Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèles épidémiologiques'
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Sepulveda, Lilian Sofia. "Optimisation et contrôle viable de modèles épidémiologiques de dengue." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1034/document.
Full textHuman epidemics are an important problem of public health in the world. Mathematical modelling is part of the instruments to fight them. The thesis «Optimization and viable control of epidemiological models of dengue» deals with the case of the dengue, an endemic disease in Colombia. The document is organized in two parts, a more theoretical Part I, and a Part II centered on applications. In Part I, the dynamics of propagation of an infectious vector-borne disease (such as dengue, transmitted by mosquitoes) is represented by systems of differential equations, connecting populations of individuals and vectors. We consider the epidemic model of Ross-Macdonald, and an endemic model of SIR-SI type. After the stability analysis of these dynamical models, this work brings forward two original theoretical contributions. The study of the transitory behavior deals with the control of an epidemic episode in its acute phase, before its possible asymptotic extinction. We look, by playing on the variable of control that is the mortality of the vector, to maintain human infected proportion (state) under a given threshold for all times (viability constraint). By definition, the viability kernel is the set of all initial states for which there is at least a trajectory of controls which allows to satisfy the viability constraint. Our main contribution is a complete description of the kernel. We discuss possible viable controls, whose application guarantees the satisfaction of the constraint. Then, we analyze two problems of optimal control. First problem is concerned with handling of an epidemic outbreak over a short timescale. Second one deals with an endemic infectious disease over a longer scale, where births and deaths within both populations (human and vector) are taken into account. We determine the necessary conditions of existence of an optimal solution by using the maximum principle of Pontryagin. We also tackle the case of resources limited over the time span. In part II, we apply the theoretical approaches of part I to the management of episodes of dengue in the city of Santiago of Cali. We estimate the parameters of the models by least squares, with the data supplied by the Program of epidemiological vigilance of the Municipal Secretariat of Public Health. We calculate numerically the viability kernel, fitted to the data observed during the epidemic episodes of 2010 and 2013.As for optimal control, we use the traditional forward-backward sweep algorithm, and compare several alternatives for the chemical control of the mosquito. The best strategy is a combination of spraying of an insecticide of low lethality, together with implementation of protective measures, which moderately reduce the biting rate of the mosquitos. Finally, we tackle the problem of dynamic control of the dengue under uncertainty. We develop a Ross-Macdonald model at discrete time with uncertainties. The robust viability kernel is the set of all initial states such as there is at least a strategy of insecticide spraying which guarantees that the number of infected people remains below a threshold, for all times, and whatever the uncertainties. Under proper assumptions on the set of scenarios of uncertainties (corresponding to temporal independence), an equation of dynamic programming allows to numerically calculate kernels. Having chosen three nested subsets of uncertainties a deterministic one (without uncertainty), a medium one and a large one we can measure the incidence of the uncertainties on the size of the kernel, in particular on its reduction with respect to the deterministic case (without uncertainty)
Dimi, Jean-Luc. "Analyse de modèles épidémiologiques : applications à des modèles parasitaires, à la fièvre hémorragique Ebola." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Dimi.Jean_Luc.SMZ0602.pdf.
Full textThis work comprises two parts. It is a study of the dynamics of epidemiological models. The first part deals with malaria intra-host models with and without immunity. For models with immunity we give some results of the global stability by using techniques of dynamical systems (Lyapounov, LaSalle,. . . ). For models with immunity, we improve the De Leenheer –Smith conditions for R0 on the stability of the endemic equilibrium. The second part deals with stastical transmission models and models of the dynamics of the hemorragic fever. For wich we have data on the episodes statistique occured at Mbomo (Congo) and Kikwit (RDC). For the statistical transmission models we compute R0 for data with incomplete contacts (Mbomo) and data with complete contacts b(Kikwit). Lastly, a study on the global stability is done for the dynamic models
Bichara, Derdei. "Étude de modèles épidémiologiques : Stabilité, observation et estimation de paramètres." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841444.
Full textBichara, Derdeï. "Etude de modèles épidémiologiques : stabilité, observation et estimation de paramètres." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0011/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is on the one hand to study stability of equilibria of some epidemic models and secondly to construct an observer to estimate the non-measured states and a key parameter in a within host model. We propose extensions of classical models SIR, SIRS and SIS and we study the global stability of their equilibria. In presence of multiple pathogen strains, we proved that competitive exclusion principle holds: the strain having the largest threshold wins the competition by eliminating the others. It turns out that the winning strain is the one for which the equilibrium gives the minimum of the susceptible host population. This can be interpreted as pessimization principle. By considering the same model with two strains and a frequency-dependent type of the contact law, we prove that dynamics changes and a coexistence equilibrium exists and it is globally asymptotically stable under some conditions. The asymptotic behavior of the two other boundary equilibria is also established. The stability study of equilibrium states is mainly done by construction Lyapunov functions combined with LaSalle's invariance principle. We consider an age-structured within-host model of the Plasmodium falciuparum parasite with a general infection force. We develop a method to estimate the total parasite burden that cannot be measured by the current methods. To this end, we use some tools from control theory, more precisely observers with unknown inputs, to estimate the non measured states from the measured ones (data). From this, we deduce a method to estimate an unknown parameter that represents infection rate of healthy reed blood cells by the parasites
Bichara, Derdeï. "Etude de modèles épidémiologiques : stabilité, observation et estimation de paramètres." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0011.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is on the one hand to study stability of equilibria of some epidemic models and secondly to construct an observer to estimate the non-measured states and a key parameter in a within host model. We propose extensions of classical models SIR, SIRS and SIS and we study the global stability of their equilibria. In presence of multiple pathogen strains, we proved that competitive exclusion principle holds: the strain having the largest threshold wins the competition by eliminating the others. It turns out that the winning strain is the one for which the equilibrium gives the minimum of the susceptible host population. This can be interpreted as pessimization principle. By considering the same model with two strains and a frequency-dependent type of the contact law, we prove that dynamics changes and a coexistence equilibrium exists and it is globally asymptotically stable under some conditions. The asymptotic behavior of the two other boundary equilibria is also established. The stability study of equilibrium states is mainly done by construction Lyapunov functions combined with LaSalle's invariance principle. We consider an age-structured within-host model of the Plasmodium falciuparum parasite with a general infection force. We develop a method to estimate the total parasite burden that cannot be measured by the current methods. To this end, we use some tools from control theory, more precisely observers with unknown inputs, to estimate the non measured states from the measured ones (data). From this, we deduce a method to estimate an unknown parameter that represents infection rate of healthy reed blood cells by the parasites
Sevestre-Pietri, Marie-Antoinette. "Réactualisation de modèles épidémiologiques et application à la maladie thromboembolique veineuse." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENS042.
