Academic literature on the topic 'Modeling of multiple matrix cracking'
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Journal articles on the topic "Modeling of multiple matrix cracking"
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Li, Longbiao. "Modeling matrix fracture in fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites with different fiber preforms." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 7-8 (October 21, 2019): 909–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519883956.
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In this paper, the stress-dependent matrix multiple fracture in silicon carbide fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites with different fiber preforms is investigated. The critical matrix strain energy criterion is used to determine the matrix multiple fracture considering the interface debonding. The effects of the fiber radius, fiber elastic modulus, matrix elastic modulus, fiber volume, interface shear stress, and interface debonded energy on the matrix multiple fracture and the interface debonding are analyzed. The experimental matrix multiple cracking and interface debonding of minicomposite, unidirectional, and two-dimensional woven SiC/SiC composites with different fiber volumes and interphases are predicted. The matrix cracking density increases with the increasing of the fiber volume, fiber elastic modulus, interface shear stress, and interface debonded energy, and the decreasing of the fiber radius and matrix elastic modulus.
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Longbiao, Li. "Modeling the Effect of Multiple Matrix Cracking Modes on Cyclic Hysteresis Loops of 2D Woven Ceramic-Matrix Composites." Applied Composite Materials 23, no. 4 (February 17, 2016): 555–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-016-9474-7.
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Curosu, Iurie, Amr Omara, Ameer Hamza Ahmed, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "Probabilistic Finite Element Modeling of Textile Reinforced SHCC Subjected to Uniaxial Tension." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 3631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133631.
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The paper presents a finite element investigation of the effect of material composition and the constituents’ interaction on the tensile behavior of strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) both with and without textile reinforcement. The input material parameters for the SHCC and continuous reinforcement models, as well for their bond, were adopted from reference experimental investigations. The textile reinforcement was discretized by truss elements in the loaded direction only, with the constitutive relationships simulating a carbon and a polymer textile, respectively. For realistic simulation of macroscopic tensile response and multiple cracking patterns in hybrid fiber-reinforced composites subjected to tension, a multi-scale and probabilistic approach was adopted. SHCC was simulated using the smeared crack model, and the input constitutive law reflected the single-crack opening behavior. The probabilistic definition and spatial fluctuation of matrix strength and tensile strength of the SHCC enabled realistic multiple cracking and fracture localization within the loaded model specimens. Two-dimensional (2D) simulations enabled a detailed material assessment with reasonable computational effort and showed adequate accuracy in predicting the experimental findings in terms of macroscopic stress–strain properties, extent of multiple cracking, and average crack width. Besides material optimization, the model is suitable for assessing the strengthening performance of hybrid fiber-reinforced composites on structural elements.
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SCHLANGEN, ERIK, and ZHIWEI QIAN. "3D MODELING OF FRACTURE IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS." Journal of Multiscale Modelling 01, no. 02 (April 2009): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973709000116.
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In this article, a 3D lattice model is presented to simulate fracture in cement-based materials. In the paper, two applications are shown. The first application is modeling heterogeneous materials containing particle embedded in a matrix. A method is shown for coupling 3D information on the material structure obtained with CT-scanning to the material properties in the model. In the second application, fracture in fiber cement-based materials is modeled. Fibers are explicitly implemented as separate elements connected to the cement matrix via special interface elements. With the model, multiple cracking and ductile global behavior are simulated of the composite material. Variables in the model are the fiber dimensions and properties, the fiber volume in the composite, the bond behavior of fibers and matrix, and the cement matrix properties. These properties can be obtained by testing. Some examples of tests are given in the paper. The model can be used as a design tool for creating fiber (cement-based) composites with any desired mechanical behavior.
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Wang, B. L., Y. G. Sun, and H. Y. Zhang. "Multiple cracking of fiber/matrix composites—Analysis of normal extension." International Journal of Solids and Structures 45, no. 14-15 (July 2008): 4032–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.02.026.
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Longbiao, Li. "Modeling cyclic fatigue hysteresis loops of 2D woven ceramic-matrix composite at elevated temperatures in air considering multiple matrix cracking modes." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 85 (October 2016): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2016.03.010.
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Leonovich, S. N. "Modeling of Capillary Shrinkage and Cracking in Early-Age Concrete." Science & Technique 17, no. 4 (July 31, 2018): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2018-17-4-265-277.
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. Scientific hypothesis on moistening shrinkage mechanism for cement stone and concrete has been assumed as a basis for the present paper. Physical ideas on a mechanism for cracks volume increment in a concrete model presented as two-level structure have been accepted as a theoretical basis for a calculation method of crack resistance during capillary shrinkage. These ideas are the following: a matrix of hardening cement stone with inclusions and emptiness of various forms (cracks) as result of influences that change an intense deformed state in a point and a volume. The following assumptions have been accepted while making a theoretical justification for a calculation method of shrinkable concrete crack resistance. Following this methodology approaches of fracture mechanics according to a generalized criterion have been applied in the paper. Concrete is considered as an elastic quasi-homogeneous two-component medium which consists of the following parts:a) constructive part: a matrix – a cement stone with structural elements of crushed stone, sand; b) destructive part: emptiness – capillaries cracks and pores (cavities with initial cracks in walls). Emptiness in a matrix and contact zones are presented by a coordinated five-level system in the form and sizes which are multiple to a diameter due to impacts while reaching critical sizes. These critical sizes make it possible to pass from one level into another one according to the following scheme: size stabilization – accumulation delocalization – critical concentration in single volume – transition to the following level. Process of cracks formation and their growth are considered as a result of non-power influences on the basis of crack theory principles from a condition that fields of deformation and tension creating schemes of a normal separation and shift occur in the top part of each crack at its level in the initial concrete volume. Ксij(t) parameter as algebraic amount of critical values Kij in the whole system of all levels of cracks filling canonical volume up to critical concentration has been accepted as a generalized constant of property for concrete crack resistance in time, its resistance to formation, accumulation in volumes of micro-cracks and formation of trunk cracks with critical values. External temperature, moistening long influences create fields of tension in the top parts of cracks. Concrete destruction processes due to cracks are considered as generalized deformedintensed state in some initial volume having physical features which are inherent to a composite with strength and deformative properties. It is possible to realize analytical calculations for assessment of tension and crack resistance of concrete at early age on the basis of a generalized criterion in terms of stress intensity factor due to modern experimental data on capillary pressure value (70 kPa in 180 min after concrete placing). The developed algorithm of calculation allows to consider factors influencing on capillary pressure: type of cement, modifiers and mineral additives, concrete curing conditions.
