Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modélisation géomatique'
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Rhin, Christophe. "Modélisation et gestion de données géographiques multi-sources." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997VERS0010.
Full textPaegelow, Martin. "Géomatique et géographie de l'environnement. De l'analyse spatiale à la modélisation prospective." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063119.
Full textTsin-Shu, Yeh. "Modélisation de la variabilité des entités dans un système d'information géographique." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066780.
Full textChalghaf, Bilel. "Distribution spatio-temporelle de la leishmaniose en Tunisie et dans le Bassin Méditerranéen : apport de la géomatique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11059.
Full textAbstract : Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries with an estimated global prevalence of 12 million cases. The yearly incidence of visceral leishmaniasis is estimated to be 0.3 million cases, while cutaneous leishmaniasis affects approximately one million people each year. In Tunisia, cutaneous leishmaniasis is still a serious health problem with thousands of cases reported every year. Since its first emergence as an epidemic in Kairouan in 1982, the disease has spread in several parts of the country. Control of cutaneous leishmaniasis is mainly based on surveillance of incident cases and treatment and studies carried out to elucidate the spatio-temporal dynamics of the disease are based only on time series analysis of the incidence. The geographical distribution of sandflies during the last decades has shifted northward from latitudes below 45○N in south Europe to latitudes just above 50○N. Recent studies show that some phlebotomine sandflies were recorded in several parts of Germany and Belgium. In Central Europe, some autochthone leishmaniasis cases are being recorded in region traditionally regarded as leishmaniasis-free countries. The objective of this work, in a first step is to i) predict the geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis and P. papatasi the main vector of the disease in Tunisia. ii) Assess the importance of environmental factors influencing the vector and disease distribution using ecological niche modeling. In a second step we attempted to i) predict the actual distribution of six leishmaniasis vectors in the Mediterranean basin. ii) predict the change in the geographical distribution of these vectors under different climate change scenarios. The MaxEnt model was used to predict the distribution of P. papatasi and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases. 24 environmental variables describing topography, land use and climate were collected. A filed survey was conducted to collect P. papatasi and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases occurrence points. MaxEnt showed a good performance for the prediction of the vector and the disease cases with an area under the ROC curve higher than 0.95 and a maximal Kappa coefficient higher than 0.7. Furthermore, population under the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis was assessed based on population density by district and vector distribution predicted by the model. To elucidate the effect of climate change on the distribution of various leishmaniasis vectors in the Mediterranean basin, occurrence points of the studied species were collected from scientific literature between 2006 and 2012. Moreover, series of climatic variable describing temperature and precipitation for 2020, 2050 and 2080 under two climate change scenarios were obtained from the global climate database WorldClim. A consensus model was derived from six individual model based on three modeling techniques (statistical regression, machine learning and classification). The consensus model presented a good performance with a specificity varying from 81% to 96.5% and a sensitivity varying from 88% to 100%. The study confirmed the hypothesis of large spread of leishmaniasis vectors under climate change scenario. All studied species are supposed to invade new areas, actually not favourable to the vectors survival.
Balzarini, Raffaella. "Approche cognitive pour l'intégration des outils de la géomatique en sciences de l'environnement modélisation et évaluation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949127.
Full textKholladi, Mohamed Khureddine. "Représentation, modélisation et manipulation des connaissances spatiales en géomatique"G. R. E. M. A. C. O. S. "." Lyon, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAL0082.
Full textIn this dissertation we present a large survey of problems concerning representation, modelling and manipulation of three dimensional objects. This work is described thanks to three applications using various geomatic objects. The manipulation activity is based on spatial reasoning which fs mainly geometric or topologic such as : - creation of new spatial. Facts thanks. To interpolation (as in our geological strata application), deduction of new -facts from either 6ncomplete or badly structured information. Spatial knowledge manipulation involves several problems. This in lights the multiple reasoning methods and shows how their unification in a Single reasoning model, which could be applied to several cases, is very difficult. As far as the development of spatial reasoning tolls is concerned, our work presents a contribution in the three following axes : control of the representation depending on the application types, - adaptation of the modelling of spatial objects, - manipulation and reasoning in different contexts. This has made us think that this dissertation we in light for each reasoning model, its specific characteristics, thanks to several problems which are taken from very different contexts
Bimonte, Sandro. "Intégration de l'information géographique dans les entrepôts de données et l'analyse en ligne : de la modélisation à la visualisation." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0105/these.pdf.
