible, in a context of scientific plurality within the LabEx IMU, to make available to the community the results but also our algorithms proposed within an open source developed software
Russamano, Mônica Beatriz Corrêa Meyer. "L'éclectique architectural de la ville de Pelotas (Brésil) : représentation informatisée du complexe architectural." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30068.
Full textThis work, in the strategic Information field, intend to collaborate to the reversal of the present economical stagnation scenario of Pelotas city, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, through the identification of local features and vocations which have potentiality. Amongst them, one of the most prominent and important is, no doubt, the eclectic architecture from Pelotas, which total assets, being vanished, demand immediate protection measures, for its symbolic and cultural implications as well as for its tourist possibilities. The central Hypothesis is that the B2 Section would be the most significant and highly peopled area of Pelotas Historical Center and, therefore, the best indication of a fragment to limit interference intervention within the total assets, on the absence of resources to act over the totality of the considered urban tissue. .
El, Bekri Féthi. "Modèles de développement et de prévision pour la ville : les exemples de la France et des Etats-Unis." Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100116.
Full textOur work is divided in two parts. In the first one, we study the role of the city in the development of the territory, and so for the growth of the cities. The city is seen as a privileged place, where the growth is appeared initially. It is from the urban centers that growth effects exert their influence and from this effect the rest of the territory will develop. That is to say in the first place to look for the main causes of the economic growth of cities. The used approach in that last question is the economic base method. In the second part, we try to develop the problematic of the economic base method in introducing endogenous factors as explanatory variables in the model. Growth of the city appears to be not as an induced phenomenon but as an interactive process between the supply generated by endogenous factors and the exogenous demand
Ennafii, Oussama. "Qualification géométrique de modèles 3D de bâtiments." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2001.
Full textThe automatic generation of 3D building models from geospatial data is now a standard procedure. An abundant literature covers the last two decades and several softwares are now available. However, urban areas are very complex environments. Inevitably, practitioners still have to visually assess, at city-scale, the correctness of these models and detect frequent reconstruction errors. Such a process relies on experts, and is highly time-consuming with approximately two hours/km² per expert. This work proposes an approach for automatically evaluating the quality of 3D building models. Potential errors are compiled in a novel hierarchical and modular taxonomy. This allows, for the first time, to disentangle fidelity and modeling errors, whatever the level of details of the modeled buildings. The quality of models is predicted using the geometric properties of buildings and, when available, Very High Resolution images and Digital Surface Models. A baseline of handcrafted, yet generic, features is fed into a Random Forest or Support Vector Machine classifiers. Richer features, relying on graph kernels as well as Scattering Networks, were proposed to better take into consideration structure. Both multi-class and multi-label cases are studied: due to the interdependence between classes of errors, it is possible to retrieve all errors at the same time while simply predicting correct and erroneous buildings. The proposed framework was tested on three distinct urban areas in France with more than 3,000 buildings. 80%-99% F-score values are attained for the most frequent errors. For scalability purposes, the impact of the urban area composition on the error prediction was also studied, in terms of transferability, generalization, and representativeness of the classifiers. It shows the necessity of multi-modal remote sensing data and mixing training samples from various cities to ensure a stability of the detection ratios, even with very limited training set sizes
Martinez, Flores Leonardo. "Modèles de localisation optimale dans une ville multicentrée : recherche d'un critère fondé sur la productivité du travail." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100041.
Full textLebrun, Anne Marie. "Le comportement d'achat du touriste urbain dans la ville de destination : essai de conceptualisation." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOE014.
Full textA strategic study of the behaviour of the city tourist has enabled us to prove the potential and the economic significance of this sector of tourist industry. We have demonstrated that theorical models of tourist behaviour have restricted themselves for the most part to the choice of destination, thus precluding the study of the tourist's behaviour upon arrival. This led us to draw upon research results in the realm of consumer buying patterns. The behaviour of the city tourist can be divided into two categories which can be either found in differing times and places, or be found together. The former relates to touristic behaviour whereas the latter more closely resembles that o f a consumer exploring at random the goods and services of his destination city. We have suggested and elaborated two complementary approaches to the study of the behaviour of the city tourist the first approach assumes the city tourist to be a tourist relative only to the primary elements of the city (museums, attraction,. . . ) But a "consumer out of his familiar context" relative to the secondary features of the city (shops,. . . ). This consumer discovers a new buying experience during his stay, but keeps a certain number of "buying reflexes". His decision-making processus is that of a consumer who finds himself removed from his usual purchasing environment. The second approach assumes the city tourist to be an individual on holiday for a few days in a certain city. The tourist is stimulated by the purchasing city environment. He will undergo certain experiences on the spot and buy certain products. His decision-making processus resembles that of an individual in search of variety. Based on the relevant literature, we have elaborated a model-building of city tourist shopping behavior during his stay
Lallemand, Martine. "La qualité dans la ville : un modèle conventionnel d'évaluation de la politique urbaine : Le cas du projet pilote urbain de la ville de Bordeaux." Bordeaux 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR40041.
Full textGiangola-Murzyn, Agathe. "Modélisation et paramétrisation hydrologique de la ville, résilience aux inondations." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01060497.
Full textKovacs, Yves. "Modèles de simulation d'écoulement transitoire en réseau d'assainissement." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520785.