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Kashtalyan, M., I. G. García, and V. Mantič. "Coupled stress and energy criterion for multiple matrix cracking in cross-ply composite laminates." International Journal of Solids and Structures 139-140 (May 2018): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.01.033.
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Chudoba, Rostislav, Yingxiong Li, Rostislav Rypl, Homam Spartali, and Miroslav Vořechovský. "Probabilistic multiple cracking model of brittle-matrix composite based on a one-by-one crack tracing algorithm." Applied Mathematical Modelling 92 (April 2021): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.10.041.
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El Yagoubi, Jalal, Jacques Lamon, and Jean Christophe Batsale. "Multiscale Modelling of the Influence of Damage on the Thermal Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites." Advances in Science and Technology 73 (October 2010): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.73.65.
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Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) are very attractive materials for structural applications at high temperatures. Not only must CMC be damage tolerant, but they must also allow thermal management. For this purpose heat transfers must be controlled even in the presence of damage. Damage consists in multiple cracks that form in the matrix and ultimately in the fibers, when the stresses exceed the proportional limit. Therefore the thermal conductivity dependence on applied load is a factor of primary importance for the design of CMC components. This original approach combines a model of matrix cracking with a model of heat transfer through an elementary cracked volume element containing matrix crack and an interfacial crack. It was applied to 1D composites subject to tensile ant thermal loading parallel to fiber direction in a previous paper. The present paper compares predictions to experimental results.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Modeling of multiple matrix cracking"
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Chudoba, Rostislav, Martin Konrad, Markus Schleser, Konstantin Meskouris, and Uwe Reisgen. "Parametric study of tensile response of TRC specimens reinforced with epoxy-penetrated multi-filament yarns." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244043793029-57511.
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The paper presents a meso-scopic modeling framework for the simulation of three-phase composite consisting of a brittle cementitious matrix and reinforcing AR-glass yarns impregnated with epoxy resin. The construction of the model is closely related to the experimental program covering both the meso-scale test (yarn tensile test and double sided pull-out test) and the macro-scale test in the form of tensile test on the textile reinforced concrete specimen. The predictions obtained using the model are validated using a-posteriori performed experiments.
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Singh, Chandra Veer. "Multiscale modeling of damage in multidirectional composite laminates." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2312.
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Ahn, Byung Ki. "Interfacial Mechanics in Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Mechanics of Single and Multiple Cracks in CMCs." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29791.
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Several critical issues in the mechanics of the interface between the fibers and matrix in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are studied. The first issue is the competition between crack deflection and penetration at the fiber/matrix interface. When a matrix crack, the first fracture mode in a CMC, reaches the interface, two different crack modes are possible; crack deflection along the interface and crack penetration into the fibers. A criterion based on strain energy release rates is developed to determine the crack propagation at the interface. The Axisymmetric Damage Model (ADM), a newly-developed numerical technique, is used to obtain the strain energy in the cracked composite. The results are compared with a commonly-used analytic solution provided by He and Hutchinson (HH), and also with experimental data on a limited basis.
The second issue is the stress distribution near the debond/sliding interface. If the interface is weak enough for the main matrix crack to deflect and form a debond/sliding zone, then the stress distribution around the sliding interface is of interest because it provides insight into further cracking modes, i.e. multiple matrix cracking or possibly fiber failure. The stress distributions are obtained by the ADM and compared to a simple shear-lag model in which a constant sliding resistance is assumed. The results show that the matrix axial stress, which is responsible for further matrix cracking, is accurately predicted by the shear-lag model.
Finally, the third issue is multiple matrix cracking. We present a theory to predict the stress/strain relations and unload/reload hysteresis behavior during the evolution of multiple matrix cracking. The random spacings between the matrix cracks as well as the crack interactions are taken into account in the model. The procedure to obtain the interfacial sliding resistance, thermal residual stress, and matrix flaw distribution from the experimental stress/strain data is discussed. The results are compared to a commonly-used approach in which uniform crack spacings are assumed.
Overall, we have considered various crack modes in the fiber-reinforced CMCs; from a single matrix crack to multiple matrix cracking, and have suggested models to predict the microscopic crack behavior and to evaluate the macroscopic stress/strain relations. The damage tolerance or toughening due to the inelastic strains caused by matrix cracking phenomenon is the key issue of this study, and the interfacial mechanics in conjunction with the crack behavior is the main issue discussed here. The models can be used to interpret experimental data such as micrographs of crack surface or extent of crack damage, and stress/strain curves, and in general the models can be used as guidelines to design tougher composites.Ph. D.
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Swindeman, Michael James. "A Regularized Extended Finite Element Method for Modeling the Coupled Cracking and Delamination of Composite Materials." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1324605778.
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Jesse, Frank. "Tragverhalten von Filamentgarnen in zementgebundener Matrix." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1122970324369-39398.