Full textVenous thrombo-embolism is a heterogenous disease. Clinical presentation, prognosis vary greatly among patients and requires standardization. Using 3 epidemiological studies, we have analyzed, risk factors and diagnostic tools that are described in venous thromboembolism (VTE) and compared clinical forms. The following models have been tested: - two epidemiologic cross sectional studies of elderly patients describing risk factors and asymptomatic thrombosis detected by systematic ultrasound. Elderly patients have specific risk factors like prolonged immobilisation, dependance, age over 79 years, ulcers. The benefit of prevention is established and enhanced by a 15% rate of asymptomatic venous thromboses. Despite this, the benefit of antithrombotic compression is not proven and deserves further work. - The Optimev study, a national survey about 8256 clinical suspicions of VTE, describes risk factors and clinical description and long term follow-up for positive and negative patients. Calf vein thrombosis is the clinical form mostly prevalent (n=787). Actual analysis of clinical forms like isolated pulmonary embolism (n=130) show that mortality is close to controls in patients with PE without DVT ( 4%) whereas it is close to 13% in patients with PE with DVT; thus, the presence of DVT when diagnosis PE is of clinical importance. Deep vein thromboses and muscular thromboses are compared; they share the same risk factors and 3 month's mortality, clinical presentation is different; deep vein thromboses are more associated with swelling but less painful than muscular ones. 3 month follow-up shows that a negative ultrasound rules out VTE safely as well for in and out-patients. A clinical prediction rule for upper extremity DVT is also presented. Future works such as : 3 years follow-up, superficial venous thromboses, post thrombotic syndrome and qualification of past episodes of VTE are warranted Mots clés
Otto, Adamou. "Études de quelques modèles épidémiologiques par les méthodes du calcul formel." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S108.
Full textThe thesis is devoted to the study of a some epidemiological models, using the methods of computer algebra: Groebner bases, characterization of the stability domain, positive matrices. These methods make possive exhaustive discussion in terms of sign conditions on polynomial expressions involving the parameters describing the model. The general results obtained, illustrated by several examples, are a contribution to the study of the stability of disease free models and trasncritical bifurcations in epidemiological models. The last chapter is devoded to the complete study of a model involving a genetic mutation impliying resistanced to antibiotics. Part of the thesis had been realized in the framework of a collaboration with M'hamed El Kahoui (professor at Marrakech University) and Thierry van Ellefterre (modeller at GlaxoSmitheKline)
El, Zant Manal. "Contribution à une représentation spatio-temporelle des dépêches épidémiologiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20666.
Full textA spatio-temporal representation of event structures is important for an automatic comprehension of disease outbreak reports. The dispersion of components in this type of reports makes it difficult to have such a representation. This work describes an automatic extraction of event structures representation of these texts. We built an information extraction system by using cascaded finite state transducers which allowed the realization of three tasks : the named entity recognition, the arguments annotation and representation and the event structure representation. We obtained with this method a recall between 74. 24% and 100% for the named entity recognition task and a recall between 97. 18% and 99. 54% for argument representation task. Thereafter, we contributed to a normalization task in anaphoric pronouns resolution and in some inferences resolution concerning disease causation, concerned person, spatial and temporal location. We obtained a precision between 70. 83% and 100% for anaphoric pronouns resolution. The evaluation of inferences rules resolutions consisted in finding some counterexamples in the corpora for evaluation
Noël, Pierre-André. "Dynamique de modèles épidémiologiques : applications au cas du virus du Nil occidental." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24606/24606.pdf.
Full textZeghnoun, Abdelkrim. "Relation à court terme entre pollution atmosphérique et santé : quelques aspects statistiques et épidémiologiques." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077199.
Full textTewa, Jean Jules. "Analyse globale des modèles épidémiologiques multi-compartimentaux : application à des modèles intra-hôtes de paludisme et de V.I.H." Metz, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2007/Tewa.Jean_Jules.SMZ0710.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis, we analyse intrahost models of malaria and H. I. V. These models are of relatively recent appearance and describe the dynamics of the various stages of the parasites, like their interaction with the host cells, in particular the red blood cells and the immunity effectors. During this decade, there was a considerable work on the mathematical modeling of plasmodium falciparum infection ; a review has been done by Molineaux and Dietz. Our work forms part of this effort of comprehension of the models of Anderson, May and Gupta. The study of these models aims three principal goals : to explain the observations by biologically convincing assumptions, to predict the impact of the interventions (for example the use of the anti-paludic drugs and impregnated mosquito nets) and to consider the parameters hidden (one of these parameters being size of the sequestered population of red blood cells). We analyze the stages progression and the differential infectivity models ; then we leave the original model of Anderson, May and Gupta to propose and analyze a general model having the double advantage of describing the dynamics of evolution of the red blood cells, as well as the stages of morphological evolution of the parasites inside the parasitized red blood cells ; to finish we analyze a model whose innovation compared to the precedent is the bond between the compartment of susceptibles and that of the infectious one. We establish in all the studied cases here the global asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium (DFE) when the basic reproduction ratio R0 1. What means that the disease naturally dies out. We also obtain for each model studied here, a condition for global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium when R0 > 1. In certain cases, the principle of exclusive competition is also used to slice
Tsanou, Berge. "Etude de quelques modèles épidémiologiques de métapopulation: application à la tuberculose et au paludisme." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844180.
Full textTsanou, Berge. "Etude de quelques modèles épidémiologiques de métapopulations : application au paludisme et à la tuberculose." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0055/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is first the modeling, the mathematical analysis and numerical simulations of the metapopulation models of infectious diseases based on some modern approaches of the mobility patterns of humans. Secondly to examine the influence of the mobility (movement) of people on the spread of some human infectious diseases. Finally to deal with the difficult question of the existence and stability of endemic equilibria of metapopulation models. For certain diseases such as Malaria, Tuberculosis or some Sexually Transmitted Diseases that do not confer any immunity, we give some metapopulation models that extend to multiple patches the well know epidemiological models in one patch. Our models are based on the mobility patterns of humans wich can take different forms leading to numerous approaches of modeling metapopulations : the Euler approach of the movement of particles (here humans) as in Fluid Mechanics, is used in the first part. The Lagrange approach of the movement of particles (here humans) as in Fluid Mechanics, is used in the second part. The last and more recent approach based on Statistical Mechanics, wich takes into account the degree distribution of the network of the metapopulation is used in the third and last part of this work. For each approach, we build a metapopulation model for a chosen disease, and gve its mathematical analysis. The theoretical framework we use to analyze ou models is that of triangular, monotone or anti-monotone non-linear dynamical systems. We also use some Lyapunov-Lasalle techniques. In the fisrt two parts of our work, we prove that the steady solutions (called equilibria) of the given systems are globally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number R0 is less than or equal to the unity (for the disease free equilibria), and when R0 is greater than one (for the endemic equilibria). In the last part, we build a model to describe the spreading of tuberculosis hinging on the two most used forces of infection in mathematical modeling of epidemics : the frequency-dependant transmission and the density-dependant transmission. For each type of trasmission model, we give the explicit formula for the basic reproduction number. We prove for the frequency-dependant transmission model, that the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when R0 is less than one. And for the density-dependant transmission model, we prove the existence of an endemic equilibrium when R0 is greater than one. Numerical simulations are performed at the end of each part to examine the influence of human's mobility on the basic reproduction number, as well as on the behavior of the solutions and consequently on the spreading patterns of the diseases under study
