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Weaver, George. Henkin-Keisler Models {Mathematics and Its Applications (Kluwer Academic Publishers) ; V. 392}. Springer, 1997.
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Sinclair-Desgagne, Bernard. The first-order approach to multi-task principal-agent problems. INSEAD, 1991.
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Goertzel, Ben. Chaotic logic: Language, thought, and reality from the perspective of complex systems science. Plenum Press, 1994.
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Bratko, Aleksandr. Artificial intelligence, legal system and state functions. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064996.
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The monograph deals with methodological problems of embedding artificial intelligence in the legal system taking into account the laws of society. Describes the properties of the rule of law as a Microsystem in subsystems of law and methods of its fixation in the system of law and logic of legal norms. Is proposed and substantiated the idea of creating specifically for artificial intelligence, separate and distinct, unambiguous normative system, parallel to the principal branches of law is built on the logic of the four-membered structure of legal norms. Briefly discusses some of the theory of law as an instrument of methodology of modelling of the legal system and its semantic codes in order to function properly an artificial intelligence. The ways of application of artificial intelligence in the functioning of the state.
 For students and teachers and all those interested in issues of artificial intelligence from the point of view of law.
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Guynes, Sean, and Dan Hassler-Forest, eds. Star Wars and the History of Transmedia Storytelling. Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986213.
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Star Wars has reached more than three generations of casual and hardcore fans alike, and as a result many of the producers of franchised Star Wars texts (films, television, comics, novels, games, and more) over the past four decades have been fans-turned-creators. Yet despite its dominant cultural and industrial positions, Star Wars has rarely been the topic of sustained critical work. Star Wars and the History of Transmedia Storytelling offers a corrective to this oversight by curating essays from a wide range of interdisciplinary scholars in order to bring Star Wars and its transmedia narratives more fully into the fold of media and cultural studies. The collection places Star Wars at the center of those studies’ projects by examining video games, novels and novelizations, comics, advertising practices, television shows, franchising models, aesthetic and economic decisions, fandom and cultural responses, and other aspects of Star Wars and its world-building in their multiple contexts of production, distribution, and reception. In emphasizing that Star Wars is both a media franchise and a transmedia storyworld, Star Wars and the History of Transmedia Storytelling demonstrates the ways in which transmedia storytelling and the industrial logic of media franchising have developed in concert over the past four decades, as multinational corporations have become the central means for subsidizing, profiting from, and selling modes of immersive storyworlds to global audiences. By taking this dual approach, the book focuses on the interconnected nature of corporate production, fan consumption, and transmedia world-building. As such, this collection grapples with the historical, cultural, aesthetic, and political-economic implications of the relationship between media franchising and transmedia storytelling as they are seen at work in the world’s most profitable transmedia franchise.
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Bell, John L. Categorical Logic and Model Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0007.
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The chapter begins with an introduction describing the development of categorical logic from the 1960s. The next section, `Categories and Deductive Systems’, describes the relationship between categories and propositional logic, while the ensuing section, `Functorial Semantics’, is devoted to Lawvere’s provision of the first-order theory of models with a categorical formulation. In the section `Local Set Theories and Toposes’ the categorical counterparts—toposes—to higher-order logic are introduced, along with their associated theories—local set theories. In the section `Models of First-Order Languages in Categories’ the idea of an interpretation of a many-sorted first-order language is introduced, along with the concept of generic model of a theory formulated in such a language. The chapter concludes with the section `Models in Toposes’, wherein is introduced the concept of a first-order geometric theory and its associated classifying topos containing a generic model of the theory.
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Shapiro, Stewart. Higher‐order Logic. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0025.
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The philosophical literature contains numerous claims on behalf of and numerous claims against higher-order logic. Virtually all of the issues apply to second-order logic (vis-à-vis first-order logic), so this article focuses on that. It develops the syntax of second-order languages and present typical deductive systems and model-theoretic semantics for them. This will help to explain the role of higher-order logic in the philosophy of mathematics. It is assumed that the reader has at least a passing familiarity with the theory and metatheory of first-order logic.