Full textData warehouse and OLAP systems are decision-making solutions. Integration of spatial data into OLAP systems is an important challenge. Indeed, geographic information is always present implicitly or explicitly into data, but generally it is not well handled into the decisional process. Spatial OLAP (SOLAP) systems, which are the integration of OLAP and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), are a promising way. Most of SOLAP solution reduces geographic information to its spatial component, limiting the analysis capabilities of the spatio-multidimensional paradigm. We propose a formal model (GeoCube) and its associated algebra. GeoCube reformulates main SOLAP concepts in order to introduce semantic and spatial aspects of geographic information into the multidimensional analysis. We model measures and dimension members as geographic and/or complex objects. A measure can belong to one or more hierarchies. We propose an algebra which provides the drill and slice operators, an operator to invert measures and dimension, and two operators to navigate into the hierarchy of the measure. The algebra permits to introduce the spatial analysis methods into multidimensional analysis through some new operators which change dynamically the structure of the hypercube. We have realized a web prototype based on GeoCube. We describe our works using environmental data of Venice lagoon pollution. Finally, we propose a new visualization and interaction paradigm to analyze geographic measures
Nzang, Essono Francine. "Approche géomatique de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la contamination microbienne des eaux récréatives." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10211.
Full textAbstract : The aim of this study was to predict water faecal contamination from a bayesian probabilistic model, on a watershed scale in a farming area and on a factual scale. This project aims to better understand the influence of hydrological, environmental and temporal factors involved in the explanation of microbial contamination episodes of recreational waters. First, a bayesian probabilistic model: Weight of Evidence was developed to identify and map the probability of water levels to be contaminated by agricultural effluents, on the basis of spectrals data and geomorphologic variables. By this method, we were able to calculate weighted relationships between concentrations of Escherichia coli and distribution of key agronomic, pedologic and climatic parameters that influence the spread of these microorganisms. The results showed that the Bayesian model that was developed can be used as a prediction of microbial contamination of recreational waters. This model, with a success rate of 71%, highlighted the significant role played by the rain, which is the main cause of pollution transport. Secondly, the Bayesian probabilistic model has been the subject of a sensitivity analysis related to spatial parameters, using Sobol indications. This allowed (1) quantification of uncertainties on soil variables, land use and distance and (2) the spread of these uncertainties in the probabilistic model that is to say, the calculation of induced error in the output by the uncertainties of spatial inputs. Lastly, simulation sensitivity analysis to the various sources of uncertainty was performed to assess the contribution of each factor on the overall uncertainty taking into account their interactions. It appears that of all the scenarios, the uncertainty of the microbial contamination is directly dependent on the variability of clay soils. Sobol prime indications analysis showed that among the most likely to influence the microbial factors, the area of farmland is the first important factor in assessing the coliforms. Importance must be given on this parameter in the context of preparation for microbial contamination. Then, the second most important variable is the urban area with sensitivity shares of approximately 30%. Furthermore, estimates of the total indications are better than those of the first order, which means that the impact of parametric interaction is clearly significant for the modeling of microbial contamination. Thirdly, we propose to implement a temporal variability model of microbiological contamination on the watershed of Lake Massawippi, based on the AVSWAT model. This is a model that couples the temporal and spatial components that characterize the dynamics of coliforms. The synthesis of the main results shows that concentrations of Escherichia coli in different sub-watersheds are influenced by rain intensity. Research also concluded that best performance is obtained by multi-objective optimization. The results of these studies show the prospective of operationally providing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of microbial contamination of surface water.
Bonin, Muriel. "Inscription territoriale des recompositions agricoles : caractérisation et modélisation dans les Monts d'Ardèche." Avignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AVIG1033.
Full textThe extensive recomposition of the French agriculture scene has prompted a real paradigmatic shift - agriculture is no longer solely focused on optimising production, but must conciliate economic, social and environmental trade-offs between differents stakeholders in each territorial setting. Our approach is structured by two conceptual referents geared to developing a research plan to assess territorial integration of agricultural recompositions : form/function dialectic and linkage between four poles (concrete dimension, representation, stakeholder mobilisation, public intervention). Concepts and tools at the geography/agronomy interface were reviewed to guide us in designing our conceptual grids. The study was carried out in the Monts d'Ardèche region (France) and involved a multilevel analysis : spatial dynamics of agricultural production at the departemental level ; modes of social appropriation of land and resources in a regional natural parc ; intercommunal links between different land uses ; infracommunal landtenure dynamics ; and correlation of farming trajectories and land dynamics. The results of this multilevel/multithematic analysis enhance the overall understanding of different agricultural recompositions. Potential modifications could be proposed after a critical review of the concepts and tools implemented (e. G. Formalisation of spatial structures upstream of aerial photograph processing or for modelling and simulation of land dynamics via MAS). Thematic lessons concerning territorial integration of agricultural recompositions are established, while defining distinctive production conditions and asserting specific territorial characteristics. The diverse range of dynamics and functions involved in agricultural activity are expounded and strengthened by a broad range of land uses. Ways of apprehending them are developed and refined
Del, Mondo Géraldine. "Un modèle de graphe spatio-temporel pour représenter l’évolution d’entités géographiques." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2012.