Tsanou, Berge. "Etude de quelques modèles épidémiologiques de métapopulations : application au paludisme et à la tuberculose." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0055.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is first the modeling, the mathematical analysis and numerical simulations of the metapopulation models of infectious diseases based on some modern approaches of the mobility patterns of humans. Secondly to examine the influence of the mobility (movement) of people on the spread of some human infectious diseases. Finally to deal with the difficult question of the existence and stability of endemic equilibria of metapopulation models. For certain diseases such as Malaria, Tuberculosis or some Sexually Transmitted Diseases that do not confer any immunity, we give some metapopulation models that extend to multiple patches the well know epidemiological models in one patch. Our models are based on the mobility patterns of humans wich can take different forms leading to numerous approaches of modeling metapopulations : the Euler approach of the movement of particles (here humans) as in Fluid Mechanics, is used in the first part. The Lagrange approach of the movement of particles (here humans) as in Fluid Mechanics, is used in the second part. The last and more recent approach based on Statistical Mechanics, wich takes into account the degree distribution of the network of the metapopulation is used in the third and last part of this work. For each approach, we build a metapopulation model for a chosen disease, and gve its mathematical analysis. The theoretical framework we use to analyze ou models is that of triangular, monotone or anti-monotone non-linear dynamical systems. We also use some Lyapunov-Lasalle techniques. In the fisrt two parts of our work, we prove that the steady solutions (called equilibria) of the given systems are globally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number R0 is less than or equal to the unity (for the disease free equilibria), and when R0 is greater than one (for the endemic equilibria). In the last part, we build a model to describe the spreading of tuberculosis hinging on the two most used forces of infection in mathematical modeling of epidemics : the frequency-dependant transmission and the density-dependant transmission. For each type of trasmission model, we give the explicit formula for the basic reproduction number. We prove for the frequency-dependant transmission model, that the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when R0 is less than one. And for the density-dependant transmission model, we prove the existence of an endemic equilibrium when R0 is greater than one. Numerical simulations are performed at the end of each part to examine the influence of human's mobility on the basic reproduction number, as well as on the behavior of the solutions and consequently on the spreading patterns of the diseases under study
Kamgang, Jean-Claude. "Contribution à la stabilisation des systèmes mécaniques : contribution à l'étude de la stabilité des modèles épidémiologiques." Metz, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2003/Kamgang.Jean_Claude.SMZ0306.pdf.
Full textCharaudeau, Ségolène. "Réseaux de mouvements dans les modèles épidémiologiques: intégration, analyse et application aux mouvements de navette en France." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934932.
Full textSedrati, Said. "Un outil de spécification et d'évaluation efficace des expressions mathématiques des modèles épidémiologiques pour la simulation des zoonoses." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29934/29934.pdf.
Full textSedrati, Saïd. "Un outil de spécification et d'évaluation efficace des expressions mathématiques des modèles épidémiologiques pour la simulation des zoonoses." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24925.
Full textThoraval, Coralie. "Contributions mécaniques et statistiques à la conception et au développement d'équipements de protection individuelle sportifs : tests biomécaniques et modèles numériques." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0023.
Full textThesis
Roubal, Christophe. "Tavelures du pommier et de l'olivier : réalisation de modèles épidémiologiques par des méthodes exploitant des observations biologiques acquises au verger." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0694/document.
Full textApple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, and peacoq leaf spot, cause by Fusicladiumoleagineum, are key diseases respectively for apple and olive growers. These disease usuallyrequire a large number of treatments. Adequate protection need a good evaluation ofquantitative disponibility of inoculum, and estimation of infection conditions.In this thesis, these two problems were studied using only field data. This is an originalaprroach to obtain knowledge about biology of fungi : most previous works were realised byregression of laboratory data obtained under controled conditions.In the case of Venturia inaequalis, primary inoculum consists of pseudothecia present in leaflitter. Treatments agains ascospore release period is the cornerstone of the strategy againstapple scab. However, the existing forecasting models are not reliable, and are all based ondegree-day time scale, proposed in 1982.Here, using a corpus of data acquired between 1996 and 2013, including observations ofascospore release and weather data, we assessed the daily rate of development of primaryinoculum by fitting generic new time scale functions. Further improvements were then studiedto take into account elements reported in litterature about the incidence of rain or wetness.Different methods were tested and adapted for the parameterisation of models by numericaloptimisation. Some forcasting models were proposed and adapted to the area where the studywas conducted, with parameters including rain and temperature. The validity was tested, andfurther developements of the forecasting tool was then proposed.In the case of Fusicladium oleagineum, a field-operational model predicting disease outbreakswas established as a function of temperature and relative humidity. First with the help ofpoints selected by experts, Secondly automaticaly using a neural network. A model defininglatent period as a function of average temperature after contamination was then realised
Fall, Abdoul Aziz. "Etudes de quelques modèles épidémiologiques : application à la transmission du virus de l'hépatite B en Afrique subsaharienne (cas du Sénégal)." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ003S/document.
Full textWe propose new models based on the state of art and the epidemiology currently known from the transmission of the hepatitis B virus. Thus, we present two models of the transmission of Hepatitis Bvirus, a model without vertical transmission and another in which the vertical transmission of the disease is taken into account, This second model is justified by the controversy, with regard to the incidence of the vertical and perinatal transmission of the virus in some parts of Africa ; between the World Health Organization on one hand and hepatitis B's specialists in Senegal on the other hand. These models helped us to analyse epidemiological models with a differential susceptibility of the population, and stagged progression of infectious. We present a thorough analysis of the stability of the models using the Lyapunov techniques and obtain the basic reproduction ratio, R0 which allows into the study of general epidemiological models including those proposed for the transmission of the hepatitis B virus. Numerical simulations are done to illustrate the behaviour of the model, using data collected during the campaign against epidemic hepatitis B in Senegal and from published literature. These models enable the evaluation of the incidence of the vertical and perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus on the policies of Public Health
Fall, Abdoul Aziz. "Etudes de quelques modèles épidémiologiques : application à la transmission du virus de l'hépatite B en Afrique subsaharienne (cas du Sénégal)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ003S.
Full textWe propose new models based on the state of art and the epidemiology currently known from the transmission of the hepatitis B virus. Thus, we present two models of the transmission of Hepatitis Bvirus, a model without vertical transmission and another in which the vertical transmission of the disease is taken into account, This second model is justified by the controversy, with regard to the incidence of the vertical and perinatal transmission of the virus in some parts of Africa ; between the World Health Organization on one hand and hepatitis B's specialists in Senegal on the other hand. These models helped us to analyse epidemiological models with a differential susceptibility of the population, and stagged progression of infectious. We present a thorough analysis of the stability of the models using the Lyapunov techniques and obtain the basic reproduction ratio, R0 which allows into the study of general epidemiological models including those proposed for the transmission of the hepatitis B virus. Numerical simulations are done to illustrate the behaviour of the model, using data collected during the campaign against epidemic hepatitis B in Senegal and from published literature. These models enable the evaluation of the incidence of the vertical and perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus on the policies of Public Health
Umulisa, Guillaume Chantal. "Les représentations psychosociales du suicide, modèles épidémiologiques du suicide, profils de santé mentale, et effets de champs : approche structurale des représentations." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX1A120.