Full textIraqi, Mehdi. "Approches théoriques pour une optimisation géométrique des formes urbaines : vers un aménagement fractal de la ville." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC027/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to establish a urban structure that optimizes inhabitant's preferences. In other words, we want to find out which city shape answers the best the residents' aspirations, according to their consumption preferences for urban and green amenities. By considering a theoretical field of study and by characterizing the population by a Cobb-Douglas behavioral pattern, we will build step by step a city, assuming successive arrivais of new individuals, in order to find out which geometric shape gives the most suitable answer. The final goal of this thesis is there to suggest a city with a fractal shape as an appro- priate answer to the resident's expectations. We will show that this structure provides indeed both a balance between accesses to urban amenities and accesses to green amenities and a balance between amenities and budget, with an effective distance compensation that satisfies the overall exigencies of the city
Baek, Seungman. "La ville écologique et le sentiment de la nature : une anthropologie des capitales d'Asie orientale à travers deux modèles, Changan et Paris." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0104.
Full textJguirim, Ines. "Modélisation et génération d'itinéraires contextuels d'activités urbaines dans la ville." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0074/document.
Full textThe city is an urban aggregation allowing to offer diverse services to his city-dwellers. She establishes a complex system which depends on several social and economic factors. The configuration of the space influences in a important way the accessibility to the various features of the city. The spatial analysis of the urban structure is realized on cities to study the characteristics of the space and be able to estimate its functional potential. The aim of the thesis is to propose an approach to spatial analysis which takes into account the various structural and semantic aspects of the city. A model based on the graphs was proposed to represent the multimodal transport network of the city which guarantees the accessibility to the various points of interest. Super-networks were used to integrate the possibility of an intermodal transfer into the model of transport by links of interdependence between the sub-graphs associated to the various means of transportation. The temporal aspect was represented in the model by attributes specifying the temporal constraints characterizing the itinerary of every node and every edge such as the time of exploration, the waiting time and the time required for the road penalties. The functional aspect is introduced by the concept of activity. We proposed a conceptual model which aims to model the various contextual elements which can affect the planning and the execution of the urban activities such as the spatiotemporal frame and the profile of the user. This model was enriched by knowledge management which aims to represent information about individual behaviors. The extracted knowledge are represented by a management system of rules allowing the contextual planning of the activity
Hassoumi, Inès. "Approche multi-agents de couplage de modèles pour la modélisation des systèmes complexes spatiaux : application à l'aménagement urbain de la ville de Métouia." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066031/document.
Full textIn This work we present an agent-based approach for coupling models in the context of complex spatial systems. The main idea of our approach called Coupling4Modeling is the use of the space as a medium of interactions between the coupling agents to allow them to co-exist and interact according to a set of rules that govern these interactions. By playing the role of coupling factor, space allows coupling agents to exchange data and to observe the results of pragmatic coupling of different models constituting the studied spatial complex sys-tem. This approach consisting in a methodology and an agent-oriented metamodel of coupling. Our metamodel is based on an organizational (AGRE) with holonic architecture that takes into consideration the specificity, autonomy and the calculation scale of each model. This notion of holon allows us to manage the heterogeneity of formalisms and spatio-temporal scales of models. In fact, spatial heterogeneity is managed by the decomposition of the collector and the interpreter agents until reaching the desired level of abstraction. These agents can move from one level to another by adapting the spatial scale of the space to the spatial scale of the model through conversion functions. The temporal heterogeneity is managed by a time agent that will calculate the future date in the execution of the model and a scheduler agent that will schedule these dates following the time scale of the simulation. We take the urban system of Metouia (Tunisia) as an example of spatial complex system, to study with details and to test our coupling4modeling approach. The main goal is to meet the needs of urbanists in terms of decision support in urban planning and to test our coupling approach coupling4modeling
Hassoumi, Inès. "Approche multi-agents de couplage de modèles pour la modélisation des systèmes complexes spatiaux : application à l'aménagement urbain de la ville de Métouia." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066031.pdf.
Full textIn This work we present an agent-based approach for coupling models in the context of complex spatial systems. The main idea of our approach called Coupling4Modeling is the use of the space as a medium of interactions between the coupling agents to allow them to co-exist and interact according to a set of rules that govern these interactions. By playing the role of coupling factor, space allows coupling agents to exchange data and to observe the results of pragmatic coupling of different models constituting the studied spatial complex sys-tem. This approach consisting in a methodology and an agent-oriented metamodel of coupling. Our metamodel is based on an organizational (AGRE) with holonic architecture that takes into consideration the specificity, autonomy and the calculation scale of each model. This notion of holon allows us to manage the heterogeneity of formalisms and spatio-temporal scales of models. In fact, spatial heterogeneity is managed by the decomposition of the collector and the interpreter agents until reaching the desired level of abstraction. These agents can move from one level to another by adapting the spatial scale of the space to the spatial scale of the model through conversion functions. The temporal heterogeneity is managed by a time agent that will calculate the future date in the execution of the model and a scheduler agent that will schedule these dates following the time scale of the simulation. We take the urban system of Metouia (Tunisia) as an example of spatial complex system, to study with details and to test our coupling4modeling approach. The main goal is to meet the needs of urbanists in terms of decision support in urban planning and to test our coupling approach coupling4modeling
Basile, Maria. "Urbanisme, management et commerce : la transposition des modèles belge et britanique de gestion de centre-ville dans les quartiers historiques des agglomérations de Gênes et de Lille." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA082603.