Full textThis research proposes a spatio-temporal graph model which allows for the characterization of main properties of spatio-temporal evolution. Several concepts are distinguished, such as the notions of identity and relations, through the spatial and time dimensions. For given time, we categorize spatial and filiation relations, and through time, temporal filiation and spatio-temporal relations. The emerging graph structures characterize the evolution of a set of spatial entities and permit to discover new properties. Graph manipulation functions are developed and applied to the spatio-temporal graph model. These functions identify generic processes (e. G. Life and death of an entity) or processes linked to a specific application and its semantics. In order to combine several sources of information in a single graph, graph join functions permit the integration of several graphs in a unified representation. The properties of these graphs and the role of their entities are studied by a qualification of the different types of routes that link these entities. The consistency of the spatio-temporal graph model is verified by a constraints-checking algorithm. We make a difference between domain constraints belonging to the graph model, and semantic constraints which depend on a specific application. An extension of the modelling approach is achieved from a structure based on bigraphs that facilitates the explicit representation of a phenomenon according to different levels of spatial granularity
Olivier, Florence. "Le marché immobilier à usage résidentiel dans les aires urbaines de Nice et de Montpellier : analyse spatiale et modélisation : thèse." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE2029.
Full textDa, Silva Sébastien. "Fouille de données spatiales et modélisation de linéaires de paysages agricoles." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0156/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of a partnership between INRA and INRIA in the field of knowledge extraction from spatial databases. The study focuses on the characterization and simulation of agricultural landscapes. More specifically, we focus on linears that structure the agricultural landscape, such as roads, irrigation ditches and hedgerows. Our goal is to model the spatial distribution of hedgerows because of their role in many ecological and environmental processes. We more specifically study how to characterize the spatial structure of hedgerows in two contrasting agricultural landscapes, one located in south-Eastern France (mainly composed of orchards) and the second in Brittany (western France, \emph{bocage}-Type). We determine if the spatial distribution of hedgerows is structured by the position of the more perennial linear landscape features, such as roads and ditches, or not. In such a case, we also detect the circumstances under which this spatial distribution is structured and the scale of these structures. The implementation of the process of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) is comprised of different preprocessing steps and data mining algorithms which combine mathematical and computational methods. The first part of the thesis focuses on the creation of a statistical spatial index, based on a geometric neighborhood concept and allowing the characterization of structures of hedgerows. Spatial index allows to describe the structures of hedgerows in the landscape. The results show that hedgerows depend on more permanent linear elements at short distances, and that their neighborhood is uniform beyond 150 meters. In addition different neighborhood structures have been identified depending on the orientation of hedgerows in the South-East of France but not in Brittany. The second part of the thesis explores the potential of coupling linearization methods with Markov methods. The linearization methods are based on the use of alternative Hilbert curves: Hilbert adaptive paths. The linearized spatial data thus constructed were then treated with Markov methods. These methods have the advantage of being able to serve both for the machine learning and for the generation of new data, for example in the context of the simulation of a landscape. The results show that the combination of these methods for learning and automatic generation of hedgerows captures some characteristics of the different study landscapes. The first simulations are encouraging despite the need for post-Processing. Finally, this work has enabled the creation of a spatial data mining method based on different tools that support all stages of a classic KDD, from the selection of data to the visualization of results. Furthermore, this method was constructed in such a way that it can also be used for data generation, a component necessary for the simulation of landscapes
Le, Yaouanc Jean-Marie. "Formalisation de la description d’un environnement naturel : application à la géo-localisation d’un individu." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2038.
Full textEarly models of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been widely influenced by quantitative models and geometrical representations of space. Despite the interest of these approaches for cartographical applications, they dont completely reflect the way a human perceives and describes its environment since she/he preferably stores and processes qualitative information. The study of cognitive processes has raised fundamental questions such as how is spatial knowledge acquired by people ? Or what is the nature of people’s internaI representation of space ? The research concerned by this PhD thesis conceptualizes and interprets the mental representation of an environment in order to derive a formalized representation of it. The objective is to provide a spatial model of a natural landscape based on the description of an observer. The model provides a support for the geo-positionning of the observer. The geopositioning process is formally supported by a constraint-satisfaction algorithm. Preliminary experiments are applied to the description of environmental scenes
Passy, Paul. "Passé, présent et devenir de la cascade de nutriments dans les bassins de la Seine, de la Somme et de l'Escaut." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00789546.
Full textRahmani, Abdelkader. "Mise en oeuvre de procédé plasma–catalyse destiné à la valorisation du biogaz (CH4+CO2) en carburants liquides. Etude expérimentale et modélisations." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD041.