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Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Categoricity and the natural numbers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on modelists who want to pin down the isomorphism type of the natural numbers. This aim immediately runs into two technical barriers: the Compactness Theorem and the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem (the latter is proven in the appendix to this chapter). These results show that no first-order theory with an infinite model can be categorical; all such theories have non-standard models. Other logics, such as second-order logic with its full semantics, are not so expressively limited. Indeed, Dedekind's Categoricity Theorem tells us that all full models of the Peano axioms are isomorphic. However, it is a subtle philosophical question, whether one is entitled to invoke the full semantics for second-order logic — there are at least four distinct attitudes which one can adopt to these categoricity result — but moderate modelists are unable to invoke the full semantics, or indeed any other logic with a categorical theory of arithmetic.
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Glasgow, Garrett, and R. Michael Alvarez. Discrete Choice Methods. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0022.
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This article describes the statistical models commonly used to study discrete choices. It concentrates on the ‘basic’ discrete choice models, and the theoretical choice situations that lead to these models. Specifically the choice situation addressed include: the ordered choice situation and the unordered choice situation. In addition, the article discusses two extensions of the basic discrete choice models commonly seen in political science research — models allowing for heteroskedasticity in the choices made across political agents (such as the heteroskedastic probit), and models that estimate substitution patterns across choice alternatives (such as the multinomial probit and mixed logit). Suggestions for further reading are also given.
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Hedman, Shawn. A First Course in Logic. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529804.001.0001.
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The ability to reason and think in a logical manner forms the basis of learning for most mathematics, computer science, philosophy and logic students. Based on the author's teaching notes at the University of Maryland and aimed at a broad audience, this text covers the fundamental topics in classical logic in an extremely clear, thorough and accurate style that is accessible to all the above. Covering propositional logic, first-order logic, and second-order logic, as well as proof theory, computability theory, and model theory, the text also contains numerous carefully graded exercises and is ideal for a first or refresher course.
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Caught by Disorder: A Course on Bound States in Random Media (Progress in Computer Science and Applied Logic). Birkhauser, 2001.
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Goertzel, Ben. Chaotic Logic: Language, Thought, and Reality from the Perspective of Complex Systems Science. Springer, 2013.
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Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Indiscernibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0015.
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This chapter explores Leibniz's principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles. Model theory supplies us with the resources to distinguish between many different notions of indiscernibility; we can vary: (a) the primitive ideology (b) the background logic and (c) the grade of discernibility. We use these distinctions to discuss the possibility of singling-out “indiscernibles”. And we then use these to distinctions to explicate Leibniz's famous principle. While model theory allows us to make this principle precise, the sheer number of different precise versions of this principle made available by model theory can serve to mitigate some of the initial excitement of this principle. We round out the chapter with two technical topics: indiscernibility in infinitary logic, and the relation between indiscernibility, orders, and stability.
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Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Boolean-valued structures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0013.
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Chapters 6-12 are driven by questions about the ability to pin down mathematical entities and to articulate mathematical concepts. This chapter is driven by similar questions about the ability to pin down the semantic frameworks of language. It transpires that there are not just non-standard models, but non-standard ways of doing model theory itself. In more detail: whilst we normally outline a two-valued semantics which makes sentences True or False in a model, the inference rules for first-order logic are compatible with a four-valued semantics; or a semantics with countably many values; or what-have-you. The appropriate level of generality here is that of a Boolean-valued model, which we introduce. And the plurality of possible semantic values gives rise to perhaps the ‘deepest’ level of indeterminacy questions: How can humans pin down the semantic framework for their languages? We consider three different ways for inferentialists to respond to this question.
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Kishida, Kohei. Categories and Modalities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0009.