Full textParrot, Laurent. "Étude de l'impact de mesures macro-économiques sur une économie villageoise africaine : un modèle d'équilibre général calculable simplifié d'une petite ville." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010017.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is (I) to give an accurate framework of an African village-town economy and its global organization, and (II) to create two models, a social accounting matrix and a general equilibrium model. These two models are used in view to better understand the interactions between the actors of the economy. The general equilibrium model is relatively simple (the elasticities are equal to one or zero, and we use linear functions), but it gives an accurate idea of a complex economy, integrating local specificities. The linear model shows a town completely demand-driven and with no supply constraints. The general equilibrium model shows different results with the integration of more realistic constraints (decreasing return to scale, endogeneous crop prices, prices etc. . . ). It is possible to study price policies, credit policies, marketing policies, income policies, tax policies, and the effects of a deteriorating ecological environment on agriculture. The opportunity to be able to modelize a town or a village makes it possible to analyse the effects of such policies on the different households groups
Lefebvre, Félix. "Politiques de l’espace et condition citadine : modèles, pratiques, représentations, résistances à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1A006.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with the modes of "being-in-town" in Ouagadougou, capital of Burkina Faso, on the outskirts of the great dynamics of globalization, but which is nonetheless experiencing attempts to bring its urban policy up to standard based on international models. In this respect, I try here to analyze the action of the State on the city, and its confrontation with the practices and representations the inhabitants deploy in their daily life. If this confrontation can be directly politically questionned, the inhabitants often prefer to build their own urban "arts of doing" without getting in a declared resistance against the power, according to infrapolitical tactics. Ultimately, this work questions urban life in Ouagadougou, as a relationship between the urban experience and individual and collective construction as an urban subject
Hounwanou, Sonagnon. "Pour une approche territoriale de la logistique urbaine : choix individuels de déplacement, localisation commerciale et impact sur l’environnement des flux de transport de marchandises en ville." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEM013.
Full textThe significance of shopping trips for a city is at least twofold. They are essential to supply households as they are critical for the retail sector viability. Despite, shopping trip flows are rarely taken into account while evaluating urban goods flows. Actually, urban goods flows are more often addressed in a transport operating perspective only. We noticed during these PhD works that there is another approach for urban logistics in the scientific literature. We call it the territorial approach because it introduces warehouses location and urban planning matters into urban logistics. But there still are several operating issues to address about this approach. That’s what we targeted during our reflections, investigating the before and the after of a relocation project of an important retail store from Saint-Etienne ‘city centre. The key contributions of our works are twofold. The data we collected first allowed us to develop and test a discrete choice modelling methodology making the link between retail location and individual shopping trips behaviours. Second, we suggest to link both upstream and downstream transport flows generated by a retail store and assess their environmental impacts. Then another question is emerging. Having the possibility to model the retail location choice of consumers, is it easier to compare the environmental impacts of both upstream and downstream flows generated by different commercial areas in the city?
Thinon-Larminach, Murielle. "Approches quantitatives des flux d'eau dans un système sol-nappe-rivière : application au bassin de la Charente, à l'amont de la ville d'Angoulême (16)." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2299.
Full textGuirat, Noomen. "Evaluation des impacts du trafic automobile sur l'atmosphère : application au centre-ville de Tunis." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0181.
Full textPollution generated by urban traffic is a serious problem of our cities. Started from the general link between economy and environment, we are more particularly interested by externalities and by the various methods to evaluate these externalities. Then, we particularize the comment in the concrete case of the nuisances of the urban road transport by focusing on emissions of pollution gases. We present then the methods of economic evaluations of these externalities of the transport. We show then, by an experience in the city of Tunis, how the models for the static traffic assignement can be used to calculate these gases emissions. These models also allow to calculate the congestion of the network. The idea is widened to establish the complex link between congestion on the one hand, and environment and living environment on the other hand. Finally, we end the comment by giving some perspectives on the alternatives in fossil fuels for the propulsion of the engines of the cars by indicating, for every solution, its consequences on the environment, mainly in emission of atmospheric pollutants
Nakouri, Hend. "Etude et conception d'un modèle de gestion dynamique des réseaux d'assainissement. : application test sur la ville de Somain." Thesis, Artois, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ARTO0212/document.
Full textGenerally, real-time management of sewer systems uses two main tools. The first software one, dedicated to weather forecast is known by their imprecision and uncertainty. The main issue of the second one concerns their computational complexity, which becomes a burden, as they require temporal important steps of decision. This leads to an important problem, where the obtained results are generally different from the really waited ones. The main idea and objective of the CARDIO project, which are the core of this thesis, is to deal with this important problem using a new paradigm based on “automatic” concepts rather than applied from “hydrology” point of view. Such approach allows the realization of a large amount of numerical simulation in a fast way during a very short time (a few seconds). This allows dispensing of weather forecast by using real-time meditative pluviometric data directly. The objective is to achieve a system where the decision-making is made based on reliable data and also, the error correction is permanent
Touhbi, Saâd. "Élaboration d’un modèle multi-agents pour la génération synthétique de trafic : application à la mobilité urbaine de la ville de Marrakech." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS326.
Full textTraffic generation is an important process in traffic simulation. It defines a series of vehicle arrival at a road. This series is proven to be random since 1930. However, its distribution explains at a level the behavior of the motorists. The goal of this thesis is to establish a traffic generation toolbox to produce a series of vehicle arrival characterized by their entry point, their type, arrival time and their initial speed. A first step was to establish an analysis protocol for the time headway (TH) of the arriving vehicles consisting of four steps : (i) data processing and calculating TH, (ii) sampling of data according to different levels of traffic, (iii) model choice and estimation, (iv) and the comparison of the estimated models and the empirical data. The application of the latter on four roads with three lanes interrupted by a signalized intersection showed that : The Pareto IV model is not rejected for all levels of traffic in these roads, the Exponential model is proven to be inadequate for all levels of traffic, the Log-Normal and Pearson III are best suited for intermediate to high levels of traffic. These results helped in testing the traffic generation toolbox proving that it generates coherent level of traffic compared to the desired configuration. The latter was integrated in the simulation MarrakAir that estimated the level of pollution based on traffic. This was done to eliminate the necessity to have punctual data from sensors about vehicle arrivals
Pelletier, Mathieu. "LA DÉCISION TERRITORIALE EN CONFLIT. Analyse spatiale de l'activité conflictuelle, Ville de Québec, 1989 à 2000." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26484/26484.pdf.