Full textThis double culture thesis, merging geography and physics is achieved in the frame of the Energy Transition towards a model integrating biogas production potentials. It is devoted to the study of plasma-catalysis technology for reforming methane in the presence of carbon dioxide to liquid fuels. A geomatic study has been developed to map agricultural areas potentially producing biogas in France. The results reveal that cogeneration and injection of bio-methane into the gas network allows recovering only 43% of the total biogas potential from agricultural waste in France. The transformation of biogas into storable and transportable liquid fuels, using a device that can be installed in remote rural areas, would make more use of this potential. Plasma discharges allows developing sufficient reactivity to excite and dissociate the molecules of the biogas under the required conditions. A kinetic model has been developed to determine plasma parameters and temporal evolution of reactive species as well as biogas conversion processes. A Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD) process was developed for the transformation of CH₄ and CO₂ mixture representative of the biogas. The main gaseous products are CO, H₂, C₂H₆ and C₂H₄ and the main liquid products, representing 3% to 8% of the transformed biogas mass, are methanol, isopropanol, ethanol and acetaldehyde. The energy efficiency depends on the operating parameters and varies between 2% and 9%. Specific Injected Energy is the most influential parameter on the energy efficiency of the process as well as on products distribution. The addition of water vapor, a precursor of active species such as: OH, O and O-, improves the conversion and allows obtaining energy consumption equal to 26 eV/molecule. Plasma-catalysis was also studied by the use of 12 solid catalysts. The Fluidized Spray Plasma process was used to develop catalysts such as X% CuO-Y% ZnO/Al₂O₃, TiO₂/SiO₂ and Ag/TiO₂/SiO₂ by. These catalysts as well as catalysts made by other techniques have been characterized and tested in the SDBD reactor. The main result is that the nature of the catalyst does not affect the conversion of the biogas but it modifies liquid products composition. The best methanol selectivity was obtained using Pt/Al₂O₃ (made by polyol) followed by CuO/Al₂O₃ and then 60% Cu-40% ZnO/Al₂O₃
Rapinel, Sébastien. "Contribution de la télédétection à l’évaluation des fonctions des zones humides : de l’observation à la modélisation prospective." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20029/document.
Full textInterfacing between land and water systems, wetlands perform multiple functions and values that are now widely recognized. Inventory, delineation, but also characterization and monitoring of wetlands are now a priority to address the regression and in some cases the loss of these ecosystems. While wetland delineation is widely performed, the assessment of their functions has been only made on small sites of several hectares, whereas it is necessary to evaluate wetland functional status on larger areas to manage them. The objectives of this thesis are to develop a method to map wetland functions on areas greater than a hundred square kilometers, evaluate optical remote sensing data with very high spatial resolution to produce indicators of functional status of wetlands, and assess the impact of land use change on these functions. For this, the FAP approach has been adapted and applied to two sites located in Brittany and Dordogne. Once having defined and characterized wetlands from remotely sensed data, the spatial indicators derived from these data were used to evaluate hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological wetland functions. The evolution of these functions was then simulated under different scenarios of land use changes. The results show the usefulness of remotely sensed data, especially LiDAR data, to accurately characterize the micro-topography, drainage network and vegetation of wetlands. The functional potential of wetlands can therefore be mapped at different scales from the plot to the whole site for various functions. The simulation of land-use changes for the period 2000–2030 and the evaluation of their impact on wetland functions can be a tool for managing these environments
Morel, Juliette. "Cartographie du Cycle de Nedjma de Kateb Yacine : modélisation spatiale d'un récit littéraire." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/2016theseMorelJ.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to modelize the literary space using geomatics methods and quantitative tools. Due to the complexity and spatiality of the Cycle de Nedjma by Kateb Yacine (1929- 1989), we intended to develop non-linear knowledges and representations in order to explore differently the literary work. The purpose of this thesis is also to show the specific role of the narrative in the construction of its own geography. This proposal is based on a detailed study of potentialities of a spatial modelization in geographic and literary fields. This work is based on three main hypothesis: the fact that “literary space” is indeed a real space; the fact that partitions between different definitions of space can beovercome; and finally the fact that studying the relationships between those spaces can enlighten us about the functioning of the narrative. The methodology consisted in producing a geographic database that would be able to formalize, index and represent the geographic and narrative data extracted from the novel Nedjma. The resulting set of maps shows the co-construction of the geographic and the literary katebian spaces. Indeed, through proximity and bursting narrative effects, Algerian space is reconfigured, setting the basis of a more open and reticular Algerian nation
Toro, Balbontin Darío. "Analyse de la détérioration de la forêt de la Cordillère de la Costa dans le sud chilien : géomatique et modélisation prospective appliquée sur une forêt patrimoniale de la province d'Osorno (41º 15’ - 41º 00’ latitude Sud)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20068/document.