Full textPicat, Marie-Quitterie. "Analyses intégratives de biomarqueurs immunologiques dans les études épidémiologiques. Applications à trois études cliniques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0144/document.
Full textNumerous biological processes with potentially complex interactions exist. Measurements ofthese processes allow to produce multiple biomarkers. Thus, there is a need for epidemiologyto evolve within the context of complex and multidimensional data. Immune system diseasesand associated immune disorders are an example of a field where clinical and epidemiologicalissues are increasingly complex, requiring appropriate statistical and epidemiologicalmethods. In this thesis, methods taking into account methodological difficulties generated byimmunology data are presented through three motivating examples. The general paradigm ofour approach is to take into account all measurements on a given pathology using integrativemethods. We propose principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering to summarizemultidimensional cytometry data and structural equation modelling for dealing with complexrelationships between variables in multifactorial processes. Then, through the example of anasymptotic model of immune reconstitution using an exponential function, we illustrate theimportance about the data’s structure and the biological mechanisms underlying its variabilitywhen building a mathematical model. The methods and the thinking advocated in this thesisare transposable to other research domains with complex data
Reungoat, Patrice. "L'évaluation de l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique d'origine automobile dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques : application à l'étude VESTA." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P646.
Full textAutomobile exhaust is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. For studying short and long term health effects of this traffic air pollution (TAP) epidemiologists have to determine precisely exposure to such pollution to avoid misclassification. In France, the ExTra index produced by the French Scientific Center for Building Physics (CSTB) and the French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research (INRETS), estimates ambient concentrations of transport-related pollutants in front of the work and living places of urban dwellers. These estimates, combined with time-activity diaries, enable individual exposure to these pollutants in front of these living places to be assessed. Two pollutant dispersion models are used to calculate the ExTra index : the Danish model OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) and the CALINE3 model (California Line Source Dispersion Model). Before being applied to large scale epidemiological studies such as the VESTA study (a French multicentric case-control study on asthma), the ExTra index needs to be validated. This research had two goals : 1) to validate the ExTra index, 2) to apply this index to the VESTA study (V Epidemiological Study on Transport and Asthma). The validation study of the ExTra index was performed in four of the French towns participating in the VESTA study. This validation was based on the comparison of nitrogen oxide concentrations (NOx) obtained by measurement against those obtained from calculations, using the ExTra index and the OSPM model. The model was tested at 100 street canyon sites. Then, we used the ExTra index to assess lifelong nitrogen oxides concentrations the 403 study children were exposed to in front of their living places. This assessment highlighted significant disparities : mean ExTra index values and share attributable to proximity traffic were respectively 70 ± 42 and 14 ± 22 æg. M -3 NOx equivalent NO2 for the 403 children. Beyond the validation of the ExTra index for NOx concentrations and the description of the VESTA children's TAP exposures, the results obtained by a discriminant analysis (with classification trees) gave us guidelines for the use of this index (rather than background pollution levels provided by the networks) according to the different residence and school characteristics of a subject throughout his (her) life. .
Viallefont, Valérie. "Analyses bayesiennes du choix de modèles en épidémiologie : sélection de variables et modélisation de l'hétérogénéité pour des évènements." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T023.
Full textThis dissertation has two separated parts. In the first part, we compare different strategies for variable selection in a multivariate logistic regression model. Covariate and confounder selection in case-control studies is often carried out using either a two-step method or a stepwise variable selection method. Inference is then carried out conditionally on the selected model, but this ignores the madel uncertainty implicit in the variable selection process, and so underestimates uncertainty about relative risks. It is well known, and showed again in our study, that the ρ-values computed after variable selection can greatly overstate the strength of conclusions. We propose Bayesian Model Averaging as a formal way of taking account of madel uncertainty in a logistic regression context. The BMA methods, that allows to take into account several models, each being associated with its posterior probability, yields an easily interpreted summary, the posterior probability that a variable is a risk factor, and its estimate averaged over the set of models. We conduct two comparative simulations studies : the first one has a simple design including only one risk factor and one confounder, the second one mimics a epidemiological cohort study dataset, with a large number of potential risk factors. Our criteria are the mean bias, the rate of type I and type II errors, and the assessment of uncertainty in the results, which is bath more accurate and explicit under the BMA analysis. The methods are applied and compared in the context of a previously published case-control study of cervical cancer. The choice of the prior distributions are discussed. In the second part, we focus on the modelling of rare events via a Poisson distribution, that sometimes reveals substantial over-dispersion, indicating that sorme un explained discontinuity arises in the data. We suggest to madel this over-dispersion by a Poisson mixture. In a hierarchical Bayesian model, the posterior distributions of he unknown quantities in the mixture (number of components, weights, and Poisson parameters) can be estimated by MCMC algorithms, including reversible jump algothms which allows to vary the dimension of the mixture. We focus on the difficulty of finding a weakly informative prior for the Poisson parameters : different priors are detailed and compared. Then, the performances of different maves created for changing dimension are investigated. The model is extended by the introduction of covariates, with homogeneous or heterogeneous effect. Simulated data sets are designed for the different comparisons, and the model is finally illustrated in two different contexts : an ecological analysis of digestive cancer mortality along the coasts of France, and a dataset concerning counts of accidents in road-junctions
Paireau, Juliette. "Epidémiologie spatiale de la méningite à méningocoque au Niger - Influence des facteurs climatiques, épidémiologiques et socio-démographiques sur la dynamique spatio-temporelle des épidémies." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066298/document.
Full textEpidemics of meningococcal meningitis are a major public health problem in Niger. The objective of the thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics of these epidemics and their risk factors, in order to improve control strategies. Statistical methods of spatial epidemiology are applied to surveillance data from 2003 to 2010, at the scale of health centre catchment areas (HCCAs).First, important features of the spatio-temporal distribution of cases are highlighted by methods of spatial autocorrelation and spatial scan: low extent of the spatio-temporal clusters, spatial heterogeneity, inter-annual variability… The analysis suggests that the HCCA scale could be more efficient for epidemic response. An explanatory Bayesian hierarchical model is then developed at the HCCA level. The model suggests that the spatio-temporal variability of meningococcal A incidence results from variations in the intensity or duration of climatic factors, and is further impacted by factors of spatial contacts.Finally, a predictive model is developed, based on climatic conditions, neighbourhood interactions and early cases, in order to estimate the risk of occurrence of a localized epidemic. The early warning system thus formulated could improve outbreak detection and reactive vaccination. Our results bring new insights into the meningococcal meningitis epidemics in Niger. They allow the formulation of operational recommendations that could contribute to the elaboration of more effective strategies for control and prevention of epidemics
Pereira, Bruno. "Développements méthodologiques des essais randomisés en clusters : application aux essais d'intervention." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T042.
Full textClin, Pauline. "Modéliser les dynamiques épidémiques avec priming immunitaire au sein des mélanges variétaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARD100.