Full textAt a time when population concentration in urban spaces is increasing and cities continue to grow into huge urbanised areas, issues related to management planning for these “ new ” territories is of interest. Such spaces which undergo deep mutations give rise to new stakes and challenges for territorial planning. Occasionally, due to lack of compatibility between the respective actors’ standpoints with respect to high stakes arising from divergent interests, conflicts emerge. Indeed, conflicts that originate from a territorial project are no longer the exception. This thesis strives to better understand the relationships that bind together territorial specificities and the dynamics of conflict activity in terms of its spatial frequency, duration and intensity. The current work uses a quantitative procedure that seeks to understand conflict dynamics by means of a spatial approach. The basis of this research is a database made up of conflicts which occurred in Quebec City over the period from 1989 to 2000. The 199 conflicts considered herein have been collected from the regional press (the newspaper daily Le Soleil). The conceptual framework proposed addresses the conflict through the prism of territorial decision-making processes. We also join in the territorial decision is geographic spaces: action space, consequences space and stakeholders’ space. It is through these spaces and, more particularly throught the stakeholders’ one that a spatial representation of conflict activity is made possible. Statistical analysis indicated that (1) the tendency of individuals to regroup around local associations and community organisations along with their ability to make their voices heard, as (2) the nature of the social composition seemed to be fundamental components both of the emergence and unravelling of the protesters’ approach. The study of the effects of local contexts suggests that conflicts are longer though not necessarily more intense or more frequent in the area where (1) the ability of individuals to come together and take the floor is moderate and (2) the population is both the most easily mobilizable and the better off at the regional level. We believe that these are the conditions that lead to a conflict activity with long duration, ie individuals with time and resources, but not well equipped in terms of action strategies in times of conflict activity.
Gbinlo, Roch. "Organisation et financement de la gestion des déchets ménagers dans les villes de l'Afrique Subsaharienne : le cas de la ville de Cotonou au Bénin." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564740.
Full textGhostine, Rabih. "Contribution à la résolution numérique des équations de Barré de Saint Venant bidimensionnelles par une méthode de type éléments finis discontinus : application à la simulation des écoulements au sein des carrefours de la ville." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/GHOSTINE_Rabih_2009.pdf.
Full textThe scientific objective of this work of thesis is the hydraulic management of the flood in the city. The control of volumes and water depths generated by the rainy events passes by a fine knowledge of the crossroads. In fact, the flows will be distributed within the city through these nodes. The work concerns particularly the study of the numerical resolution of the two-dimensional equations of hydraulics at open channel (Saint Venant equations). The tool privileged to answer to the requests of the engineering departments of the agglomerations is the numerical simulation, only tool making it possible to make forecasts for exceptional events. The objective is thus to develop a tool for simulation robust making it possible to make choices according to objectives. The considered numerical scheme is based on the discontinuous Galerkin finite elements method associated with a slope limitation. The work will aim particularly to implements this type of scheme and to study the robustness and the stability of this new scheme of discretization in particular during the use of unstructured mesh of the crossroads of the city starting from triangular element. In the first time, the numerical scheme is favourably compared to a finite volume scheme implemented with the same properties on various hydraulic problems transient and steady. Numerical results of several flow problems show the interest of the developed method. In the second time, the numerical scheme is compared to the one-dimensional approach for the prediction of the subcritical, supercritical and transcritical flows through the junctions. We finish this memory by checking the capacities of the numerical scheme to simulate the flows which develop within the crossroads of the city, under the experimental conditions studied by Mignot et al. (2008b). Thus, the results predicted by the numerical scheme are then compared with the corresponding characteristics of the flows measured in experiments as well as with the results predicted by a 2D finite volume method and a software based
Vallée, Julie. "Urbanisation et santé à Vientiane (Laos) : les processus à l’origine des disparités spatiales de santé dans la ville." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377209.
Full textSi cette ville abrite des phénomènes de santé spatialement différenciés, deux types de mécanismes peuvent l'expliquer. Le premier renvoie aux disparités socio-spatiales : les caractéristiques comme l'âge, le niveau d'éducation et le niveau de vie qui sont autant de facteurs de risque, ne sont en effet pas réparties de façon aléatoire à Vientiane. Néanmoins, il serait approximatif d'interpréter les disparités spatiales de santé comme le reflet des disparités socio-spatiales alors que celles-ci restent de faible ampleur à Vientiane en ce début de XXIème siècle. De fait, un second type de mécanisme participe activement à l'inégale répartition des problèmes de santé dans cette ville : les habitants, au-delà de leurs caractéristiques propres, sont d'autant plus touchés par le diabète, l'hypertension, le surpoids et l'obésité et d'autant moins touchés par l'anémie, la maigreur et le retard de croissance qu'ils résident dans un village plus urbanisé. La santé des habitants de Vientiane est étroitement liée au niveau d'urbanisation de leur lieu de résidence parce que celui-ci influence leur mode de vie, c'est-à-dire leurs comportements (alimentaires, de soin, etc.) à travers les équipements qu'il présente et les normes sociales qu'il véhicule.
Bien qu'avérée, l'influence du lieu de résidence sur la santé ne doit pas être considérée comme opérant de façon identique sur tous les habitants de Vientiane : cette influence varie selon leur pratique et leur maîtrise de l'espace (c'est-à-dire leur capital spatial). Cette recherche souligne donc l'influence du lieu de résidence sur la santé des individus sans toutefois céder à un quelconque déterminisme géographique.
Goret, Marine. "Etude des interactions entre le climat urbain et le CO2 : modélisation des flux de CO2 et application à l'échelle d'une ville." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0119.