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Category theory provides various guiding principles for modal logic and its semantic modeling. In particular, Stone duality, or “syntax-semantics duality”, has been a prominent theme in semantics of modal logic since the early days of modern modal logic. This chapter focuses on duality and a few other categorical principles, and brings to light how they underlie a variety of concepts, constructions, and facts in philosophical applications as well as the model theory of modal logic. In the first half of the chapter, I review the syntax-semantics duality and illustrate some of its functions in Kripke semantics and topological semantics for propositional modal logic. In the second half, taking Kripke’s semantics for quantified modal logic and David Lewis’s counterpart theory as examples, I demonstrate how we can dissect and analyze assumptions behind different semantics for first-order modal logic from a structural and unifying perspective of category theory. (As an example, I give an analysis of the import of the converse Barcan formula that goes farther than just “increasing domains”.) It will be made clear that categorical principles play essential roles behind the interaction between logic, semantics, and ontology, and that category theory provides powerful methods that help us both mathematically and philosophically in the investigation of modal logic.
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Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Internal categoricity and the natural numbers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0010.
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The simple conclusion of the preceding chapters is that moderate modelism fails. But this leaves us with a choice between abandoning moderation and abandoning modelism. The aim of this chapter, and the next couple of chapters, is to outline a speculative way to save moderation by abandoning modelism. The idea is to do metamathematics without semantics, by working deductively in a higher-order logic. In this chapter, the focus is on the internal categoricity of arithmetic. After formalising an internal notion of a model of the Peano axioms, we show how to internalise Dedekind’s Categority Theorem. The resulting “intolerance” of Peano arithmetic provides internalists with a way to draw the distinction between algebraic and univocal theories. In the appendices, we discuss how this relates to Parsons’ important work, and establish a certain dependence of the internal categoricity theorem on higher-order logic.
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Taiz, Lincoln, and Lee Taiz. Plant Sex from Empedocles to Theophrastus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.003.0008.
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“Plant Sex from Empedocles to Theophrastus” investigates Greek philosophies concerning plants. The Pythagoreans and pre-Socratic philosophers taught that the universe was governed by a divine order that could be understood through mathematical or physical laws, and that “natural laws” were discoverable by observation and logic. This tradition eventually gave rise to modern science. Unlike Plato, who viewed the physical world as “shadows,” knowable only through mathematics and abstract philosophy, Aristotle and Theophrastus regarded everything in the natural world that could be perceived by the senses as both real and knowable, and believed direct observation combined with reason and logic were the most reliable guides to truth. They systematized a prodigious amount of biological information, but were unable to elucidate the problem of plant sex. Theophrastus’ failed to understand the so-called “degeneration” of trees grown from seed because it couldn’t be understood without a two-sex model. Biblical theorists fared no better.
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Rae, Gavin. Critiquing Sovereign Violence. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474445283.001.0001.
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Sovereign violence is a dominant issue in contemporary political theory and has attracted much attention from proponents of critical theory, biopolitics, post-structuralism, and deconstruction. While heterogeneous, these commentators are united in rejecting the classic-juridical conception that holds sovereignty to be indivisible and orientated towards the establishment and maintenance of juridical order. This book argues that this rejection has been based on three distinct logics, termed the radical-juridical perspective, the biopolitical one, and the bio-juridical. The first, outlined through chapters on Benjamin, Schmitt, Arendt, and Deleuze and Guattari, offers a number of increasingly radical critiques of the classic-juridical conception of sovereignty, but continues to focus the inquiry around the creation/preservation/disruption of the juridical order. The second biopolitical logic, outlined through chapters on Foucault and Agamben, goes further by undermining the primacy that the classic and radical-juridical models give to law. Instead, sovereign violence is held to be concerned with the regulation of life, with this occurring through exclusion from law. The first two critical logics do, however, set up a binary opposition between law and life: the former affirming the sovereign’s connection to the former, the latter reversing this to claim that it primarily refers to the latter. The third model—called the bio-juridical and developed from Jacques Derrida’s late work on the death penalty—is held to overcome this by developing a compatibilist understanding in which sovereign violence is placed between law and life, simultaneously creating and regulating each through the other.