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Die Arbeit stützt sich überwiegend auf die Ergebnisse experimenteller Untersuchungen. Einaxiale Zugversuche an scheibenförmigen Probekörpern bildeten die Basis für die Beschreibung des Tragverhaltens in Form von Spannungs-Dehnungs-Linien. Da die Durchführung von Zugversuchen bekanntlich nicht ganz problemlos ist, wird der Versuchsaufbau besonders sorgfältig dargestellt. Mängel und deren Auswirkung auf die Versuchsergebnisse werden ausführlich diskutiert. Für die Beurteilung der Verbundeigenschaften der Bewehrung ist der Umfang der Kontaktfläche mit der Matrix ein wichtiger Parameter. Es wurde ein Verfahren für die Ermittlung dieser und anderer geometrischen Eigenschaften der Bewehrung entwickelt. Elektronische Aufnahmen von klassischen Dünnschliffen werden dazu mit einem digitalen Bildauswerteprogramm analysiert. Die Berücksichtigung einer Vielzahl von Einflüssen ermöglicht erstmals die reproduzierbare Bestimmung des Umfanges der Kontaktfläche zwischen den Fasern und der Matrix sowie die Querschnittsfläche der Faserbündel in der Matrix ohne subjektive Einflüsse. Das Tragverhalten von unidirektionalen und textilen Bewehrungen aus AR-Glas Filamentgarnen wird mit experimentellen Methoden untersucht. Die Basis bilden in einaxialen Zugversuchen an Dehnkörpern aufgenommene Spannungs-Dehnungs-Linien. Schon bei einer Bewehrung aus unidirektionalen Multifilamentgarnen treten Phänomene auf, die von Bewehrungen aus kompakten, homogenen Querschnitten (Stäben oder Drähten) nicht bekannt sind. Die Multifilamentgarne können selbst schon als Verbundwerkstoff bezeichnet werden, dessen Eigenschaften in einem großen Wertebereich variieren. Mit der textilen Verarbeitung von Multifilamentgarnen werden die (Verbund¬¬-)Eigenschaften entscheidend verändert. Ganz wesentlich ist das Hinzufügen von weiteren Faserscharen und den für die Herstellung der Textilien notwendigen Nähgarnen. Durch die Verarbeitung ändern sich auch Form und Packungsdichte der Multifilamentgarne. Das Zusammenspiel all dieser Einflüsse und die Variationsmöglichkeiten bei der Kombination aller Parameter führen zu einem teilweise deutlich verändertem Tragverhalten des textilbewehrten Betons gegenüber unidirektional bewehrtem Beton. Auf der Basis einfach handhabbarer Modelle wird versucht, Charakteristika des Tragverhaltens zu erklären. Beim textilbewehrten Beton ist jedoch oft kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang erkennbar, weil sich mehrere Einflüsse überlagern. Trotzdem ist es gelungen, zahlreiche, für den textilbewehrten Beton typische Besonderheiten aufzuzeigen und deren Ursachen zu klären. Den Abschluss bilden Überlegungen zur Optimierung der textilen Bewehrungen, die sich aus den beobachteten Phänomenen und deren Ursachen ableitenThis thesis is mainly based on results of experimental methods. Uniaxial tension tests on strain specimens provide a basis for a description of the load bearing behaviour in the form of stress-strain-curves. It is well known, that the accomplishment of tension tests causes several problems. Therefore the test set-up is described in detail. Deficiencies and their impact on test results are discussed extensively. For the assessment of bond properties the perimeter of the contact area between fibres and matrix is a crucial parameter. A new procedure has been developed for estimating this and other geometrical properties of the reinforcement. Digital images of traditional thin section petrography are analysed with digital image analysis software. The consideration of a multitude of influences enables a reproducible determination of the perimeter of the contact area between fibres and matrix as well as the cross sectional area of the fibre bundles for the first time without subjective influences. The load bearing behaviour of unidirectional fabric reinforcement made from AR-glass filament yarns is examined with experimental methods. Stress-strain-curves from uniaxial tension tests on strain specimen provide a basis. Reinforcements of unidirectional multi filament yarns show already phenomenon?s that are not known from reinforcements with compact homogeneous cross sections (bars or wires). Multi filament yarns could be indicated as an composite material itself whose properties vary in a wide range. During fabric production with textile technologies the (bond-)properties are subject to crucial changes. The adding of extra layers of yarns and needle thread required for connecting these layers are of vital importance. Textile processing changes shape and packing density of the multi filament yarns. The interaction of all these influences and the possible range of combining all parameters lead to pronounced changes in the mechanical properties of textile reinforced concrete also compared to unidirectional fibre reinforcement. Using simple to handle models this work attempts to explain characteristics of the mechanical behaviour. However, for textile reinforced concrete there is often not a clear connection visible. Although numerous typical characteristics of textile reinforced concrete and their causes has been identified. Finally some considerations for optimising fabric reinforcements are given, which has been derived from observed phenomenons and their causes
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Jesse, Frank. "Tragverhalten von Filamentgarnen in zementgebundener Matrix." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2004. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24549.