Full textClimate and CO2 are closely tied. The link between them is so well established that the objectives for global warming mitigation are expressed in terms of the maximum amount of CO2 equivalent that can be emitted. The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere at a given time is the result of complex exchanges and equilibriums between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. The latter is composed not only of oceans, vegetation and natural soils, but also cities. Exchanges between the atmosphere and urban surfaces come mainly from four contributors: building emissions, road traffic, human respiration and urban vegetation. Two of these contributors depend on climate: buildings and vegetation. Buildings emissions, at least at high and medium latitudes, are strongly related to space heating, and therefore fluctuate with the outside temperature. As for the vegetation, its growth and open-up speed depends on the weather and climate conditions and more particularly on temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. The CO2 emitted by the city is then transported through the atmosphere by the local atmospheric circulation which is the result of the synoptic situation modified by the city's influence. Therefore there are strong interactions between climate and CO2 at the city scale: the city's carbon footprint depends on the local climate, and the transport of CO2 through the atmosphere is influenced by the atmospheric circulation induced by the city. The aim of this thesis is to study these interactions. That's why, the modeling of CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere has been added to the urban micro-climate model TEB. This allows to verify that the physical processes that link CO2 emissions/uptakes in the city and the urban climate are well identified and understood. The model is evaluated on two case studies each of which specifically assessed one of the contributors to city/atmosphere CO2 exchanges that is weather-sensitive: the buildings on the Toulouse site (France), and the vegetation on the Kumpula site (Finland). These two sites demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere as well as their daily and seasonal cycles. The Toulouse site underlines the importance of a detailed knowledge of the inhabitants' energy behaviour in order to simulate the CO2 emissions of buildings. Kumpula site demonstrates the ability of the ISBA model, designed to describe the interactions between non-urban vegetation and the atmosphere, to describe the CO2 exchanges between urban vegetation and the atmosphere. The model, thus validated, is used to carry our simulations of CO2 emissions from buildings on the scale of the entire urban agglomeration of Toulouse. These simulations once again highlighted the necessity of a good knowledge of the inhabitant's energy behaviors: on our case study (four days in winter), the 2°C reduction of the nigth-time space heating setpoint temperature reduces CO2 emissions by 33%. During these simulations, the transport of CO2 emitted by the city through the atmosphere is also monitored. This shows that, despite a calm wind situation, the CO2 plume created by the city dissipates rapidly (less than a day), limiting the increase in CO2 concentration over the city. Simulations on other cities are neeeded to determine if this result can be generalized. During this thesis, we studied climate/CO2 interactions at the city scale. In the future, it would be interesting to carry out simulations in future climate or in coupled mode with climate models in order to study the feedback between local and global climate/CO2 links
Villanueva, Villa Antonio. "Services écosystémiques et paysage : Interactions dans un système socio-écologique à la périphérie de la Ville de Mexico." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0020.
Full textIn an era dominated by strong anthropogenic transformations, the search for new approaches to reconcile human activities and natural ecosystems is becoming increasingly important. In this sense, the concepts of "Ecosystem Services" and "Socio-Ecological Systems" are increasingly used in different scientific disciplines and are taken into account in political spheres to draw attention to the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. These concepts lead to the study of complex links between society and nature, where the spatial dimension and landscape characteristics have a strong influence. However, few studies have been applied in a spatial approach.This thesis presents a research on the spatial dimension of Ecosystem Services, in particulary those of the temperate forests of the mountains on the periphery of Mexico City. Ecosystems have an important role to the human well-being through many ecosystem services. These Ecosystem Services are the result of complex interactions between nature and society.The Central Valley (central zone) of Mexico is a priority area for biodiversity conservation due to the high degree of endemism of the fauna and flora species present. In this zone where several protected natural areas are located, a public-private initiative is seeking to create a new conservation category that includes the management of all these areas. This initiative is known as the "Bosque de Agua" (Water Forest). However, in the "Bosque de Agua" the spatial stakes between nature and society are subject to strong anthropic pressures which are due to mining and agricultural activities and to the urban spread of large conurbations. In this space, these pressures lead to the degradation of natural ecosystems. Research is needed to analyse the spatial dimension of interactions between nature and society, by studying the synergy between Socio-Ecological Systems and Ecosystem Services.The thesis introduces the conceptual framework used to study the links between Ecosystem Services and Socio-Ecological Systems. It is considered in this research that Ecosystem Services are at the centre of the "Bosque de Agua" Socio-Ecological Ecological System.In the spatial modelling section, four Ecosystem Services were evaluated (water supply, wood supply, food supply and local climate regulation).The results of this section include a map of Ecosystem Services by identifying hotspots of Ecosystem Services. These results make explicit in space, through geographically weighted regressions, the impact of landscape characteristics on Ecosystem Services.In addition, the spatial coherence of protected natural areas and the spatial distribution of Ecosystem Services were assessed in terms of area. The objective is to create a typology of natural areas according to the surface area of protected and unprotected Ecosystem Services hotspots.Finally, a third result relates to the perception of local inhabitants of the intrinsic capacity of the "Bosque de Agua" to provide Ecosystem Services. This perceived capacity was assessed through field photo questionnaires
Barriere, Vivien. "Les portes de l'enceinte antique d'Autun et leurs modèles (Gaule, Italie, provinces occidentales de l'Empire romain)." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOL042/document.