Full textAllowing growers to get free from pesticide use and preserving cultivated genetic resources while limiting the emergence of new diseases is one of the aims of the ongoing agroecological transition. To these ends, cultivar mixtures are an effective and more sustainable solution than pure stands of resistant cultivars, but a lack of understanding persists about how they work. Plant immunity and more specifically immune priming is sometimes mentioned to explain the observed efficiency of mixtures, but its mode of action on epidemics is still poorly known. I thus developed epidemiological models to identify the effects of priming on the effectiveness of mixtures. These models evidence that priming is critical to explain the observed effectiveness of cultivar mixtures.In a mixture of susceptible and resistant cultivars, priming decreases disease prevalence compared to a pure stand of the resistant host. In a mixture of resistant cultivars, priming also reduces the number or resistance genes needed to maintain disease prevalence below an acceptable threshold. In addition, the models make it possible to evaluate in what proportions cultivars should be mixed to optimize mixture efficiency and increase the durability of the resistances used. The variety to be mixed in the greatest proportion is the one that is the least costly for the pathogen to break. These novel theoretical contributions, sometimes counter intuitive but explainable ecologically, highlight how individual immunity scales up at the population level, and encourage future research to best exploit priming in plant protection strategies
Brémaud, Louis. "Mean-Field Game description of virus propagation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP179.
Full textThis thesis explores the integration of human behavior into epidemic modeling. The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the human factor in epidemic models, both through individuals' spontaneous responses to the outbreak and through the restrictive measures imposed by authorities. These effects create a feedback loop that, in turn, influences the evolution of the epidemic. However, most current models used for epidemic forecasting do not account for this human-in-the-loop factor, treating it instead as an external parameter. In this thesis, we study the Mean Field Game (MFG) paradigm, which provides a promising framework for incorporating human behavior into epidemic models. Our goal is to progressively bridge the gap between this theoretical approach and potential practical applications. This involves two main steps: implementing the MFG framework in currently used epidemic models and assessing the feasibility of practical applications. Do the behaviors predicted by the model align with expected outcomes? What kind of questions can this model help address in practice? What are the key parameters that must be accurately evaluated? The first part of the thesis applies the MFG approach to a compartmental SIR model with a social structure, where individuals make trade-offs between the risk of infection and the costs associated with reducing social contacts. After implementing this model, we simulate it numerically using realistic parameters to evaluate the model's potential real-world behavior. A Nash equilibrium, which arises from individuals' selfish optimization, is established and solved numerically. It is then compared with the social optimum, which corresponds to a cooperative strategy aimed at minimizing societal costs. The gap between these two scenarios is partially reduced by solving constrained Nash equilibria, which include government interventions. Finally, we explore other collective strategies to end an epidemic. We show that changes in population size or the duration of the model can lead to first-order phase transitions among optimal strategies from a societal perspective. In the second part of the thesis, we apply the MFG framework to complex networks, where individuals are categorized by their number of connections (degree). We first derive the dynamics of macroscopic epidemic quantities on networks using pairwise approximation, and then we implement the MFG approach. We simulate the model using a realistic contact network and investigate the impact of different social cost structures on Nash equilibria. Our results reveal significant variations in individual behavior depending on their degree or the chosen cost structure. Lastly, as a related project, we derive an implicit analytical solution for the SIR model on regular networks with any degree k. In the SIR limit, we present a novel formulation of previously known analytical results, providing new insights. The implementation of the MFG framework appears feasible and flexible in most current epidemiological models. This approach allows for the emergence of realistic dynamic behaviors and can address numerous questions regarding restrictions from a quantitative perspective. Beyond further research on the costs associated with infection and contact reduction, knowledge of the social structure and the chosen time horizon seem to be critical factors in establishing the Nash equilibrium
Vũ, Bezin Jérémi. "Optimisation et validation des méthodes de calcul de dose à distance des faisceaux d’irradiation pour leur application dans les études épidémiologiques et cliniques en radiothérapie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS246/document.
Full textThe number of cancer survivors in developed counties increases rapidly. Fifty percent of patients treated for cancer will receive radiation therapy as part of their treatment. Ionizing radiation may induce severe long term effects, including secondary cancers and cardio-vascular diseases. Long term effects are not only due to high doses delivered in target volumes, but also to lower doses, ranging from several milligrays to several grays, undesired, but inevitably delivered in the rest of the patient’s body outside the treatment beams. Improvements in treatment planning technics and the use of computers in medicine made it possible to systematically estimate, prior to treatment, the highest doses delivered to the patient’s body. However, lower doses delivered outside the treatment beams are neither taken into account nor evaluated by present treatment planning systems. The aim of our work was to establish methods to estimate radiation doses outside photon beams from accelerators used in external radiation therapy. A graphics library was used to render a partial 3D representation of the accelerator and the photon sources associated. The intensity of these sources was determined using measurements performed in simple geometry fields. The calibrated model was hence used to estimate the source intensity variation with respect to field size. Using this method, we were able to estimate the variations of the TLD measured doses with respect to distance and field size with a 10% average discrepancy between calculations and measurements for points outside the field. Also, when testing the model in a clinical setup, the average discrepancy increased to 25%
Benavides, Julio. "Dynamique des maladies dans les systèmes sociaux complexes : émergence des maladies infectieuses chez les primates." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20163/document.
Full textUnderstanding the emergence and spread of infectious disease in wild animal populations has become an important priority for both public health and animal conservation. Combining the collection of empirical data with the development of epidemiological models, this thesis focuses on understanding two key issues of wildlife epidemiology: (i) how heterogeneity at the individual, group, population and landscape level affects parasite spread (ii) investigating whether transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria from humans to wildlife is occurring within three protected areas of Africa (Tsaobis NP-Namibia, Lope NP-Gabon and Dzanga-Ndoki NP-Central African Republic). The main findings of this work indicated that: (1) multiple-scale factors including temperature, rainfall, home range use, sex, age and body condition influence gastro-intestinal parasite richness among wild baboons; (2) animal contacts around ‘habitat hotspots' can substantially influence the spatio-temporal dynamics of a disease; (3) antibiotic resistant enterobacteria seem to be spreading from humans/livestock to wildlife when the territory overlap between these two populations is expected to be high; (4) gradients in gorilla density created by bushmeat hunting can reverse the expected pattern of decreasing parasite prevalence with distance to human-spillover. The conclusions of this work open new possibilities for studying the mechanisms explaining the spread of emerging infectious diseases among wild animals
Tchuem, Tchuenté Louis-Albert. "Interactions hôte-parasite et compétition interspécifique dans le modèle Schistosoma intercalatum : implications épidémiologiques." Perpignan, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PERP0149.
Full textBui, Thi-Mai-Anh. "Séparation des préoccupations en épidémiologie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066457/document.