Full textAbstract:
Die Arbeit stützt sich überwiegend auf die Ergebnisse experimenteller Untersuchungen. Einaxiale Zugversuche an scheibenförmigen Probekörpern bildeten die Basis für die Beschreibung des Tragverhaltens in Form von Spannungs-Dehnungs-Linien. Da die Durchführung von Zugversuchen bekanntlich nicht ganz problemlos ist, wird der Versuchsaufbau besonders sorgfältig dargestellt. Mängel und deren Auswirkung auf die Versuchsergebnisse werden ausführlich diskutiert. Für die Beurteilung der Verbundeigenschaften der Bewehrung ist der Umfang der Kontaktfläche mit der Matrix ein wichtiger Parameter. Es wurde ein Verfahren für die Ermittlung dieser und anderer geometrischen Eigenschaften der Bewehrung entwickelt. Elektronische Aufnahmen von klassischen Dünnschliffen werden dazu mit einem digitalen Bildauswerteprogramm analysiert. Die Berücksichtigung einer Vielzahl von Einflüssen ermöglicht erstmals die reproduzierbare Bestimmung des Umfanges der Kontaktfläche zwischen den Fasern und der Matrix sowie die Querschnittsfläche der Faserbündel in der Matrix ohne subjektive Einflüsse. Das Tragverhalten von unidirektionalen und textilen Bewehrungen aus AR-Glas Filamentgarnen wird mit experimentellen Methoden untersucht. Die Basis bilden in einaxialen Zugversuchen an Dehnkörpern aufgenommene Spannungs-Dehnungs-Linien. Schon bei einer Bewehrung aus unidirektionalen Multifilamentgarnen treten Phänomene auf, die von Bewehrungen aus kompakten, homogenen Querschnitten (Stäben oder Drähten) nicht bekannt sind. Die Multifilamentgarne können selbst schon als Verbundwerkstoff bezeichnet werden, dessen Eigenschaften in einem großen Wertebereich variieren. Mit der textilen Verarbeitung von Multifilamentgarnen werden die (Verbund¬¬-)Eigenschaften entscheidend verändert. Ganz wesentlich ist das Hinzufügen von weiteren Faserscharen und den für die Herstellung der Textilien notwendigen Nähgarnen. Durch die Verarbeitung ändern sich auch Form und Packungsdichte der Multifilamentgarne. Das Zusammenspiel all dieser Einflüsse und die Variationsmöglichkeiten bei der Kombination aller Parameter führen zu einem teilweise deutlich verändertem Tragverhalten des textilbewehrten Betons gegenüber unidirektional bewehrtem Beton. Auf der Basis einfach handhabbarer Modelle wird versucht, Charakteristika des Tragverhaltens zu erklären. Beim textilbewehrten Beton ist jedoch oft kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang erkennbar, weil sich mehrere Einflüsse überlagern. Trotzdem ist es gelungen, zahlreiche, für den textilbewehrten Beton typische Besonderheiten aufzuzeigen und deren Ursachen zu klären. Den Abschluss bilden Überlegungen zur Optimierung der textilen Bewehrungen, die sich aus den beobachteten Phänomenen und deren Ursachen ableiten.This thesis is mainly based on results of experimental methods. Uniaxial tension tests on strain specimens provide a basis for a description of the load bearing behaviour in the form of stress-strain-curves. It is well known, that the accomplishment of tension tests causes several problems. Therefore the test set-up is described in detail. Deficiencies and their impact on test results are discussed extensively. For the assessment of bond properties the perimeter of the contact area between fibres and matrix is a crucial parameter. A new procedure has been developed for estimating this and other geometrical properties of the reinforcement. Digital images of traditional thin section petrography are analysed with digital image analysis software. The consideration of a multitude of influences enables a reproducible determination of the perimeter of the contact area between fibres and matrix as well as the cross sectional area of the fibre bundles for the first time without subjective influences. The load bearing behaviour of unidirectional fabric reinforcement made from AR-glass filament yarns is examined with experimental methods. Stress-strain-curves from uniaxial tension tests on strain specimen provide a basis. Reinforcements of unidirectional multi filament yarns show already phenomenon?s that are not known from reinforcements with compact homogeneous cross sections (bars or wires). Multi filament yarns could be indicated as an composite material itself whose properties vary in a wide range. During fabric production with textile technologies the (bond-)properties are subject to crucial changes. The adding of extra layers of yarns and needle thread required for connecting these layers are of vital importance. Textile processing changes shape and packing density of the multi filament yarns. The interaction of all these influences and the possible range of combining all parameters lead to pronounced changes in the mechanical properties of textile reinforced concrete also compared to unidirectional fibre reinforcement. Using simple to handle models this work attempts to explain characteristics of the mechanical behaviour. However, for textile reinforced concrete there is often not a clear connection visible. Although numerous typical characteristics of textile reinforced concrete and their causes has been identified. Finally some considerations for optimising fabric reinforcements are given, which has been derived from observed phenomenons and their causes.
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Chobeau, Pierre. "Modeling of sound propagation in forests using the transmission line matrix method : study of multiple scattering and ground effects related to forests." Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA1016/document.