Full textAugustodunum, civitas Aeduorum, roman city founded under the reign of Augustus, was equipped with four roman city gates : the gate of Arroux and the gate of Saint André, both well preserved, the gate of Saint Andoche which sole remaining part is a flanking tower, and the gate of Rome, destroyed long ago.The heart of this study lies in the stratigraphic reading of those gates structure and in thoughts about the building site of Autun’s city gates operating process. Moreover, since the 16th century, antiquaries, travelers and artists have described in many ways their visits to the roman city gates of Autun. These accounts constitute a major documentary collection of written and iconographical sources that had never been studied as a whole before. A classification of written sources was necessary in order to understand the borrowings from previous works. A similar work of critical study has been realized for the iconographical representations of the gates. As an essential complement of the stratigraphic reading of remaining elevations of the gates, the ancient archeological documentation study was indispensable to propose a restoration hypothesis of Augustodunum’s city gates long term history from their construction time to nowadays. The last section of this study aims to locate Autun’s city gates in the series of monumental city gates built in Western Roman Empire between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD. Furthermore, that section presents new propositions for the restoration of the architectural project, of the gates plan and of the inner organization of these gates flanking towers
Salvan, Leslie. "Connaissances et modélisations pour la gestion du pluvial en zone urbaine : application à la ville de Nice." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4124/document.
Full textTheoretical background about hydrology, hydraulics and computational tools and methods are widely developed and worldwide used. In the same time however, important issues during flood crisis are not solved and practical solutions take time to be implemented. On top of that, ongoing climatic change will not make things easier and intense events will increase in frequency. To worsen the picture, local economic means in France will not increase to help municipalities and local communities to tackle the issue. The objective of this thesis is to investigate on the available ways to improve our local knowledge of stormwater related concepts to allow an efficient modelling. The proposed methodology consists in a three-step-approach including: 1. A thorough analysis of local topography data; 2. The assessment of sewer-surface interactions; 3. An integrated approach to model pluvial flood in urban areas. The results of Step 1 show that topography data is essential in flow path definition and significantly impacts hydraulic modelling results. This leads to Step 2 where it is seen that sewer overflow is one aspect of urban flood issues but represents only part of flood sources. Overland flow generated by runoff should be included in flood models. Then Step 3 presents that integrated urban pluvial modelling is possible with existing tools and can represent the real processes better. This proposed modelling approach should not be disconnected from the reality of stormwater management practical aspects and current constraints. It is shown how complementary actions can be taken to enrich local knowledge and memory thus allowing a more efficient and wiser modelling process
Emelianoff, Cyria. "La ville durable, un modèle émergent : géoscopie du réseau européen des villes durables (Porto, Strasbourg, Gdansk)." Orléans, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ORLE1031.
Full textMartinez-Sancho, Lou. "Impacts de l'optimisation du mix énergétique des villes de demain : vulnérabilité, éthique, santé publique et territoires durables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ6045.
Full textThe quality of life of inhabitants is directly correlated with energy, which is transformed into work and movement to improve the Human Development Index (HDI). At the same time, the production of energy deteriorates the environment, human health, and the overall ecosystem of a healthy city. This thesis explores the energy dilemma, researching the impact of the transition to low-carbon energy systems on urban health and vulnerabilities. The research combines quantitative methodologies, including DOE (Design of Experiments) and Monte Carlo (stochastic) modeling, with qualitative methods such as postphenomenology to study the impact of energy systems on the urban exposome, using a case study in the City of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The thesis concludes that energy production systems affect the urban exposome, as higher pollution levels may place inhabitants with lower incomes at greater risk, establishing this correlation. The median household income gradient suggests a negative relationship between decreasing wealth and exposure to toxic releases and diesel particulate matter (PM). The thesis also identifies three major variables—CO2 emissions, energy capacity, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)—as impacting mortality rates in Oak Ridge, TN. It suggests that controlling the carbon intensity of a given energy production could reduce the mortality rate. The 3D optimum energy model corresponds to lower emissions with the optimal capacity of the system and LCOE. To transfer the study and methodologies applied in this thesis, we propose three replicable epistemological archetypes (NOW-NEW-NEXT) to address the energy dilemma and its impact on the urban energy exposome. This calls for a multidisciplinary and humble approach to integrate diverse knowledge systems. The thesis underscores the role of postphenomenology in understanding the urban energy exposome and its impact on public health, suggesting that non-polluted air alone is insufficient for creating healthy cities. The transition from individual consciousness and experience to a collective one is a transcendental movement where past, present, and future contribute to community decision-making and acceptability. Thus, the thesis concludes that a balance between technological innovations and humanistic approaches is necessary to tackle the energy dilemma and advocates for the integration of diverse epistemologies to advance the understanding of the urban energy exposome and its impact on environmental justice
Tannier, Cécile. "Les localisations commerciales de détail en milieu urbain : mieux connaitre par la modélisation pour mieux aménager : réalisation d'un modèle d'évaluation de l'attractivité des agrégats commerciaux d'une ville pour différents types d'établissements commerciaux de détail." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA1010.
Full textDellier, Julien. "DES FORÊTS DANS LA VILLE - Analyse du processus d'intégration par une approche territorialisée, exemples de trois agglomérations moyennes européennes : Grenoble, Limoges et Swindon." Phd thesis, Limoges, 2007. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/678433a1-f989-4cb0-8b37-02fb7dd54e3d/blobholder:0/2007LIMO2013.pdf.