Full textSAn area of the Cordillera de la Costa is studied in southern Chile (41°15'S - 41°00'S), inhabited by ethnic Mapuche. There are still valuable temperate forests that have high conservation priority worldwide. But it is found, a continuous process of transformation related to the extraction of firewood, ranching, disruption of habitat conifer Fitzroya cupressoides, and deployment of forest plantations. Based on a multi-temporal satellite images classification, a spatial-temporal modeling was implemented to understand and predict the dynamics of the deterioration of the forest. Retrospective analysis revealed that between 1976 and 2008, the forest has been reduced 12,400 ha, a deforestation rate of 0.25% per annum. 20 models of deforestation are calibrated, 4 of them are selected to construct scenarios. The simulation predicted that reductions of forest between 2008 and 2040 could reach 13,000 ha. Two other models implemented simulate changes in habitat quality F. cupressoides. Scenarios predict an increase in the damaged surface; extrapolating from the learning period 2001-2008 during which the largest share of indigenous lands was legalized, compared with the previous period to 2001, predicts a significant increase in the damaged surface. In this way, it provides a tool to enhance the local management of environmental systems still not incorporated into the Chilean planning. Finally, the thesis also makes interesting comparisons between models that differ with respect to the calibration parameters
Misslin, Renaud. "Modélisation de l'environnement d'un moustique vecteur de maladies : l'exemple d'Aedes aegypti à Delhi (Inde) et Bangkok (Thaïlande)." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR031/document.
Full textAedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue and Zika virus. Surveillance and vector control are frontline weapons in the battle against arboviruses transmitted by this mosquito. In this framework, the following thesis introduces a conceptual model (MODE) which can be used to recreate in silico the dynamical environment of Aedes aegypti at scales that match the ones at which vector control campaigns are organised (city scale - MODE-macro) and performed (neighbourhood scale - MODE-micro). The environment thus generated can be integrated with an agent-based model to simulate dengue or Zika complex pathogenic systems (environment - vector - host - virus) and can be used to map the environmental hazard of the vectorial risk in a city. The conceptual model MODE is based on a phenomenological approach that is transferable in time and space : it can be applied in different urban contexts, at different periods of time and at different scales. In order to ensure their spatio-temporal genericity, the computer models MODE-micro (neighbourhood scale) and MODE-macro (city scale) have been implemented for the purpose of generating dynamical environments using open or easily accessible data. In this thesis, MODE's potentials were assessed in Delhi (India), and Bangkok (Thailand).Knowledge resulting from the study of the dynamic, multifactorial and non-linear relationships between the environment and the vector should lead to the improvement of vector surveillance and control strategies
Turck, Christine. "Prédiction de couverture de champ radioélectrique pour les réseaux radiomobiles : L'apport des Systèmes d'Information Géographique. Application en milieu urbain." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012014.
Full textLes possibilités d'Analyse Spatiale et d'intégration de données pertinentes au sein d'un Système d'Information Géographique, ont permis d'appréhender l'influence des données géographiques (qualité, typologie, échelle, morphologie, etc.) sur la qualité (justesse de la prédiction radio, temps de calcul) de la modélisation de la propagation des ondes radio. Nous avons également introduit de nouvelles variables géographiques indirectes (indicateurs morphologiques, surfaces de visibilité, etc.) dans la modélisation, afin de caractériser plus efficacement le milieu géographique en présence. L'ensemble de ces résultats a été implémenté dans des algorithmes basés sur une approche géographique. Ils ont permis d'optimiser les calculs de couverture de champ dans les modèles radio. Les résultats obtenus ont servi à la réalisation d'un prototype informatique : le modèle OpenMorph.
Le modèle OpenMorph a été mis en œuvre en articulation avec un Système d'Information Géographique. Il se compose de deux parties : un module d'Analyse Spatiale qui permet de calculer les données géographiques et un module de calcul radio qui implémente deux modèles de propagation (Okumura-Hata et COST-LD). Afin de valider le modèle OpenMorph, une simulation a été effectuée sur la Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg.
Ben, Jebara Malek. "Modélisation conceptuelle pour les applications géomatiques temps réel." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0044/these.pdf.