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Les trois principaux phénomènes acoustiques propres au milieu forestier nécessitant d'être pris en compte sont (1) l'absorption due à la présence d'un sol multi-couche, (2) la diffusion multiple due à la présence d'obstacles tels que les troncs, (3) les effets micro-météorologiques rattachés aux variations des gradients de vitesse de vent et de température. Parmi les méthodes numériques de référence, la méthode des lignes de transmission (TLM), semble particulièrement adaptée pour la modélisation de la propagation acoustique en présence de forêt, à condition de procéder à de nouveaux développements. La première nécessité pour l'adaptation de la méthode TLM aux simulations acoustiques sur de grandes distances est la définition de couches absorbantes, permettant de tronquer efficacement le domaine d'étude, sans introduire de réflexions parasites. La formulation ainsi développée dans le cadre de la thèse est rigoureusement équivalente à l'équation de propagation des ondes amorties, et se traduit dans la méthode TLM par l'introduction et l'optimisation d'un terme de dissipation. L'étape suivante a consisté à vérifier la capacité de la méthode TLM à modéliser les phénomènes de diffusion par des cylindres. L’une des originalités introduites dans cette thèse réside dans le placement des éléments diffuseurs, à partir de lois de distribution aléatoire et de Gibbs, permettant ainsi de définir des répartitions proches de celles rencontrées en forêt. À titre d'application de la méthode développée dans le cadre de la thèse, une étude paramétrique a été réalisée afin de définir les conditions pour lesquelles une forêt peut également être considérée comme un dispositif de protectionThe prediction of sound propagation in presence of forest remains a major challenge for the outdoor sound propagation community. Reference numerical models such as the Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) method can be developed in order to accurately predict each acoustical phenomenon that takes place inside forest. The first need for the TLM method is an efficient theory-based absorbing layer formulation that enables the truncation of the numerical domain. The two proposed absorbing layer formulations are based on the approximation of the perfectly matched layer theory. The most efficient proposed formulation is shown to be equivalent to wave propagation in a lossy media, which, in the TLM method formulation, is introduced using an additional dissipation term. Then, the ability of the TLM method for the simulation of scattering is studied comparing the numerical results to both analytical solutions and measurements on scale models. Lastly, the attenuation of acoustic levels by a simplified forest is numerically studied using several arrangements of cylinders placed normal to either reflecting or absorbing ground. It is observed that randomly spaced arrangements are more inclined to attenuate acoustic waves than periodic arrangements. Moreover, the sensitivity to the density, the length of the array and the ground absorption is tested. The main trend shows that the density and the distribution are two important parameters for the attenuation. In future work, it can be interesting to look at the sensitivity of each parameter. This study could then be used to relate the morphology (i.e. distribution, density, length) of a forest to the acoustical properties of the forest
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Serror, Maéva. "Etude du vieillissement thermique d’un jonc pultrudé en matériau composite." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENAM0042.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le vieillissement thermique et prédire la durée de vie d'un jonc composite utilisé comme raidisseur de câbles électriques aériens. En effet, en conditions normales de fonctionnement, la température des câbles est de l'ordre de 80-90°C et, pendant les opérations de maintenance, des pics jusqu'à des températures de l'ordre de 220°C peuvent aussi être enregistrés. L'analyse microstructurale des coupes radiales du jonc après vieillissement dans l'air entre 160 et 220°C met en évidence son endommagement. Lorsque la matrice époxy n'est pas bien réticulée, l'endommagement consiste en une fissuration spontanée (sous l'effet de contraintes induites par le retrait chimique de la matrice) suivie de la thermo-oxydation du cœur du jonc. En revanche, lorsque la matrice est bien réticulée, cet endommagement est remplacé par la formation et l'accumulation de microcavités de gaz dans le cœur du jonc, résultant de la thermolyse de la matrice. A terme, ces microcavités coalescent pour former de larges fissures apparentes. Cette dégradation provoque la baisse progressive du module élastique et, au-delà d'un taux d'endommagement (porosités, fissures) critique, la chute catastrophique des propriétés à la rupture. Sur la base de ces résultats, des relations microstructure/propriétés mécaniques sont établies. Des tests complémentaires par thermogravimétrie couplée à la spectroscopie de masse haute résolution sont réalisés sur des films de matrice pure entre 160 et 240°C sous atmosphère inerte, afin d'élucider le mécanisme de thermolyse et l'origine de la cavitation. La décomposition des liaisons instables du réseau époxy conduit à la formation de trois principaux composés organiques volatils dont de l'eau. Lorsque la concentration de ce dernier dépasse son seuil de solubilité dans la matrice, les premières cavités apparaissent. Sur la base de ces résultats, un schéma mécanistique et un modèle cinétique de thermolyse sont proposés et vérifiés avec succès par gravimétrieThis thesis is devoted to the study of thermal ageing and lifetime prediction of a composite rod used to stiffen electrical overhead power lines. The operating temperature of the wire is usually ranged between 80 and 90°C and, during maintenance, temperature can rise up to 220°C for short durations. Microstructural analysis of radial composite cross-sections after ageing between 160 and 220°C in air evidences its damage. When the epoxy matrix is under-crosslinked, the damage consists in a spontaneous cracking (due to stresses induced by the chemical shrinkage of the matrix) followed by the thermal oxidation of the rod core. However, when the matrix is better crosslinked, this damage is replaced by the formation and accumulation of microcavities of gases in the rod core, resulting from the matrix thermolysis. Eventually, these microcavities get connected to form wide apparent cracks. This degradation leads to the progressive decrease of the elastic modulus and, beyond a critical damage (porosities, cracks) fraction, a catastrophic fall of fracture properties. Based on these results, microstructure/properties relationships are established. Complementary tests by thermogravimetry coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry are carried on neat matrix films between 160 and 240°C under inert atmosphere to elucidate the thermolysis mechanism and the origin of the cavitation. The decomposition of unstable linkages in the epoxy network leads to the formation of three major volatile organic compounds including water. When the concentration of this later exceeds its solubility threshold in the matrix, the first microcavities appear. Based on these results, a mechanistic scheme and a kinetic model of thermolysis are proposed and successfully checked by gravimetry
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Pawar, Prashant M. "Structural Health Monitoring Of Composite Helicopter Rotor Blades." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/273.