Full textGrzeczkowicz, Grégoire. "Towards a mesh based, structured 3D representation of cities." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025UEFL2003.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the 3D reconstruction of urban environments using exclusively textured triangular meshes. This mesh format was chosen for its universality, as it has become a standard output of most photogrammetric processing chains. These meshes effectively combine both geometric and radiometric data to support three-dimensional geographic information in a compact and easy-to-use format. The main objective of this research work is to transform these textured meshes into structured 3D models. We introduce the concept of structured mesh model. In a structured mesh, each face of the mesh is associated with metadata such as its semantic class (ground, vegetation, rail, road, sidewalk, etc.) and instance information. Each object then consists of a subset of mesh faces of the same instance. This approach allows for the faithful 3D visualization of the world and paves the way for numerous applications in simulation and urban planning.The first major contribution of this thesis is the study and development of methods for the semantic segmentation of these textured meshes. This segmentation is essential for the correct assignment of categories to the different faces of the mesh, forming a fundamental basis for subsequent stages of our work.The second main contribution is a method for simplifying segmented meshes. This simplification aims to reduce the complexity of the mesh while preserving geometric and semantic information, enforcing the alignment of mesh edges with object boundaries and semantic class divisions. The aim is to clearly identify each object and associate it with the simplest possible geometry, so as to obtain a model with a good compromise between accuracy and complexity, thus saving storage space and calculation time for subsequent visualization or simulation algorithms. The final result of this process is a ready-to-use structured mesh. The third significant contribution of this thesis is the augmentation of a structured mesh's fidelity in occluded areas, such as under bridges, tunnels, and dense vegetation. By focusing particularly on networks like roads, rails, and rivers, we leverage their intrinsic characteristics to improve the precision and reliability of our structured meshes in these complex areas, with the final goal of making these networks navigable. This thesis therefore proposes a new approach to city modeling, in the form of a complete pipeline for automatically generating a structured model containing navigable networks from a textured mesh
Ouwayed, Nazih. "Segmentation en lignes de documents anciens : applications aux documents arabes." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN23001/document.
Full textThe indexing of handwritten scanned documents poses the problem of lines segmentation, if it fails, disabling the following steps of words extraction and recognition. In addition, the ancient Arabic documents contain annotations in the margins, often composed of lines obliquely oriented. The detection of these lines is important as the rest and is a major challenge for the indexing of these documents. Thus, the segmentation described in this thesis involves the extraction of multi-oriented lines. For this problem, the bibliography has only rudimentary techniques based essentially on the projection of the document image along one direction, which be failed in the case of multi-oriented documents. Given this lack, we have proposed an adaptive approach that first locates the different orientation zones, then based on each local orientation to extract the lines. During my thesis, i particularly invested on the following points : - Applying an automatic paving using the active contour model (snake). - Preparation the signal of the projection profile by removing all pixels that are not needed in the orientation estimation. Then, implementation of all energy distributions of Cohen's class on the projection profile to find the best distribution that gives the orientation. - Applying some extension rules to find the oriented zones. - Extraction of lines by using an connected components follow-up algorithm. - Separation of overlapped and touched lines using the morphology of Arabic terminal letters
De, Gasperin Axelle. "Genèse et transformation d'une forme urbaine : le grand ensemble : L'exemple de la ville modèle socialiste de Halle-Neustadt." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN21027/document.
Full textHalle-Neustadt is the fourth new town founded in GDR was built so that the workers of chemical industries dwelling in the region can settle. Halle-Neustadt has been a socialist model town and has been an epitome in matter of urbanism and building techniques the authorities have carefully attended to. Nevertheless, the increase of economic issues has dashed their hopes so that the former model town became the biggest large scale housing development district in Halle's old town. In the 1990's, the towns in new Länder are faced with a worrying shrinkage of town, and in first place a serious decrease of population growth. Large housing estates have been hardly hit by demographic and economic decline, and Neustadt does not make exception to the rule. This situation has lead the Federal government to design a support programme called Stadtumbau Ost programme (Urban Restructuring East). This programme incites towns to demolition and rehabilitation; demolitions are concentrated in large housing estates. From socialist model town to restructured large scale housing estate, Neustadt is a paradigm for large housing estate in new Länder, but also in France. Restructuration is a way to change urban landscape in the large housing estates. This urban shape is here in question, from the modern movement to present restructuration
El, Khattabi Mohamed. "Etude et gestion des risques liés aux glissements de terrain en milieu urbain : application à la ville d'Al Hoceima (Nord du Maroc)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILN047.
Full textLandslides represent highly hazardous phenomena influenced by various parameters and criteria commonly observed in different locations worldwide. Managing them proves challenging, especially in urban areas, due to the risks they pose to the population and structures, as well as the complexities involved in implementing corrective measures. This thesis focuses on landslide studies applied to the city of Al Hoceima in northern Morocco. The objective is to analyze their origins or reactivation, the predisposing factors triggering them, and to understand the mechanisms at play.To tackle this challenge, a methodology based on analyzing ground movements through a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating geology, hydrogeochemistry, and geotechnics, proved essential. The analysis of the studied slope reveals a complex morphology resulting from geology characterized by tectonic activity and often-altered lithology. Geotechnically, this translates into mechanical characteristics ranging from weak to moderate, further decreasing under the influence of water. Intense tectonic activity has resulted in faults and fractures that have structured the slope, creating block structures that further weaken the terrain. Inclinometric measurements localized sliding planes at average depths ranging from 15 meters to 25 meters. These measurements also revealed relative movements of blocks during sliding. Chemical analysis of groundwater indicates the presence of sodium sulfates, occasionally mixed with sodium chloride, indicating leaching of autochthonous formations (Triassic-Liassic and Jurassic), exacerbated by the influence of the rising water table. Additionally, wastewater, constituting additional volumes, further disrupts the slope's equilibrium by infiltrating from the surface, as evidenced by the detection of nitrates in the analyzed waters.These results prompted the implementation of simulations to deepen the understanding of landslide mechanisms. A model considering geological discontinuities and analyzing deformations, displacements, and friction within fractures was employed, primarily focusing on landslide-prone areas. This modeling confirmed the conclusions drawn from the analytical phase of the study while facilitating the planning of corrective actions
Hefnawy, Ahmed. "Lifecycle-based Modeling of Smart City Ecosystem." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2014.