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Wu, Ka-ming. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039881.003.0007.
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This book has explored how the meanings of folk cultural revivals in contemporary Yan'an are woven together by multiple actors and various political, economic, and social forces and initiatives. It has used the term “hyper-folk” to refer to the production and consumption of folk revival discourses and cultural practices in post-2000 Yan'an in order to highlight the distance between what is celebrated today as “Chinese folk tradition” and what was understood as exclusively peasant culture in the past. It has demonstrated how the cultural logic of late socialism converges political, social, economic, and communal forces and relations and, at the same time, makes their meanings and practices flexible and malleable to fit in various purposes and occasions. Finally, it has used “Yan'an and folk culture” to connote a historical model of the Chinese Communist Party appropriating folk traditions to promote rural reform and national state campaigns.
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Fischerkeller, Michael P., Emily O. Goldman, Richard J. Harknett, and Paul M. Nakasone. Cyber Persistence Theory. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197638255.001.0001.
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Cyber persistence theory introduces a new logic and lexicon aligned to the empirical experience of cyber activity in international relations. The reality of State behavior and interaction in cyberspace has been quite different from the model of war and coercion upon which many countries base their cyber strategies. This unexpected reality has developed because security in and through cyberspace rests on a distinct set of features that differ from the dominant security paradigms associated with nuclear and conventional weapons environments. Cyber persistence theory posits the existence of a distinct strategic environment supporting the logic of exploitation rather than coercion. To achieve security in this cyber strategic environment, States must engage in initiative persistence, continuously setting and maintaining the conditions of security in their favor. The theory introduces the key concept of the cyber fait accompli and addresses the potential for cyber stability through a tacit bargaining process. The book provides empirical evidence of strategic cyber campaigning and details how the cyber strategic environment can impact State behavior with a case study of the United States. The cyber strategic environment requires its own theory to achieve security. Whereas security requires States to triumph in war in the conventional environment and avoid war in the nuclear environment, States in the cyber strategic environment may have a true alternative to war in order to achieve strategically relevant outcomes. Understanding how States will leverage that alternative is the central question of early twenty-first-century international security.
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Hellman, Geoffrey. Structuralism. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0017.
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The main types of mathematical structuralism that have been proposed and developed to the point of permitting systematic and instructive comparison are four: structuralism based on model theory, carried out formally in set theory (e.g., first- or second-order Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory), referred to as STS (for set-theoretic structuralism); the approach of philosophers such as Shapiro and Resnik of taking structures to be sui generis universals, patterns, or structures in an ante rem sense (explained in this article), referred to as SGS (for sui generis structuralism); an approach based on category and topos theory, proposed as an alternative to set theory as an overarching mathematical framework, referred to as CTS (for category-theoretic structuralism); and a kind of eliminative, quasi-nominalist structuralism employing modal logic, referred to as MS (for modal-structuralism). This article takes these up in turn, guided by few questions, with the aim of understanding their relative merits and the choices they present.
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Acuto, Michele. How to Build a Global City. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759703.001.0001.
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This book considers the rise of a new generation of so-called global cities—Singapore, Sydney, and Dubai—and the power that this concept had in their ascent, in order to analyze the general relationship between global city theory and its urban public policy practice. The global city is often invoked in theory and practice as an ideal model of development and a logic of internationalization for cities the world over. But the global city also creates deep social polarization and challenges how much local planning can achieve in a world economy. Presenting a unique elite ethnography in Singapore, Sydney, and Dubai, the book discusses the global urban discourses, aspirations, and strategies vital to the planning and management of such metropolitan growth. The global city, the book shows, is not one single idea, but a complex of ways to imagine a place to be global and aspirations to make it so, often deeply steeped in politics. The book is a call to reconcile proponents and critics of the global city toward a more explicit engagement with the politics of this global urban imagination.