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Helicopter rotor system operates in a highly dynamic and unsteady aerodynamic environment leading to severe vibratory loads on the rotor system. Repeated exposure to these severe loading conditions can induce damage in the composite rotor blade which may lead to a catastrophic failure. Therefore, an interest in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of the composite rotor blades has grown markedly in recent years. Two important issues are addressed in this thesis; (1) structural modeling and aeroelastic analysis of the damaged rotor blade and (2) development of a model based rotor health monitoring system. The effect of matrix cracking, the first failure mode in composites, is studied in detail for a circular section beam, box-beam and two-cell airfoil section beam. Later, the effects of further progressive damages such as debonding/delamination and fiber breakage are considered for a two-cell airfoil section beam representing a stiff-inplane helicopter rotor blade. It is found that the stiffness decreases rapidly in the initial phase of matrix cracking but becomes almost constant later as matrix crack saturation is reached. Due to matrix cracking, the bending and torsion stiffness losses at the point of matrix crack saturation are about 6-12 percent and about 25-30 percent, respectively. Due to debonding/delamination, the bending and torsion stiffness losses are about 6-8 percent and about 40-45 percent after matrix crack saturation, respectively. The stiffness loss due to fiber breakage is very rapid and leads to the final failure of the blade. An aeroelastic analysis is performed for the damaged composite rotor in forward flight and the numerically simulated results are used to develop an online health monitoring system. For fault detection, the variations in rotating frequencies, tip bending and torsion response, blade root loads and strains along the blade due to damage are investigated. It is found that peak-to-peak values of blade response and loads provide a good global damage indicator and result in considerable data reduction. Also, the shear strain is a useful indicator to predict local damage. The structural health monitoring system is developed using the physics based models to detect and locate damage from simulated noisy rotor system data. A genetic fuzzy system (GFS) developed for solving the inverse problem of detecting damage from noise contaminated measurements by hybridizing the best features of fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. Using the changes in structural measurements between the damaged and undamaged blade, a fuzzy system is generated and the rule-base and membership functions optimized by genetic algorithm. The GFS is demonstrated using frequency and mode shape based measurements for various beam type structures such as uniform cantilever beam, tapered beam and non-rotating helicopter blade. The GFS is further demonstrated for predicting the internal state of the composite structures using an example of a composite hollow circular beam with matrix cracking damage mode. Finally, the GFS is applied for online SHM of a rotor in forward flight. It is found that the GFS shows excellent robustness with noisy data, missing measurements and degrades gradually in the presence of faulty sensors/measurements. Furthermore, the GFS can be developed in an automated manner resulting in an optimal solution to the inverse problem of SHM. Finally, the stiffness degradation of the composite rotor blade is correlated to the life consumption of the rotor blade and issues related to damage prognosis are addressed.
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Hunter, Brandon. "Channel Probing for an Indoor Wireless Communications Channel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/64.
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The statistics of the amplitude, time and angle of arrival of multipaths in an indoor environment are all necessary components of multipath models used to simulate the performance of spatial diversity in receive antenna configurations. The model presented by Saleh and Valenzuela, was added to by Spencer et. al., and included all three of these parameters for a 7 GHz channel. A system was built to measure these multipath parameters at 2.4 GHz for multiple locations in an indoor environment. Another system was built to measure the angle of transmission for a 6 GHz channel. The addition of this parameter allows spatial diversity at the transmitter along with the receiver to be simulated. The process of going from raw measurement data to discrete arrivals and then to clustered arrivals is analyzed. Many possible errors associated with discrete arrival processing are discussed along with possible solutions. Four clustering methods are compared and their relative strengths and weaknesses are pointed out. The effects that errors in the clustering process have on parameter estimation and model performance are also simulated.
Books on the topic "Modeling of multiple matrix cracking"
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Modeling of stress/strain behavior of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites including stress redistribution. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Modeling of multiple matrix cracking"
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Lindemann, Udo, Maik Maurer, and Thomas Braun. "Modeling the Multiple-Domain Matrix." In Structural Complexity Management, 67–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87889-6_5.
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Sun, L. Z., H. T. Liu, and Jiann-Wen Woody Ju. "Particle-Cracking Modeling of Metal Matrix Composites." In Handbook of Damage Mechanics, 1147–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5589-9_9.
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Sun, L. Z., H. T. Liu, and J. W. Ju. "Particle-Cracking Modeling of Metal Matrix Composites." In Handbook of Damage Mechanics, 1–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8968-9_9-1.
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Hu, Yile, Erdogan Madenci, and Nam Phan. "Peridynamic Modeling of Cracking in Ceramic Matrix Composites." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on New Trends in Fatigue and Fracture, 341–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70365-7_40.
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Yasuda, Kouichi, Koji Hashimoto, Tadashi Shiota, and Yohtaro Matsuo. "Optical Microscopy of Multiple Matrix Cracking in a Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Glass Matrix Composite." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 93–103. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118144152.ch9.
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Bolivar, J., T. T. Nguyen, Y. Shi, M. Fregonese, J. Réthoré, J. Adrien, A. King, J. Y. Buffiere, and N. Huin. "Multiple Cracks Interactions in Stress Corrosion Cracking: In Situ Observation by Digital Image Correlation and Phase Field Modeling." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 161–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04639-2_10.
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Bolivar, J., T. T. Nguyen, Y. Shi, M. Fregonese, J. Réthoré, J. Adrien, A. King, J. Y. Buffiere, and N. Huin. "Multiple Cracks Interactions in Stress Corrosion Cracking: In Situ Observation by Digital Image Correlation and Phase Field Modeling." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 161–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67244-1_10.
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Balokhonov, Ruslan R., and Varvara A. Romanova. "Microstructure-Based Computational Analysis of Deformation and Fracture in Composite and Coated Materials Across Multiple Spatial Scales." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 377–419. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_17.
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AbstractA multiscale analysis is performed to investigate deformation and fracture in the aluminum-alumina composite and steel with a boride coating as an example. Model microstructure of the composite materials with irregular geometry of the matrix-particle and substrate-coating interfaces correspondent to the experimentally observed microstructure is taken into account explicitly as initial conditions of the boundary value problem that allows introducing multiple spatial scales. The problem in a plane strain formulation is solved numerically by the finite-difference method. Physically-based constitutive models are developed to describe isotropic strain hardening, strain rate and temperature effects, Luders band propagation and jerky flow, and fracture. Local regions experiencing bulk tension are found to occur during compression that control cracking of composites. Interrelated plastic strain localization in the steel substrate and aluminum matrix and crack origination and growth in the ceramic coating and particles are shown to depend on the strain rate, particle size and arrangement, as well as on the loading direction: tension or compression.