Full textNowadays, the field of the geoprocessing applications is more and more important and the number of software-tools specialized in the handling of the space-time data witnessed a considerable growth during this last decade. Several methods dedicated to the design of geoprocessing applications have been proposed in the literature. Real time applications are also experiencing great changes and refering to the spatial location. The advent of telecommunications has drawn the attention of taking into account the distribution and allocation information for geoprocessing applications. Telegeoprocessing discipline was born from the alliance of telecommunications and geomatics, characterized by the use of modern positioning systems like GPS (Global Positioning System). Currently, the emergence of pervasive information systems opens several research areas. Thus real time geoprocessing applications raise several problems. In fact, their architecture must support mathematical models and algorithms with important capacities of calculations; besides there is the difficulty to take in account of the real time granularity. They also present major problems at the design stage because of the absence of a specific standardized formalism. The different formalisms that exist in the literature which are supported by design methods of geomatic applications and real time applications are inefficient to answer the problems of design of the real time geoprocessing applications. The research we conducted allowed us to offer basic concepts based on UML (Unified Modeling Language) extensions to take into account the conceptual issues of communication, location data and applications. Thus we propose a UML profile that addresses real time constraints in the field of real time geoprocessing applications. The GRT (Geographic Real Time) profile targets the design of real-time geoprocessing applications. This work has led to a prototype with a CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) tool supporting the proposed formalism. A validation through concrete examples enabled us to enrich this prototype
Thénot, Aurélie. "Modèles de données pour l'appréhension et la gestion des risques à Nouakchott (Mauritanie) - Une capitale contre vents et marées." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00288430.
Full textSahal, Alexandre. "Le risque tsunami en France : contributions méthodologiques pour une évaluation intégrée par scénarios de risque." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651617.
Full textBocher, Erwan. "Impacts des activités humaines sur le parcours des écoulements de surface dans un bassin versant bocager : essai de modélisation spatiale : application au Bassin versant du Jaudy-Guindy-Bizien (22)." Rennes 2, 2005. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01093074.
Full textSocieties alter their territory to adapt it to their needs, thus interfering physical process. In Brittany, within bocage landscape the question comes out among others in terms of runoffs insidious vehicle for agricultural inputs of cultivated plot of land towards rivers and as a consequence for the damage of water quality. In order to reduce the runoff transfers, the organisations in charge of catchment basin have settled landscape or hydraulic devices. Nevertheless, if on the one hand according to the plot scale, the efficiency of a talus on the streaming is easily conceivable, on the other hand, according to a catchment basin scale, it seems hard to measure the impact of these devices without the proper tools. At this scale, phenomena are discontinuous in space and time. The streaming of the cultivated plot towards the river is due to a complex course through a series of networks cells which connection or not allows either the circulation or the blocking of waters. We suggest a methodology based on the use of a constraint triangular DEM and vector data. It leads us to the creation of three prototypes: VectorProcess, TopoTIN and HydroTIN. The singularity of our work lies in the definition of a new graph of cells called basins graph that expresses the relationships between linear devices and topography. This basins graph is used to highlight the sequences of processes and the systems networks that structure the organisation of the water pathway at the scale of a priority side subbasin of the Jaudy-Guindy-Bizien. The analysis allows us to classify those devices into two categories : “the along going ones” (“passants”) and “the blocking ones” (“bloquants”)
Wu, Weicheng. "Application de la geomatique au suivi de la dynamique environnementale en zones arides." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011113.
Full textHouet, Thomas. "Occupation des sols et gestion de l'eau : modélisation prospective en paysage agricole fragmenté (Application au Schéma d'Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux du Blavet)." Rennes 2, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389835.
Full textSince the new European water policy, water managers must restore a “good ecological state” of water resources for 2015. To be efficient and provide sustainability, water policies have to be implemented at a local scale (i. E. Hedgerow or field scale) but they must also adopt a long term vision, i. E. Considering possible future land use changes. The production of prospective scenarios of landcover and landscape feature changes may help water managers to realize more effective water policy controls. The aim of this work is to implement a generic methodology to build spatialized prospective scenarios. Its application is made on three watersheds representative of the Blavet landscape diversity (Brittany, France). The prospective scenarios made have localized at-risk areas towards water resources and identified stakeholders which contribute to consider spatialized prospective scenarios as powerful tools to help decision-makers to manage water resources efficiently and sustainability
Judge, Valentine. "Apport de l’apprentissage automatique pour la modélisation et l’analyse des changements d’occupation du sol : application au développement urbain de la zone frontalière franco-allemande." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCC011.