Full textMathematical and computational models have become widely used and demanded tools for examining mechanisms of transmission, exploring characteristics of epidemics, predicting future courses of an outbreak and evaluating strategies to find a best control-program. One of the problems of modelling is bridging the gap between conceptual models (i.e compartmental models of epidemiology) and their computer simulation (through deterministic, stochastic or agent-based implementation). Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) are often used to address such difficulties by separating two concerns of modelling, specification (conceptual model) and implementation (computational model). In this perspective, we develop a DSL called KENDRICK targeted to the epidemiological modelling and coupled with a simulation platform that allows the study of such models. The other important issue needs to be addressed in the context of epidemiological modelling is the heterogeneities introduced by separate concerns. In order to facilitate the specification of models and their evolution, it is crucial to be able to define concerns with as few dependencies with each other as possible and to combine them as freely as possible. We address such challenges by proposing a common mathematical meta-model that supports both concerns and models and enabling their compositions by some operators. We then implement our proposal language KENDRICK based on this meta-model. The language simplifies the construction of complex epidemiological models by decomposing them into modular concerns, by which common concerns can be reused across models and can be easily changed
Mraidi, Ramzi. "Modélisation et contrôle de la transmission du virus de la maladie de Newcastle dans les élevages aviaires familiaux de Madagascar." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0014.
Full textNewcastle disease (ND) severely harms Malagasy bird productions, mainly uses to food and family economy. ND is a pathological dominant without general vaccination. The objective of this thesis is modelling the transmission of ND virus (NDV) in smallholder chicken farms in general and, Madagascar in particular. We propose new models based on the state of art and the epidemiology currently known from the transmission of the NDV. Thus, we present two models of the transmission of NDV: a first model with environmental transmission and a second model in which imperfect vaccination of chickens is considered. We present a thorough analysis of the stability of the models using the Lyapunov techniques and obtain the basic reproduction ratio R0. This work is based on field surveys to understand the current vaccination practices in Madagascar
Saccareau, Mathilde. "Modélisation épidémiologique et génétique des parasites gastro-intestinaux au sein d’un troupeau d’ovins." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0116/document.
Full textGastro-intestinal parasitism is one of the most pervasive challenge for health and welfare in grazing small ruminants, leading to consequent production loss. Its control through the use of anthelminthic treatments is no longer sustainable due to the development of parasitic resistance to anthelmintics, but also due to environmental and consumer concerns. A substantial research effort proposed different supplementary control strategies to the massive use of anthelmintics: host nutrition, pasture management, breeding for resistance. Modelling approach allows for multiple scenarios to be considered without having to resort to experimentation in order to find the best integrated control strategies of parasitism. The epidemio-genetic model previously developed by the Roslin Institute modelling a growing lamb flock infected by the parasite T. circumcincta help to study the impact of rational use of anthelmintics, host nutrition and resistance on the flock level of infection and production. The researches of the current PhD thesis aimed to modify this model in order to add adult ewes modelling, especially around parturition where the nutritional requirements are very high. This modelling was improved by taking into account flock replacement in order to have a persistent flock with matings, reforms and reproductions. In this way, our model allows to study several control strategies of parasitism on long term perspective. In order to ensure adequacy of the model outputs to data, the infection level was compared to published data of ewes infected around parturition. However, some parameters were idiosyncratic to the modelling and then they were not be directly estimated from experiments. So a sensitivity analysis was also performed to highlight the parameters which mostly contribute to the infection level variations. Among the most prevalent parasites in sheep, T. circumcincta and H. contortus are the two main parasites. H. contortus is the most virulent parasite est le plus virulent parasite in hot and wet climates, so it is helpful to develop a similar model for this parasite. Beforehand, a meta-analysis of the published studies on infections with the H. contortus parasite was performed to estimate the main life history traits of its parasitic phase. Then, these estimations were used to change the epidemio-genetic model with H. contortus infections. However, some parameters remained unknown because they were not directly estimable. So, the three main unknown parameters (previously highlighted by the sensitivity analysis of the model with T. circumcincta infections) were estimated by minimizing the worm burden differences between published data of H. contortus trickle infection ([25]) and the corresponding model outputs. In this PhD thesis, models were developed in order to evaluate, in a long term perspective, several control strategies of two gastro-intestinal nematodes (T. circumcincta et H. contortus) infections in sheep flock. Notably, the model on H. contortus infections could be used to predict the impact of breeding for resistance to parasitism at the flock level (number of necessary treatments, infection level of the sheep)
Jelassi, Mariem. "Modélisation, simulation et analyse multi-échelle de réseaux sociaux complexes : Application à l'aide à la prévention des maladies contagieuses." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS033/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the establishment of a theoretical framework (conceptualization and formalization) capable of describing the obesity spread within a network of individuals, in order to achieve the right prevention policies and limit the epidemic spread. To do this, I started by initiating an in-depth analysis of the different obesity determinants. Once this stage completed, I developed a network model in which the relations between the individuals, (represented by the nodes of the network) are governed by rules allowing to evaluate the presence/absence of links according to their values of influence, age of the concerned nodes and their homophilic characteristics. This model, based on the age structure and demography, is constituted by two processes: the first one describes obesity at the individual level, by using epidemiological compartments. The second one describes the inter-individual level by using an individual-based network. Later, when the model reached its asymptotic behavior, I studied the social structure obtained to locate the most important individuals to be targeted in the prevention policy. Eventually, to validate the model with data, I realized an investigation in a Tunisian college and compared the obtained results from this study with those obtained from a French college survey
Bui, Thi-Mai-Anh. "Séparation des préoccupations en épidémiologie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066457.
Full textMathematical and computational models have become widely used and demanded tools for examining mechanisms of transmission, exploring characteristics of epidemics, predicting future courses of an outbreak and evaluating strategies to find a best control-program. One of the problems of modelling is bridging the gap between conceptual models (i.e compartmental models of epidemiology) and their computer simulation (through deterministic, stochastic or agent-based implementation). Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) are often used to address such difficulties by separating two concerns of modelling, specification (conceptual model) and implementation (computational model). In this perspective, we develop a DSL called KENDRICK targeted to the epidemiological modelling and coupled with a simulation platform that allows the study of such models. The other important issue needs to be addressed in the context of epidemiological modelling is the heterogeneities introduced by separate concerns. In order to facilitate the specification of models and their evolution, it is crucial to be able to define concerns with as few dependencies with each other as possible and to combine them as freely as possible. We address such challenges by proposing a common mathematical meta-model that supports both concerns and models and enabling their compositions by some operators. We then implement our proposal language KENDRICK based on this meta-model. The language simplifies the construction of complex epidemiological models by decomposing them into modular concerns, by which common concerns can be reused across models and can be easily changed
Mohammad, Noshine. "Exploration des modèles d’apprentissage statistique profonds couplés à la spectrométrie de masse pour améliorer la surveillance épidémiologique des maladies infectieuses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS617.