Full textSmart city system development, operation and maintenance are very complex tasks and involve numerous stakeholders from different disciplines and domains. In most cases, these systems are at different phases of design, deployment and operation, i.e. at different phases of lifecycle. Hence, lifecycle management concepts are very important to better manage smart city development as a complete ecosystem across different phases of lifecycle. This argument is supported by the findings of our smart city survey, where the information gathered from interviewed stakeholders proves the relevance of a lifecycle approach to address the identified nine concerns; non-alignment to strategic objectives, regulatory failure at different phases, delay in “time to market”, disjointed processes, difficult knowledge sharing and data traceability, inefficient and delayed exchange of data/ information, and inefficient and ineffective use of infrastructure.To address the abovementioned concerns, this thesis proposes the application of lifecycle management concepts in smart cities, which requires the introduction of the time notion to smart city modeling by adding the lifecycle viewpoint as a new dimension to the multi-layered architecture. The proposed smart city lifecycle-based approach consists of two components. First, the three-dimensional model that enables smart city developers to consider three viewpoints: Architecture Layers, Time (Lifecycle Phases), and Domains. Second, the interaction approach that enables integration between lifecycle management systems and IoT platforms. This approach is validated through a use-case of Smart Parking System, proposed as part of the FIFA World Cup™ 2022. The proposed smart parking system is strategically aligned to Smart Qatar objectives and connects all relevant stakeholders across the different lifecycle phases. To ensure semantic interoperability, the smart parking system uses the DATEX II standards for static and dynamic parking related data. Finally, the use-case focuses on the integration between lifecycle related data and IoT data through the interaction between Aras Innovator® lifecycle system (BoM construction, configuration management, etc.) and the O-MI/O-DF IoT Reference Implementation Platform (peer-to-peer publication and discovery of parking-related information in an aggregated form)
Lagasnerie, Grégoire de. "Trois essais en économie de la santé sur la régulation de la demande de soins de ville s'appuyant sur la méthode de micro-simulation." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0093.
Full textThis thesis sheds light on various issues in health economics (reimbursement system of care, sensitivity of the demand for health care prices , prediction of the dynamics of care expenses ) through the technique of micro -simulation. This thesis is composed of three articles. The first two articles of this thesis contribute to improved understanding of the mechanism related to the regulation of health care demand through the reimbursement system. The last article analyzes the evolution of the demand for care in the medium and long term. The first article focuses on the analysis in term of equity and hedging of reform of the reimbursement system of healthcare services in France. The second article examines the implications for health insurance and the insured of changes in consumption behavior of insured following a reform of the reimbursement system of cafe in France. The third article, from the study of different methods of projections in the economic literature analyzes the dynamic of outpatient healthcare expenditure related to the ageing population
Lalonde, Morgane. "Urban effects on the hydroclimate : observation and model-based analyses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS373.
Full textUrban water management is evolving in response to the increasing urban population, rising demand for water supply, climate change, and urban-induced changes in regional hydroclimate. Ensuring a sustainable approach to urban water management requires a deeper understanding of the urban hydroclimate. This thesis addresses this need by investigating urban effects on precipitation, influences on natural surface properties, and the interactions between atmospheric and hydrological systems in shaping the urban hydroclimate. A multidisciplinary approach is adopted, integrating insights from both atmospheric and hydrological sciences and combining empirical analyses of observed data with modeling to provide complementary perspectives. The study begins by examining urban effects on precipitation through a combination of literature review and machine learning to assess any consensus. Given the lack of agreement among studies using radar precipitation data, a consistent wind-based radar methodology is applied to a broad sample of cities over the USA and Europe. This approach aims to determine if urban areas have a consistent influence on precipitation patterns across regions, addressing the challenge of generalizing urban effects on precipitation. The modeling aspect includes a review of existing urban land surface models, focusing on their representation of surface hydrological processes and energy fluxes. This is followed by the development of a new urban surface scheme for the ORCHIDEE model, incorporating urban heterogeneities and representation of imperviousness
Morisset, Lucie K. "Arvida, cite modèle, ville moderne, ville de l'aluminium. Histoire de la forme urbaine et de l'architecture, 1925-1950." Brest, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BRES2019.
Full textEmery, Justin. "La ville sous électrodes : de la mesure à l'évaluation de la pollution atmosphérique automobile. : vers une simulation multi-agents du trafic routier en milieu urbain." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL018/document.
Full textBased on surveys, traffic is constructed from assumptions about the relationship between origins and destinations. In order to rebuild a road traffic wich would be closer to observation and on a wider set of road sections, it appears interesting to use counting data from urban sensors : this is our starting point of view. The insertion of these in-situ dataset in the road traffic measurement provides the opportunity to experience the potential of sensors to estimate Traffic Air Pollution (TAP) levels at the intraurban scale. However, this requires to change the nature of these estimation, here through the construction of a model of multi-agents simulation, in order to extract more information on the road traffic. More generally, this work can be seen as a a knowledge building approach on TAP emisssions which is discussed throughout this work. The implementation of the SCAUP (multi-agent simulation from Urban sensors for traffic air pollution) approach was developped in three stages: 1. Focusing on the quantification of road traffic devices through urban sensors; 2. Proposing a modeling approach for road traffic data simulation ; 3. Using as a reference the national framework used by AASQA to calculate RTA emissions. All is integrated within a technical matrix that forms the spine of the manuscript through three interrelated systems: quantification, modeling and evaluation. This work is part of an experimental approach dedicated to the calculation of TAP emissions based on traffic simulations. Sponsored by the ATMOSF’AIR BOURGOGNE local AASQA, this work could also be used in an operational mode for these organizations in charge of the air quality monitoring. At a time when the big data enters into new questions about the ability of researchers to extract knowledge, we propose a geographical approach that enables to replace the data in the center of an original road traffic simulation approach (data- driven)