Full textUrban development can take different forms or features, depending on its geographical location and its socio-economic, political and cultural context. Nevertheless, the overall action relies on one fundamental principle: building construction in order to give people housing. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to determine whether an underlying universal aspect of the urban development process can be distinguished from a specific one, being the reflect of local specificities. Specifically, this research analyzes the land use change on the French-German cross-border area. Indeed, the border context enhances the difference within this territory. Nonetheless, the internal European border importance as a separation is getting lower while European Union agreement and cooperation are getting stronger. Consequently, we tend to question a potential homogeneity of such area according the urban development analysis. To gain a better understanding of the urban development in the French-German cross-border area, a specific method using a decision tree (DT) process to generate and calibrate urban transition rules for cellular automata (CA) has been developed. In order to define CA rules, the learning algorithm is provided with data of land use, from 1990 and 2006, accessibility to the main urban area and country location. The findings demonstrate that the rule set identified rules, which are constrained at different levels: from the initial land use state needed for urbanization to the geographical location in a specific country. The analysis therefore shows rules specific to France or Germany, as well as rules free from any state location constraints, which characterize a cross-border urbanization process. The latter is more influenced by the location toward main urban areas. Proper neighborhood and internal characteristic of urbanized cells depending of the nature of the rule (French, German or Cross-border) are explicitly defined. In conclusion, this research contribution can be summarized according to the following three orientations: (1) from a theoretical point of view, which propose to identify urban processes degree of universality, (2) from a thematic outlook, describing the influence of the urban development process location on the border area, (3) from a methodological point of view, pairing DT and AC to automatically design and calibrate the urban development model used in this research work
Salhi, Bilel. "Mutations socio-spatiales et environnementales du bassin minier de Gafsa (Sud Ouest de Tunisie) : apport des outils géomatiques." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA3006/document.
Full textSince the end of the 19th century, the mining area of Gafsa (south-west Tunisia) has specialized in the single-activity extraction and enrichment of phosphate for reasons of economic profits. With these exports, this area has suffered an intense degradation of soil resources, vegetation cover and an advanced deterioration of agricultural areas. The management of the mining infrastructure has failed to meet environmental standards, causing social and spatial inequalities and increasing the level of environmental risks.The mining activity was at the origin of the birth and genesis of the mining towns in the Basin of Gafsa (BMG). The formation of spontaneous cities has caused the disarticulation of the urbanization. Urban extensions, including the expansion of anarchic cities, extending to laundries and to mines, thus created conflicts with the phosphatier domain. All these factors make costly and complicated attempts at development and rehabilitation that mining companies do not dare to commit.Taking into account the complexity of the many social, spatial and environmental aspects of the BMG, we used both the classical geographical approach and the geomatics approach that seemed appropriate for better decision-making. The interest of this latter approach makes it possible to identify, analyze, and model the state of the sites, the urban and environmental mutations in relation to the spatial-mining growth
Lacroix, Marie. "Méthodes pour la reconstruction, l'analyse et l'exploitation de réseaux tridimensionnels en milieu urbain." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066001/document.
Full textDisasters like the ones that happened in Ghislenghien (Belgium), Ludwigshafen (Germany), or Lyon (France), have been attributed to excavations in the vicinity of gas pipelines. Though pipes are one of the safest methods of transportation for conveying hazardous substances, each year many cases of damage to gas pipes are recorded in France. Most of them are due to works in the vicinity of the networks and some illustrate the lack of reliability of the provided information. Concessionaries have to take stock of the situation and to suggest areas of improvement, so that everyone could benefit from networks becoming safer.To prevent such accidents which involve workers and the public, French authorities enforce two regulations: DT / DICT: reform of the network no-damage by securing the excavations, Multifluide: reform which is interested in securing networks of hazardous events.So, to avoid such accidents or other problems, it is necessary to acquire and control the 3D information concerning the different city networks, especially buried ones.Preventive strategies have to be adopted. That’s why working on the networks and their visualization and risk cartography, taking the blur into account, is a recent and appropriate research. The software applications I develop should help the utility and construction contractors and focus on the prevention of hazardous events thanks to accurate data sets for users and consumers, the definition of a geomatics network but also some methods such as triangulation methods, element modeling, geometrical calculations, Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality
Soumri, Khalfi Besma. "Modélisation et construction des bases de données géographiques floues et maintien de la cohérence de modèles pour les SGBD SQL et NoSQL." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080027/document.
Full textToday, research on the storage and the integration of spatial data is an important element that revitalizes the research on data quality. Taking into account the imperfection of geographic data particularly the imprecision adds a real complexity. Along with the increase in the quality requirements centered on data (accuracy, completeness, topicality), the need for intelligible information (logically consistent) is constantly increasing. From this point of view, we are interested in Imprecise Geographic Databases (IGDBs) and their logical coherence. This work proposes solutions to build consistent IGDBs for SQL and NoSQL database systems.The design methods proposed to imprecise geographic data modeling do not satisfactorily meet the modeling needs of the real world. We present an extension to the F-Perceptory approach for IGDBs design. To generate a coherent definition of the imprecise geographic objects and built the IGDB into relational system, we present a set of rules for automatic models transformation. Based on these rules, we develop a process to generate the physical model from the fuzzy conceptual model. We implement these solutions as a prototype called FPMDSG.For NoSQL document oriented databases, we present a logical model called Fuzzy GeoJSON to better express the structure of imprecise geographic data. In addition, these systems lack relevance for data consistency; therefore, we present a validation methodology for consistent storage. The proposed solutions are implemented as a schema driven pipeline based on Fuzzy GeoJSON schema and semantic constraints
Taccoen, Adrien. "Détermination de l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur la mortalité des principales essences forestières européennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0004.