Full textMALDI-TOF (matrix assisted laser desorption and ionisation time of flight) mass spectrometry is a rapid and robust diagnostic method for microbiology, enabling microorganism species to be identified on the basis of their protein fingerprint in the mass spectrum. However, the clinical and epidemiological applications of this technology remain limited by the bioinformatics tools available. This thesis focuses on the application of deep statistical learning models to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry data for the purpose of epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases. This includes the monitoring of fungal and mycobacterial epidemics in hospitals, as well as the characterisation of Anopheles vectors of malaria.We examined the impact of sample preparation methods and computer analysis of mass spectra on improving learning, in order to identify epidemic fungal clones in hospitals and prevent their spread. Our study showed that the convolution neural network (CNN) has a high potential for identifying the spectra of specific Candida parapsilosis clones, achieving 94% accuracy by optimising essential parameters (culture media, growth time, and the spectra acquisition machine). To detect epidemic Aspergillus flavus clones in multicentre hospital cohorts, the CNN was also able to classify most isolates correctly, achieving accuracy of over 93% for two of the three instruments used. We have also shown that by using optimised deep learning models, such as a CNN and a temporal convolution neural network (TCN), we can predict the age of mosquitoes with an average accuracy of two days (best mean absolute error: 1.74 days). This approach will enable us to effectively monitor the age structure of wild Anopheles mosquito populations and target them more effectively with control measures. Finally, we demonstrated the performance of various neural network architectures and mass spectra representation methods, using different cohorts covering various epidemiological issues such as age prediction, identification of closely related species of Anopheles mosquitoes, distinction between closely related subspecies, and detection of resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus. The study showed that of the different models evaluated, the best performing models, such as TCNs and a recurrent neural network, were able to achieve notable results, reaching an identification accuracy of 93% for closely related Anopheles species and 95% for Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies. In addition, the use of CNN and TCN enabled the detection of resistant strains in Mycobacterium abscessus with an accuracy of over 97%. This thesis highlights the use of deep learning in conjunction with MALDI-TOF, a hitherto little explored approach. With the widespread availability of MALDI-TOF instruments and the possibility of coupling analyses to online applications using deep learning, this approach looks promising, opening the way to other epidemiological applications beyond simple species identification, such as detecting epidemiological clusters of drug-resistant microorganisms, monitoring the transmission of bacterial and fungal diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of targeted vector control interventions
Allorent, Delphine. "Analyse et modélisation épidémiologique de la tache angulaire du haricot ("Phaseolus vulgaris") due à "Phaeoisariopsis griseola"." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20041.
Full textGuifo, Fodjo A. Yvan. "Séparation des préoccupations dans les modèles compartimentaux étendus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS262.
Full textMathematical modeling and computer simulation have very often contributed to improving our understanding, prediction, and decision making in the face of epidemics. However, a problem that is often encountered in the development and implementation of epidemiological models is the mixing of different aspects of the model. Indeed, epidemiological models become more and more complex as new concerns are taken into account (age, gender, spatial heterogeneity, containment or vaccination policies, etc.). These aspects, which are usually intertwined, make models difficult to extend, modify or reuse. In mathematical modeling applied to epidemiology, two main approaches are considered. The first one, the "compartmental models", has proven to be robust and provides fairly good results for many diseases. However, it does not take into account some sources of heterogeneity. The second approach, based on "contact networks", has proven to be intuitive to represent contacts between individuals and brings very good results concerning the prediction of epidemics. However, this approach requires more effort during the implementation. A solution to this problem has been proposed: Kendrick. It is a modeling and simulation tool and approach that has shown promising results in separating epidemiological concerns, by defining them as stochastic automata (continuous time markov chain), which can then be combined using an associative and pseudo commutative tensor sum operator. However, a significant limitation of this approach is its restricted application to compartmental models. Taking into account the particularities and shortcomings of each approach, in this research work, we propose a combined approach between compartmental models and contact network models. The aim is to generalize the Kendrick approach to take into account certain aspects of contact networks in order to improve the predictive quality of models with significant heterogeneity in the structure of the contacts, while maintaining the simplicity of compartmental models. To achieve this, this extension of compartmental models is made possible by applying the infection force formalism of Bansal et al (2007) and the behavioral Template Method Design Pattern. The result is an approach that is easy to define, analyze and simulate. We validated this approach on different techniques to generalize compartmental models. Simulation results showed that our approach succeeds in capturing the aspects of contact network models within the compartmental framework while improving the prediction quality of the Kendrick tool and does not deviate from a typical simulation approach on a contact network model
Karaman, Svebor. "Indexation de la vidéo portée : application à l’étude épidémiologique des maladies liées à l’âge." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14402/document.
Full textThe research of this PhD thesis is fulfilled in the context of wearable video monitoring of patients with aged dementia. The idea is to provide a new tool to medical practitioners for the early diagnosis of elderly dementia such as the Alzheimer disease. More precisely, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) have to be indexed in videos recorded with a wearable recording device.Such videos present specific characteristics i.e. strong motion or strong lighting changes. Furthermore, the tackled recognition task is of a very strong semantics. In this difficult context, the first step of analysis is to define an equivalent to the notion of “shots” in edited videos. We therefore developed a method for partitioning continuous video streams into viewpoints according to the observed motion in the image plane.For the recognition of IADLs we developed a solution based on the formalism of Hidden Markov Models (HMM). A hierarchical HMM with two levels modeling semantic activities or intermediate states has been introduced. A complex set of features (dynamic, static, low-level, mid-level) was proposed and the most effective description spaces were identified experimentally.In the mid-level features for activities recognition we focused on the semantic objects the person manipulates in the camera view. We proposed a new concept for object/image description using local features (SURF) and the underlying semi-local connected graphs. We introduced a nested approach for graphs construction when the same scene can be described by levels of graphs with increasing number of nodes. We build these graphs with Delaunay triangulation on SURF points thus preserving good properties of local features i.e. the invariance with regard to affine transformation of image plane: rotation, translation and zoom.We use the graph features in the Bag-of-Visual-Words framework. The problem of distance or dissimilarity definition between graphs for clustering or recognition is obviously arisen. We propose a dissimilarity measure based on the Context Dependent Kernel of H. Sahbi and show its relation with the classical entry-wise norm when comparing trivial graphs (SURF points).The experiments are conducted on the first corpus in the world of wearable videos of IADL for HMM based activities recognition, and on publicly available academic datasets such as SIVAL and Caltech-101 for object recognition
Zaffaroni, Marta. "Modélisation des interactions plant-puceron, en considérant explicitement le rôle des pratiques agricoles : Pêche (Prunus persica) - puceron vert (Myzus persicae) comme cas d'étude An ecophysiological model of plant–pest interactions: the role of nutrient and water availability Maximizing plant production and minimizing environmental impact: comparing agricultural management scenarios with multi criteria decision analysis The role of vectors interference in a shared host-multi vector system." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0723.
Full textAphids alter plant development and can transmit viruses, thus representing a major threat for crops. Aphid pressure on plant can be reduced and crop production can be enhanced by facilitating some ecological processes in addition, or in substitution, to the use of pesticides. Mathematical models can help in predicting the direction and strength of these ecological processes and they can reveal the impact of alternative ways of managing crops. The proposed thesis aims to develop process based mathematical models coupling plant physiology and aphid demography to drive ecological intensification and reduce the use of pesticides. The models consider i) interactions between plant and aphid, while most crop models only consider the effect of the pest on the plant and not vice versa hence impairing insights upon bottom-up pest control via cultural practices; and ii) the effect of cultural practices and the outcome in terms of harvest, issues that are usually absent in ecological models. Therefore, I firstly couple a mechanistic plant growth model with a pest population model, I calibrate it for a peach-green aphid system and I use it to get insights on the mechanisms behind the response of aphids to fertilization and irrigation. Furthermore, I develop an epidemiological model explicitly accounting for the interference between two aphid vectors. I apply the model to explore the effect of inter-specific aphid interference in shaping the spread of plant viruses, considering the effect of agricultural practices
Karaman, Svebor. "Indexation de la Vidéo Portée : Application à l'Étude Épidémiologique des Maladies Liées à l'Âge." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689855.