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Singh, C. V. "Evolution of multiple matrix cracking." In Modeling Damage, Fatigue and Failure of Composite Materials, 143–71. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78242-286-0.00008-x.
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Vořechovský, M., R. Chudoba, Y. Li, and R. Rypl. "Probabilistic multiple cracking model of elastic-brittle matrix composite reflecting randomness in matrix, reinforcement and bond." In Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, 839–48. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315182964-98.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Modeling of multiple matrix cracking"
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Li, Longbiao. "Micromechanical Modeling Tension-Compression Fatigue Hysteresis Loops Model of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites Considering Fibers Failure." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58485.
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Abstract In this paper, a micromechanical tension-compression fatigue hysteresis loops model of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composite (CMC) was developed considering fibers failure. Multiple fatigue damage mechanisms of fibers failure, interface debonding, slip and wear, and matrix fragmentation were considered and incorporated in the micromechanical fatigue hysteresis loops model. Upon unloading, the unloading stress-strain relationship was divided into three stages, including, (1) Unloading Stage I: the unloading interface counter slip stage and the unloading stress is between the tensile peak stress and the matrix crack closure stress; (2) Unloading Stage II: the unloading partial compressive stage and the unloading stress is between the matrix crack closure stress and the unloading complete compressive stress; and (3) Unloading Stage III: the unloading complete compressive stage and the unloading stress is between the unloading complete compressive stress and the compressive valley stress. Multiple micromechanical damage parameters of fibers failure probability, unloading/reloading transition stress, closure stress of the matrix cracking, compressive transition stress, complete compressive stress, unloading/reloading inverse tangent modulus (ITM), and interface counter slip/new slip ratio (ICSR/INSR) were adopted to characterize the tension-compression stress-strain hysteresis loops. Experimental tension-compression fatigue stress-strain hysteresis loops of unidirectional CMCs were predicted using the developed micromechanical models. The characteristics of the tension-compression fatigue hysteresis loops of unidirectional CMC are analyzed for different material properties, damage state, and tensile fatigue peak stress.
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Almostaneer, Hamad, and Stephen Liu. "Optimizing Hot Tapping Using the Fuzzy Logic Modeling Approach." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57684.
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Strong demands for energy compels the oil and gas industries to increase productivity. Since transportation of oil and gas products through pipelines is the most efficient way to deliver these products, there is an ever increasing network of pipelines from the production fields to the processing plants. Construction and operating costs, however, limit the proliferation of pipelines. Hot tapping is an economical technology that the oil and gas industries use to minimize oil and gas pipeline segments by connecting a new facility to the nearest operating unit processing the same product. Technologically speaking, hot tapping is challenging especially during field installation. Welding a branch pipe/pipeline to an in-service pipeline has two major concerns: burn through and heat-affected zone (HAZ) cracking. Thin pipe wall thickness and the use of welding electrodes with high hydrogen contents can promote burn through and HAZ cracking. Improper hot-tapping procedures applied on a live pipeline may lead to disasters that can be life threatening to the welding operators. Parameter optimization is essential to ensure successful hot tapping. In this paper, fuzzy logic modeling was used to optimize the hot-tapping procedure, i.e. to minimize burn through and HAZ cracking, for processes that use shielded metal arc (SMA) welding. A total of 324 rules were built to consider multiple welding parameters, pipeline and operating characteristics such as heat input, electrode type, pipe inside surface temperature, wall thickness, hardness, and fluid flow to study the effects of these parameters on the weldment. These parameters were the fuzzy logic model inputs for successful hot-tapping conditions. For each pair of parameters, the output of the model is a processing surface on which successful hot tapping can be conducted. A graphical user inference (GUI) easily retrieves the different sets of parameters and their respective safe hot-tapping surfaces on which burn through and HAZ cracking can be avoided. As conclusion, the present study demonstrates that fuzzy logic modeling can be used to provide guidelines for in-service pipeline hot tapping. Careful modeling can result in safe welding space for hot tapping and allow for the specification of standard welding procedures within the safe welding zone. The guidelines and range of safe welding parameters from fuzzy logic modeling can reduce the size of the experimental matrix required during field weld testing for the determination of the final parameters.
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Pollayi, Hemaraju, and Wenbin Yu. "Modeling Matrix Cracking in Composite Rotor Blades within VABS Framework." In 54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-1614.
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Thornburgh, Robert, and Aditi Chattopadhyay. "Unified approach to modeling matrix cracking in laminated composite structures." In 41st Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-1492.
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White, G., J. Broussard, J. Collin, M. Klug, C. Harrington, and G. DeBoo. "Advanced FEA Modeling of PWSCC Crack Growth in PWR Dissimilar Metal Piping Butt Welds and Application to the Industry Inspection and Mitigation Program." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61616.
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In late summer 2005, the U.S. pressurized water reactor (PWR) fleet imposed mandatory inspection requirements upon itself to address the challenge posed by primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) in PWR reactor coolant system (RCS) dissimilar metal (DM) piping butt welds. Under this program, the highest temperature, and thus most susceptible, locations have been addressed first. The set of highest temperature locations comprises the DM piping butt welds on the pressurizer. Within three years of promulgating the requirements, all pressurizer locations will have been inspected and nearly 90% of these locations will have been mitigated. In October 2006, several indications of circumferential flaws were reported in the pressurizer nozzles at Wolf Creek. These indications raised questions about the need to accelerate refueling outages or take mid-cycle outages at other plants. In order to address these concerns, an industry effort was undertaken to evaluate the viability of detection of leakage from a through-wall flaw in an operating plant to preclude the potential for rupture of pressurizer nozzle DM welds given the potential concern about growing circumferential stress corrosion cracks. Previous calculations of growth of PWSCC in Alloy 600 wrought materials and Alloy 82/182 weld metal materials have assumed an idealized crack shape, typically a semi-ellipse characterized by a length-to-depth aspect ratio. A key aspect of the industry effort involved developing an advanced finite-element analysis (FEA) methodology for predicting crack growth when loading conditions do not lead to a semi-elliptical flaw shape. The work also investigated an extensive crack growth sensitivity matrix to cover geometry, load, and fabrication factors, as well as the uncertainty in key modeling parameters including the effect of multiple flaw initiation sites in a single weld. Other key activities included detailed welding residual stress simulations covering the subject welds, development of a conservative crack stability calculation methodology, development of a leak rate calculation procedure using existing software tools (EPRI PICEP and NRC SQUIRT), and verification and validation studies. This paper will describe the study undertaken to model growth of circumferential weld cracks and its application to a group of nine PWRs with regard to implementation of the industry inspection and mitigation program [1]. The paper will also explore implementation progress of the industry program as the three-year mark approaches, as well as industry actions to support completion of baseline DM weld examinations.