Full textForest ecosystems are one of the main providers of terrestrial ecosystem services, whose functioning has already been altered by recent climate change. Increases in tree mortality rates have been highlighted in different biomes worldwide, as well as increases in the frequency of massive mortality events following droughts. However, tree mortality is a multi-causal process. It is difficult to quantify the importance of the different factors that can possibly lead to tree death, and particularly the importance of climate change in comparison with forest dynamics and competition-related effects, environmental or biotic factors. This thesis aims at assessing the drivers of background tree mortality, which is the mortality observed in a stand in the absence of extreme perturbation, for the main European tree species. We used data from the French forest inventory of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) and historic climate data from Météo-France spanning the years 1961 to 2015.First, we modelled background tree mortality for 43 tree species in order to identify the drivers of background tree mortality. We used 372.974 trees, including 7.312 dead trees surveyed between the years 2009 and 2015. We found that factors related with competition, tree development stage, stand structure and species composition and logging intensity explained 85% of the recent tree mortality. Environmental factors (soil and climate conditions) accounted for 9% of the total modelled mortality. Temperature increases and rainfall decreases since the period 1961 – 1987 had a significant effect on the mortality of 45% of the 43 species and explained in average 6% of the total modelled mortality.Secondly, we focused on the link between trees locations along temperature and rainfall gradients and their sensitivity to changes of temperature and rainfall. We found that, for 9 species out of 12, temperature increases and rainfall decreases effects were more important in areas with high mean temperature and low mean rainfall. These results show that climate change-related tree mortality could be exacerbated towards the species’ warm and dry edges.Finally, we sought to evaluate how climate change-related tree mortality varied along trees social statuses and sizes gradients. We found that suppressed trees were more sensitive to temperature increases than dominant trees. On the contrary, dominant trees, and particularly large dominant trees, appear to be more sensitive to rainfall decrease than suppressed trees. Overall, our results show that climate change-related tree mortality is globally more important for suppressed than dominant trees.We highlighted the existence of a link between recent temperature increases and rainfall decreased and observed tree mortality rates on around half of the species of the French forest. We also showed that these effects were exacerbated towards the warm and dry edges of the species ranges. Finally, we showed that these effects differed according to trees social statuses and development stages. These results allow us to better understand the impacts of climate change on French and European forest and to better anticipate their effects through the adaptation of silvicultural practices
Lachat, Elise. "Relevé et consolidation de nuages de points issus de multiples capteurs pour la numérisation 3D du patrimoine." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD012/document.
Full textThree dimensional digitization of built heritage is involved in a wide range of applications (documentation, visualization, etc.), and may take advantage of the diversity of measurement techniques available. In order to improve the completeness as well as the quality of deliverables, more and more digitization projects rely on the combination of data coming from different sensors. To this end, the knowledge of sensor performances along with the quality of the measurements they produce is recommended. Then, different solutions can be investigated to integrate heterogeneous point clouds within a same project, from their registration to the modeling steps. A global approach for the simultaneous registration of multiple point clouds is proposed in this work, where the introduction of individual weights for each dataset is foreseen. Moreover, robust estimators are introduced in the registration framework, in order to deal with potential outliers or measurement noise among the data
Etienne, Laurent. "Motifs spatio-temporels de trajectoires d'objets mobiles, de l'extraction à la détection de comportements inhabituels : application au trafic maritime." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667953.
Full textMorel, Juliette. "Cartographie du Cycle de Nedjma de Kateb Yacine : modélisation spaciale d'un récit littéraire." Thesis, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20043/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to modelize the literary space using geomatics methods and quantitative tools. Due to the complexity and spatiality of the Cycle de Nedjma by Kateb Yacine (1929- 1989), we intended to develop non-linear knowledges and representations in order to explore differently the literary work. The purpose of this thesis is also to show the specific role of the narrative in the construction of its own geography. This proposal is based on a detailed study of potentialities of a spatial modelization in geographic and literary fields. This work is based on three main hypothesis: the fact that “literary space” is indeed a real space; the fact that partitions between different definitions of space can beovercome; and finally the fact that studying the relationships between those spaces can enlighten us about the functioning of the narrative. The methodology consisted in producing a geographic database that would be able to formalize, index and represent the geographic and narrative data extracted from the novel Nedjma. The resulting set of maps shows the co-construction of the geographic and the literary katebian spaces. Indeed, through proximity and bursting narrative effects, Algerian space is reconfigured, setting the basis of a more open and reticular Algerian nation