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Mackay, Ellen. Indecorum. Edited by Henry S. Turner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641352.013.16.
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This chapter examines the ways in which the traffic between life and stage is always governed by a set of social, ethical, and interpretive norms, the violation of which threatens to humiliate (at best) or physically harm (at worst) the spectator. More specifically, it considers the problem of epistemological decorum in early modern theatre and describes the figure of the female playgoer as a model for indecorous participation, one that knowingly exploits the tensions between actuality and theatricality in order to sustain the play while also revealing its dependence upon the absorption and judgement of audiences. The chapter first provides an overview of the social logic of decorum in early modern England before turning to the perceptual contract that makes theatrical fiction possible. It argues that such a contract must be upheld by spectators in so many different ways at once—imaginatively, affectively, ethically—that it may dissolve at any moment; indeed, any act of theatre worth the same will always seek deliberately to push this contract to its limit.
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Cotnoir, A. J., and Achille C. Varzi. Mereology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749004.001.0001.
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Mereology is the formal theory of parthood relations. Mereological theories—have become a chapter of central interest in metaphysics, but also with applications in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of science. This book provides a critical survey and an up-to-date assessment of the main results in this area, with an eye to both their philosophical underpinnings and their formal properties. In doing so, it also aims to investigate the varieties of formal systems currently available. After a brief history of the development of mereology, introductions to different axiomatizations of so-called classical mereology, alongside set-theoretic and algebraic models, are presented in a clear and accessible manner. The book addresses formal and philosophical issues surrounding the notions of parthood, identity, decomposition, atomism, composition, and more. As a result, the book, provides resources to aide the development of new, non-classical theories of parthood (such as non-well-founded mereologies, non-transitive mereologies, non-extensional mereologies, and more). Consideration is devoted to impact that the logical background has on mereological results (including higher-order, temporal, modal, non-classical logics). A detailed index, appendices, and a comprehensive bibliography makes this book an indispensable resource to researchers in every field where part-whole theorizing plays a fundamental role.
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Li, Quan. Using R for Data Analysis in Social Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656218.001.0001.
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This book seeks to teach undergraduate and graduate students in social sciences how to use R to manage, visualize, and analyze data in order to answer substantive questions and replicate published findings. This book distinguishes itself from other introductory R or statistics books in three ways. First, targeting an audience rarely exposed to statistical programming, it adopts a minimalist approach and covers only the most important functions and skills in R that one will need for conducting reproducible research projects. Second, it emphasizes meeting the practical needs of students using R in research projects. Specifically, it teaches students how to import, inspect, and manage data; understand the logic of statistical inference; visualize data and findings via histograms, boxplots, scatterplots, and diagnostic plots; and analyze data using one-sample t-test, difference-of-means test, covariance, correlation, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and model assumption diagnostics. Third, it teaches students how to replicate the findings in published journal articles and diagnose model assumption violations. The principle behind this book is to teach students to learn as little R as possible but to do as much reproducible, substance-driven data analysis at the beginner or intermediate level as possible. The minimalist approach dramatically reduces the learning cost but still proves adequate information for meeting the practical research needs of senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students. Having completed this book, students can use R and statistical analysis to answer questions regarding some substantively interesting continuous outcome variable in a cross-sectional design.
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(Editor), Byron Cook, and Andreas Podelski (Editor), eds. Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation: 8th International Conference, VMCAI 2007, Nice, France, January 14-16, 2007, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2007.
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Cook, Byron, and Andreas Podelski. Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation: 8th International Conference, VMCAI 2007, Nice, France, January 14-16, 2007, Proceedings. Springer London, Limited, 2007.
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Emerson, E. Allen, and Kedar S. Namjoshi. Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation: 7th International Conference, VMCAI 2006, Charleston, SC, USA, January 8-10, 2006, Proceedings. Springer London, Limited, 2005.
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