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Cuypers, H. "A stochastic cracking theory for the introduction of matrix multiple cracking in textile reinforced concrete under tensile loading." In ICTRC'2006 - 1st International RILEM Conference on Textile Reinforced Concrete. RILEM Publications SARL, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2351580087.019.
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Smith, Michael C., Ondrej Muransky, Andrew Goodfellow, Ed Kingston, Paula Freyer, Steve Marlette, Gery M. Wilkowski, Bud Brust, and Do-Jun Shim. "The Impact of Key Simulation Variables on Predicted Residual Stresses in Pressuriser Nozzle Dissimilar Metal Weld Mock-Ups: Part 2—Comparison of Simulation and Measurements." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26025.
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British Energy (BE) has funded a large work programme to assess the possible impact of primary water stress corrosion cracking on dissimilar metal welds in the primary circuit of the Sizewell ‘B’ pressurised water reactor. This effort has included the design and manufacture of representative pressuriser safety/relief valve (SRV) nozzle welds both with and without a full structural weld overlay, multiple residual stress measurements on both mock-ups using the deep hole and incremental deep hole methods, and a number of finite element weld residual stress simulations of both the mock-ups and equivalent plant welds. Three organisations have performed simulations of the safety/relief valve nozzle configuration: Westinghouse, Engineering Mechanics Corporation of Columbus (EMC2) and the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The simulations employ different welding heat input idealisations, make different assumptions about manufacturing history, and use a variety of different material constitutive models, ranging from simple bilinear kinematic hardening to a full mixed isotropic-kinematic formulation. The availability of both high quality measurements from well characterised mock-ups, and a large matrix of simulations, offers the opportunity for a “mini-round-robin” examining both the accuracy and key solution variables of dissimilar metal weld finite element simulations. This paper is one of a series at this conference that examine various aspects of the BE work programme. It draws together residual stress measurement results and the results of all three simulation campaigns (described in detail in other papers at this conference) to examine the impact of manufacturing history, thermal modelling assumptions, material constitutive models and other key solution variables on the accuracy of residual stress predictions in this dissimilar metal weld geometry.
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Smith, Michael C., Ondrej Mura´nsky, Philip J. Bendeich, and Lyndon Edwards. "The Impact of Key Simulation Variables on Predicted Residual Stresses in Pressuriser Nozzle Dissimilar Metal Weld Mock-Ups: Part 1—Simulation." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26023.
Full textAbstract:
British Energy (BE) has funded a large work programme to assess the possible impact of primary water stress corrosion cracking on dissimilar metal welds in the primary circuit of the Sizewell ‘B’ pressurised water reactor. This effort has included the design and manufacture of representative pressuriser safety/relief valve nozzle welds both with and without a full structural weld overlay, multiple residual stress measurements on both mock-ups using the deep hole and incremental deep hole methods, and a number of finite element weld residual stress simulations of both the mock-ups and equivalent plant welds. Three organisations have performed simulations of the safety/relief valve nozzle configuration: Westinghouse, Engineering Mechanics Corporation of Columbus (EMC2) and the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The simulations employ different welding heat input idealisations, make different assumptions about manufacturing history, and use a variety of different material constitutive models, ranging from simple bilinear kinematic hardening to a full mixed isotropic-kinematic formulation. The availability of both high quality measurements from well characterised mock-ups, and a large matrix of simulations, offers the opportunity for a “mini-round-robin” examining both the accuracy and key solution variables of dissimilar metal weld finite element simulations. This paper is one of a series at this conference that examine various aspects of the BE work programme. It describes the detailed finite element simulation of the mock-ups performed by BE and ANSTO. This makes use of the extensive mock-up manufacturing records to perform a detailed pass-bypass simulation of the entire manufacturing process from initial nozzle buttering through to completion of the safe end to pipe weld. The thermal simulation makes use of a dedicated welding heat source modelling tool to derive Gaussian volumetric heat source parameters from the welding records, and the mechanical simulation employs isotropic, kinematic and mixed isotropic-kinematic material constitutive models. Additional sensitivity studies examine sensitivity to manufacturing history and physical properties such as expansion coefficient mismatch.
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Chernyavskiy, Igor A., John C. Rodgers, Alexander N. Vlasov, David K. Abe, Baruch Levush, Thomas M. Antonsen, Khanh T. Nguyen, and Dean E. Pershing. "Advanced large-signal modeling of Multiple-beam Klystrons using generalized impedance matrix approach." In 2018 IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivec.2018.8391474.
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LIANG, YU-JUI, JEFFREY S. MCQUIEN, and ENDEL V. IARVE. "An ABAQUS Implementation of Regularized Extended Finite Element Method (Rx-FEM) for Modeling the Interaction Between Matrix Cracking and Delamination in Composites." In American Society for Composites 2019. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc34/31400.
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