Full textCoudon, Thomas. "Développement et application de méthodologies d'évaluation des expositions atmosphériques chroniques aux dioxines et au cadmium dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1093/document.
Full textA number of studies have examined the link between breast cancer and exposure to air pollution, including dioxins and cadmium. However, the results of these studies are inconclusive and present a number of methodological limitations. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a spatial indicator to assess chronic atmospheric exposure to dioxins and cadmium of women from the E3N cohort in France between 1990 and 2008. We first performed an inventory and created a database of 2620 dioxins and 2700 cadmium emitting sources in France between 1990 and 2008 and estimated and geolocated their annual emissions. The location of the sources and their estimated emissions were used as the basis for the construction of the indicator. Combination of additional spatial parameters, allowed us to obtain a "substantial" agreement between the dioxin and cadmium exposure classifications of the E3N subjects geolocalised at their residential address, using the estimated bythe indicator and exposures estimates derived from the Gaussian model. We also evaluated the spatial-temporal variability of dioxin and cadmium concentrations over nearly two decades in the Lyon metropolitan area, taking into account a wide variety of source types. This is the first study comparing concentrations predicted by a dispersion model to dioxin concentrations measured in ambient air. The exposure indicator was used in a case-control study within the E3N cohort to estimate the risk of breast cancer associated with atmospheric exposure to dioxins. It is currently being used in another study on cadmium exposure and breast cancer risk and may be applied in future studies on other pollutants or pathologies
Bonté, Bruno. "Modélisation et simulation de l'interdépendance entre l'objet, l'observateur et le modèle de l'objet dans la Triade de Minsky. Application à la surveillance épidémiologique en santé animale." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719426.
Full textClaverie, Sohini. "Étude de la diversité et de la structure des communautés virales à l’échelle des agro-écosystèmes. Le modèle épidémiologique des mastrévirus des Poaceae à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0011.
Full textViruses’ ubiquity, abundance and diversity have highlighted that they are naturally embedded into global ecosystems. In order to better understand how they interact, adapt and evolve, it is essential to study them at the ecosystem scale, particularly at the agro-ecosystem scale where the promiscuity between wild and cultivated ecosystems facilitates new interactions favouring the emergence of new viral variants. This study focused on phytoviruses of the genus Mastrevirus, transmitted by leafhoppers and responsible for many crop diseases in Africa and the Indian Ocean islands. Our work focused on the development of a metagenomic approach called RCA-RA-NGS targeting viruses with small circular DNA genomes. This approach is based on rolling-circle amplification step followed with amplicons tagging using random PCR allowing multiplexing of up to 1200 samples and Illumina high-throughput sequencing before classification of the reads obtained by similarity search and phylogenetic placement. The analysis of nearly 3000 samples representing 30 species of Poaceae showed that 18 of these species and globally 8% of the evaluated plants were infected by masteviruses. In addition to the discovery of previously undescribed mastrevirus species, our results provide a comprehensive view of the network of mastrevirus-host association within an agro-ecosystem. The topology of this network suggests (1) no modularity and only nestedness of specialists host ranges with those of generalists, (2) hosts acting as viral hub and (3) the presence of recombination
Bonte, Bruno. "Modélisation et simulation de l’interdépendance entre l’objet, l’observateur et le modèle de l’objet dans la Triade de Minsky. Application à la surveillance épidémiologique en santé animale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20173/document.
Full textThe spread of a disease at national or international scale isn't a reproducible experiment. If experiment is not reproducible, the usual concept of model validation has no statistical meaning because it would involve the comparison between model behaviour and system behaviour.We use Marvin Minsky's definition of model: « to an observer B, an object A* is a model of an object A to the extent that B can use A* to answer questions that interest him about A ». The tree objects A, B and A* are the triad of Minsky. We propose to use the Theory of Modelling and Simulation (TMS) to model and simulate the triad seen as a dynamic system composed of the objects A, B and A*. We hence can answer questions about the use of A* and the impact it has on A.We apply this framework to a triad of Minsky in epidemiological surveillance in animal health. An epidemics (object A) is observed and controlled by a surveillance system and a control system (observer B) and an epidemiological model (model A*) is used to evaluate the control measures
Rautureau, Séverine. "Simulations d’épizooties de fièvre aphteuse et aide à la décision : approches épidémiologique et économique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T002/document.
Full textThe 2001 Foot-and-mouth disease epizootic in the United Kingdom has illustrated limits in some established surveillance, control, anticipation and decision-making systems. At the same time, the relaxation of vaccination procedures has enhanced the set of usable tools by risk managers. A reassessment in France seemed needed.For this purpose, the research project firstly proposed to study the organization of the different livestock industries in France. The analysis of French holding network by using the method of social network analysis has led to characterize the relationships between holdings and to determine a constant structural vulnerability to diseases spread especially due to bovine trade network.Secondly, the disease spread in the holding network has been studied with simulations generated by a specifically built model. The cost-effectiveness of different control strategies (combining infected herd depopulation, pre-emptive culling and vaccination) were then compared. Results showed that no single epidemiological and economical optimal strategy existed and local context must be taken into account. Indeed, the cost-effective strategy changed according to the concerned area and the considered players.This research work allowed creating a thinking tool for decision-making but also a training tool for crisis management preparation
Graffeo, Nathalie. "Méthodes d'analyse de la survie nette : utilisation des tables de mortalité, test de comparaison et détection d'agrégats spatiaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5067/document.
Full textIn cancer research, net survival is a key indicator of health care efficiency. This theoretical concept is the survival that would be observed in an hypothetical world where the disease under study would be the only possible cause of death. In population-based studies, where cause of death is unknown, net survival allows to compare net cancer survival between different groups by removing the effect of death from causes other than cancer. In this work, after presenting the concept and the estimation methods of net survival, we focus on three complementary issues. The first one is about the life tables used in the estimates of net survival. In France, these tables are stratified by age, sex, year and département. Other prognostic factors impact on mortality. So it would be interesting to use life tables stratified by some of these factors. We study the impact of the lack of stratification in life tables on the estimates of the effects of prognostic factors on excess mortality by simulations and real data studies. In 2012, the Pohar-Perme estimator was proposed. It is a consistent non parametric estimator of net survival. The second issue involves the building of a log-rank type test to compare distributions of net survival (estimated by the Pohar-Perme estimator) between several groups. Our third issue is to propose a method providing potential spatial clusters which could contain patients with similar net cancer survival rates. We adapt a clustering method using the test we have built as a splitting criterion. This work proposes new developments and new tools to study and improve the quality of care for cancer patients. These methods are suitable to other chronic diseases